GENETIC PRACTICUM REPORT MULTIPLE ALLELES

Arranged by Ajeng Purnama Heny Tini Adiatma Gama Setyoningsih Findhira Retiyani

: (11317244002) (11317244006) (11317244008) (11317244011)

INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY EDUCATION FACULTY OF MATHEMATHICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2013

A. TOPIC MULTIPLE ALLELES

B. OBJECTIVES To know one human trait that is determined by the influence of multiple alleles and genotypes determine to their own

C. LITERATURE REVIEW Alleles are genes located at the same locus (corresponding) and has a similar job in the homologous chromosome. Judging from the effect of genes on phenotypes, alleles have opposing effects on the expression of a trait. Within a locus, there is a pair or more alleles. If there is a pair of alleles within a locus, then the so-called single allele. If there is more than one pair of alleles in a single locus, then the so-called double or multiple alleles alelmorfi.

On a gene that has only a single allele alone or allele, occurred with the appearance of nature full expression or dominant. For example, on a dominant gene R (red) alleles have r (white), T (high) allele has t (short), B (round) have allele b (oval).

In multiple alelmorfi, there is a difference of a gene expression properties. The two genes are present in the same locus will be bring different expressions due to the interaction between the two genes. Such interactions can be appeared as dominant trait in one gene (covering other properties), or the mixing of genes whose appearance there so bring out the combination of these genes / balanced.

A gene can have more of an allele. Alleles are called multiple alleles (multiple alleles). While the events of a gene can have more than one allele is called multiple alelmorfi (Henuhili and Suratsih, 2003: 44).

Allele is an alternative form of a gene located at the locus (place) specific. Individuals with genotype AA is said to have alleles A, being aa individuals have alleles a. Similarly

Aa individuals have two kinds of alleles A and a. Thus, A locus can be occupied by a pair (two pieces) alleles are AA, Aa or aa, depending on the genotype of the individual concerned.

However, the reality is actually more common is that at a certain locus made possible the emergence of more than just two kinds of alleles, so that the locus is said to have a series of alleles. This phenomenon is referred to as multiple alleles (multiple alleles).

D. TOOLS AND MATERIALS Loup Written utensils

E. PROCEDURES

Observing the upper finger bynusing a loop

Notice whether the digitalis middle segment of fingers seemed to grow hair

Determining which one including our allele

Recording alleles likely my own by our classmates

F. DATA RESULT Class Data Result Multiple Alleles H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 Personal Data Total 0 4 2 0 14 Percentage 0% 20% 10% 0% 70%

G. DATA ANALYSIS According of the practicum results, the allelic result of International Class of Biology Education great 2011 that consist of 20 student numbers was dominated by H5. The theory explain that a gene can have more than one allele. Alleles of the gene possessed by totaling two could even reach more than 20 alleles. Example of inheritance in humans is determined by multiple alleles is the digitalis hair on the middle finger and blood type. Digitalis hair in the middle of phalange is one phenotype that is controlled by multiple alleles. Alleles that can determine the presence of digitalis hair is as: Phenotype Allele : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H1> H2> H3> H4> H5

Hair on all the fingers, except the thumb Hair on the ring finger, middle and index finger Hair on the ring finger and middle finger. Hair on the ring finger only No hair at all fingers The allele dominance sequence is

Result from the observations on the digitalis hair fingers showing various amounts and percentages for each character. The amount earned and the percentage of finger hair phenotype highest on H5 (absence of hair on each finger) were 70% (14 people). As we know, H5 showed no digitalis hair on each segment of hand finger, it means that there is

no dominant gene that controls the trait hair on the fourth digitalis. It is related from parent inheritance (heredity). The result for H3 phenotype (the digitalis hair on the ring finger and middle finger) 10% (2 people) of the H3 digitalis showed hair on the ring finger and middle finger, for this trait is controlled by two dominant alleles and two recessive alleles. The result for H4 phenotype (the digitalis hair only on the ring finger) of 0% or no one person in the class who has the genotype with the nature of H4. This allele is controlled only by one allele, while 3 other alleles are recessive). The result for H1 phenotype (the digitalis hair on the 4th finger) was 0% or no one person in the class who has the properties of H1 genotype. In H1, 4 allele is controlled by a dominant allele and one recessive allele. The result for H2 phenotype (the digitalis hair on the ring finger, pinkie finger, and middle finger) has a percentage of 20% (4 people), controlled by 3 dominant allele and 1 recessive allele.

According of the practicum results above the order of dominance finger hair phenotype in International Class of Biology Education great 2011 as: H5> H2> H3> H1> H2

Dominance in dominant allele affects the phenotype that appears. Events above a compound allele event. Due to the nature of real digitalis hair in the middle is controlled by 4 allele, divided into H1> H2> H3> H4> H5 based on dominant alleles that control the trait.

H. DISCUSSION 1. If a woman married with a men with genotype H3H1 and H3 H1, how genotype and phenotype both if they have 4 children? Make the diagram crosses

2. Is it possible if the blood type child is very different groups with to the parents? Please give an evidence ! Bisa, Karena golongan darah dari orang tua mungkin saja heterozigot Contoh Ayah A ibu B, memiliki anak golongan darah O hal ini terjadi karena ayah dan ibu memiliki golongan darah heterozigot IA IO dan IB IO maka muncul peluang anak dengan IO IO yang berarti golongan darah O.

3. In a family that has 4 children, 2 of them have blood type B, 1 person has blood type AB, and the 1 again has blood type A. how likely phenotype of the parents? Please give an evidence ! Anak memiliki golongan darah A , B, dan AB. Kemungkinan orang tuanya memiliki golongan darah AB ayah IAIB ibu IAIB anaknya kemungkinan golongan darah IAIA --> A homozygot IBIB --> B homozygot IAIB --> AB

I. CONCLUSSION From the observations in International Class of Biology Education great 2011, can be concluded that 70% (14 people) of the class does not have digitalis hair middle finger because the absence of a dominant gene that controls the hair on the fourth digitalis, it has dominancy as H5.

REFERENCES Cambell.2006. Biologi. Jakarta : Erlangga C. Pai, Anna. 1992. Dasar-Dasar Genetika. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga Henuhili, Victoria dan Suratsih. 2003. Common Textbook Genetika. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Suryo. 2008. Genetika Strata-1. 12th ed. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.