ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim,
In the name of Allah, the most compassionate and the merciful.

Thank to God is Almighty because of we can finish our project with successful.
We would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor, Mr. Azmi Bin
Hashim, lecturer, for his useful information, help, guidance and constructive comments
towards the completion of this project. With his supported we can do this project and
finish it.
And we would like to say thank you to our family because of their support like,
money, time and spiritual. Without their support, its very hard to us to run and finished
this final project.
Lastly we thanks to all our friends because of with their help like teaching us, give
borrow their transport to us for buy the component and equipment, and their morale
supported.
APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this report and that in my opinion; it conforms to
acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a final project report for the diploma of Electrical Engineering.

………………………………………
(MR. AZMI BIN HASHIM)
Supervisor

I certify that I have read this report and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a final
project report for the diploma of Electrical Engineering.

……………………………………… ………………………………………
( ) ( )
1st EXAMINER 2nd EXAMINER

This report was submitted to the Medical Electronic Engineering section and is accepted
as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the final project report of the diploma in
Electrical Engineering Technology.

………………………………………
(NORHAFIZAH MOHAMAD)
Head of Technology Section Electrical
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own investigations, except where
otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references
and bibliography is appended.

Name: Hasif Afandi Bin Abu Samah

Signature: …………………………. Date: ……………………….

Name: Mohammad ‘Uzair Bin Abdullah Zen

Signature: ………………………… Date: ………………………

ABSTRACT

This final report is established to fulfill the diploma project requirement for
engineering project module WPD 39804 for final semester student, a standard guideline
is prepared to standardize various documentations and this report is done mainly to list
down all the important aspect of the project or the electrical and electronic device that
designed.

This final report focuses on the most important circuit and device and their
application. With a complementary laboratory, it provides an integrated treatment of
principles, practical application, problem solving through the time duration of the
complete of the project and the design techniques had applied. This report will
demonstrate the overall ideal of the project in terms of technical and non-technical
explanation and will be provided necessary information about the project in order to
enhance fully understand.

There is also a recommendation made which may be useful for further enhance
and functionality. Thus is conclusion, it could be the presentation of the project itself in
the form of text and diagram. Many components have been use and all the instruction on
how to create the system has inside the report.

Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding

renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields
understand the technologies associated with this area. My project will include the design
and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking
allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to
the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working system will
ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented.
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Solar source energy is very important energy to generate the life. It is the
important energy to humanity, and all the living things. All energy in the world gets the
source from the sun. The sun as the main supplier energy supplies the energy to whole
world. Even though the sun as the main source of world energy, but not many country in
the world use fully the solar energy including Malaysia.

Malaysia as the country in equator (Khatulistiwa) area, received the solar light
along the year also not make beneficial of solar energy. The Malaysia still use the
petroleum and gas as the main source energy to generate the electricity for utility.
Because of that, the Malaysian Government have to spent more that one billion ringgit to
generate the electricity from petroleum and gas source and its is wasting.

Malaysia really can use the solar energy to replace the old source energy. This is
because the solar energy is very cheaper energy and it is very friendly to nature. So
because of the cause of it, we take the initiative to choose the innovative related to the
solar energy.
1.1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1.1(A) LIGHT SENSOR THEORY

Light sensors are among the most common sensor type. The simplest optical
sensor is a photoresistor which may be a cadmium sulfide (CdS) type or a gallium
arsenide (GaAs) type. The next step up in complexity is the photodiode followed by the
phototransistor.
The sun tracker uses a cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocell for light sensing. This is
the least expensive and least complex type of light sensor. The CdS photocell is a passive
component whose resistance in inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity
directed toward it. To utilize the photocell, it is placed in series with a resistor. A voltage
divider is thus formed and the output at the junction is determined by the two resistances.
This is illustrates the photocell circuit. In this project, it was desired for the output
voltage to increase as the light intensity increases, so the photocell was placed in the top
position.

CdS Photocell Circuit

 1.1.1(B) STEPPER MOTOR AND DRIVER THEORY

Stepper motors are commonly used for precision positioning control applications.
All stepper motors possess five common characteristics which make them ideal for this
application. Namely, they are brushless, load independent; have open loop positioning
capability, good holding torque, and excellent response characteristics. There are three
types of stepper motors: permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid. The
arrangement of windings on the stator is the main distinguishing factor between the three
types. Permanent magnet motors may be wound either with unipolar or bipolar windings.

