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sociologia
SOCIOLOGY
Tbilisi 2008
am wigniT sociologiis ZiriTad sakiTxebs gaecnobiT. mniSvnelovani soci
ologiuri sakiTxebis kritikuli ganxilva Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi
Caxedvis saSualebas mogcemT da srulfasovani adamianisaTvis arsebiTi kriti
kuli azrovnebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT. saSualeba geqnebaT kriti
kulad SevafasoT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi da sociologiuri azrovnebisa da/an
kvlevisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli unarebi ganiviTaroT.
ISBN 978-99940-58-05-1
saZiebeli
.
avtorTa Sesaxeb
qreg kalhuni (Craig Calhoun) sociologiis da istoriis profesori da Crdi
loeT karolinis Capel hilis (Chapel Hill) universitetis saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa
sauniversiteto centris direqtoria. profesorma kalhunma daafuZna sauniver
siteto programa socialur Teoriasa da kulturaTa kvlevaSi, iyo magistratu
ris dekani. is aswavlida CineTSi, inglisSi, eritreaSi, norvegiasa da sudanSi, kv
levebs atarebda am da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi.
mqadageblis Svili profesori kalhuni kentukis, ilinoisis, indianasa da kali
forniis sxvadasxva TemSi gaizarda; yoveli axali sacxovrebeli adgilis Seswavla
sociologiaSi misi pirveli gakveTili iyo. samxreT kaliforniisa da kolumbiis
universitetebSi swavlis Semdeg man inglisSi swavlis stipendia moipova da doqto
ris wodeba oqsfordis universitetSi miiRo. is Capel hilSi 1977 wlidan aswavlis.
profesor kalhunis bolodroindeli wignebia: `arc RmerTebi da arc impera
torebi: studentoba da demokratiisaTvis brZola CineTSi~ (kalifornia, 1995),
romelic amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis mier politikuri sociologiis
seqciis premiiT dajildovda da `kritikuli socialuri Teoria: kultura, is
toria da gansxvavebulobis sirTule~ (bleksveli, 1995w.). is ramdenime sxva wig
nis avtori da redaqtoricaa, romelTa Sorisaa: `habermasi da sazogadoebrivi
sfero~ (MIT, 1992w.), `burdie: kritikuli perspeqtivebi~ (m. postonTan (M. Post-
one) da e. lipumasTan (E. LiPuma) erTad, Cikago, 1993w.) da `socialuri Teoria da
identobis politika~ (bleksveli, 1994w.). mis statiebs SexvdebiT mraval samec
niero JurnalSi, rogoricaa `sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali~, `sazogadoebisa
da istoriis SedarebiTi Seswavla~ `saerTaSoriso sociologia~, `kvlevis soci
ologiuri meTodebi~ da `Teoria da sazogadoeba~. misi Sromebi ramdenime enazea
Targmnili.
profesori kalhuni amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis Jurnal `sociolo
giuri Teoriis~ redaqtori da asociaciis seqciaTa _ `SedarebiTi istoriuli
sociologia~ da `sociologiuri Teoria~ _ Tavmjdomarecaa. amJamad is Sedar
ebiT istoriul kvlevas atarebs nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis, demokratiisa
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, komunikaciebsa da satransporto teqnologiebSi
globalur cvlilebaTa socialuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
pedagogiur moRvaweobas profesor kalhunis saqmianobaSi arsebiTi adgili
uWiravs. sociologiis mravalferovani kursebis swavlebis garda, is araerTgzis
monawileobda UNITAS _ multikulturuli cxovrebisa da swavlis eqsperimentSi,
romlis damfuZnebeli da samecniero xelmZRvanelia dRemde. 1988 wels CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis studentebma is sapatio sazogadoeba `oqros verZis or
denis~ wevrad airCies.
namuSevari sociologiaSi Cikagosa da brandeisis universitetebSi Seasrula. pre
zident kenedis `dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis programis~ ganxorcieleba
Si monawileobisas, romelic muSakTa umciresobisken iyo mimarTuli, ganaTlebisa
da jandacvis sferoTi dainteresda. amJamad is amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi mim
dinare sociologiur cvlilebebs ikvlevs.
profesori laiTi Tavdapirvelad prinstonis universitetSi aswavlida Sesa
val kurss sociologiasa da ganaTlebaSi. swored aq Sexvda da daumegobrda suzen
kelers da masTan erTad Seqmna winamdebare wignis pirveli gamocema. man gamoaqvey
na cnobili naSromi medicinaSi _ `fsiqiatroba: me-s profesiuli transforma
cia~ (nortoni, 1980). is jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ramdenime naSromis avtori da
redaqtoria. igi avtoria mravali statiisa, romlebic gamoqveynda `sociologiis
amerikul JurnalSi~, `janmrTelobisa da socialuri qcevis JurnalSi~, `adminis
traciul mecnierebaTa kvartalur Jurnalsa~ da `axali inglisis medicinis Jur
nalSi~.
w i n a s i t y v a o b a
sociologiis erT-erTi momxibvleloba isaa, rom mudam axalia. amis mizezi
nawilobriv sociologTa mier socialuri cxovrebis modelebis Sesaxeb axali aR
moCenebia, nawilobriv ki _ axali Teoriebisa da socialuri cxovrebis axleburi
xedvis SemuSaveba. magram ZiriTadi mainc isaa, rom Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa
mudmivad cvalebadi.
globalur da adgilobriv doneTa dakavSireba
10
vizualuri sociologia
es saxelmZRvanelo mxolod Teoriisa da kvlevis Sedegebis krebuli rodia;
is kargi magaliTebiTa da gasagebi axsniT sociologiis gacocxlebis mcdelo
baa. es wignze muSaobisas upirveles da umTavres miznad davisaxeT. unda iTqvas,
rom zogierTi udidesi nabiji sociologiur codnaSi daxvewili vizualuri te
qnikis saSualebiT aris gadadgmuli. wina TaobebisaTvis raodenobrivi informa
ciis udidesi nawili cxrilebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. amJamad, kompiuteruli
grafikis daxmarebiT, amgvari informaciis ufro gasagebi, martivi da mimzidveli
formiT warmodgena SegviZlia. cifrebis garda, wignSi mravalgvar grafiks nax
avT, Tumca es mxolod TvalismomWreli ilustraciebi rodia. rukebi, `namcxvri
seburi~ da `Zeliseburi~ grafikebi da sxv., sociologiuri informaciis vizua
luri formiT warmodgenis saSualebebia. rogorc wesi, isini adamianTa sxvadasxva
jgufisa da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis,
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebSi an Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebSi saSualo Se
mosavlis Sedarebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas fotoebsa da naxatebzec. es ar aris mxolod mimzidveli
suraTebi, romlebic dekoraciis rols asrulebs, isini sociologiuri informa
ciis wyaroa. maTi saTaurebi dagexmarebaT ufro kargad gaigoT suraTiT `naTqva
mi~, magram vizualuri informaciis `wakiTxvis~ unaris ganviTarebaze Tavad unda
izrunoT. axali fotoebi ferTa siuxviT Zvel, xSirad Sav-TeTr fotoebTan da
naxatebTan aris Serwymuli da warsulis socialur pirobebs asaxavs.
madlierebis niSnad
sociologiis mTavari gakveTili is aris, rom individTa miRwevebi, rogorc
wesi, sxvaTa daxmarebasa da TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. es sruli WeS
maritebaa am wignTan mimarTebaSic. samive avtori erTmaneTisagan swavlobda da
kvlevisa da weris tvirTs iziarebda. Cven mravali sxva adamianic gvedga mxarSi.
makgrei hilSi (McGraw-Hill) wignze muSaobis sxvadasxva safexurze mravalma
adamianma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. wigns, avtorTa garda, mbeWdavi, koreq
tori, dizaineri da gamyidveli sWirdeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmareba, al
baT, araCveulebrivma redaqtorebma gagviwies, romlebic Cveni azris ufro cxa
dad gadmocemaSi, sociologiis gacocxlebaSi gvexmarebodnen da amowmebdnen,
rom raime ar gamogvrCenoda. Cven madlierebi varT ana levinis (Ann Levine),
meri marSalis (Mary Marshall) da gansakuTrebiT roberta meieris (Roberta Mey-
er), romelmac araCveulebrivi redaqtoroba gagviwia. yvelam wina gamocemebzec
imuSava da am wignis warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT. eseni arian fil batCeri
(Phil Butcher) da jil gordoni (Jill Gordon) makgrei hilis gamomcemeli da sociolo
giis redaqtori. aseve gvsurs Tavdauzogavi SromisaTvis madloba gadavuxadoT
redaqtirebaze, dizainsa da fotoebis moZiebaze momuSave niWier TanamSromlebs
_ qeiT Sainmans (Kate Scheinman), karen quiglis (Karen Quigley), nensi daiers
11
(Nancy Dyer), barbara zalcs (Barbara Salz), anete maieskis (Annette Mayeski), emi
smeltzlis(Amy Smeltzley) da joel bernStains (Joel Bernstein).
sociologiis ori niWieri maswavlebeli muSaobis procesSi mudam sasarge
blo rCevebs gvaZlevda. madlobas vuxdiT ted vagenaars (Ted Wagenaar) maiamis
universitetidan da tom gierins (Tom Gieryn) indianas universitetidan. aseve
dagvexmara sociologiis bevri maswavlebeli, romelTac wina gamocemis mixedviT
dagvakvalianes, risi Secvla SeiZleboda studentTa sasargeblod. eseni arian:
Carlz qeisi (Charles Case), avgustas kolejidan (Augusta College); dana dani (Dana
Dunn) texasis universitetidan; jon v. a. ehli umcrosi (John V. A. Ehle Jr.) Crdil
oeT virjiniis adgilobrivi kolejidan; barens v. jonstoni (Barrance V. John-
ston) Crdilo-dasavleT indianas universitetidan; rabi s. levisi (Ruby C. Lewis),
dekalbis kolejidan (Dekalb College); kenet e. mileri (Kenneth E. Miller) dreikis
universitetidan (Drake University); kim d. Sopmaieri (Kim D. Schopmeyer) henri
fordis adgilobrivi kolejidan da avtar singi (Avtar Singh) aRmosavleT karo
linis universitetidan.
SesaZloa daxmarebis lomis wili Cvens studentebze modiodes. sociologiis
Sesavals wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT students vaswavliT da mniSvnelovan
wilad maTgan viswavleT sociologiuri Sexedulebebisa da informaciis miwo
debis gzebi. zogierTma maTganma damatebiT am wignis axali gamocemis kvlevis
asistentis rolic Seasrula. stiv pfafma (Steve Pfaff), mark regnerusma (Mark
Regnerus) da met titolom (Matt Titolo) didi daxmareba gagviwies statistikuri
monacemebis ganaxlebis, informaciis moZiebisa da kvlevis procesSi. madlobas
vuxdiT maT da am wigns vuZRvniT yvela Cvens students.
qreg kalhuni
dDonald laiTi
suzen keleri
12
nawili I
sociologiuri perspeqtivebi
sociologiuri warmosaxva
. ZiriTadi koncefciebi
sociologiis safuZvlebi
. sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa
. klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
15
16
r a SeiZleba iyos ufro bunebrivi, vidre bavSvis dabadeba?
vilma da vilem stiuartebi, 30 wels gadacilebuli holandieli wyvili, Za
lian gaxarebulebi iyvnen: vilmam Soba janmrTeli tyupebi, tuni da koeni. Tavda
pirvelad stiuartebs yuradReba ar miuqceviaT im faqtisTvis, rom tyupebi erT
maneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen, magram Tveebi gadioda da gansxvaveba ufro da ufro
sagrZnobi xdeboda: tuns, iseve, rogorc mis mSoblebs, Ria feris Tma da kani hqonda,
xolo koens _ muqi feris kani da xuWuWa yavisferi Tma.
rodesac stiuartebi TavianT tyupebs saerTo etliT aseirnebdnen, garSemo
myofni gaocebas ver malavdnen: `raa?, eseni tyupebi arian? ki magram, es xom SeuZle
belia?~ xalxi interesdeboda: `koeni hqvia? rogori holandiuri saxelia aseTi eg
zotikuri garegnobis mqone bavSvisTvis!~ bolos, mezobelma vilmas dausva kiTxva,
rac yvelas aeWvebda: `gamimxile Seni saidumlo. or mamakacTan gqonda erTi da imave
dros urTierToba? (niu-iork Taimsi, 28 ivnisi, 1995)~. tyupebis sxvadasxva feris
kani garSemomyofebisTvis im faqtis dadastureba iyo, rom vilma qmars Ralatobda.
sinamdvileSi, `saidumlo~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi sti
uartebis ojaxSi bavSvis Casaxvis yvela mcdeloba warumateblad mTavrdeboda. bo
los maT `in vitro~ ganayofierebis, anu IVF-is specialur klinikas miakiTxes. `in
vitro~ iseTi proceduraa, romlis drosac qalis kvercxujredebs iReben sakver
cxeebidan da anayofiereben mamakacis spermiT. ramdenimedRiani inkubaciis Semdeg,
rodesac darwmundebian, rom namdvilad moxda ganayofiereba, eqimebi warmoqmnil
embrions danergaven qalis saSvilosnoSi.
rodesac tyupebis kanis feri garSemomyofTa yuradRebis sagani gaxda da
zurgs ukan CurCuli gamZafrda, stuartebma TavianT eqims mimarTes. dnm-s tes
tma aCvena, rom koens sxva mama hyavda. Semdgomma, ufro srulyofilma kvlevam ki
yvelafers naTeli mohfina: rodesac vilem da vilma stiuartebi `in vitro~ klini
kaSi mividnen, im dRes iq ramdenime aseTi procedura Catarda. rogorc gairkva,
teqnikurma personalma wesebi daarRvia da ori proceduris Casatareblad erTi
sawveTuri gamoiyena. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda, rom koenis genebis naxevari ekuTvno
da karibis erT-erT kunZulze, aribaze mcxovreb mamakacs, romelic klinikas Ta
vis colTan erTad swored im dRes ewvia, ra dResac stiuartebi. stiuartebs un
dodaT TavianTi Svilebi daecvaT stigmatizaciisgan, rom maTTvis aravis daeZaxa
`xelovnuri ganayofierebiT Seqmnili bavSvebi~. stiuartebi daiRalnen Tanaso
flelebis kritikiT, maT aseve SeeSindaT, rom koenisTvis SeiZleboda moekiTxa
mis aribel mamas....
aziaSi gogonebis raodenoba biWebTan SedarebiT izrdeba. rogorc wesi, yov
el 100 gogonaze modis 106 biWi. imdenad, ramdenadac mamrobiTi sqesis axalSobi
lebs gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT, vidre mdedrobiTi sqesisas, adreuli bavS
vobis periodSi gogonebisa da biWebis raodenoba Tanabrdeba. magram indoeTSi,
magaliTad, 1991 wels sqesobrivi Sefardeba aseTi iyo: 929 gogona yovel 1000 bi
Wze (balakriSani, 1994). es Tanafardoba SemTxveviTi ar aris.
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevri aziuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo bi
WebisTvis prioritetis miniWeba gogonebTan SedarebiT. indoeTis udides nawil
17
Si am sakiTxis mimarT zogadi damokidebuleba aseTia: `gogonas aRzrda mezoblis
mcenaris morwyvas hgavs~ (kusumi, 1993). qaliSvilis yola finansur tvirTad iTv
leba. wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad, gogonas mSoblebma mis momaval meuRles sakmaod
didi mziTevi unda SesTavazon; gaTxovebis Semdeg gogona qmris ojaxis nawili
xdeba. qaliSvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, vaJebi agrZeleben ojaxis gvars; da imde
nad, ramdenadac isini memkvidreobiT iReben ojaxis kuTvnil miwas an bizness, iTv
leba, rom isini ojaxis simdidris SenarCunebaze zrunaven. socialuri dazRvevi
sa da moxucebulTa saxlebis ararsebobis gamo, rodesac mSoblebi berdebian, maT
vaJiSvilebi (da maTi colebi) uvlian.
warsulSi mSoblebs mxolod imedi unda hqonodaT da elocaT, rom maT vaJiSvi
li SesZenodaT. dRes ki, axalma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom vaJiSvilis
dabadeba mSoblebis arCevanze iyos damokidebuli da ara mxolod survilze. am
niocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi qals SesaZleblobas aZlevs
amoicnos jer kidev daubadebeli bavSvis sqesi da gadawyvitos, dabados igi Tu
aborti gaikeTos. qalTa centrebis kvlevam bombeiSi daadgina, rom amniocentez
isis Semdeg gakeTebuli 8.000 abortidan, 7.999 Canasaxi mdedrobiTi sqesis iyo
(msoflio jandacvis organizacia, 1992). rodesac indoeTis mTavrobam Canasaxis
sqesis niSniT abortebis gakeTebis mizniT amniocentezis gamoyeneba akrZala, Sav
ma bazarma es procedura Tavis Tavze aiRo da daakmayofila arsebuli moTxovna
(balakriSani, 1994). bilbordebi iuwyebodnen: `sjobs 500 rupia gadaixadoT axla
(eqoskopiasa da abortis gakeTebaSi), vidre 50.000 rupia mogvianebiT (mziTvisT
vis)~. eqoskopiis mowyobilobiT SeiaraRebuli specialuri manqanebi dadioda
provinciebSi da im ojaxebs sTavazobdnen `arCevans~, romlebic Tanamedrove sa
medicino momsaxurebis centrebisagan Sors cxovrobdnen.
