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INTRODUCTION:
 Nanotechnology is a field of science that involves building materials and devices usingsingle atoms and molecules. Computers that used to occupy an entire room are now thesize of notebooks. The human race has always pushed for technological advancesworking at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular level. The developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology have innovated a new formof technology; Nanotechnology.The term nano evolved to describe the measurements ,which were even smaller thanmicro units(10^ -6),1 nano unit is 10^ -9 times the unit size-which is 1000 times smaller than microunit
. Nanotechnology
which is referred in short as "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Nano means very small. In Greek nano means "dwarf". A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. A human hair is 80,000 to100,000 thick. Everything must be done with special equipment and microscopes. Nanotechnology is related to structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller than thatand developing devices of the size within that range.When we are talking aboutnanotechnology ,we are talking about research and development in the length scale of .1nanometers to 100 nanometers to create unique structures, devices, and systems.The evolved version of the term “
nanotechnology
” is more properly labeled "nanoscale bulk technology," while the original meaning is now more properly labeled "
molecularnanotechnology (MNT)
” or "nanoscale engineering," or "molecular mechanics," or "molecular machine systems," or "molecular manufacturing. " The Foresight Institute hassuggested an alternate term to represent the original meaning of nanotechnology :zettatechnology.But in many instances the actual structures, devices, and systems will be much larger, butthey will be classified as nanotechnology due to the fact that they will either be created atthe nanoscale or nanotechnology will enable them to perform new and improvedfunctions.For example, with advancement in nanotechnology, it can be possible to seetheworld in which microscopic robots are sent into the human body with the mission of detecting cancer cells, which will be then disassembled by the robots , and finally thedisassembled cancer cells can be sent out of the bloodstream as waste products.In thefuture many of the things in the world will most likely involve or be influenced bynanotechnology. This includes computers, clothing, medical science and theenvironment. Nanotechnology will enable the construction of giga-operational computers smaller thana cubic micron; cell repair machines; personal manufacturing and recycling plants; andmuch more. Nanotechnology has many life-altering possibilities. It can be linked to manyfields of study and is being developed in present day laboratories by the combined effortsof many fields.
 
Though nanotechnology is related to in molecular and small magnitudes,it has vastnumber of related fields. These includes : Nanomaterials, Nanomedicine, Nanobiotechnology, Nanolithography, Nanoelectronics, Nanomagnetics, Nanorobots,Biodevices (biomolecular machinery), AI, MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems), NEMS (NanoElectroMechanical Systems), Biomimetic Materials, Microencapsulation,and many others.The following devices and capabilities appear to be both physically possible and practically realizable with nanotechnology:• Programmable positioning of reactive molecules with ~0.1 nm precision• Mechanosynthesis at >10
6
operations/device · second• Mechanosynthetic assembly of 1 kg objects in <10
4
s• Nanomechanical systems operating at ~10
9
Hz• Logic gates that occupy ~10
 –26
m
3
(~10
 – 8
m
3
)• Logic gates that switch in ~0.1 ns and dissipate <10
 – 21
J• Computers that perform 10
16
instructions per second per watt• Cooling of cubic-centimeter, ~10
5
W systems at 300 K • Compact 10
15
MIPS parallel computing systems• Mechanochemical power conversion at >10
9
W/m
3
• Electromechanical power conversion at >10
15
W/m
3
 • Macroscopic components with tensile strengths >5×10
10
Pa• Production systems that can double capital stocks in <10
4
sBeing as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with
the STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope
. Moreover the STM allows the scientiststo not only see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well.
 
HISTORY:
The discovery of nanotechnology is actually quite new. On December 29, 1959, physicist, Richard Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulateindividual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set. The term "nanotechnology" wasdefined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 as: " 'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, anddeformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule.” The first breakthroughexperiment was when IBM (International Business Machine) was able to draw a write theletters I, B, and M on a nickel crystal surface using individual Xenon atoms. The threeletters were a combined 50 billionths of an inch wide. This simple, and pointlessexperiment, finally gave evidence that individual atoms could be manipulated by humanhands. This spurred a great leap into the design of nanotechnology theory. Dr. EricDrexler began the first comprehensive study of nanotechnology theory in 1986 when hewrote his book entitled “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”. This book is considered as the first book on the topic of nanotechnology. In his book Drexler outlined the basic principles behind current nanotechnology theory. Drexler states thatlife as we know it now shows us that nanotechnology is possible. The entire basis of nanotechnology is the creation of what Drexler calls an “assembler”. An assembler is ananoscopically small robot that manipulates individual atoms through contained chemicalreactions to assemble the atoms into desired molecular patterns. Such an assembler could build a one hundred percent pure diamond literally out of thin air. The assemblers of mostorganic life are called ribosomes. These tiny little cells, which are only a few cubicnanometers large, can build proteins out of the amino acids that they gather from theresurroundings. These proteins are the basis for all life on Earth, because it is through these proteins that DNA is created. The birth of cluster science and the invention of the
scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
and carbon nanotubes are major developmentsmade in nanotechnology in 1980s.Here are few people who had major influence in nanotechnology:
K. Eric Drexler
: Dr. Drexler is a researcher concerned with emerging technologies andtheir consequences for the future. In the mid 1980s, he introduced the term'nanotechnology' to describe atomically precise molecular manufacturing systems andtheir products. Advanced nanotechnologies will make possible many dreams (andnightmares) first articulated in the literature of science fiction. He is a founder andcurrent Chairman of the Foresight Institute, a nonprofit educational organizationestablished to help prepare for advanced technologies. He wrote Engines of Creation(1986) to introduce a broad audience to the prospect of advanced nanotechnologies -their nature, promise, and dangers – and Nanosystems (AAP 1992 Most OutstandingComputer Science Book) to provide a graduate-level introduction to the fundamental physical and engineering principles of the field.
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