The sun tracker uses a unipolar step motor. As such, discussion will be limited to
this type of stepper motor. Unipolar motors have two windings with each having a center
tap as shown in picture below.

Unipolar Stepper Motor Coil

The center taps are connected to a positive voltage while the coil ends are
alternately grounded to cause a reversal of the field direction in that winding. Picture
above shows a 4-phase motor. The number of phases is equal to two times the number of
coils. The motor is rotated by applying power to the windings in a sequence as shown in
table below.
 Standard Drive Sequence

Lastly, a control circuit is needed to drive the stepper motor. The basic control
circuit for a unipolar stepper motor is shown in below:

Unipolar Motor Control Circuit

1.1.3 WHY WE CHOOSE THIS PROJECT

We choose the project related the solar energy because the usage of solar energy
in Malaysia not really much. Our project is Solar System Control and the function of this
project is to try get full lightening from the sun. We also choose this project because we
hopes our project can be encourage to other people in Malaysia to develop the one system
for solar energy.

Private Usage.

Commercial Use.
1.2 OBJECTIVE

Our objective for this project is design and development of an 8051

microcontroller based solar tracker with a single degree of freedom, to be achieved using
a light sensor tracking method, program control and manual adjustment system. The main
objective for our project is to get 240V output from 12V input at solar panel. We try to
get 240V output because all home electrical equipment in Malaysia use 240V power
supply. Although the solar panel that we can get the renewable energy is only 12V. In
12V input we convert it to the 240V using power inverter to step up the voltage from low
voltage to the higher voltage and so that all home electrical equipments can use in daily
life.
The main objective for our project:
• Convert from 24V input to 240V output
• Make the solar panel move follow the heat from the sun.
• Produce high current value for power supply
• Apply all our knowledge we get from studying at UniKL-BMI

From the solar panel, the voltage produce is 24V if the light of sun is bright
enough. We cannot control the sun bright, so we support the system with the battery 12V.
The voltage from solar panel can charge the battery when the solar panel gets the light.
From solar panel we connect to Solar Charge Controller and from the Solar Charge
Controller we connect to battery to charge. The output from Solar Charge Controller also
connected to UPS Power System. We use the UPS Power System as the Power Inverter to
invert the lower voltage to higher voltage. Output from power inverter is high voltage and
its also can produce maximum 240V. So we connect the output from power inverter to
socket plug and we can use that’s plug such as the usual plug at the home.
1.3 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope for our project is the real electrical application. We apply all our
knowledge we learn about power electrical to this project. And our project scope is on the
power electrical scope. Our project is simple, practical and useful. This project is very
simple process, its use the voltage from solar panel and battery, and after that convert to
high voltage use the power inverter. The voltage output from power inverter can be use at
all electrical and electronics equipment at home like television, radio, and computer.

Even though this project can make the output 240V and can use to electrical
equipment, but its only can support one electrical equipment at one time. The limitation
of this project is its only function with perfectly when the solar panel can absorb full
heating from the sun. This project cannot perform with bad weather. So this project limits
to use at good weather and also at brighter sun.
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.4.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

1. Solar Panel:
• The solar panel is important component for this project because we use the
solar energy to produce the electricity.
2. Solar Charge Controller:
• The voltage produce from solar panel connect to Solar Charge Controller
to charge the battery.
3. Rechargeable Battery 12V:
• The backup voltage supplier when at night or when bad weather. When
the daytime the battery on charge condition.
4. Power Inverter:
• To step up the voltage from low voltage to high voltage
5. Circuit Controller
• We programmed the circuit to control the movement of solar panel. The
circuit we connect to motor and controller the movement of motor.
6. Unipolar Stepper Motor
• To moving the solar panel and its move follow the what we program at
programmable circuit.
1.4.2 PREVIOUS WORKS

Before that, so many countries try to develop the renewable energy to produce the
electricity to replace the fossil energy like petroleum and nature gas. The renewable
energy that countries try to develop is like wind energy, wave energy, and also solar
energy. For example some countries at Middle East try to develop the system for change
the solar energy to electricity energy. Some countries closed to beach and sea, their try to
develop the system to change the wave energy to electricity energy too. All country tries
to make some system to change the renewable energy to electricity energy.