18
rebinaT mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda, 1979 wels CineTis mTavrobam daakanona
mSobiarobis erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri sakontrolo politika, rac odesme yo
fila (kuni da li, 1994, ii da sxvani, 1993). wyvilebs ekrZalebaT iyolion erTze
meti Svili. rogorc indoeTSi, CineTSic aikrZala teqnologiis gamoyeneba sqesis
SerCevis mizniT. Tumca, imdenad, ramdenadac teqnologia bevrgan arsebobs, wyvi
lebs martivad SeuZliaT eqimebis moqrTamva Canasaxis sqesis gasagebad. Sedegad
CineTSi axalSobilTa sqesobrivi Tanafardoba mamrobiTi sqesisaken gadaixara (ii
da sxvani, 1993) (ix. sqema1.1).
xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva teqno
logia, zrdis adamianis mier bunebrivi procesebis gakontrolebis SesaZleb
lobas. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna uSvilo
wyvilebis dasaxmareblad, imisaTvis, rom isini mSoblebi gamxdariyvnen. ganayo
fierebis teqnologia aseve exmareboda im wyvilebs, romlebsac genetikuri avad
myofoba aReniSneboda (rogoric aris, magaliTad tai-zaxis avadmyofoba an kidev
namgliseburi anemia) da asakian qalebs (romlebisTvisac ufro maRalia daunis
sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis riski), imis dasadgenad, rom gaegoT,
janmrTeli daibadeboda Tu ara maTi Svili.
axal teqnologiaTa da sxva movlenaTa gavlenis arsi TviT teqnologiebisa da
maT momxmarebel individTa miRma _ im socialur ZalebSi unda veZioT, romlebic
adamianur qcevas ayalibeben. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi cariel ad
gilze rodi Cndeba. isini SobadobaSi samedicino Carevis Tanamedrove tendenciis,
ufro zogadad ki _ mecnierebisa da teqnikis bunebaze `sazedamxedvelod~ gamoy
enebis nawilia. gvian Seqmnili ojaxebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva
qveynebSi patara ojaxebis Seqmnis miswrafeba aseve arsebiT rols asrulebs, radgan
potenciuri Semosavlis wyaro xdeba reproduqciuli klinikebisaTvis (yovel Sem
TxvevaSi SeerTebul StatebSi). aziis zogierT kulturaSi vaJiSvilisaTvis myari
tradiciuli upiratesobis miniWebam da CineTis mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis gam
oyenebam waaxalisa reproduqciuli teqnologiebic. wyvilebis mier reproduqci
uli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis arCevanisa da misi Sedegebis gasagebad maT qcevaze
moqmedi socialuri Zalebi unda gvesmodes. amgvari gageba sociologiur warmosax
vas moiTxovs.
es Tavi sociologiis mimoxilviT daviwyeT. rogor gaamdidra sociologiur
ma perspeqtivam axali teqnologiebis, msoflio movlenebisa da TviT cxovrebis
Cveneuli xedva? wignis winamdebare nawili xuT ZiriTad sociologiur kon
cefcias warmogidgenT, romelsac SemdgomSic SexvdebiT. esenia: socialuri
struqtura, socialuri qcevebi, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura. Semdeg sociologias mecnieruli kuTxiT ganvixilavT da aRvwerT,
rogor iyeneben sociologebi mecnierul meTodebs socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb
kvlevebis Casatareblad. dabolos, sociologiis fesvebs gavyvebiT da gavecno
biT klasikur sociologiur Teoriebs, romlebic Tanamedrove Teoriisa da kv
levebis safuZvelia.
19
sociologiuri warmosaxva
20
li biznesia. 1995 wels daaxloebiT 3 milionamde amerikelma mimarTa xelovnuri
ganayofierebis klinikebs (begli, 1995), xelovnuri ganayofierebisTvis wyvilebi
xarjaven sul cota 10.000 dolars; xandaxan es Tanxa 100.000 dolarsac ki aRwevs.
janmrTelobis dazRvevis zogierTi saagento ixdis Sida ganayofierebasTan daka
vSirebul xarjebs, magram bevri sadazRvevo saagentos momsaxurebaSi es xarjebi
ar Sedis. xSir SemTxvevaSi ki qals kerZo janmrTelobis dazRvevac ar gaaCnia,
rac niSnavs, rom ganayofierebis axal teqnologiebze xeli mxolod SeZlebulebs
miuwvdeba.
Cveni piradi cxovrebis mraval aspeqts, _ Tundac Cveni dabadebis garemoe
bebs, Cvengan damoukidebeli Zalebi marTavs: ra xnis arian Cveni mSoblebi; gvy
avs Tu ara da-Zma da ramdeni; Cveni asakisa Tu Taobis ramdeni adamiani gagviwevs
konkurencias vakansiebis dasakaveblad jer sabavSvo baRSi, Semdeg ki _ samsaxur
Si; da isic saTuoa, saerTod, davibadebiT Tu ara. am Sexedulebis gaazreba didi
nawilia im cnebisa, rasac didi amerikeli sociologi raiT milsi `socialur war
mosaxvad~ moixseniebs.
socialuri warmosaxva niSnavs sakuTari gamocdilebis aRqmas socialur sa
myaroSi mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi. es im farTo socialur movlenaTa
aRqmasac gulisxmobs, romlebic araa gamovlenili martooden pirovnul gamoc
dilebaSi. magaliTad, xalxi, visac uSualod hqonia saqme reproduqciul teqno
logiebTan, mozaikis mxolod erT nawils xedavs. mTliani suraTis ageba ki pozi
ciaTa da zne-CveulebaTa sistematur mecnierul Seswavlas moiTxovs sxvadasxva
drosa da adgilas, sxvadasxva socialur garemoebasa da socialur klasebSi,
agreTve socialur qmedebaTa gamiznuli Tu uneblie Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas.
socialuri warmosaxva dagvanaxebs, rom imaze bevrad metni varT, vidre mxo
lod Cvens pirad speqtaklebSi monawile msaxiobebi. is farTo socialuri mov
lenebi, romlebSic CarTulni varT, did socialur scenaze TamaSdeba. rogorc
milsi (1959/70. gv. 3,9) werda:
21
li problema SeiZleba iyos: rogor gadarCes anda rogor daiRupos
gmirulad; rogor gamdidrdes omis pirobebSi; rogor miaRwios maRal,
usafrTxo, samxedro Tanamdebobas, ra wvlili Seitanos omis damTavre
baSi... xolo omis struqturuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia mis socialur
mizezebTan; im xalxis tipTan, romelic mas warmarTavs; mis zegavlenas
Tan ekonomikasa da politikaze, ojaxisa da religiur institutebze;
erTa da saxelmwifoTa qaosur upasuxismgeblobasTan.
ZiriTadi koncefciebi
struqtura
22
SedarebiT mdgrad da xangrZliv interaqtiursa da/Tu ormxriv damokidebule
baSi arian _ magaliTad, qorwineba an samsaxuri _ pirovnebaTSoris doneze,
anda ganaTlebisa Tu jandacvis sistemaTa msgavsi institutebi _ ufro farTo
gagebiT da abstraqtul doneze. poziciebi (zogjer statusebad moxseniebuli)
gansazRvravs adgils socialur urTierTobaTa sqemaSi, rogorc _ deda, prezi
denti, mRvdeli, _ rac, Cveulebriv, qcevis (rols rom uwodeben) mosalodnel
yaidas gansazRvravs. xalxis raodenoba sxvadasxva kategoriis SigniT (rogori
caa: qalTa klubebi Tu eris gansaxleba, martoxela dedebi Tu momuSave qalebi) da
gansakuTrebiT, am kategoriaTa SefardebiTi odenoba (rogoricaa: mosaxleobaSi
samocdaTxuTmets gadacilebuli mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba an armiaSi
momsaxureTa Soris oficerTa proporciuli raodenoba), zemoqmedebas axdens so
cialur struqturaze.
mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT socialuri struqtura da pirovnebebi an `per
sonali~. universitetis struqtura, magaliTadAD, SedarebiT Ystabiluria, Tumca
personali mudmivad icvleba. yovel gazafxulze bolo kursis studentebi am
Tavreben da Semdeg Semodgomaze maT adgils axlad Semosuli kursi Seavsebs. icv
lebian pirovnebebi inglisurisa da qimiis fakultetebze, agreTve fexburTis
gundsa da sauniversiteto gazeTis StatSi. es SeiZleba gansakuTrebul adamianeb
sac Seexos, visac reqtoris, dekanis, kaTedris gamgisa Tu fexburTis mwvrTnelis
Tanamdeboba uWiravs. TanamSromelTagan zogi sruli profesori xdeba, zogic sxva
universitetSi midis. personalSi mimdinare am cvlilebaTa miuxedavad, ZiriTa
di struqtura _ urTierToba administracias, fakultetebsa da studentTa
korpuss Soris, profesorebsa da studentebs Soris, maRal da dabalkurselebs
Soris da a. S. _ Zalze nela icvleba an sulac ucvlelia. struqtura ayalibebs
SesaZleblobebs adamianebisaTvis, Tumca xalxic axdens gavlenas struqturaze.
magaliTad, Tuki Semosul studentTa ricxvi iklebs, SesaZloa, zogi profesori,
daiTxovon an datvirTva Seumciron. rodesac kolejSi Semsvlel qalTa raodeno
ba imatebs, Cndeba qalTa saerTo sacxovreblebis, qalTa saswavlo da sportuli
programebis moTxovnileba.
socialuri struqtura socialuri cxovrebis stabilurobis wyaroa, Tumca
cvlilebaTa gamowveva da warmarTva struqturul faqtorebsac SeuZlia. erT
Sviliani ojaxis politikaSi gamoxatuli ojaxis dagegmvis mkacri programis Se
muSaveba CineTSi mosaxleobis mkveTri zrdiT iyo gamowveuli. CineTis mosaxleo
bis ara mxolod raodenoba, aramed misi mateba Sedegad mohyva komunisturi
xelisuflebis mier gaumjobesebul kvebis sistemasa da janmrTelobis dacvas. es
niSnavs imas, rom CineTis mosaxleobis nawili axalgazrdaa da STamomavlobis Se
qmnis asaks aRwevs. amdenad erT wyvilze bavSvebis raodenobam rom iklos kidec,
dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenoba mainc didi iqneba. ase rom, arsebobda mosaxle
obis mosalodneli swrafi zrdis struqturuli mizezi (Warb mosaxleobaSi STa
momavlobisTvis momwifebuli adamianebis raodenobis maRali procenti). Tu am
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mateba ar Seferxda, ekonomikisa da soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis Sedegebs `STanTqavs~ mzardi mosaxleoba da cxovrebis xarisxi ar
23
gaumjobesdeba. amitom ojaxis dagegmvis programis farglebSi CineTma Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego teqnologiebis investireba moaxdina.
rogorc vnaxeT, CineTma mosaxleobis raodenobis kontrolisaTvis Zalis
mieri politika SeimuSava. aman gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi gamoiRo _ Cineli
wyvilebi (ultrabgeriTi gamokvlevisa da abortis saSualebiT), tradiciis Ses
abamisad, amjobinebdnen vaJi hyolodaT. amiT gamowveul sqesTa disbalanss mniS
vnelovani struqturuli rRveva mosdevs. rodesac meti biWi ibadeba, oci wlis
Semdeg iqmneba qalebis nakleboba ucolo mamakacebisaTvis. es niSnavs aramarto
imas, rom mamakacebis nawili ver moaxerxebs sacolis povnas, aramed imasac, rom
asakovani mamakacebi iZulebuli iqnebian SedarebiT axalgazrda qalebze iqorwi
non (ramac SesaZloa Seaferxos qalebi, ganaTlebis saSualebiT daimkvidron sta
tusi). garda amisa, naklebi iqneba qaliSvili da rZali, raTa xandazmul adamianebs
mouaros, amitom xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba maTi siberis uzrunv
elsayofad. mTavrobis mier qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyoba da tradici
ulad mamakacur profesiebSi maTi waxalisebasac gamoiwvevs qalebis naklebobas
tradiciul qalur saqmianobasa da socialur rolebSi.
nayofierebis Sablonebi dasavleTis qveynebSic iwvevs socialuri struqturis
Camoyalibebas. Sobadoba iklebs, Tuki wyvilebi naklebi Svilis yolas gadawyveten
(nawilobriv, Sobadobis sakontrolo teqnologiebis saSualebiT). Cveni axali
ojaxuri struqtura, sadac erT-da orSviliani ojaxebi normadaa miCneuli, me
tad cvlis ojaxuri cxovrebis yaidas, skolebze moTxovnilebas, aiolebs profe
siuli karieris Seqmnas qalebisaTvis da cxovrebis mraval aspeqts gansazRvravs
CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi. wyvilebi, vinc patara ojaxis Seqmnas apirebs,
bavSvsac ufro gvian aCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli mSobiarobis daaxloe
biT meoTxedi ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSia (maranto, 1995). es imas niSnavs, rom
oci wlis Semdeg kolejebsa da universitetebSi Semsvleli axalgazrdebis meo
Txeds sapensio asakis mSoblebi eyolebaT (rac asakovan mSoblebs aiZulebs sam
saxurSi darCenas, xolo mTavrobas _ gauzardos daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis msurvel axalgazrdebs).
moqmedeba
24
individualurad, aseve jgufebsa da organizaciebSi gawevrianebiT SegviZlia
sazogadoebis Secvlas vecadoT _ SevarbiloT rasobrivi SuRli, gavaumjobe
soT jandacvis sistema, gadavarCinoT saxelmwifo tyeebi anda movaxdinoT revo
lucia. sazogadoebriv qmedebaTagan zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmoqmnis
axal urTierTobebs, vTqvaT, rodesac qorwinebisas nefe-patarZali warmoTqvams:
`Tanaxma var~ an axali saxelmwifosa Tu organizaciis damaarseblebi mis gansaxor
cieleblad da socialuri struqturis misaniWeblad konstitucias SeimuSaveben.
es qmedebani, Tavis mxriv, axal samoqmedo pirobebs qmnis. daqorwinebul mamakacsa
da qals, SesaZloa, Sinaganma da gareganma faqtorebma aiZulos bavSvis gaCena; Svi
lis dabadebis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, Tanabrad gainawilon mSoblis
pasuxismgebloba, SesaZloa, isini gaucnobiereblad mainc aRmoCndnen sqesobrivad
stereotipul rolebSi.
xSirad uciloblad migvaCnia Cveni socialuri garemos aspeqtebi, TiTqos isini
yovelTvis arsebobda an axlaxans, saswaulebriv da meyseulad Seiqmna da ar vuwevT
angariSs socialuri moqmedebis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, axali reproduqciuli
teqnologiis SemoReba ar yofila mecnieruli ganviTarebis TavisTavadi nayofi,
romelic aucileblad warmoiSoboda. es iyo `xalxis gansazRvrul jgufTa mier
gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas miRebul sagangebo gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegi,
maT moTxovnilebas rom Seesabameboda~ (uaismeni, 1994). aseTive Zalisxmevas unda
movuxmoT unayofobis mizezTa dasadgenad da Casaxvis aRmkveTi saSualebebis ga
mosaZebnad, agreTve Svilad ayvanis samsaxurebis gasafarToeblad, raTa savarau
do mSoblebi da mitovebuli umweo bavSvebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen.
erTSviliani ojaxis politika CineTSi da bavSvis sqesis SerCeviT aborti indoe
li ojaxebis mier socialuri moTxovnebis mkafio magaliTebia. da mainc, pirovne
baTa mier miRebuli kerZo Ogadawyvetilebebi socialuria. davuSvaT, ocdaCvidmeti
wlis martoxela atlanteli qali xelovnuri ganayofierebis gziT xdeba deda. ra
tomaa misi moqmedeba `socialuri~? pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom igi damokidebu
lia arsebul socialur pirobebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teqnologia ocdaxuTi
wlis winaTac arsebobda (da, udavod, zogierTi imdroindeli `SinaberasTvis~ sa
surveli iqneboda), maSin eqimebis umetesoba uars ityoda daorsulebaSi daxmare
boda martoxela qals. amaTanave, gaTxovili iqneboda Tu martoxela, ocdaaTs
gadabijebuli qalisTvis metad didi iyo daunis sindromiani bavSvis gaCenis riski.
