Respiration

Respiration uses

chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates,

lipids, or proteins, to
produce ATP

What is energy used for?

Respiration supplies the energy for germination

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muscle contraction

chemical changes in cells

cell division

What Is ATP?
ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
ATP is the short-term energy store of the cell ATP is used by cells to perform their daily tasks

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

ATP + H2O --- > ADP + Pi + Energy

ATP
ATP can be broken down into a molecule of ADP by

removing one of the phosphate groups

This releases energy

ADP can be remade into ATP later when the cell has

food that can be broken down (i.e glucose)

Cell Respiration and Production of ATP

The breakdown of organic molecules (carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins) releases energy

The energy released is used to build molecules of ATP When a cell requires some energy it will break down

ATP

Respiration Respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic chemical. The chemical energy in glucose can be used to provide the energy required for growth, repair and movement.

There are two types of respiration

Aerobic (requires oxygen) Anaerobic (does not requires oxygen)

Mitochondria Structure
Mitochondria

Smooth outer Membrane

Folded inner

membrane

Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Aerobic Respiration
Requires Oxygen Main type of respiration that occurs in most situations in Plants and Animals Involves complete breakdown of glucose back to CO2 and Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----- > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPs

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis Preparation for Citric Acid Cycle (link raction) The Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle) The Electron Transport Chain

Where Does Aerobic Respiration Take Place?

Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Link reaction and Krebs Cycle on the matrix ETC takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first stage of

cellular respiration
Occurs in cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) is broken down

into 2 molecules of 3-carbon molecule pyruvate

ATP and NADH are

produced as part of the process

The link reaction

Before the next stage can begin, pyruvate is transported inside

the mitochondria.
The pyruvate releases one molecule of CO2.
It then combines with an enzyme called Coenzyme A to form

the two-carbon molecule acetyl coenzyme A.

Krebs cycle
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Electrons are passed along the chain, from one protein

to another Electrons drop in energy as they go down the chain and until they end up with O2. 34 ATP are produced during this stage

Name of stage 1 2. 3. 4.

Site

Key events

Name of stage 1 Glycosis 2. Preparation for citric acid cycle 3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) 4. Electron transport chain

Site Cytoplasm Matrix of the mitochondria Matrix of Mitochondria Inner membrane of mitochondria

Key events

Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
Releases energy from glucose There are 2 types of

without the presence of oxygen fermentation:

Alcoholic Lactic acid

ATP is still produced from

Produces only 2 ATP

glucose but not as efficiently as with Aerobic Respiration

Alcoholic fermentation
Overall Equation:

Glucose 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

Yeast produce wine and beer and cause bread to rise

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Wine making
Grapes are crushed and the sugar they contain is fermented by yeasts to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide usually escapes but if the wine is bottled before fermentation is complete, the carbon dioxide dissolves and escapes as bubble when the bottle is opened This is the case with sparkling wines such as Champagne Different varieties of grape produce different types of wine

Baking
In baking, yeast is added to a mixture of flour and water, made into the form of a dough The yeast first changes the flour starch into sugar and then ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2 The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it to expand (rise) When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the alcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving the bread a light texture

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The holes in the bread are made by the carbon dioxide bubbles. This gives the bread a light texture

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Overall Equation:

Glucose 2 Acid Lactic + 2 ATP

Bacteria produce yogurt and cheese. In Muscle Cells- During exercise, the oxygen in the muscle tissue is decreased to an extent that aerobic respiration does not occur at a sufficient rate. Hence, there is a buildup of lactic acid and your muscles get tired

Factors Affecting Respiration

Kind of Cell or Tissue
Young and Developing cells usually have higher

respiration rates Developing and Ripening Fruit and Seeds, too Older Cells and Structural Cells Respire at Lower Rates

Factors Affecting Respiration

Temperature
Respiration generally Has Higher Optimum and

Maximum Temps than PS Rxs Can Have Net Dry Matter Loss at High Temps where Respiration Exceeds PS Temp Refers to Temp Inside Plant or Animal Cell, not Air Temp

Using Irrigation to Help Cool the Plant Can Keep the Plant in Net Gain Range

Factors Affecting Respiration

Oxygen
Low O2 Can Reduce Aerobic Respiration and Increase

Anaerobic Respiration

Factors Affecting Respiration

ATP
Higher [ATP] Reduces Rate of Respiration

Feedback Inhibition

Usually Occurs when other Metabolic Processes Have

Slowed or Stopped

Factors Affecting Respiration

CO2
Higher CO2 Levels Reduce Rate of Respiration

Feedback Inhibition Flooded, Compacted Soils

Seldom Occurs except when O2 Levels Are Limited