And because of that, our project also wants to change the renewable energy like
solar energy to electricity. Why the electricity energy? That’s because the electricity
energy is very important energy and it is also necessary to people at now era. For the
solar energy, the previous work, they make the solar system to only get the energy from
the solar and change to voltage. The solar panel their make cannot moving follow the
angle of the sun. Because of that, the solar panel cannot get full energy from the sun for
whole of day.

But from our research, the county that first develops the solar system and the solar
panel can move follow the angle of sun is Israel. The Israel country develop the solar
panel because of this country not have enough source of energy to generate and supply
the electricity. This country uses the full source of energy from the solar energy. Our
project tries to follow this country technology and so that we can use this technology to
replace the existing source energy. Even though cannot follow exactly like the Israel’s
technology, but our project have own originality. The originality for our project is we use
the cheaper material to build the body and the circuit we build is so simple and no need to
use high voltage to run the circuit.
1.5 OVERALL PROJECT OPERATION

1.5.1 PROJECT’S OVERVIEW

Our project has a few main components to make sure this project can be
performing. The main components are solar panel, solar charge controller, circuit
controller, rechargeable battery, unipolar stepper motor and power inverter. To run the
circuit controller during starting, we not use the voltage from solar panel but the voltage
from rechargeable battery. It is because; the voltage from the solar panel during starting
is not enough to run the circuit controller.

After the circuit get the supply from battery, the photo sensor (LDR) try to detect
the light as the input. We use two LDR for east and west and that’s mean we have two
input signal. If once of the both of sensor detect the light, the motor was moving follow
which LDR detected the light. If the LDR for the east side detect more lighting then LDR
for the west side, motor was move the solar panel to facing at the east side.

After solar panel receives the light from the sun, the solar panel produces the
maximum 24V and it’s connect to solar charge controller. The solar charge controller
function is send the voltage gets from solar panel to rechargeable battery to charge. The
output from battery connects to solar charge controller to get the output from solar charge
controller. Output from solar charge controller supply to circuit and connect to power
inverter. The function of power inverter is to step up and convert the voltage from low
voltage to high voltage.

So, the output from inverter is maximum 240V and it can use as the socket plug.
Even though the output cannot achieve the 240V and it’s about 185V to 220V, but its still
can support the simple electrical equipment.
1.5.2 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

START

SOLAR INPUT ( FROM SUN )

SENSOR (LDR)

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

STEPPER MOTOR

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

CHARGING BATTERY (12V) CHARGE CONTROLLER

INVERTER

LOAD (OUTPUT)

END
CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTIONS

Methodology for this project we have two sensors it is light dependent resistor
(LDR) try to get the highest heat from the sun. Every single of sensor must receive same
temperature heat or only one sensor received the high temperature heat from the sun, the
highest temperature heat form the two LDR will be sent the all data to the 8051
Microcontroller (AT89C2051). The AT89C2051 compare with all two data and the
highest data will be selected and the AT89C2051 will processing the data and sent the
data to unipolar stepper motor. The unipolar stepper motor moving to the highest heat
from the sun with some angles with the data received from the AT89C2051.

The solar photovoltaic cells will moved to the west or east depend on the sensor
detect. The unipolar stepper motor will moved the photovoltaic cells until the
photovoltaic cells touch the limit switch in the west or east. After the limit switch is touch
the unipolar stepper motor is automatically stop. The unipolar stepper motor will operate
again after he detect the another sensor (LDR) and will moved to another angle. After the
unipolar stepper motor is stop the photovoltaic cells will absorb all heat energy and will
be produce the Direct Current Voltage (DCV). The photovoltaic will produce a maximum
voltage is 24V depend on the temperature heat. Output from the photovoltaic cells will go
to the solar charge controller it is to control the voltage and current.