amJamad, martoxela dedoba samarcxvinod aRar iTvleba, xolo Tanamedrove mSobia
robamdel testebs SeuZlia genetikuri problemebi orsulobis periodSive gamoav
linos. garda amisa, qalis moqmedeba socialuria, vinaidan igi sxva adamianebsac
Seexeba: bavSvs, mamas (Tundac anonimur donors, Tuki bavSvi mogvianebiT masTan
Sexvedras isurvebs) da ufro farTod, sazogadoebasac.
amniocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
zogierTi Tandayolili defeqti da genetikuri nakli muclad yofnis periodSive
gamovavlinoT. genetikur tests winaswar SeuZlia gansazRvros col-qmris Sansi,
uaryofiTi genebi gadasces Svils. tai-zaxis genis (nela mimdinare davaadeba, ad
reul asakSi mtkivneul sikvdils rom iwvevs) mqone mSoblebs oTxidan erT SemTx
vevaSi emuqreba am seniT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis saSiSroeba. warsulSi maT
25
an tkivilisa da tanjvis riski unda gaewiaT, an uari eTqvaT Svilis yolaze. amJa
mad mSoblebs winaswar SeuZliaT gaigon, rom tai-zaxis geni aqvT. Tuki es orive
aReniSneba, isini amjobineben bavSvi iSvilon, vidre tai-zaxis genis mqone Svili
moavlinon amqveynad. es arCevani SesaZlo gaxda, radgan teqnologia viTardeba,
eqimebs surT gardaqmnebis danergva da a.S.
kultura
26
istebad da ucnaurebad aRiqvams uSvilo adamianebs. ara mxolod uSvilo wyvili,
aramed martoxela uSvilo qali, lesboseli iqneba Tu heteroseqsuali, normidan
gadaxvevad iTvleba. Tuki Svilebis aryola egoistobadaa miCneuli, mxolod erTi
bavSvis gaCena _ uaris Tqma mis dasa Tu Zmaze _ arcTu bevrad ukeTesad aRiqmeba.
miuxedavad aSkara simcdarisa, fexmokidebulia stereotipi, TiTqos dediserTa
bavSvebi ganebivrebuli da umarTavi arian. metic, Cven rogorc kultura, `bune
briv~ mSobiarobas vamjobinebT bavSvis Svilad ayvanas, Tundac bunebrivi mSo
biaroba maRali teqnologiebis samedicino Carevis Sedegi iyos.
garda amisa, kultura, SesaZlebels xdis axal teqnologiebs socialurad
organizebuli informaciis maragis meSveobiT, romlebzec muSaoben eqimebi, ga
momgoneblebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da maTi mzgavsi Cveulebrivi adamianebi.
amerikul kulturas mravalwilad teqnologiebi ayalibebs. Cven did energias
vandomebT mowinave teqnologiebs. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebma
ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Secvala Cveni warmodgena adamianis SesaZle
blobebze. winaparTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa rwmena bunebisa Tu RvTis mier
dawesebul CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, gvwams, rom yvela problemas gadavWriT, Tuki
xelT teqnologia gveqneba. buneba asaTvisebel da dasamuSaveblad xelmisawvdom
maragad warmogvidgeba da ara sakralurad Zlevamosilad, romlis gardaqmna gve
krZaleba. es adamianis bunebazec vrceldeba, rasac SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli
axali teqnologiebic gvidasturebs.
Zalaufleba
27
indoeTs, indonezias, nigerias, ojaxis dagegmvis efeqturobisaTvis ufro Znelad
gansaxorcielebeli saSualebebis Zieba uwevT.
mTavrobis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Sobadobis kontrolisaT
vis miuRebelia amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis. Tumca es praqtika amerikisTvis
arc ise `ucxoa~, rogorc gvgonia. 1930 wels bevri amerikeli mecnieri emxroboda
evgenikas _ mosaxleobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas SerCeviTi repro
ducirebis gziT. ocdaaTze met StatSi miiRes kanoni iZulebiTi sterilizaciis
Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis gawmendas `gariyulebis~ _ loTebis,
narkotikebis momxmareblebis, epilefsiiT Sepyrobilebis, sulierad daavadebu
lebis, damnaSaveebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, gonebrivad CamorCenilebisgan, visi
problemebic memkvidreobiTad iTvleboda. evgenikas socialur (da ekonomikur)
sakiTxTa mecnierul gadawyvetad ganixilavdnen. erTi oficialuri warmomad
genlis TqmiT, maTTvis STamomavlobis Seqmnis danebeba `sazogadoebis eqstrava
ganturobas~ niSnavda (larsoni, 1995, gv.120). amdenad, `mecnierebas~ ufro popu
laruli crurwmenebi gansazRvravda, vidre mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
winaswari ganWvretis faqtobrivi unari. ase rom iyos, abraam linkolnis mSoblebi
saTvis, romelTagan erTi fsiqikurad daavadebuli iyo, xolo meore _ loTi, Svi
lis gaCena unda agvekrZala. da mainc, iZulebiTi sterilizacia zogierT StatSi
1970-80-ian wlebamde rCeboda ZalaSi (amJamad zogierTni SiSoben, biogenetikis
miRwevebma evgenikis politika kvlav ar gamoaRviZos).
fuli Zalauflebis erT-erTi formaa. SeerTebul StatebSi ganayofierebaze
momuSave klinikebi metwilad komerciuli dawesebulebebia maTTvis, vinc Se
Zlebs gaistumros dadgenili momsaxurebis safasuri. kanadasa da evropis bevr
qveyanaSi es momsaxureba xalxis umetesobisaTvis xelmisawvdomia, radgan saxelm
wifo jandacvis sistema afinansebs. am sazogadoebaTa farTo jgufebs SeuZliaT
Tavisi politikuri Zalis gamoyeneba, raTa dabegvra mTeli mosaxleobis jandac
vis sasargeblod moxdes da ar emyarebodes mxolod kerZo dazRvevasa da pirad
angariSsworebas, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia miRebuli. Tumca am qveyana
Sic ganayofierebis ZviradRirebuli momsaxurebisaTvis gadaxdisas adgilobrivi
xelisufleba gamoyofs Tanxebs. amdenad, am sakiTxSi Tavs iyris mTavrobis Za
laufleba moqalaqeTa dabegvris da amoRebuli Semosavlebis gankargvis gzebis
Ziebisas, da agreTve SeZlebuli (kargad organizebuli) jgufebis Zalaufleba,
romelic zewolas axorcielebs xelisuflebaze, raTa `xalxis fuli~ am jgufebis
sasargeblod daixarjos.
sociologebi mTlianad socialuri sistemis Zalauflebasac Seiswavlian, ro
melic pirovnebaTa, jgufTa Tu organizaciaTa Zalauflebisgan gansxvavebulia.
amerikul sazogadoebas meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre, davuSvaT, eTiopiisas. es
ar niSnavs, rom amerikas aqvs samxedro Zalaufleba, romelic brZolaSi daamar
cxebs eTiopias anda ekonomikuri berketebi eTiopiis Sesaviwroveblad. es ufro
exeba teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis dones, romelic
am sazogadoebebSi xalxis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. amerikelebs umuSevrobisa
da siRaribis gamocdileba aqvT, magram SimSiliT iSviaTad ixocebodnen. eTiopi
aSi, piriqiT, xSiria sastiki SimSiloba, rasac ara mxolod hava, aramed SedarebiT
28
primitiuli teqnologia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali done da socialuri
aSliloba iwvevs. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba xalxs ganrigis, tabe
luri drois, SezRuduli vadebis enaze azrovnebas aiZulebs. eTiopiis msgavs mi
waTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi es droiTi zewola matulobs, rodesac qalaqebis, sam
saxurebis, Tanamedrove industriis ganviTareba iwyeba. droSi gaTvlili amgvari
cxovreba ar aris mimzidveli, magram xalxi iZulebulia miiRos igi. eTiopiaSic
da SeerTebul StatebSic piradi identuroba erovnul identurobasTan ufro
mWidrodaa gadanaskvuli, vidre separatistul eTnikur identurobasTan. Cven
vixdiT gadasaxadebs da umeteswilad vaRiarebT samxedro samsaxuris aucileb
lobas, radgan gvwams, rom Cveni rogorc pirovnebaTa gadarCena da cxovrebiseuli
gza sakuTari qveynis gadarCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. nacionalizmi Zalauflebas
iyenebs patriotul grZnobaTa mobilizebisaTvis. es Zalaufleba damaxasiaTebe
lia ara romelime erTi socialuri SemsruleblisaTvis (Tumca pirovnebebsa da
jgufebs SeuZliaT patriotul grZnobebs mouxmon), aramed sazogadoebisTvis,
rogorc mTlianisaTvis.
funqcia
29
To socialur sistemaSi. funqciurad integrirebuli sistemis yoveli nawili ax
dens zemoqmedebas da Tavadac ganicdis zemoqmedebas sxvebisgan. aseTia skolebis
funqcionireba studentTa mosamzadeblad, vinc SeZlebs damqiraveblisTvis
saWiro samuSao Seasrulos da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi miiRos monawileoba,
rogorc sakuTari qveynis moqalaqem. SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT skolis arss, Tuki mas
gamijnulad SeviswavliT _ aucilebelia sazogadoebis sxva nawilebTan misi kav
Siris gaTvaliswineba. Tavis mxriv, skola funqciurad TviTonac organizebulia:
sxvadasxva sagnis maswavleblebi, administratorebi, moswavleebi, biblioTek
arebi da materialuri obieqtebic ki, dafebisa da wignebis CaTvliT, sxvadasxva
funqcias asruleben. funqciuri integracia xarisxzea damokidebuli _ ramde
nad SeuZlia jgufisa Tu sazogadoebis nawilebs met-naklebad harmoniuli Tanam
Sromloba anu urTierTSewyobili moqmedeba.
zogjer socialuri sistemis erTi nawili ise moqmedebs, rom sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis efeqtur muSaobas aferxebs. am SemTxvevaSi igi `disfunqciuria~. maga
liTad, zogierTis mtkicebiT, axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi disfunqci
uria, radgan sxva, ufro saSur moTxovnilebebs (rogoricaa jandacva, saTanado
kveba da ganaTleba sabavSvo baRebSi, Raribi orsuli qalebis daxmareba) aklebs
resursebs da savaraudo mSoblebs ubiZgebs ganayofierebis xelovnur xerxebs
mimarTon Svilis ayvanis nacvlad, rac obol da mitovebul bavSvebs moyvaruli da
mzrunveli ojaxebis gareSe tovebs.
zogjer SegviZlia reproduqciuli teqnologiis sasikeTo, saswaulebrivi
Sedegebi davinaxoT, roca uSvilobis problemebis mqone wyvilebs bavSvis gaCenis
saSualeba eZlevaT, SegviZlia davinaxoT safrTxec _ zneobrivad saCoTiro Ca
reva bunebisa Tu RvTis nebaSi. es piraduli gansjis gadasawyvetia. magram am axali
teqnologiis gasagebad _ rad ganviTarda igi, rogor mimarTebaSia pirovnebasa
Tu mTlianad sazogadoebasTan, vis exmareba (Tu azaralebs) yvelaze metad da saiT
mivyavarT _ yvela is sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romelzec zemoT visaubreT.
sociologebs, maTi gansaxilveli Tematikisa da Teoriuli perspeqtividan gamom
dinare, SeuZliaT yuradReba mTavar cnebaTagan erT-erTze _ struqturaze, mo
qmedebaze, kulturaze, Zalasa Tu funqciaze gaamaxvilon, Tumca xuTive maTgani
mniSvnelovania sociologiurad azrovnebisTvis.
30
miznad da Cvens pirad gamocdilebas mecnieruli meTodis saSualebiT afarToebs
(burdie, Sambordoni da paseroni, 1991).
mecnieruli meTodi
31
cas da dasavleTiT Cadis (konsensusi). yovelive amis miuxedavad, am SemTxvevaSi sab
olood mecnierebam gaimarjva.
mecnieruli meTodi metad Zlieria. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mas SeuZlia uaRresad
gaafarTovos codna, rasac didi miRwevebi aqvs teqnologiaSi. mecnierebasaviT
Zliers, mas mainc ar SeuZlia `srulqmnili~ codna mogvawodos. pirveli, mecnie
ruli codna dausrulebelia: saTanadod Seuswavlelia mravali fenomeni da axal
Ziebas SeuZlia eWvqveS daayenos is, rac manamde garkveuli gvegona. meore, zogierT
kiTxvas SeuZlebelia mecnierulma kvlevam gasces pasuxi (magaliTad, arsebobs Tu
ara RmerTi). metic, sxvadasxva adamiani, mecnierTa CaTvliT, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvs sagnebze,
maT aRsawerad gansxvavebul enasa da gamoTqmebs iyenebs da daskvnac gansxvavebuli
gamoaqvs. mecnierTa TanamSromlobas SeuZlia srulyos mecniereba da teqnologia,
warmatebiT ganaxorcielos praqtikuli saqmianoba, xidebis mSenebloba iqneba Tu
kosmosuri xomaldis gaSveba, magram mecnierebi verasodes SeZleben sxvadasxva Tval
sazrisTa Sedegebis srulad gabaTilebasa da erT `WeSmaritebaze~ SeTanxmebas.
rogorc mecniereba, sociologia specifikur winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. rode
sac sociologebi dakvirvebis mecnierul meTods mimarTaven, isini akvirdebian
ara `bunebas~, romelic adamianebis gareT arsebobs da met-naklebad dafiqsire
bulia maTTan urTierTobaSi, aramed ufro im samyaros adevneben Tvals, romelic
nawilobriv adamianTa mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac mecnierebi verasodes gae
mijnebian. socialuri samyaro araa uZravi, igi gamudmebiT icvleba. magaliTad,
ena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom mas adamianebi iyeneben, magram gamoyenebisas maT
cotaodeni cvlilebac SeaqvT masSi. socialuri samyaro Cveni nawilia, Cven ki misi
nawili varT. socialuri mecnieruli dakvirveba araa ubralod bunebis interpre
tacia, sul cota, igi interpretaciaa xalxisa, vinc Tavad axdens interpretacias
da Tavis samyaroebs qmnis (gidensi, 1984).
empiriuli dakvirveba
32
meteorologebma Rrublebis formebze TavianTi dakvirveba da klasifikacia unda
moaxdinon. socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlisas interpretacia met mniSvnelovneba
sac iZens, radgan adamianTa qmedebis Sesaxeb unda SeviqmnaT warmodgena (teilori,
1958 x, 1955). Tandayolili da memkvidreobiTi defeqtebisa matarebeli bavSvis
gaCenis riskis mqone qalebisaTvis sagangebod Seqmnili mSobiarobamdeli diag
nostikuri testebi amJamad aucilebeli wesia ocdaaT wels gadacilebulTaTvis
qalebisaTvis (rouneri da presi, 1955), radgan qalebs surT darwmundnen, rom jan
saR bavSvs gaaCenen (Tuki ara _ ganixileba abortis SesaZlebloba) da eqimebi am
sinjiT saWiro informacias miiReben dedisa da nayofis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb. da
mainc, orsuli qalebis gamokiTxvam SesaZloa gamoavlinos, rom maT testi, pirvel
rigSi meanis rCeviT Caitares, xolo man, cxadia, ukeT icis. meanTa gamokiTxvam ki
SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom isini pirvel yovlisa, mSobiarobamdeli testis ga
keTebas urCeven Tandayolili defeqtis mqone bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi mSo
blebis mier sasamarTloSi Civilis Tavidan asacileblad. Cveulebrivi dakvirveba
motivebsa da mniSvnelobebs ar gamoavlens.
mesame etapi dakvirvebaTa monacemebad gardasaqmnelad gulisxmobs maT da
fiqsirebas im saxiT, rom SesaZlo iyos maTi ganmeoreba. ganmeoreba niSnavs imave
gamokvlevis xelaxal Catarebas axali obieqtebis TanxlebiT, raTa gairkves, mi
viRebT Tu ara imave Sedegs. yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli
gamokvlevis obieqti tipuri ar aRmoCndes mosaxleobisTvis, romlis warmosaCenad
is SeirCa anda kvlevis meTodebi iyo mcdari. mecnieruli monacemebis wardgenasa
da gamoyenebas yovelTvis unda axldes zusti angariSi im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb,
romlebSic dakvirveba Catarda, mkvlevaris gamoyenebuli abstragirebis xerxis
CaTvliT. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, ra ganasxvavebda mas sxva dakvirvebaTagan da
rogor interpretacias aZlevda mkvlevari dakvirvebas (gamokvlevis meTodebi
ganxilulia meore TavSi da warmodgenilia sagangebo gamokvlevebSi, romlebic
kvlevis grafebis saxiTY gasdevs wigns).
