This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does notnecessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization.
Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 50
ELEMENTAL MERCURY ANDINORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS:HUMAN HEALTH ASPECTS
Please note that the pagination and layout of this web version are not identicalto the printed CICAD
First draft prepared by Dr J.F. Risher, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia, USAPublished under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, theInternational Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced withinthe framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals.World Health OrganizationGeneva, 2003
The
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
, established in 1980, is a jointventure of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organiza-tion (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are toestablish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment fromexposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promo-tion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for thesound management of chemicals.The
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
wasestablished in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute forTraining and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Partici-pating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environ-ment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemicalsafety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued bythe Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicalsin relation to human health and the environment.WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataElemental mercury and inorganic mercury compounds : human health aspects.(Concise international chemical assessment document ; 50)1.Mercury - adverse effects 2.Mercury compounds - adverse effects 3.Risk assessment4.Environmental exposure 5.Occupational exposure I.International Programme onChemical Safety II.SeriesISBN 92 4 153050 2 (NLM Classification: QV 293)ISSN 1020-6167©World Health Organization 2003All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained fromMarketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27,Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests forpermission to reproduce or translate WHO publications — whether for sale or for noncommercialdistribution — should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806;email: permissions@who.int).The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines forwhich there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similarnature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products aredistinguished by initial capital letters.The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in thispublication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of itsuse.The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany,provided financial support for the printing of this publication.Printed by Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-70009 Stuttgart 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD.....................................................................................................................................................................11.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................42.
IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES....................................................................................52.1Elemental mercury....................................................................................................................................................52.2Inorganic mercury compounds...............................................................................................................................53.
ANALYTICAL METHODS...........................................................................................................................................63.1Biological samples....................................................................................................................................................63.2Environmental samples............................................................................................................................................64. SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE.........................................................................................................................75.
ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION.....................................75.1
Environmental transport and distribution.........................................................................................................85.2
Environmental transformation............................................................................................................................85.2.1Air................................................................................................................................................................85.2.2
Water...........................................................................................................................................................95.2.3Soil and sediment......................................................................................................................................96.ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE.................................................................................96.1Environmental levels............................................................................................................................................96.1.1Air................................................................................................................................................................96.1.2Water...........................................................................................................................................................96.2Human exposure...................................................................................................................................................96.2.1Elemental mercury and inorganic mercury compounds..................................................................106.2.2
Elemental mercury in dental amalgam fillings..................................................................................116.2.3
Other uses of inorganic forms of mercury..........................................................................................127.COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS ANDHUMANS.........................................................................................................................................................................127.1Absorption...........................................................................................................................................................127.1.1Elemental mercury..................................................................................................................................127.1.2Inorganic mercury compounds.............................................................................................................137.2Distribution..........................................................................................................................................................137.2.1
Elemental mercury..................................................................................................................................137.2.2
Inorganic mercury compounds.............................................................................................................147.3Metabolism...........................................................................................................................................................147.4Elimination and excretion..................................................................................................................................157.5Biomarkers of exposure.....................................................................................................................................158.EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND
IN VITRO
TEST SYSTEMS...........................................168.1Elemental mercury..............................................................................................................................................168.1.1Single and short-term exposure............................................................................................................168.1.2Medium-term exposure..........................................................................................................................178.1.3Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity...........................................................................................178.1.4
Genotoxicity and related end-points...................................................................................................178.1.5
Reproductive and developmental toxicity..........................................................................................17
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