The charge controller will automatically charge the rechargeable battery if not
have an output load. The rechargeable battery is to store the energy and will be use if no
solar input. The DCV will be converts to the Alternating Current (AC) using power
inverter. The power inverter is to convert the DC voltage to AC voltage. The output is
mostly used in Malaysia it is 240VAC in electrical equipments.
2.2 CIRCUIT OPERATION / FLOW CHART
START

YES NO
SOLAR

SENSOR DETECT SOLAR SENSOR NOT DETECT SOLAR

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

ALL ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

DEVICE TURN OFF
STEPPER MOTOR MOVING TO
ADJUST PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
POSITION AUTOMATICLY UNTIL
TOUCH LIMIT SWITCH

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS GET

FULLY CHARGED FROM SUN

SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER

CONVERT DC TO AC AND STEP

RECHARGEABLE
UP TO HIGH POWER SUPPLY
BATTERY
(POWER INVERTER)

SOCKET

END
EXPLANATION FLOWCHART

Our project using two sensors it is LDR to detect light from the sun. We used
8051 Microcontroller that will be program. The unipolar stepper motor will moved to
high temperature heat depend on the LDR detection until touch a limit switch and will
full absorb temperature heat from sun after the unipolar stepper motor stop. The
photovoltaic cells produce a Direct Current Voltage (DCV) and transfer the voltage to
solar charge controller. The solar charge controller will control the output it is to
rechargeable battery or Power Inverter depends on the output load or no solar input. The
power inverter converts the DCV to Alternating Currents (AC). The AC power supply
can use for any electrical equipment or device in the house.
2.3 PROJECT COSTING

2.3.1 COMPONENT LISTING

No Component Units
1 Resistor (470ohm) 4
2 Resistor (120Kohm) 2
3 Resistor (56Kohm) 1
4 Resistor (2.2Kohm) 1
5 Resistor (10Kohm) 8
6 Resistor (10ohm) 1
7 Resistor (100ohm) 4
8 Variable Resistor (10Kohm) 3
9 Capacitor (0.01uF) 4
10 Capacitor (33pF) 2
11 Capacitor (1uF/50V) 1
12 Light Depent Resistor(LDR) 2
13 Crystal (12Mhz) 1
14 555 2
15 7805 1
16 AT89C2051 1
17 Relay (12V) 2
18 Transistor (BC547) 1
19 Transistor (2N2222) 1
20 Toggle Switch 2
21 Limit Switch 2
22 Diode (1N4007) 1
23 Diode (1N4001) 4
24 TIP122 4
25 MCT2E (Optocoupler) 4
26 Circuit Stand 4
27 Unipolar Stepper Motor (12V) - 4 Coil 1
28 Heat Sink 5
29 IC base 7
30 Single Core Wire (one role) 1
31 PCB Boards (8inch x 6inch) 1
32 Glossy Paper 2
33 Ferric Chloride (800ml) 1
34 Sand Paper 1
35 Wood 2
36 Nail (500g) 1
37 Solar Panel (10W) 1
38 Solar Charge Controller 1
39 Inverter (100W) 1
2.3.2 EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE LIST
List of Equipment and Tools Function
Pliers To hold component when soldering the component
Cutter To cut the wire and component port
Test pen To pull out screw and component
Long noose To straight the component port
Multimeter To check the component ,voltage and troubleshoot
Soldering iron To solder component into the PCB board
Iron To attach circuit on PCB board
Drill To drill or bolt the component port
Glossary paper Use as the printed paper
Grit paper To polish the PCB board
Ferric chloride liquid To etching the attachment circuit on PCB board
12V Rechargeable Battery Used as a supply to the circuit
Socket battery As the battery connection to the circuit
Tin sucker To suck the unused tin
Tin Use to adhesion the component
Adapter As the supply for the circuit
Laser printer To print the circuit
Laptop To design the PCB layout and to write the program
Pail To Etching the Circuit
Saw To Cut the Wood
Hammer To hit the Nail