logikuri analizi
33
iziareben, maTi rwmenis, eklesiis (an seqtis) istoriis, saeklesio ritualebisa da
wesebis CaTvliT. analizis Semdegi erTeuli eklesiis formaluri organizaciaa
_ meurveobisa da movaleobebis struqtura, urTierToba moZRvarsa da mrevls
Soris, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara mRvdeli episkoposis winaSe da sxv. analizis yove
li es erTeuli logikurad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan, xolo eklesiis er
Tiani suraTi TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias.
urTirTobaTa gamovlena analizis erTeulebs Soris, pirovnebebi iqneba, pira
di urTierTobebi, kulturuli midrekilebani Tu organizaciuli struqturebi,
Semdegi etapia logikuri analizis. sociologis mTavari amocanaa gaarkvios, so
ciologiur wyobaSi erTdroulad arsebul saganTagan romelia danarCnenebze me
tad gavlenisunariani. magaliTad, ra faqtori axdens ufro Zlier gavlenas iseT
gadawyvetilebaze, rogorc winamZRvris SerCeva anda diakvnisa Tu uxucesis daniS
vnaa _ wevrTa rwmena (kultura) Tu organizebis wesi (struqtura)? es sakiTxi
mizez-Sedegobriobas ukavSirdeba. sociologebs ainteresebT funqciuri urTi
erTkavSiri sxvadasxva erTeulsa Tu mTelsa da mis nawilebs Soris. saeklesio
gundSi, magaliTad, lotbari da sxvadasxva xmis mqone momRerlebi (sopranoebi,
baritonebi, tenorebi, banebi) saerTo produqtis _ musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesa
qmnelad, rac mxolod socialuri TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi gansx
vavebuli rolebi, amrigad, funqciurad SekavSirebulia, arc erTi maTgani araa
swored meoriT gamowveuli (diriJoris CaTvliT), magram TiToeuli damokidebu
lia sxvebze.
mesame safexuri logikur analizSi aris codnis Camoyalibeba Teoriad. Teor
ia urTierTobaTa amokiTxvisa da maTi moqmedebis axsnis mwyobri, logikuri mcd
elobaa. mecnieruli Teoria damyarebulia empiriuli dakvirvebisas mopovebul
garemoebebsa da faqtebze. Teoretikosis winaSe ismeba kiTxva, ratom aqvs faqtebs
swored aseTi mimarTuleba da ara sxvagvari. vTqvaT, ratom irCevs zogi qristian
uli eklesia winamZRvars, xolo sxvagan episkoposi agzavnis? pasuxis gasacemad,
nawilobriv istoriis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro (rodis da rogor daedo saTave ama
Tu im aRmsareblobas), nawilobriv sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa (gansakuTrebiT,
_ ra saxiT iZens pirovneba religiur Sexedulebebs _ locviTa da bibliis Ses
wavliT Tu zemdgom avtoritetebze dayrdnobiT), nawilobriv _ gansxvavebuli
saeklesio struqturisa (ierarqiuloba Tu Tanasworoba). am sakiTxis Teoriuli
gaazreba damokidebulia yoveli calkeuli faqtoris Sekrebasa da erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebaze. magaliTad, mRvdlis arCeviTobis wesi, SesaZloa, individualis
turi azrovnebis aRzevebis Sedegi iyos (Tundac _ protestantuli reforma
ciis dros wamoSobili Sexedulebisa, rom pirovnebas SesaZloa uSualo kavSiri
hqondes RmerTTan) da agreTve SedarebiT demokratiuli azrovnebidan (xalxma
Tavisi lideri Tavad unda airCios) momdinareobdes.
idealuri warmodgeniT Teoriebi sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, raTa em
piriuli dakvirvebisa da informaciis gavrcobiT gamokvlevas daeqvemdebaros.
Tumca, aseTi sizuste da gamokvleva SedarebiT iolia mcire, metad specifikuri
TeoriebisaTvis _ aseTia magaliTad, Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom eklesiis
34
wevrTa Soris piradi urTierTobebi ufro ganmsazRvrelia axali winamZRvris
arCevisas, vidre sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebani. xolo zogadi, farTomasStabiani
TeoriebisaTvis sizustis dacva da gamokvleva ufro rTulia _ vTqvaT, Teor
iisa, romelic acxadebs, rom socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis social
uri struqtura ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli arCevani. aseTi vrceli
Teoriebi, _ Tundac, karl marqsis Teoria, romlis mixedviT istorias, umTavres
ad, klasobrivi brZola ayalibebs an adam smiTis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom
pirovnuli arCevani sayovelTao keTildReobas gansazRvravs (orives qvemoTaa
ganxiluli) _ safuZvels uyris SedarebiT specifikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas,
romelTa sizuste ufro advili Sesamowmebelia.
socialuri faqtebi
35
kvidrebiT. zogierTni (saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebaTa avtorebi, msxvil kor
poraciaTa meTaurebi) mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen sameurneo ganviTarebis
tendenciebze, sxvani (miusafarni) zRvars miRma arseboben. magram yoveli Cven
gani, raimenairad, monawileobs ekonomikaSi. faqtobrivad igi mxolod mravali
adamianisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad arsebobs. ekonomikis mdgomareoba
_ aRmavlobis gzas adgas, Tu daqveiTebulia _ Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs Seexeba
maRali Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTis, umuSevrobisa Tu sxva formiT.
zogierTi socialuri faqti socialuri movlenebis maCvenebeli anu mosaxleo
baSi yovelwliurad (an sxva droiT SualedSi) momxdar SemTxvevaTa procentuli
xarisxia. danaSaulis maCvenebeli socialuri faqtia. igive iTqmis qorwinebis, So
badobisa Tu SidsiT (HIV) inficirebis maCveneblebze. igi irRveva mxolod mravali
kerZo SemTxvevis Sekrebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad da Seexeba imaTac, visac saerTo
araferi hqonia danaSaulTan, qorwinebasTan, dabadebasa Tu Sids-iT daavadebas
Tan mocemuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadi maCveneblebi im socialur modelebs
avlens, rac calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizisas ar Cans. magaliTad, ganayofiere
baze momuSave klinikebis swrafi mateba adasturebs, rom amerikelebi unayofobis
epidemiaa. faqtobrivad, Sobadobis maCvenebeli ucvlelia, magram radgan bavS
vebis `bumis~ Taoba ricxobrivad winamorbed Taobebs aRemateba, nayofierebis
problemebis mqone pirTa raodenobac metia.
komunikaciis iseTi saziaro saSualeba, rogoricaa ena, agreTve socialuri
faqtia. axali sityvebis, frazebis, mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis
asaxsnelad sociologebi im socialur Zalebs eZeben, romlebsac axali sityvebis
Semotana SeuZliaT. isini Seiswavlian, axali sityvebi prestiJul sazogadoebriv
figurebTan asocirdeba Tu ara, Tu imeoreben maT MTV-ze da filmebSi, Tu aita
cebs maT sazogadoebis erTi jgufi da Semdeg Tu vrceldeba sxva jgufebSi da a.S.
SedarebiT stabiluri da xangrZlivia socialuri faqtebi, Tumca mTlad
ucvleli mainc araa. am mizezis gamo, sociologia ar emsgavseba fizikur mec
nierebebs. socialur cxovrebas srulad verasodes aRwers mecnierul kanonTa
rigi, romelic yvela adamianze, yvela adgilsa da dros gavrceldeba. urTierT
damokidebuleba masasa da mizidulobas Soris msoflios erT nawilSi meoresTan
SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba da aguri CineTSic imave siCqariT vardeba,
rogorc kanzasSi, magram urTierTmimarTeba samuSaosa da anazRaurebas Soris
gansxvavebulia. CineTSi taqsis mZRoli xSirad met Tanxas gamoimuSavebs, vidre
eqimi; kanzasSi es ase araa. amasTanave, adamianma SeiZleba saqmianoba da cxovrebis
wesi Seicvalos. amis gamo sociologebi mudam axal-axal movlenebs awydebian aR
werasa da axsnas rom moiTxovs.
36
sociologiis safuZvlebi
37
sias hqonda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, protestantul reformaciamde mainc, romelmac
xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis dadgomas).
am industriamdel soflebsa da qalaqebSi cxovreba Sors iyo idiliurisagan.
miwaTmflobelebi eqspluatacias uwevdnen moijareebs da xSirad ise begravdnen
maT, rom SimSilobamdec ki mihyavdaT. mezobeli mezobels edaveboda da xandaxan
sagvareulo SuRli Taobebze vrceldeboda. sanitariuli pirobebi cudi iyo,
samedicino momsaxureba _ primitiuli, naadrevi sikvdili ki _ xSiri. magram
miuxedavad aseTi rTuli mdgomareobisa, socialuri cxovrebisgan msazRvreli
faqtorebi da konturebi cnobili iyo. industriulma revoluciam Secvala orive
landSafti _ fizikurica da socialuric. me-19 saukuneSi fabrika-qarxnebma,
qvanaxSiris sabadoebma, rkinigzam da satelegrafo xazebma moSala is izolacia,
romelic tradiciuli soflis meurneobis Temebis TavSesafari iyo. TiTqmis
erT RameSi gaCnda saqarxno qalaqebi da qalaqis mosaxleobac swrafad gaizarda.
1850 wlisaTvis did britaneTSi ufro meti xalxi cxovrobda didsa da patara qa
laqebSi, vidre soflad (me-20 saukunemde SeerTebuli Statebi ar gamxdara upi
ratesad urbanuli). am procesis dros moiSala tradiciuli socialuri urTier
Tobebi. kapitalist mewarmeTa axalma klasma, romlis specializacia warmoeba da
vaWroba iyo, gverdze gaswia miwebis mflobeli Zveli aristokratia. xalxis didma
nawilma datova (an iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina) soflebi, raTa xelfasiani sa
muSao mieRo samrewvos qalaqebSi. am procesSi ikargeboda TviTkmari cxovrebis
wesi. industriulma revoluciam Seqmna rogorc axali samuSao adgilebi, umuSev
robac gamoiwvia. qalaqSi areulobebma da sibinZurem masobrivi, SemaZrwunebeli
siRatake moitana da danaSaulisa da daumorCileblobis saSiSroeba warmoSva ev
ropuli sazogadoebis SigniT.
Tanamedrove epoqis warmoSobisaTvis meore gadamwyveti faqtori iyo kul
turuli gansxvavebebis Tavidan aRmoCena. mogzaurobebma dedamiwis `Soreul
mxareebSi~, qalaqebSoris vaWrobis zrdam da koloniuri imperiebis damkvidre
bam aiZula evropelebi dapirispirebodnen msoflios gansxvavebul kultura
Ta uzarmazar wyebas _ Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli eniT, adaT-wesebiT, mrwamsiT,
mmarTvelobis sistemiTa da cxovrebis wesiT. evropelebsa da araevropelebs So
ris kontaqtis zrdam orive maTganis cxovreba Secvala _ yvelaze TvalnaTliv
kolonializmisa da monobis meSveobiT. zogierTi Sedegi iyo materialuri, ro
goricaa simdidris zrda, zRvaosnobis gaZliereba iseT savaWro qveynebSi, ro
goricaa britaneTi. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom am kontaqtebma eWvqveS daayena
gabatonebuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. evropelebis umetesoba
darwmunebuli iyo, rom maT sakuTar kulturas aSkara upiratesoba hqonda sx
vebTan SedarebiT, Tumca kulturis nairgvarobam sagonebelSi Caagdo swav
lulebi. saidan iyo mosuli evropuli civilizacia da saiT miemarTeboda igi?
swavlulebma daiwyes dakvirveba sxva qveynebsa da epoqebze, ara mxolod imisaT
vis, rom es xalxebi da adgilebi SeeswavlaT, aramed imisTvisac, rom saTanado
daskvnebi gaekeTebinaT Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Ta
vis Sesaxeb (kalhuni, 1995).
38
mesame faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis aRmocenebas, politi
kuri da inteleqturi qaosi iyo. amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma Secvala
Zveli warmodgenebi movaleobebze, tradiciebsa da xelisuflebisadmi morCile
baze anu axali ideebis mixedviT _ individis uflebebze, Tanasworobasa da Tavi
suflebaze da yvela SemTxvevaSi es iyo muqara monarqebisadmi.
amis msgavsadve, protestantulma reformaciam, samecniero revoluciam da
ganmanaTleblobam eWvqveS daayena didi xnis win damkvidrebuli warmodgenebi
bunebaze, religiasa da adamianis cxovrebaze. am kulturulma moZraobebma ara
mxolod warmoSva axali nairgvaroba evropis farglebSi (rogoricaa gansxvave
buli religiuri mimdinareoba qristianobis SigniT), aramed gamoiwvia codnis
safuZvliani zrda da kulturuli diskusiac. me-15 saukuneSi sabeWdi wnexis
gamogoneba, romelic pirvelad iohanes guTenbergma gamoiyena luTeranuli bib
liis dasabeWdad, daexmara azrovnebis axali gzebis gavrcelebas da axali disku
siebis dawyebas.
warsulis gamocdilebebze damyarebuli keTilgonivruli ganmartebani aRar
gamodgeboda. socialurma filosofiam, romelic ganixilavda rogori unda yo
filiyo sazogadoeba, ver SeZlo aexsna, ra xdeboda imJamindel realur samyaro
Si. xalxs esaWiroeboda momavalze gaTvlili faqtobrivi informacia, romelic
daeyrdnoboda Teoriebs, romlebic sistematurad Semowmdeboda da daexmare
boda maT Tanamedrove epoqis gagebasa da misdami adaptaciaSi (nibeTi da perini,
1977). ase Seiqmna codnis axali dargi _ sociologia.
revoluciuri epoqis dros fesvgadgmuli sociologia jer kidev awydeba im
dros wamoWril iseT gamowvevebs, rogoricaa socialuri cvlilebebi, sazogadoe
bis SekavSirebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi da maT Soris arsebuli cvlilebebic ki,
sxvadasxvaoba da kiTxvebi sazogadoebaTa Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze,
da daZabuloba, romelsac qmnis erTi mxriv, socialuri cxovrebis mecnieruli
axsna da, meore mxriv ki _ tradicia, saRi azri da sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi.
39
logiaSic da sazogadoebaSic _ cvlilebebi struqturasa da funqciebSi para
lelurad xorcieldeba. evoluciis Teoriam darvinamde da darvinis Semdeg _
uzarmazari zegavlena iqonia adreul sociologiaze. swored spenserisagan is
esxa darvinma umTavaresi fraza `bunebrivi gadarCeva~. adam smiTi, romelic av
toria uaRresad gavleniani wignisa erebis simdidre (1776/1976), dResdReobiT
ekonomistad moixsenieba. magram imis gamo, rom smiTis moRvaweobis periodSi ar
iyo gamijnuli sociologiisa da ekonomikis disciplinebi, mis naSromebSi aseve
uxvadaa sociologiuri mignebebic (ganixileba qvemoT).
mxolod me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan bolomde, ufro Rrma mecnierul codnasa
da ganaTlebaze sayovelTao moTxovnebis Sedegad, rogorc am moTxovnebis erT-
erTi nawili, sociologia aRiarebul iqna damoukidebel akademiur disciplinad
evropul universitetebSi, sociologebi ki _ specialistebad (da ara zogadi so
cialuri dargebis mecnierebad). saukuneTa gasayarze amerikelebi seriozulad
CaerTnen sociologiur kvleva-ZiebaSi da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes mis
ganviTarebaSi. me-20 saukuneSi sociologia, rogorc kvlevisa da momzadebis spe
cializebuli sfero, mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda.
qvemoT gavecnobiT sociologiis umniSvnelovanes fuZemdeblebs. maTi gavlena
dResac didia Teoriisa da kvlevis gansxvavebuli tradiciebis damkvidrebis Tval
sazrisiT da amitom sociologebi (da sxva socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebi)
amJamadac ganagrZoben maTi Sromebis Seswavlas axleburad gaazrebisaTvis.
40
minimumamde daiyvanon tkivili. is ar iziarebda smiTis Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb,
rom individualur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic angarebas emyareba, avtomatu
rad moaqvs udidesi sikeTe mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. benTamisaTvis saxalxo si
keTe (romelsac igi gansazRvravda, rogorc udides sargebels adamianTa udidesi
nawilisaTvis minimaluri xarjebiT) yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba iqnes mopovebuli mec
nierulad dagegmili samTavrobo qmedebiT _ rasac is `xilul xels~ uwodebda.
sazogadoebis moqmed pirTa Soris TanamSromloba avtomaturi ar aris maSinac
ki, roca mas meti sargebeli moaqvs meti xalxisTvis. benTami amtkicebda, rom, Tu
mTavroba, romelsac unari Seswevs moiTxovos TanamSromloba, am procesSi ar Cae
ria, SeiZleba ifeTqos konfliqtma moqmed pirTa Soris, romlebic ecdebian gamdi
drdnen sxvebis xarjze.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, romelic smiTma da benTamma pirvelebma wamo
ayenes, dResac mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. racionaluri arCevanis Teoria xazs
usvams individualur gadawyvetilebaTa rols socialuri faqtebis formirebaSi
(qoulmani 1990). swored es midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli imis dasadgenad, rogor
iReben saqmiani wreebi sabazro gadawyvetilebebs, rogor akeTeben adamianebi
dabandebebs ufro met ganaTlebaSi da imis dasadgenadac ki, rogor wyveten axal
gazrdebi _ visTan iaron paemanze da visze iqorwinon (ix. Jurnali racionaluro
ba da sazogadoeba). racionaluri arCevanis Teoria gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova
nia saxalxo politikis analizisaTvis, sadac igi xels uwyobs imis dadgenas, vin
moigebs an waagebs axali saxalxo programis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.
amasTanave, racionaluri arCevanis Teoria mniSvnelovani iyo nawili im damkvi
drebuli Sexedulebebisa, romelTa winaaRmdegac gailaSqres sxva sociologiuri
Teoriebis _ maT eWvqveS daayenes idea, rom sazogadoebis socialuri modelebi
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc individualur qmedebaTa jami. sociologiis sxva moaz
rovneni ki xazs usvamdnen jgufebis, socialuri struqturis, kulturisa da is
toriuli cvlilebebis rols socialuri qmedebisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
41
li krizisisgan, ekonomikuri vardnisa Tu depresiisgan. kapitalistebi SeiZleba
ocnebobdnen wminda ekonomikuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, sadac mTavroba umniS
vnelo rols iTamaSebda, sinamdvileSi maT WirdebodaT saxelmwifo Zala, rom ae
muSavebinaT ekonomikuri sistema da Tavidan aecilebinaT konkurenciis Sedegad
dazaralebulTa janyi.
marqsis socialuri Teoriis mTavari Tema iyo sazogadoebis dayofa dapiris
pirebul klasebad. es klasebi ubralod erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ki ar iyvnen,
aramed Rrmad winaaRmdegobrivi interesebi hqondaT da maT Soris konfliqti
(magaliTad, monebsa da monaTmflobelebs Soris) ganapirobebda yvelanairi so
cialuri cxovrebis bunebas.
or yvelaze mniSvnelovan da winaaRmdegobriv klass kapitalistur sazoga
doebaSi warmoadgendnen kapitalistebi anu burJuazia, romelic flobda miwas,
qarxnebs, manqanebs, da proletariati an muSebi, romlebic uSualod awarmoebdnen
ekonomikur produqts TavianTi SromiT.
sazogadoebis es struqturuli dayofa dapirispirebul klasebad Zlier gav
lenas axdenda Zalauflebriv urTierTobebze. marqsisTvis, kapitalistebis in
teresebi da proletariati arsobrivad upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs. kapitali
stebi mogebis gazrdas muSebis eqspluataciis xarjze cdilobdnen da jamagirs
ar umatebdnen. muSebi itanjebodnen da amitom iZulebulni iyvnen daeTmoT kapi
talisturi sistema, dauflebodnen warmoebis saSualebebs da daefuZnebinaT
uklaso sazogadoeba, sadac simdidres Tanabrad gaanawilebdnen. rasakvirve
lia, kapitalistebi da mTavrobebi, romlebsac isini mxars uWerdnen, yvelanair
Zalas gamoiyenebdnen, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT muSebis mier socialuri wesri
gis Secvla. muSebs, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gasawevad dasWirdebodaT Zala,
romelic maT simravleSi iyo. amisaTvis, albaT isini unda CarTuliyvnen TavianT
mCagvrelebTan xangrZliv konfliqtSi maTi Tavidan moSorebis mizniT. revo
lucia SeiZleba momxdariyo an ar momxdariyo, magram daZabuloba da brZola so
cialuri Rirebulebebisa da miznebis garSemo gardauvali iyo. marqsis mixedviT,
klasobrivi konfliqti kapitalisturi sistemis Sinagani Tvisebaa.
marqss sjeroda, rom socialuri struqtura, romelic ekonomikur warmoe
basa da klasobriv urTierTobebs efuZneboda, ganapirobebda socialur moqmede
basa da kulturasac ki. amgvarad, Sua saukuneebis sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomikam
xeli Seuwyo Zlieri sazogadoebrivi erTobebisa religiuri rwmenis gaCenas, maSin
rodesac Tanamedrove epoqis industriulma kapitalisturma ekonomikam dabada
individualizmi da mecnieruli xedva. marqsi aseve Tvlida, rom klasobrivi kon
fliqti aris `istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala~, socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi
wyaro. misi azriT, adgili rCeba socialuri moqmedebisTvis, magram es moqmedeba
arasdros aris Tavisufali wina moqmedebebisgan da, miT umetes socialuri struq
turisgan. `adamianebi qmnian TavianT istorias~, _ werda marqsi, _ `magram isini
ar qmnian istorias Tavis mierve arCeuli pirobebis mixedviT, aramed im pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic pirdapir aris mocemuli da gadmocemuli warsulidan~
(marqsi 1852/1979, gv. 103).
42
mniSvnelovani iyo marqsis Sexeduleba koleqtiuri brZolis, rogorc so
cialuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb. radgan patara elita akontrolebs sazogadoe
bis ZiriTad simdidres, adamianebis umetesoba SedarebiT nakleb Zalauflebas
flobs. magram, muSebi socialuri struqturis Sesacvlelad moipovebdnen Za
lauflebas, Tuki isini gaerTiandebodnen kavSirebsa da politikur partiebSi.
es midgoma moiTxovda ara mxolod moqmedebas, aramed kulturul cvlilebas.
muSebi unda ganTavisuflebuliyvnen kapitalizmis ideisgan, rom yvela adamiani
ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc individi; maT unda ganeviTarebinaT klasobrivi
cnobiereba, saerTo interesebisa da problemebis gancda. sanam klasobrivi cno
biereba ganviTardeboda, kapitalistebi gamoiyenebdnen TavianT Zalas, Camoeya
libebinaT muSebis religiuri Sexedulebebi, moegonebinaT Tavisufal drosTan
dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi da momxmarebluri prioritetebi, rac gamoiwvevda
`yalbi cnobierebis~ warmoSobas proletariatSi – anu mcdar kulturul orien
tacias, romelic muSebs xels SeuSlida imis gacnobierebaSi, rom maT eqspluata
cias uwevdnen. amgvarad, kultura aZlierebda elitis Zalauflebas kapitalizmis
klasobriv socialur struqturaSi. manamde, sanam muSebi ar Secvlidnen struq
turas, marqsis azriT, isini ver SeZlebdnen Zalauflebis mopovebas. amitom, is
mouwodebda revoluciisken, marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebisken da mopovebu
li Zalauflebis socialuri struqturis Sesacvlelad gamoeyenebisken.
bevri Tanamedrove sociologi ganicdis marqsis gavlenas. cota maTgani aris
marqsisti, rac gulisxmobs misi mTeli doqtrinis da politikis aRiarebas, gansa
kuTrebiT axlo warsulSi, komunizmis dacemas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRmosavleT
evropasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi. Tumca, bevri iziarebs marqsis Sexedulebas kapi
talizmis, rogorc socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic war
moqmnis araTanabar ekonomikur Zalauflebas. bevri aseve eTanxmeba mis azrs, rom
adamianebi, romlebic susti arian, rogorc calkeuli individebi, Zlierdebian
socialuri organizebulobis Sedegad.
43
lebebs, Rirebulebebsa da adaT-wesebs. es akavSirebs patara, martiv da tomobriv
sazogadoebebsa da tradiciul sameurneo dasaxlebebs, sadac samyaros yvela
erTnairad ganixilavs da erTi da imave aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, didi, kompleqsuri da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi Sekrulia imiT,
rasac durkhaimi organul solidarobas uwodebda, esaa urTierddamokide
buleba, romelic Sromis rTul ganawilebas emyareba. Tanamedrove sazogadoe
baSi, TiToeuli adamiani fuls Soulobs specializebuli samuSaodan da Semdeg
im fuls iyenebs produqtebisa da momsaxurebis sayidlad, romlis warmoebaSic
aTasobiT sxva adamiani asrulebs specializebul rols. socialuri kavSirebi,
romelsac es sistema qmnis, Zalian Zlieria. adamianebi urTierTdakavSirebuli
arian imitom, rom unarebsa da rolebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo, erTmaneTi
sWirdebaT, gadasarCenad. funqciuri integracia yvelaze didia im Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, romlebic efuZnebian organul solidarobas.
durkhaimi (19\895/1982) Tvlida, rom sazogadoeba qmnis erT mTlianobas, ro
melic ufro didia, vidre misi nawilebis raodenoba da sazogadoebis kvleva, in
dividebis kvlevisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva doneze unda Catardes. am sakiTxebis gas
arkvevad man gamoiyena cocxali organizmis analogia, romelsac zemoT SevexeT
(aqedan wamovida termini organuli solidaroba).
mTliani adamiani ufro metia, vidre misi sxeulis Semdgeneli ujredebisa da
organoebis jami. esaa urTierTdakavSirebuli cocxali sistemis maxasiaTeblebi,
rac araa ubralod nawilebis Tavmoyra. asevea sazogadoebebSic, Tumca SegviZlia
warmatebiT SeviswavloT nawilebi da TiToeulis mniSvneloba mTlianad sistemis
funqcionirebisTvis. durkhaimi xazs usvamda, rogor Tanaarseboben sxvadaasx
va socialuri aqtivobebi da institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxebi, skolebi da sa
samarTloebi) da erTmaneTs exmarebian – miuxedavad imisa, rom aravin marTavs
mTlian organizms. mTliani organizmi, durkhaimis funqcionalisturi xedviT,
Sekrulia misi nawilebis urTierTdakavSirebuli funqcionirebiT.
igive funqcionalisturi xedvidan gamomdinare, durkhaimi ambobda, rom
gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi da praqtika, romelic kulturidan gamomdinareobs,
sazogadoebis SekvraSic TamaSobs rols (durkhaimi, 1912/1965; aleqsanderi,
1988). magaliTad, religiuri wirva ara mxolod RmerTis sadidebeli movlenis
funqcias asrulebs, aramed, kongregaciis wevrebsa da kongregaciasa da mTlia
nad sazogadoebas Soris socialuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebas uwyobs xels. reli
gia da kulturis sxva elementebic funqcionireben imisTvisac, rom adamianebs
miawodon wesebisa da sazRvrebis SegrZneba da molodinis sistema Camouyalibon.
swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis periodebSi, rogoric iyo industriuli revo
lucia, es ideebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac realoba Sordeba molodins,
sazogadoeba ganicdis anomias _ mdgomareobas, sadac xdeba socialuri normebis
an wesebis rRveva da adamianebs uWirT naTlad moiazron sakuTari Tavi rogor
ganviTardeba maTi cxovrebis Semdgomi etapebi da yvelaferi es ras niSnavs.
durkhaimis mTavari wvlili sociologiaSi is iyo, rom man farTod gansazRvra
socialuri cxovrebis sazogadod gaziarebuli Tvisebebi – kultura, social
44
uri struqtura da gansakuTrebiT funqciuri integracia – rogorc socialuri
faqtebi, romlebic TavisTavad unda Seiswavlon.
maqs veberi (1864 – 1920) Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino germaneli
inteleqtuali iyo. rogorc sxva sociologebi, veberic (1904/1958) Tvlida, rom
socialuri faqtebi unda gaanalizdes mecnieruli meTodis gamoyenebiT. durkhai
misgan gansxvavebiT, veberi ambobda, rom socialuri faqtebi sxva araferia, Tu
ara individebis socialur moqmedebaTa dajamebuli Sedegi. sociologiuri ax
sna-ganmartebebi, veberis azriT, unda modiodes imis gagebidan, ratom irCeven da
axorcieleben calkeuli adamianebi am moqmedebebs, sadac racionaluri AarCevnis
Teoria xazs usvamda momqmedi pirebis `obieqturi~ interesebis analizs, veberi
maT subieqtur gagebasa da motivacias aniWebda prioritets. sociologebma moq
medeba momqmedi piris perspeqtividan gamomdinare unda gaanalizon, unda gascd
nen obieqtur qcevas da ganixilon is subieqturi azrebi da grZnobebi, romlebic
konkretul moqmedebebs ganapirobebs anu unda gaukeTon interpretacia da ara
mxolod daakvirdnen. veberi am midgomas verstehen (gagebas) uwodebda (germanu
lad niSnavs empaTiur gagebas).
rogorc marqss da durkhaims, vebersac surda ganemarta mis garSemo mimdin
are swrafi socialuri cvlilebebi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani ten
dencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi socialuri moqmedebisa da socialuri institutebis
mzardi racionalizacia iyo anu tradiciuli orientaciebidan (rodesac adamian
ebi warsulidan gadmocemul sibrZnes momavlis saxelmZRvanelod aRiqvamdnen da
cdilobdnen winaprebis kvalze evloT) ufro logikur orientaciebze gadasvla
(rodesac adamianebi moqmedebis gadawyvetilebis miRebamde afaseben moqmedebis
SesaZlo Sedegebs) (veberi, 1922/1968, ix., aseve brubakeri, 1984, roti da Sluxteri,
1979). mecnierebis, rogorc codnis SeZenis ZiriTadi wyaros gaZliereba, mTav
robebis dabadeba, romlebic emyarebodnen kanonis uzenaesobas da kapitalizmis
ganviTareba _ yvela es fenomeni miuTiTebda midrekilebaze racionalizmisken.
magaliTad, kapitalizmi xalxisgan moiTxovs, rom analizi gaukeTos bazris, maqsi
malurad gazardos warmoebis efeqturoba, gamoTvalos investiciebze mogeba da
Seqmnas finansuri institutebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben ekonomikur eqspansias.
yovelive es samyarosadmi logikur, gonier midgomas moiTxovs. racionalicazia,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevda formaluri organizaciebis mniSvnelovan zrdas mTavrobebi
dan _ uzarmazar korporaciebamde.
magram veberi grZnobda, rom kapitalizmi ufro meti iyo, vidre mxolod ra
cionaluri gamoTvla. misi azriT, marqsma zedmetad didi mniSvneloba mianiWa
ekonomikur struqturas da uyuradRebod datova kulturis gavlena socialur
moqmedebaze. ufro zustad, veberi kapitalizms ganixilavda, rogorc kulturu
li cvlilebebis produqts, gansakuTrebiT ki cvlilebebs religiur Sexedule
45
bebsa da RirebulebebSi. igi Tvlida, rom protestantulma reformaciam, ro
melic individebs aniWebda pirad pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze
da wina planze ayenebda Sromis eTikas, safuZveli Cauyara kapitalizms (ix. Tavi
15). veberis SexedulebiT, adamianTa kulturuli ideebi damoukidebel da mniS
vnelovan rols asrulebs TavianTi moqmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi da ase gansaz
Rvraven sazogadoebis struqturas, romelic moicavs ekonomikur sistemasac.
amgvarad, ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xandaxan kulturul cvlilebebs mohyveba da
ara piriqiT, rogorc amas marqsi Tvlida.
rogorc marqsi, aseve veberi, miiCnevda, rom Zalaufleba da konfliqti so
cialuri cxovrebis fundamentur Semadgenel nawilebia. magram, is aseve miiCnev
da, rom adamianTa ekonomikuri poziciebi maincdamainc ar gansazRvravs rogori
iqneba ZalauflebisTvis brZolis monaxazi. rogorc is ambobda, xSirad yuradRe
bas vaqcevT sxva socialur faqtorebs, rogoric aris rasa, religia, da piradi
gemovneba _ imis gansasazRvrad, adamianebi socialuri ierarqiis romel safex
urs miekuTvnebian. es sxva socialuri faqtorebi statusjgufebis safuZvelia.
statusjgufebi iseve mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri klasi politikuri
aqtivobis gansazRvraSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, muSaTa kla
sis TeTrkaniani wevrebi imis magivrad, rom gaerTianebuliyvnen politikurad da
gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Seecdebodnen Savkanian
muSebze ufro maRali statusi SeenarCunebinaT. statusjgufobrivi interesebi,
rogorc wesi elitebis sakeTildReod muSaobs. rodesac adamiani unda wavides
konkretul skolaSi, ilaparakos konkretuli swori aqcentiT da hqondes swori
manerebi, raTa maRal safexurs miekuTvnebodes, bevri axlad gamdidrebuli ada
miani moklebuli iqneba elitarul statuss da elitaruli jgufebi patara da
privilegirebuli darCeba.