List of Software Function

Proteus To Simulate the circuit
Abitech To edit and assemble the program
Google SketchUp To Design The project in 3D visual
2.3.3 OVERALL COSTING
Price/units
No Component Units (RM) Price (RM)
1 Resistor (470ohm) 4 0.10 0.40
2 Resistor (120Kohm) 2 0.10 0.20
3 Resistor (56Kohm) 1 0.10 0.10
4 Resistor (2.2Kohm) 1 0.10 0.10
5 Resistor (10Kohm) 8 0.10 0.80
6 Resistor (10ohm) 1 0.10 0.10
7 Resistor (100ohm) 4 0.10 0.40
8 Variable Resistor (10Kohm) 3 0.50 1.50
9 Capacitor (0.01uF) 4 0.30 1.20
10 Capacitor (33pF) 2 0.30 0.60
11 Capacitor (1uF/50V) 1 0.30 0.30
12 Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) 2 0.20 0.40
13 Crystal (12Mhz) 1 1.00 1.00
14 555 2 1.50 3.00
15 7805 1 2.00 2.00
16 AT89C2051 1 10.00 10.00
17 Relay (12V) 2 1.40 2.80
18 Transistor (BC547) 1 0.80 0.80
19 Transistor (2N2222) 1 0.70 0.70
20 Toggle Switch 2 0.50 1.00
21 Limit Switch 2 0.50 1.00
22 Diode (1N4007) 1 0.70 0.70
23 Diode (1N4001) 4 0.70 2.80
24 TIP122 4 5.00 20.00
25 MCT2E (Optocoupler) 4 3.50 14.00
26 Circuit Stand 4 1.00 4.00
27 Unipolar Stepper Motor (12V) - 4 Coil 1 20.50 20.50
28 Heat Sink 5 1.10 5.50
29 IC base 7 0.20 1.40
30 Single Core Wire (one role) 1 16.00 16.00
31 PCB Boards (8inch x 6inch) 1 8.00 8.00
32 Glossy Paper 2 1.00 2.00
33 Ferric Chloride (800ml) 1 7.50 7.50
34 Sand Paper 1 1.20 1.20
35 Wood 2 7.00 14.00
36 Nail (500g) 1 2.50 2.50
37 Solar Panel (10W) 1 230.00 230.00
38 Solar Charge Controller 1 450.00 450.00
39 Inverter (100W) 1 160.00 160.00
Total Price (RM) 988.50
2.4 PROJECT PLANNING

2.4.1 PROJECT GANTT CHART

2.4.2 TASK ALLOCATION

TASK PERSON INCHARGE

Study about the project Hasif and 'Uzair
Study about block diagram Hasif and 'Uzair
Study about flow chart Hasif and 'Uzair
8051 Microcontroller Pin Hasif
Learn and Design the 8051 program Hasif
Design the Schematic and PCB layout Hasif
Simulation the circuit using software Hasif
Burn the program to AT89C2051 Hasif
Test the circuit at the Breadboard Hasif and 'Uzair
Iron the PCB layout at board Uzair
Soldering the component Uzair
Survey the solar panel Uzair
Buy the component Uzair
Make a Solar Tracker System Hasif and 'Uzair
Drill the hole at PCB board Uzair
Test The circuit Hasif and 'Uzair
Troubleshoot the Project Hasif and 'Uzair
Finishing Hasif and 'Uzair
CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 DESCRIBE RESULT OBTAIN FOR EACH BLOCK DIAGRAM OR

CIRCUIT

From the starting of this project we had done a lot of researches from the internet
and study about the circuit, component and the cost of this project. After all of that works
done, then we start to survey the component, hardware and the solar panel for beginning
of our project. We start our project by write the program for our 8051 microcontroller
(AT89C2051) in the first thing at the software and assemble the program. After that, we
design the solar circuit using software. Ones the schematic design was finished we test
the circuit using visual simulation. After the successful simulation, we try the circuit
using the breadboard. The circuit is function that we want it. Then we go on into the
design the circuit layout of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) using software. After that, we
print the layout using laser printer at glossy paper. Next we polish the PCB board and
attach the printed circuit on the PCB board. After that, the PCB board will be ironed in
order to attach it on the PCB board. Ones the circuit is had already be attached to the
PCB board, then it need to be check for the broken line. If there is broken line, then it
needs to be reconnected using permanent maker.

After all the broken line has been connected, then the circuit will be etching using
the ferric chloride liquid in order to eliminate the cuprum layer on the PCB board. Ones
only the circuit exist then it mean that the work has already finished. Next the circuit
need to be polish with the grossly paper under the water flow in order to eliminate the
circuit line until it only show the cuprum layer of the circuit. After that, the circuit will be
tested by using a multimeter in order to check the circuit if the circuit has any broken line
or not. If the circuit has a broken line then it will be reconnect by using a tin. The next
step is drill the component port in order to attach the component to the circuit.
 Ones the circuit is complete, and then it will be tested. If there are any problem
exists when test the circuit or in other works the circuit is not function then we need to
troubleshoot the circuit. When the problem is had already identify, then it need to do the
correction. Ones all the circuit is finish, then all the circuit must be interface to complete
the actual circuit that need to function according to the plan. This is the step that we need
to use in order to complete our project.

3.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERATED DURING PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT

• THE PROGRAM CODE THAT WE CREAT HAS MANY ERROR.

The first problem we find it during we program the code. So many errors
and the program we create not follow what we want.

• HARD TO FIND THE ASSEMBLER FOR THE 8051 PROGRAM.

For this project we use the 8051 program to reduce the budged. But the
problem is the assembler for this program is to difficult to find.

• CIRCUIT NOT FUNCTIONS.

After find the suitable circuit from doing the research, we tested the circuit
at the breadboard but the circuit cannot function.

• POWER OF MOTOR IS TOO SMALL TO DRIVE THE SOLAR

PANEL.
 The power of unipolar stepper motor we used is to small and its cannot
drive the heavy solar panel.

• NOT ENOUGH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MECHANICAL

MOVEMENT.

We not have enough knowledge about the theory of mechanical movement

and its give the problem to us to design the body for our project.

• DO NOT KNOW THE BEST MATERIAL FOR PROJECT’S BODY.

After design the body of the project, we confuse to choose the best
material for build the body of our project.

• THE OUTPUT FROM THE INVERTER IS NOT WHAT WE WANT.

The main objective for our project is to get the 240V AC output from the
power inverter but we cannot get the voltage what we want. The voltage
we get from the output of our project is below the 240V and the voltage is
around 185V to 215V.

• HIGH CURRENT FROM THE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY.

We try find the battery have high current at output for when the current
come to input of inverter, the inverter can change the supply to high
voltage and current. But the problem it’s the supply from the battery
 cannot connect directly to the circuit because of the currents to high even
though the voltage is suitable to supply the circuit.

3.3 THE SOLUTION

• SEARCH TO INTERNET, REFER TO BOOKS AND ASK TO

FRIENDS.

The solution for the error of the program, we try doing the research. First
we try to refer at the webs about the programmable. The programmable
webs cannot help much. After that we try search the books related about
programmable. The book is very help to we doing again the new program
code but some mistake still happen. So we ask to degree student about our
program and with help from him, we can do the program.

• SEARCH FROM INTERNET AND BY IT.

The suitable software for assembler the program we find from doing
searching from internet and buy it from the electronics shop.

• TROUBLESHOOT THE CIRCUIT.

 After we know the circuit cannot be function, we try to find what the
problem is and try to solve it. We just find the problem is the component
not connects correctly and some connection is not connected. So we
reconnect the component with the right path and make sure all connection
is connected.

• FIND THE ANOTHER STEPPER MOTOR AND DOING SOME

MODIFICATION TO MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.

The stepper motor we buy is not having power enough but we cannot
replace it with another motor. So we do some modification to mechanical
movement and so that the movement of solar panel is not too hard and the
stepper motor can drive it.

• FIND THE LIGHT MATERIAL

The body of our project we design is too big. So we try to get the very
light material to give easy for carrying this project. The material what we
choose is wood. This is because that material is light than iron material
and more tough than plastics material even though the plastic material is
durables goods.

• BUILD THE FILTER CIRCUIT.

The battery supply the high current but is not suitable for the small circuit.
So, we build one circuit to reduce the current before come in to the circuit.
3.4 MODIFICATION FROM ORIGINAL PLAN

• DESIGN OF THE PROJECT

Our design for this project is not same like our original design. Our first
design is more complicated and must have enough knowledge about
movement and mechanical part. So we just change from original design to
more simple and no need use more mechanical design.
 Original Design

Current Design

• Four LDR sensor to two LDR sensor

 We plan to use four LDR at beginning to can drive the solar panel at more
than two axes. But to do this application is too more use control circuit
and but we not have enough that’s skill. So we simplest that’s application
and change the movement to only two axes and we use only two LDR.