46
mianebi situacias iReben rogorc namdvils, maSin isini namdvilia TavianTi Sede
gebis mixedviT (tomasi da tomasi, 1928, gv. 572). warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
Tqven amerikuli qalaqis quCebs miiCnevT saxifaTod Rame siarulisTvis. amis gamo
arasdros gadixarT gareT dabnelebis Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi obieqturi faqti
(realuri danaSaulis done) ki ar gansazRvravs Tqvens qcevas, aramed danaSaulis
donis Tqveneuli gageba. es gageba TqvenTvis realuria imitom, rom amis Sede
gad saxlSi rCebiT. xandaxan situaciis Cveneuli gansazRvra iwvevs Tavisi Tavis
gamamarTlebel winaswarmetyvelebas (mertoni, 1928a). Tu umetesoba adamianebisa
dabnelebis Semdeg gareT gasvlas Zalze saxifaTod miiCnevs da isini saxlSi rCe
bian, quCebSi adamianebis aryofnam SeiZleba situacia marTla saxifaTo gaxados,
radganac quCebSi naklebi xalxi iqneba, romlebic SeiZleba danaSaulis mowmeebi
gamxdariyvnen an xeli SeeSalaT danaSaulis CadenisTvis.
rodesac midi ufro vrclad saubrobda Cvens mier socialuri situaciebis
gagebaze, igi fiqrobda, rom qcevasa da movlenebs sxvebTan urTierTobis Sedegad
vswavlobT. aseTi urTierTobiT vswavlobT Cveni `adgilebis~ Sesaxeb socialur
samyaroSi da SevimecnebT im rolebs, romlebic unda viTamaSoT sxvadasxva situ
acia. Cveni identobis, an kidev, sakuTari `me-s~ moazrebac ganpirobebulia so
cialuri urTierTobebiT (1934). amiT midi gulisxmobda, rom adamianebi sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb Sexedulebas iqmnian imaze dakvirvebiT, sxvebi rogor reagireben
maTze, Tumca adamianis fiqrebi da gancdebi pirdapir xelmisawvdomi ar aris sx
vebisTvis. aramed, urTierTobas vaxdenT simboloebis saSualebiT _ sityvebiT,
JestebiT, saxis gamometyvelebiT, sxva xmebiTa da moqmedebebiT, romlebsac saer
To, sayovelTaODOod gaziarebuli interpretaciebi aqvs. amrigad, adamianuri qce
vis umetesi nawili simboluri interaqcionizmiT aris ganpirobebuli.
simboluri interaqcionistebi Seiswavlian yoveldRiur qcevas; magaliTad,
ra xdeba, rodesac gindaT gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebels mi
marToT kiTxviT _ jer daakvirdebiT maswavleblis moqmedebas masTan saubris
yvelaze xelsayreli drois amosacnobad. Tu maswavlebeli elaparakeba sxva
students, mixvdebiT, rom dakavebulia da Cumad iqnebiT. rodesac laparakobT,
akontrolebT rogorc sakuTar sityvebs da moqmedebebs, aseve maswavleblis pa
suxebs. Tu maswavlebeli gaiRimebs da odnav Tqvensken gadmoixreba, ifiqrebT,
rom is giwonebT SekiTxvas da agrZelebT Tavdajerebulad saubars. Tumca, Tu
is xSirad iyureba fanjridan an saaTs uyurebs, roca laparakobT, maSin mis moq
medebebs mouTmenlobis niSnebad miiRebT da swrafad daasrulebT imas, risi Tq
mac gindodaT.
gacvliT sasinj signalebs da Sedegad miiRebT sakuTari socialuri qcevis
Sefasebas. amis Sedegad gvevlineba situaciis mniSvnelobis gaziarebuli gageba.
aseTi saerTo gagebis arseboba aucilebelia socialuri cxovrebisTvis da inter
aqcionistebis did interess iwvevs (blumeri, 1969/1986). (Cven am midgomas ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT mesame TavSi.)
47
v. e. b. dubua ormagi cnobierebis Sesaxeb
48
li da zangi; ori suli, ori azri, ori Seurigebeli ltolva; ori meomari
idea erT Savkanian sxeulSi, romlis siZlierec icavs mas gaxleCvisgan
(1903, gv. 2).
49
strategiebs: teqnologiebis formebs, socialuri organizaciebis tipebsa Tu
religiur SexedulebaTa sistemebi. mniSvnelovania viswavloT erTmaneTisgan da
interesiT movekidoT, Tu rogor avlenen SemoqmedebiTobas sxvadasxva jgufebis
brZolisas. rogorc pol gilroi werda (1993) dubuas azris kvaldakval, ameri
kis SeerTebuli Statebis Savkaniani, karibuli da britanuli _ gansakuTrebuli
da urTierTdakavSirebuli kulturaa. afro-amerikulma jazma gavlena moaxdina
reges ganviTarebaze iamaikaSi, orivem erTad ki _ hip-hopze, repze da sxva musi
kalur mimdinareobebze amerikasa da britaneTSi. musikosebi asaxaven ara mxolod
erT kulturas, aramed mraval sxvadasxva gavlenas; maTi SemoqmedebiTobis nawili
devs am yvela gavlenis erTad moqcevaSi da axali mTlianobis SeqmnaSi.
mogvianebiT sociologebi efuZnebodnen dubuas naazrevs ara mxolod im miz
niT, rom ukeT gaegoT rasis gavlena afro-amerikul cxovrebaze, aramed imisaT
vis, rom ukeTesad SeeswavlaT sxva sakiTxebic. magaliTad, ormagi cnobierebis
idea da identobis ufro vrceli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani resursebia kulturuli
mravalferovnebis moazrebis procesSi, iseve, rogorc bevri SesaZlo `gaormage
ba~, romlebic ganapirobeben socialur da individualur identobebs.
samyaroSi, romelsac axasiaTebs masobrivi migracia, kulturis globalizacia
da socialuri moZraobebi, romlebic efuZnebian identobasa da cxovrebis stils
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, aman gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani problematikis
saxe miiRo (kalhuni, 1994w.).
50
bebisgan). arc me-19 saukunis bolos da arc me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mamakaci
sociologebi aqcevdnen saTanado yuradRebas qalebis cxovrebas an kidev imas,
rogor formirdeboda genderi socialuri urTierTobebis, kulturisa da so
cialuri moqmedebis Sedegad. sityva kacis zogadi gamoyeneba, romelic qalebis
daqvemdebarebul kategoriasac moicavda, Cveulebriv movlenad iyo miCneuli.
mkvlevarebi da Teoretikosebi, rogorc wesi, werdnen socialuri rolebis,
magaliTad, moqalaqis, ekonomikuri subieqtis da kulturuli prodiuseris ro
lis Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini avtomaturad miukuTvnebodnen mxolod kacebs (Tu es
gansxvavebulad ar iyo aRniSnuli). arc erTma damaarsebelma sociologiurma
Teoretikosma ar dauTmo saTanado yuradReba qalebis cxovrebis Seswavlas an
kidev genderul sxvaobaTa rolis ganxilvas sazogadoebaSi.
mxolod 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi qalTa moZraobisa da qal socialur mec
nierTa mzardi ricxvis kombinaciam daiwyo arsebuli mikerZoebulobis Secvla.
rodesac qalebi (da naklebi xarisxiT kacebi) mouwodebdnen socialur mecniere
bas, eRiarebina genderis mniSvneloba socialur cxovrebaSi, isini damaarsebeli
Teoretikosebis naSromebs mimarTavdnen konceptualuri cnebebisTvis; ganixi
lavdnen, rogor ganapirobebda genders socialuri klasi, marqsis mixedviT da
rasa _ dubuas mixedviT. aseve ganixilavdnen qalebis rols socialuri soli
darobis miRwevaSi, rasac durkhaimma gausva xazi – qalebs eniWebodaT ZiriTa
di pasuxismgebloba ara mxolod bavSvebis aRzrdaSi, aramed ojaxSi da ojaxebs
Soris konfliqtebis gadaWraSi, agreTve ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebis
SenarCunebaSi. im periodSi, ojaxebi gafantuli iyvnen migraciisa da samuSao adg
ilebis Secvlis Sedegad, rac axasiaTebda Tanamedrove epoqas. midis naSromebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnieri qalebi ikvlevdnen, rogor ganapirobebs genderi
socialuri interaqciis formebs; maT gamoavlines mamakacis da qalis saubris
gansxvavebuli stili (Tanen, 1994). veberze daydnobiT, isini Seiswavlidnen `ra
cionalizaciis~ gavlenas genderul rolze. me-20 saukuneSi profesionali spe
cialistebis gamoCena _ dawyebuli medicinidan socialur samsaxuramde da dam
Tavrebuli balzamirebiT, masobrivi produqciis zrdam da sakvebis marketingma,
tansacmlis biznesma tradiciulad jamagiris gareSe myofi `qalis samuSao~ ko
merciul ekonomikad gadaaqcia; amave dros `diasaxlisebis~ samuSao naklebad
mniSvnelovani gaxda. axla xalxs ukve SeeZlo produqtebisa da momsaxurebis
yidva, maSin, rodesac adre isini ufasod iyo mowodebuli colebis, dedebisa da
qaliSvilebis mier.
feministi Teoretikosebi swavlobdnen damaarsebeli sociologebis Teo
riebs – da xSirad ar eTanxmebodnen maT. es uTanxmoeba ar aris iSviaTi mecniere
baSi. sociologebs sWirdebaT xelmZRvaneloba da winapar mecnierTa SemoTava
zebuli analitikuri iaraRi, magram maT aseve sWirdebaT am maswavleblebis miRma
gasvlis gambedaoba, rodesac isini kvlevas awarmoeben.
feministi sociologebi dainteresebuli arian qalebTan dakavSirebiT ufro
iseTi tipis kvlevebi Caataron, romlebic ukve Catarebula mamakacebs Soris.
pirvel rigSi, feministebi moiTxoven sociologiaSi _ mecnierebs mouwodeben,
51
rom aRiaros da seriozulad moekidos genderuli gansxvavebis rols da socialuri
cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtis struqturirebaSi genderul urTierTobebs.
pirovnuli identobisa da intimuri urTierTobebis, ganaTlebisa da samsaxu
ris sferoebSi da moxucebulobis procesSic ki, mamakacebisa da qalebis cxovre
ba ara mxolod gansxvavdeba, aramed orive ganpirobebulia imiT, rogor gansaz
Rvraven kulturebi genders. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qalebi, rogorc wesi,
cxovroben ufro didxans, vidre kacebi (es ganpirobebulia mamakacis genderuli
roliT, rac ganapirobebs adreuli sikvdilis maRal maCveneblebs _ omis, dana
Saulisa da infarqtebis gamo).
arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalebma TavianTi Tavi mamak
acebTan mimarTebaSi unda ganixilon (rogorc colebma an sayvarlebma); es Sexed
uleba ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom qalebis umetesoba Tavisi darCenili cxovrebis
10 weliwads an ufro mets TiTqmis eqskluziurad qalTAa garemocvaSi gaatarebs.
feministebma gamoavlines mikerZoebuloba da damaxinjebebi sociologiis
pirvelad TeoriebSi. rogorc doroTi smiTma (1992) aCvena, sociologia Ca
moyalibda mamakacebis specialuri interesis safuZvelze im sferoebSi, sadac
maT yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT anu mTavrobaSi, bazarze, religiur
ierarqiaSi, korporaciebsa da msgavs adgilebSi. magaliTad, sociologebma ufro
meti yuradReba miaqcies formalur organizaciebs, vidre ojaxur cxovrebas.
tradiciulad, qalebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas CamoSorebuli iyvnen; magram
amave dros, mamakacebma cota ram Tu icodnen piradi samyaros Sesaxeb – magali
Tad, rodesac qalaqgareT mcxovrebi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi
samsaxurSi wasvlisas ukan moitovebdnen am kerZo samyaros.
aman gamoiwvia Seuswavleli sakiTxebis arseboba da mikerZoebuloba cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, ekonomistebi iyenebdnen sityvas `samuSao~ mxolod xel
fasian samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen saxlis samuSaos eko
nomikur fass, rasac ZiriTadad qalebi asrulebdnen. smiTis mixedviT, sociolo
giis ganxorcieleba qalebis perspeqtividan, Tundac genderuli rolebis codna,
ara mxolod gaaumjobesebs Cvens mier qalebis gagebas, aramed migviyvans zogadad
piradi urTierTobebis ufro Rrma gagebamde, rac tradiciulad qalebis sferoa.
feministurma Teoriam iseve moigo sociologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ro
gorc sociologia ganviTarda da gaumjobesda feministuri Teoriebis gaTva
liswinebis Sedegad. afro-amerikelma sociologebma, iseve rogorc sxvebma,
aRniSnes mikerZoebulobis faqti smiTis naSromebSi (kolinsi, 1990). igi ZiriTadad
saubrobda qalaqgareT mcxovreb qalebze, romelTa ricxvs TviTon ekuTvnoda da
ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani saSualo fenis Qqalebis cxovrebas aRwerda; man Sesworeba
Seitana genderul mikerZoebulobaSi, Tumca Semoitana rasobrivi mikerZoebulo
ba. feradkaniani qalebis gamocdileba – qalad yofnis maTi gamocdilebis CaTv
liT – sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba TeTrkaniani qalebis gamocdilebisgan.
axali Sexedulebebis safuZvelze, sociologebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes
klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTadi amosavali wertilebi _ kerZod is,
52
rom SesaZlebelia socialuri qcevis universaluri kanonebisa da principebis aR
moCena, romlebic SeiZleba mivuyenoT kulturul garemosa da socialur moqmed
pirebs drois periodis miuxedavad.
sociologiisadmi ufro kritikuli midgoma Tvlis, rom yovelTvis unda mi
eqces yuradReba Teoriis istorias, mis kulturul fesvebs, socialur moqmed
pirebsa da maT moqmedebebs, romlebmac is gamoiwvia (an Seaviwrova). TeoriaSi
cvlilebebis Setana ara mxolod Teoretikosebis mier garkveuli aspeqtebis sx
vanairad moazrebis Sedegia, aramed socialur samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebaze
refleqsiisa, ris axsnasac Teoria cdilobs. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aris ara
gadauwyvetlobis niSani, aramed SemoqmedebiTobis wyaro. dRes feministuri so
ciologia kritikuli socialuri Teoriis albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
mokled rom vTqvaT, sociologia ganagrZobs Tavisi safuZvlebis miRma ganvi
Tarebas _ Teorias ubrundebian, SeaqvT Sesworebebiv da cvlilebebi ufro didi
codnisa da axali problematikis gaTvaliswinebiT. amitomaa sociologia cocxa
li mecniereba.
53
vels individebSi ki ar iRebs, aramed individebsa da jgufebs Soris urTier
Tobebidan gamomdinareobs.
5. sociologia Caisaxa me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi, swrafi socialuri cvlile
bebis periodSi. `Tanamedrove epoqis~ safuZveli urbanuli, kapitalisturi,
industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaa; gansxvavebuli (ara evropuli)
kulturebis aRmoCenasa da politikur da inteleqtualur qaosSi im perio
dis sociologiuri moazrovneebis Sexedulebebi dResac aqtualuria.
6. adam smiTi racionaluri arCevnis Teoriis fuZemdebelia. am Teoriis mi
xedviT, adamianebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros irCeven moqmedebis iseT
gzas, romelic maTTvis yvelaze xelsayrelia. jeremi bentemma gaafarTova es
Sexeduleba. igi Tvlida, rom saWiroa samTavrobo Careva, raTa sazogadoebam
ukeTesad ifunqcioniros da rac SeiZleba met adamians misces sazogadoebis
resursebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba.
7. karl marqsma aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistema ganapirobebs
socialuri cxovrebis yvela sxva aspeqts da warmoqmnis mudmiv socialur
konfliqts. marqsis SexedulebiT, kapitalistur sistemaSi Zalaufleba kap
italistebis xelSia da am Zalauflebas muSebze axorcieleben. erTaderTi
gza muSebisTvis, gadalaxon es Cagvra, aris dagegmili socialuri aqtivoba
da revolucia.
8. emil durkhaims ainteresebda is socialuri Zalebi, romlebic kraven sazoga
doebas anu fenomeni, rasac is socialur solidarobas uwodebda. meqanikuri
solidaroba efuZneba Rirebulebebis, wesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaziarebas.
organuli solidaroba aris urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic efuZneba
Sromis kompleqsur ganawilebas. durkhaimi xazs usvamda sazogadoebis sx
vadasxva nawils Soris urTierTobas da werda im safrTxeebis Sesaxeb, rom
lebic anomias moaqvs.