• CANCEL TO BUILD THE POWER INVERTER CIRCUIT.

At first plan, we want to build the inverter circuit our self. But with the
advice from some electrical engineer, our level is not enough skill and
knowledge to build the inverter circuit our self. So we follow the advice
from him and not build it our self but we use the UPS System to act like
the inverter circuit function.
3.5 EXPLANATION ON PROJECT’S FUNCTIONALITY OR MALFUNCTION
PART

Overall our project is malfunction. The objective what we wants cannot achieve.
So many problem we cannot get the solution to solve it. 240V AC at output like what we
want is not 240V AC. The output produces only 185V to 220V and cannot support to
supply the mostly home electrical equipments. That is because the voltage input from
battery and solar panel is not enough to the power inverter convert to 240V AC.

Other cause of our project is malfunction is the circuit cannot works properly. The
circuit what we construct is not give the right voltage and current to each component. So
the circuit cannot work and the result from the circuit output is not like what we want.
The output what we want is the movement of stepper motor follow the input of LDR. But
even though the LDR receive the input, the motor cannot move. Because of it, our
objective cannot achieve, and our objective is tried to get full absorb of light from with
the panel solar follow the light.

3.6 COMPARISON OF OVERALL PROJECT’S RESULT WITH PROJECT’S

OVERVIEW

• OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS 180V - 220V, NOT 240V

Our objective for the output voltage produce at inverter is 240V but the
result we get is only 180V to 220V. It is not enough to achieve our
objective to want this project can give enough supply to all home’s
 electrical equipment. Maybe some electrical equipment can work with
220V supply but in Malaysia equipment generally using 240V voltage as
the supply.

3.7 PROJECT’S RECOMMENDATION

• CAN USE AT EVERY BUILDING AND HOUSE

We recommend this project use at every house and building because this
project can supply 240V AC. The owner of the house or building no need
to pay more for gets the electricity supply. This project can give a supply
for 24 hour per day and its can work everyday because even though the
weather is bad and not have a light of sun, its still can work with battery
supply.

• CHANGE THE SOLAR PANEL TO MORE WIDE SOLAR PANEL

The solar panel can be to change to wider solar panel for get more power
input. When we change the solar panel to wider solar panel, the power
produce is higher. So with this the inverter can convert to more voltage
supply.

• ADD THE WHEEL AND DC MOTOR

This project we can add the wheel for easy to move and handle it. We plan
to improve this project with add the motor at the wheel and the motor can
be controlled by circuit. The circuit application is to drive the wheel move
 to some place have the light of the sun. So, when this project hidden by
the shadow, this project can find the place have sun light.

CONCLUSION

We can conclude for this project is simple, practical and useful. The concept of
this project is simple; it is to convert from solar energy to electrical energy. The solar cell
works to convert from solar energy to electrical energy. After solar cell converts a solar
energy to electrical energy, the electrical energy has 24V voltage and it connect to solar
charge controller. It is to control the value of supply to charge the battery. The battery
supplies the circuit and goes to inverter for convert to high voltage.

This project is very practical because the movement of solar panel drive from
motor. This project can be practice at house and building.
REFERENCES

1. from……
APPENDICES

Design The PCB

Simulate The Circuit

Step To Build the PCB Board

From the Design, we print at glossy paper

Polish the new PCB board before etching

Stick together both of printed glossy paper and PCB board

Iron the glossy paper for transfer ink to PCB board
Re ink the printed circuit for be a clear
Etching the PCB board
After etching the circuit, clean it with water and grit paper

Result after etching

Drill the PCB to attach the component on it

Solder the component

Result after attach the component on the board

Equipment we use to do a project
All electronics component we use

Solar Charge Controller

Battery Clip

Solar Panel
Do the testing for know the output from solar panel

Voltage output from the solar panel

The early project overview

Place of limit switch, motor and the circuit

Place of LDR

The circuit and the wire connection

The Unipolar Stepper Motor

The Limit Switch

Our Project, “Solar System Control”