9. maqs veberi mniSvnelovani figuraa imiT, rom man sociologiaSi Semoitana
socialuri cxovrebis subieqturi bunebis cnobiereba; amiT man daabalansa
is, rom marqsi ekonomikur Zalebs zedmetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da
miiCnia, rom kulturas Tanabari gavlena aqvs, aseve durkhaimis funqciuri
integraciis ganxilvis dros Zalauflebis cneba Semoitana. veberisTvis, Ta
namedrove epoqis yvelaze fundamenturi tendencia socialuri moqmedebisa
da socialuri institutebis mzardi racionalizacia iyo.
10. jorj herbert midi da simboluri interaqcionistebi xazs usvamdnen yovel
dRiur urTierTobas da ara farTo, didmasStabian socialur formebs. isini
ambobdnen, rom adamianebi mimarTaven da reagireben sxvebis qcevis gaTva
liswinebiT da aqedan aviTareben socialuri situaciis gaziarebul gansaz
Rvrebas.
11. v.e.b. dubua – novelisti, aqtivisti da sociologi – Semoitana ormagi cno
bierebis cneba da identobebis Camoyalibeba, gaanaliza koleqtiuri brZolis
roli socialur cvlilebaSi da xazi gausva adamianis ltolvas, miaRwios
idealebs.
54
12. feministma sociologebma reagireba moaxdines genderis mimarT didi xnis
uyuradRebobaze da xazi gausves rogorc kulturul procesebs, romlebic
ganapirobeben genderul sxvaobebs, aseve maT Sedegebsac. feministebi ara mx
olod atareben empiriul kvlevebs qalebis Sesaxeb, aramed aviTareben axal
Teoriebs da amgvarad cvlian zogadad socialuri procesebis Cveneul moaz
rebas; isini mTavar yuradRebas aqceven genderis da socialur aqtivobebs,
aseve im sferoebs, sadac kacebi naklebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen,
vidre qalebi.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
55
kapitalisti _ burJuaziis wevri. kapitali aris qoneba, romelic SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes momavali simdidris sawarmoeblad.
klasobrivi cnobiereba _ socialuri klasis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibebuli
interesebisa da problemebis saerTo SegrZneba.
kultura _formireba, met-naklebad saintegracio gza azrovnebis, gagebis,
Sefasebis da komunikaciisa, romelic ayalibebs xalxis cxovrebas.
monacemi _ mecnierebaSi dasmul kiTxvebze specifikurad drouli infor
macia.
ormagi cnobiereba _ Seusabamoba pirovnebis sakuTar identobasa da imas So
ris, rasac mas sazogadoeba aniWebs.
empiriuli dakvirveba _ samecniero monacemebSi sensoruli informaciis
organizacia abstraqciis, interpretaciisa da replikaciis procesisa.
Sesawiri _ romelsac socialuri urTierToba, pozicia, organizacia, Rire
buleba, an sxva fenomeni ukeTebs ufro did socialur erTeuls.
funqciuri integracia _ SeTanxmeba, sadac socialuri sistemis gansxvave
buli nawilebi ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, rom rac xdeba erTSi, gavlenas ax
dens meoreze.
logikuri analizi _ Teoriis Camoyalibeba analizis gansxvavebuli sferoe
bis identificirebiTa da maT Soris urTierTkavSiriT.
meqanikuri solidaroba _ solidaroba, romelic dafuZnebulia saerTo rw
menaze, Rirebulebebsa da Cveulebebze.
organuli solidaroba _ adamianTa Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba, ro
melic damyarebulia muSaobis rTul danawilebaze.
Zala, SesaZlebloba _ movlenis, formis an socialuri organizaciis struq
turis gasnazRvra.
proletariati _ kapitalisturi sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
kontroli produqciaze. termini uSualod muSaTa klass ganekuTvneba.
mecniereba _ bunebaze dakvirvebis sistemuri gza. mizez-Sedegobrivi kav
Sirebis Zebna da codnis TeoriaSi Camoyalibeba.
socialuri _ ganzraxuli da ara instinqturi qcevaa. damokidebulia sx
vebis mier Seqmnil socialur kondiciebze da zemoqmedebas axdens sxva socialur
pirebze.
socialuri faqtebi _ socialuri cxovrebis damkvidrebuli wesebi, romelic
individs moqmedebis garkveuli formisken ubiZgebs.
socialuri solidaroba _ mdgomareoba, romlis Sedegad gansazRvruli so
cialuri Zalebi xalxs erTad kravs.
socialuri struqtura _ SedarebiT myari, socialuri urTierTobebis Tu
socialuri poziciebis mtkice paradogmebi, romlebzec individebs aqvT mcire
kontroli.
sociologiuri warmodgena _ piradi gamocdilebebis aRqmis gza samyaroSi
mimdinare procesebis mixedviT. socialuri urTierTobebis ufro Rrmad Semec
neba, romelic ara mxolod pirad gamocdilebas eyrdnoba.
56
sociologia _ mecniereba adamianTa sazogadoebaze. moicavs rogorc so
cialur qmedebebs, aseve socialuri urTierTobebis organizacias.
statusis mqone jgufi _ arian rasaze, religiaze, pirad gemovnebasa da sxva
araekonomikur faqtorebze dafuZnebuli jgufebi, romelic socialuri ierar
qiis daarsebas uwyobs xels.
simboluri urTierTqmedeba _ adamianis qcevis gageba, rogorc kulturaSi
Seqmnili da ganmartebuli socialuri cxovrebisa, sadac xazgasmulia koleqti
urobis mniSvneloba.
Teoria _ sistemuri mcdeloba imisa, rogor SeiZleba iyos ori an meti feno
meni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
gageba _ veberis termini imis gasagebad, ras fiqroben da grZnoben adamianebi.
57
58
Tavi 2
kvlevis strategiebi
. kvlevebi
. eqsperimentebi
. eTnografia, savele samuSao da CarTuli
dakvirveba
. kontent analizi
. SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvleva
CanarTi
. ZiriTadi statistikuri koncefciebi
. rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili
59
60
e leqtrikosma igi sisxlis gubeSi mwoliare aRmoaCina, Tofic iqve egdo:
kurt kobeini, rok-jguf `nirvanas~ 27 wlis lideri, romelsac xSirad axa
siaTebdnen, rogorc `ucnobi Taobis gvirgvinosan princs~ (niusuiqi, 18 aprili,
1995). `nirvanas~ elviseburi aRmasvla didebisa da simdidrisaken, rogorc Cans,
erTdroulad miuRebelic iyo da moulodnelic. kobeinsa da misi jgufis wevrebs
sZuldaT gadapranWuli, `em Ti vi~-s gavlenis qveS moqceuli rokis samyaro Tavis
madonasa da maikl jeksonisnair yalb kerpebianad. jgufis musika mizandasaxulad
sazizRari da sadavo iyo, maTi daZonZili tansacmeli da aburZgnili Tma ki _ gan
zrax binZuri. da mainc, jgufis saxelwodebiani maTi pirveli albomis TiTqmis 10
milioni cali gaiyida mTel msoflioSi. iseTi strofebiT, rogoricaa `oh, kargi
erTi, rac unda iyos, ara uSavs~ _ kobeini 90-iani wlebis gaucxoebis ideis gamx
movaneblad iqca.
ganqorwinebulTa Svili, susti janmrTelobis kobeini, xSirad iyo garicxuli
skolidan, ar iyo bednieri da Tavs narkotikebiT irTobda. kobeinis sikvdilis
Semdeg, mamamisma, romelsac igi 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dalaparakebia, ganacxada:
`kurtis Sesaxeb rac ki ram vicodi, yvelaferi Jurnal-gazeTebSi amovikiTxe~.
megobrebi kobeins axasiaTebdnen, rogorc keTil da mzrunvel adamians da amas
Tanave rogorc sakuTari Tavis damRupvel narkomans, romelic xSirad ganicdida
depresiis Semotevebs.
rodesac axali ambavi kobeinis TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb mediaSi moxvda, ra
diosadgurebi (gansakuTrebiT mis mSobliur qalaq sietlSi) ubedurebisagan
Tavzardacemuli fanebis zarebiT aivso. erT-erTma disk-Jokeim gadacemebi dai
wyo sityvebiT `es ar gaakeTo~ da Semdeg xSirad imeorebda cxeli xazis Setyobine
bebs TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis Sesaxeb.
Cven TviTmkvleloba migvaCnia qmedebaTagan yvelaze piradulad, rogorc
gadawyvetileba, romelsac calkeuli piri iRebs sasowarkveTilebis, sulieri
tanjvis Tu cxovrebisadmi interesis dakargvis gamo. rodesac kobeinis sikvdi
lis Semdeg araerTma axalgazrdam amgvaradve daasrula sicocxle, es adamian
ebisTvis iyo Sexseneba, rom TviTmkvlelobaze gavlenas axdens socialuri faq
torebi _ cnobili magaliTebis CaTvliT. TviTmkvlelobaTa sixSire Cveulebriv
ufro maRalia im raionebSi, sadac radiosadgurebi gadascemen musikas, romelSic
xazgasmulia, rogoricaa ojaxuri ganxeTqilebis, alkoholizmisa da Sromisadmi
gaucxoebis problemebi (staki da ganlaCi, 1992w.). ufro metic, TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire TineijerebSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba (ix. sqema 2.1). 15-24 asakis ada
mianebSi, TviTmkvleloba sxva tipis mkvlelobebs Soris mesame adgilzea. (aSS-s
janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxuri (1995w.).
calkeuli TviTmkvleloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dasaqmebis perspeq
tivebis cvlilebiT, socialur RirebulebebTan SeusabamobiT ojaxuri da bevri
sxva piraduli problemiT, magram sociologebi mainc cdiloben moiazron TviT
mkvleloba, rogorc socialuri modeli. isini ganixilaven ara calkeul Sem
Txvevebs, aramed TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebs, e.i. TviTmkvlelobaTa pro
61
TeTr-
kaniani
Sav-
kaniani
62
garkveul jgufebSi metad iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre sxvebSi da gauCnda eWvi, rom
es gamowveuli iyo socialuri faqtorebiT da ara SemTxveviTobiT. igi iyenebda
monacemTa sistemur krebuls Tavisi eWvis Sesamowmeblad, agrovebda ra informa
cias TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, weliwadis sxva
dasxva droisaTvis da im adamianTa Soris, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen sxvadasxva
socialur kategoriebsa da jgufebs; iyenebda saxelmwifo arqivebSi arsebul
masalasac, sadac aRnusxuli iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi da msxverplis asaki,
sqesi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, erovneba, religia da a.S.
am informaciis gaanalizebiT durkhaimma aRmoaCina, rom Cveulebrivi axsna
sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebi (da ara mxolod
raodenoba) gansxvavdeboda qveynebis, weliwadis droisa da jgufebis mixedviT.
Tu TviTmkvleloba gamowveuli iyo mxolod da mxolod piradi problemebiT,
maSin riTi iyo gamowveuli aseTi didi cvalebadoba mis koeficientebSi? man sa
gangebod Seamowma, rom darwmunebuliyo _ xom ar iyo es ubralod imiT gamowveu
li, rom zogierT jgufSi fsiqikuri daavadebis koeficientis maCvenebeli ufro
maRali iyo, magram kavSiri sulieri daavadebisa da TviTmkvlelobaTa koefici
entebs Soris ar iyo Tanmimdevruli. zogierT jgufs hqonda sulieri daavadebis
maRali, magram TviTmkvlelobis ufro dabali koeficientebi, sxva jgufebs ki
orive koeficientis maCveneblebi maRali hqonda. durkhaimma isic SeniSna, rom qa
lebs mamakacebze xSirad usvamdnen suliT avadmyofobis diagnozs, magram isini
ufro iSviaTad amTavrebdnen sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT. amotivtivda sxva,
moulodneli informaciac: durkhaimma SeamCnia, rom adamianTa umravlesoba si
cocxles TviTmklelobiT amTavrebda weliwadis ufro Tbil da mzian dros da ara
zamTris civ, pirquS dReebSi, rogorc es bevrs SeiZleba hgoneboda.
amgvarad, Tavmoyrilma faqtebma da statistikam durkhaimi miiyvana im daskv
namde, rom TviTmkvleloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv mainc, damokideb
uli iyo socialur viTarebaze. rogorc is werda Tavis klasikur gamokvlevaSi
`TviTmkvleloba~ (1897/1951 da gv. 145), TviTmkvleloba emyareba `socialur mize
zebs da TavisTavad koleqtiuri movlenaa~. im socialuri jgufis maxasiaTeblebi,
romelSic adamianebi aRmoCndebian gaerTianebulni, met-naklebad SesaZlebels
xdis TviTmkvlelobas; TviTganadgureba ar aris ubralod piraduli qmedeba.
durkhaimi aSkarad individualur, piradul qmedebebs xsnida koleqtiuri mizeze
biT, pirobebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia, individual-moqmed pirebs arc ki hqon
daT Segnebulad gacnobierebuli.
63
sas durkhaims mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili eCvenebina: pirveli _ samecniero
meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes socialuri qcevis kvlevisas da meore _ so
ciologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi axal ganzomilebas matebs Cven mier garesamyarosa
da sakuTari Tavis wvdomas.
kvlevis procesi
problemis gansazRvra
64
pirdapir an arapirdapir gamomdinareobs TviT msxvreplis im pozitiuri an nega
tiuri qmedebisagan, romelic amgvar Sedegebs gamoiwvevs da es man icis~. rodesac
orives _ `Cadenas~ da `ar Cadenas~ azustebda, durkhaimma gaafarTova TviTmkvl
elobis gavrcelebuli ganmarteba, masSi heroikuli qmedebebis (jariskacis mier
altruizmis pozitiuri aqtis qmedeba) da aseve, bedTan Serigebis, daavadebis an
zianis Tavidan ar acilebis CarTviT.
iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebi, sociologebic cvladi sidideebis pirobebSi
azrovneben. cvladi sociologiuri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri
aspeqti, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba meryeobdes an icvlebodes, an Tavs
iCendes sxvadasxva odenobiTa da sixSiriT. TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti cvladi
sididea, radgan igi meryeobs sxvadasxva periodSi da icvleba sxvadasxva socialur
jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. durkhaimi miiCnevda, rom TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti
damokidebuli iyo sxva cvlad sidideebze da maTi dadgena miznad hqonda dasaxuli.
amgvarad, durkhaimis kvlevaSi TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti iyo damokidebuli
cvladi sidide. is faqtorebi ki, romlebic masze moqmedebdnen _ damoukidebuli
cvladi sidideebi (es is faqtorebia, romlebic meryeoben sxva mizezebis gamo, e.i.
TviTmkvlelobis koeficientis cvlilebisagan damoukideblad).
mkvlevarebma ara marto unda gansazRvron is cvladi sidideebi, romelTa Ses
wavlac swadiaT, aramed aseve unda daazuston, risi gageba surT maT Sesaxeb. sxva
sityvebiT, maT unda Camoayalibon kvlevis problema. durkhaimis problema _ is,
rasac igi mTeli yuradRebiT moekida _ ar gaxldaT kiTxva, ras niSnavs TviTmkv
leloba maTTvis, vinc Tavs iklavs da arc is, rogor ganicdian amas maTi ojaxebi.
misi problema iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebSi variaciis socialuri mod
elebis axsna. ratom xasiaTdeba wlis garkveuli sezonebi, garkveuli adgilebi da
garkveuli socialuri jgufebi TviTmkvlelobaTa ufro maRali an dabali koefi
cientebiT, vidre sxvebi?
literaturis mimoxilva
65
SesaZloa, nawilobriv raRac roli iTamaSos, magram es albaT ar aris TviTmkvle
lobis mTavari mizezi. amrigad, durkhaims Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad mieca rogorc
TviTmkvlelobis zogierT Zveli Teoriis Sefasebis, aseve axali Teoriebis mniS
vnelobis dadgenis saSualeba.
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba
66
monacemTa mogrovebaSi Semdegi nabiji aris kvlevis gegmis arCeva anu faqto
brivi gegma saWiro informaciis mosagroveblad. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs
gamokiTxvebs da kiTxvebs usvams bevr gansxvavebul adamians. zogi ki, raki cxov
robs da muSaobs Sesaswavl adamianTa Soris, amjobinebs dakvirvebas monawilee
bze, raTa uSualod pirvelwyarodan daadginos, rogor fiqroben da iqcevian
isini. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs eqsperimentebs; magaliTad, isini xelovnurad
qmnian iseT situacias, romelSic SesaZlebloba eZlevaT daakvirdnen adamianebis
reagirebas sxvadasxva stimulze. arian iseTi mkvlevarebic, romlebic istoriul
saarqivo Canawerebs iyeneben monacemTa Sesagroveblad. problemaTa umravleso
bis Sesaswavlad saukeTeso midgoma gulisxmobs ramdenime kvleviTi strategiis
kombinirebas: gamokiTxvebi plus dakvirveba, plus dokumentebis moZieba. amave
TavSi ganvixilavT yvela am specifikur monacemTa mogrovebis meTods.
kvlevis romel gegmasac unda iyenebdnen, mkvlevarTa mizania mogrovdes sak
mao informacia 1 _ problemis siRrmiseuli gagebiT damuSavebisaTvis da 2 _ sa
kuTari hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba es martivi da sworx
azovani Candes, magram xSirad Zalian rTuli gasakeTebelia. mkvlevari SeiZleba
waawydes problemas ara mxolod monacemTa Segrovebisas, aramed SesaZlebelia
ramdenadme gansxvavebulad iqnes interpretirebuli ukve arsebuli monacemTa
erTobliobac ki. magaliTad, durkhaimma arCia dayrdnoboda im oficialur sam
Tavrobo saarqivo monacemebs, romlebSic sikvdilis mizezebis CamonaTvali xvde
boda. es imas niSnavda, rom mas unda mieRo is interpretaciebi, rasac mTavrobis
oficialuri pirebi, eqimebi da ojaxis wevrebi asaxelebdnen sikvdilis mizezad.
Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xSirad naTesavebs uWirT TviTmkvlelobis
faqtis aRiareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom oficialuri statistika albaT saTanadod
ver asaxavs TviTmkvelobaTa zust raodenobas.
monacemTa gaanalizeba da
daskvnebis gakeTeba
67
durkhaims miaCnda, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire ufro maRalia, roca adamiani
socialur jgufTan an TemTan mcired an sustad dakavSirebulad grZnobs Tavs. am
individualistur models man egoisturi TviTmkvleloba uwoda. ebrauli Temi
ufro mWidrod aris Sekruli, vidre kaTolikuri, kaTolikuri ki ufro mWidrod,
vidre protestantuli. daqorwinebulebs, gansakuTrebiT bavSvianebs, ufro myari
socialuri kavSirebi aqvT, vidre martoxelebs.
saRi azri TviTmkvlelobebs siRaribes ukavSirebs, magram durkhaimma aCvena,
rom es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. ufro metic, ekonomikis swrafi gaumjobese
ba, iseve, rogorc dacema TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdasTan asocirdeba. durkhaimi amt
kicebda, rom nebismierma swrafma cvlilebam, SeiZleba moSalos an Ziri gamouTxa
ros im socialur da kulturul normebs, romlebic azrs mateben sicocxles da
individs aniWeben pirovnulobas, saTanado miznisa da survilTa sazRvrebis Zlie
rad SegrZnebis unars (ix. Tavi 1 _ anomiis Sesaxeb). normebisa da mniSvnelobis
amgvar danakargs mivyavarT anomiur TviTmkvlelobasTan.
durkhaimma aseve gamoyo ori sxva tipis TviTmkvlelobac. Zalian Zlierma so
cialurma jgufebma SeiZleba waaxalison altruistuli TviTmkvleloba, romlis
magaliTia jariskacis mier ueWveli sikvdilis arCeva brZolis mosagebad, Taname
brZolTa gadasarCenad an tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi Ralatis Tavidan asacile
blad. es, garkveul azriT, egoizmis sapirispiro movlenaa. fatalisturia TviTm
kvleloba, roca sasikvdilo daavadebiT an sxva mizezebiT Sepyrobili adamianebi
TavianT `namdvil~ cxovrebas ukve ganvlilad aRiqvamen, momavals ki _ imdenad
uRimRamod, rom urCevniaT Tavi moiklan.
pirveli nabiji kvlevis procesSi aris analizis Sedegebze damyarebuli
daskvnebis gakeTeba. daskvnebis gasakeTeblad mniSvnelovania imis Cveneba, ro
gor aSuqebs Teoriul kiTxvebs kvlevis romelime gansakuTrebuli nawili (mag.
kulturisa da struqturis fardobiTi mniSvneloba TviTmkvlelobaTa axsnaSi)
an rogor amowmebs igi arsebul Teorias (magaliTad, zogierTi TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvis Sedegia), an gvTavazobs axal Teorias (magaliTad, TviTmkvleloba aris
mosaxleobaSi socialuri integraciis donis funqcia). durkhaimis analizi adas
turebs mis hipoTezas, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire matulobs, roca adamianTa
kavSiri mniSvnelovan jgufebTan dasustebulia da klebulobs, rodesac social
uri kavSirebi Zlierdeba.
mecnierebaSi daskvnebi arasodes miiCneva sabolood, isini yovelTvis Riaa
kiTxvebisa da xelaxali gamokvlevisaTvis. roca gamokvleva mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sociologiuri codnis gaRrmavebaSi, Cveulebriv igi qveyndeba, raTa
sxva sociologebma SeZlon am daskvnebis damoukideblad Sefaseba.
Semdgomi kvleva
68
kiTxvebi da moagrovon damatebiTi monacemebi. sociologiuri codna amgvari
mudmivi kvlevis procesis meSveobiT izrdeba, romlis drosac bevri gansxvave
buli mkvlevari swavlobs erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul problemebs. maga
liTad, durkhaims ar uTqvams saboloo sityva TviTmkvlelobaze. amerikelma
sociologma deivid filifsma gviCvena, rom socialuri imitaciis Teoria _ Teo
ria, romelsac durkhaimma miagno literaturis mimoxilvisas, magram CaTvala,
rom misi kvleva am Teoriis usafuZvlobas amtkicebda _ ufro faseulia, vidre
durkhaimi fiqrobda. am Teoriis mixedviT TviTmkvlelobis waxaliseba xdeba ST
agonebis ZaliT _ zogjer adamianebi Tavis mokvlis gadawyvetilebas maSin iRe
ben, roca sxvebis TviTmkvlelobis ambavs Seityoben xolme.
69
_ yvelaze uaxloesi, uaxloesidan meore da ase Semdeg. sxva magaliTSi variaciis maRali done
SeiZleba gamoixatos aseTi SeniSvniT: `Seswavlil ojaxTa umravlesoba saSualo mniSvnelobis
standartuli gadaxris farglebSia.~
korelaciebi
70
vevaSi, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi ar unda gaizardos ambis pirvel gverdze dabe
Wdvis Semdeg da reklamis raodenoba ar unda Seesabamebodes TviTmkvlelobaTa
zrdas. magram TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvma imata, da cvladma sidideebmac _ Sesa
bamisad. sabolood, zrda SesaZloa, gamowveuli iyo ara mibaZviT, aramed _ mwuxa
rebiT. filifsma nimuSad SearCia is popularuli xalxi, vis TviTmkvlelobasac
unda gamoewvia didi mwuxareba, magram aRmoaCina, rom gaxmaurebul mkvlelobebs,
TviTmkvlelobaTa maCvenebelze, ar mouxdenia ufro meti gavlena, vidre naklebad
cnobili adamianebis mkvlelobebs. (CarCoSi Casmul statias `rogor wavikiTxoT
cxrili~ mohyveba filifsis gamokvlevebis ori cxrili).
filifsma ar Sewyvita mibaZvaTa nimuSebis kvleva-Zieba. man aRmoaCina, rom
gamoqveynebuli TviTmkvlelobebis Semdeg, fataluri avariebis ricxvmac imata,
imis varaudiT, rom zogierTi sagzao SemTxveva SeiZleba SeniRbuli TviTmkvle
lobac yofiliyo (filifsi, 1986). filifsma aRmoaCina, rom am sazogadoebriv
mibaZvas yvelaze metad Tineijerebi axorcieleben. cnobili pirovnebis TviTmkv
lelobaze momdevno kviris satelevizio reportaJma gazarda TviTmkvlelobaTa
koeficienti axalgazrdebs Soris 22%-dan saSualo maCveneblamde (filifsi da
karsensteni, 1988).
filifsis aRmoCenebi mimbaZvelobiT TviTmkvlelobebze, ar uaryofs durk
haimis daskvnas, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa Akoeficienti dakavSirebulia sazogado
integraciis donesTan. es aRmoCenebi, ubralod, gviCvenebs, rom durkhaimis Teo
ria am sakiTxs srulad ver pasuxobs, iseve, rogorc Teoria, rom TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT socialuri integraci
is kombinirebul gavlenasa da mibaZvas, isini ufro met kiTxvas pasuxoben TviTm
kvlelobaTa koeficientTan dakavSirebiT, vidre marto erTi faqtori. calkeuli
sagnis SeswavliT sociologebma SeiZleba Seafason mxolod erTmaneTTan dakav
Sirebul cvlad sidideTa patara jgufis urTierTqmedeba. adamianTaA saqcielze
gavlena imdenad kompleqsuri da mravalferovania, rom yvelafris gaTvaliswine
ba SeuZlebelia. es SeiZleba gamoixatos monacemTa uzustobasa an maT SemTxveviT
damaxinjebaSi. yovelTvis arsebobs ufro meti kvlevis SesaZlebloba, ufro meti
mcdeloba Cveni codnis dasaxvewad.
xSirad erTi mkvlevaris samuSao badebs SekiTxvebs, romlebic ainteresebs sx
vebs da undaT, rom upasuxon. magaliTad, filifsis samuSao badebs ramdenime axal
kiTxvas momavali gamokvlevebisaTvis: sxvanairad rogor iqceva xalxi? iwvevs Tu
ara es prosocialur, iseve rogorc antisocialur qmedebebs? mimarTavs Tu ara
mTavroba sajaroobis mowesrigebas Zaladobisken Tu es Seamcirebs mimbaZvelo
bas? rodesac sxva mkvlevarebi cdiloben upasuxon amdagvar kiTxvebs, isini eyrd
nobian filifsis aRmoCenebs. ase izrdeba sociologiuri codna.
71
rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili
72
cxrili 2.1.
TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis zrda NEW YORK TIMES –is pirvel gverdze
gamoqveynebuli ambebis Semdeg
gamokvleul ambis gamoqvey ambis gamo
TviTmkvle nebidan erT qveynebidan
lobaTa TveSi mosa erT TveSi
koeficienti lodnel TviT TviTmkvle
mkvlelobaTa lobaTa
koeficienti koeficientis
saxelebi TariRi
cvlilebebi
TviTmkvlelTa
lokriji, avtori 8 marti,1948 1510 1521,5 _11,5
landisi, kinovarskvlavi 6 ivlisi,1948 1482 1457,5 +24,5
bruksi, finansisti 18 agvisto,1948 1250 1350,0 _100,0
holtsi, moRalate qmari 10 marti,1948 1583 1521,5 +61,5
porestali
Tavdacvis yofili ministri 22 maisi,1949 1549 1493,5 +55,5
bakeri, profesori 26 aprili,1950 1600 1493,5 +106,5
langi, policiis mowme 20 aprili,1951 1423 1519,5 _96,5
monro, kinovarskvlavi 6 agvisto,1962 1838 1640,5 +197,5
graami, gamomcemeli da uardi
profumos saqmeSi
gareuli piri 4 agvisto,1963 1801 1604,5 +160,5
burosi, ku kluqs klanis
lideri 1 noemberi,1801 1710 1652,0 +58,0
morisoni, sabrZolo
kritikosi 3 noemberi,1965
cxrili 2.2.
dReebis raodenoba
0 1 2 3 4
TviTmkvlelobebi, romlebic gamoqveyndnen New York Times-Si da romlebic CamoTvlilia cxrilSi 2.2
miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategoriebs: 0 dRe _ lokriji, beikeri, langi, gaami, morisoni; 1 dRe _ landidi, bruqsi,
forestali, burosi; 2 dRe _ holti,; 3 dRe – uardi; 4 dRe _ monro
uardi da grahami erTsa da imave dRes gardacvalnen, 4 agvisto, 1963. 1963 wels TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdis
naxevari uardsa da grahams miewera. msgavsi ram mohyva burosa da morisonis sikvdils, romlebic
1965 wels1 noembersa da 3 noembers gardaicvalnen.
naklebad `high brow~ gazeTi News –ma amdagvari ambebi pirvel gverdebze ufro didxans gaaCera, vidre
Times- ma ise, rom mas gamofenis xangrZlivoba hqonda.
wyaro: filipsidan (1974), gv. 345) yvelanairi uflebiT. TviTmkvlelobaTa statistikis pirveladi wyaro:
aSS-s jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis departamenti,sazogado
jandacvis servisi.
73
sociologiuri kvlevis sirTuleebi
validoba da sandooba
74
ganqorwinebis sixSire) gvxvdeba sxva maxasiaTeblis maRal maCveneblebTan erTad
(vTqvaT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire), niSnavs, rom orive aris pozitiurad kore
laciuri.
miuxedavad amisa, maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis kvleva ar adasturebs, rom
maT Soris aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. ori maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos korel
aciuri, magram ar hqondes mizezobrivi jaWvi erTimeoresTan. es cnobilia, rogorc
yalbi korelacia da aris kvlevaSi cdomilebis mizezi. sociologiuri analizis
gadamwyveti momentia mniSvnelovani da yalbi korelaciebis gansxvaveba. magaliTad,
vinmes SeuZlia dasvas kiTxva, durkhaimis mier aRmoCenil kavSirs TviTmkvlelobis
sixSiresa da religiur kuTvnilebas Soris hqonda mizezobrivi safuZveli, Tu iyo
yalbi. SesaZloa orive maxasiaTebeli aris raRac mesame faqtoris Sedegi, rogori
caa qonebrivi gansxvaveba an geografiuli regioni. durkhaimma icoda, rom romeli
me mesame maxasiaTebels SeeZlo aexsna misi monacemebi da cdilobda daedgina, rom
es ar iyo damajerebeli.
Teoria da kvleva
75
gvetyoda yvelafers, TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris Sesaxeb, magram SesaZleblobas
mogvcemda Cagvexeda, ramdenad dakavSirebulia TviTmkvlelobi socialur integ
raciasTan da ramdenad Seavsebda durkheimis Sromas.
eTikuri sakiTxebi
sociologebi, arsiT TiTqmis arian `isini, visac sxvis saqmeSi cxviris Cayofa
uyvars~. marTalia, durkhaimis Sroma TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb eyrdnoboda isto
riul Canawerebs, magram mravali sociologiuri kvleva iwvevs sxva adamianebis
realur cxovrebaSi Carevas. amis gamo, sociologebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli eTi
kuri valdebulebebi TavianTi subieqtebis mimarT.
pirvel rigSi, sociologebma unda daicvan subieqti dazaralebisagan. soci
ologiuri kvleva zogjer subieqts ayenebs fsiqiuri travmis riskis qveS, magram
sociologebi xSirad iReben nebarTvas subieqtisgan maTi piradi informaciis
gaxmaurebis Sesaxeb. msgavsi informacia SesaZloa ar iyos cnobili subieqtis
ojaxisTvis, megobrebisTvis, TanamSromlebisTvis, aman SesaZloa uxerxul mdgo
mareobaSi Caayenos subieqti, ziani miayenos mis samuSaos, naTesavebs an sulac
daakisros kriminaluri pasuxismgebloba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi potenciuri ziani umniSvneloa. arli hokSildma Seiswavla
Sromis ganawileba msgavs ojaxebSi da gamoaqveyna Sedegebi Tavis wignSi _ meore
cvla (The Second Shift) (1989 w.). hokSildma gamoikvlia, rom zogierTi wyvili axa
siaTebs TavianT Tavs, rogorc Tanabar partniorebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom faq
tobriv coli asrulebs gacilebiT met samuSaos saxlSi, vidre qmari. amgvarad,
miTi Tanabaruflebian partniorobaze exmareba wyvilebs Seurigdnen TavianT
gansxvavebul Sexedulebas `warmatebuli qorwinebis~ Sesaxeb (hokSildi, 1989 w.).
Tu gansazRvruli wyvili amoicnobs Tavis Tavs gamoqveynebul SromaSi, SesaZloa
pirovnebebi daupirispirdnen faqts, rom arc erTi maTganisTvis ar aris qorwineba
bednieri, rogorc eubnebodnen erTmaneTs an gaTavisebuli hqondaT Tavad. amgvari
SesaZleblobis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT, hokSildma Secvala wyvilebis ar
amxolod saxelebi, aramed iseTi saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebic ki, rogoricaa
garegnoba da profesia.
subieqtis dacvis pirveli gza aris anonimuri gamokiTxva. kiTxvari miwodebu
li da Sedgenilia iseTi saxiT, rom mkvlevars ar SeuZlia amoicnos gansazRvruli
respodentis gansazRvruli pasuxi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, xSirad sociologebs
sWirdebaT subieqtebis gamokiTxva pirispir an naxva maT sacxovrebel garemoSi,
samuSaoze an laboratoriaSi. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi icavs konfidencialo
bas anu mkvlevarma icis subieqtis saidentifikacio monacemebi, magram pirobas
debs, rom ar gamoaqveynebs am informacias. konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT
sociologi Cveulebriv Slis saxelebs da misamarTs kiTxvaridan, samuSao SeniSv
nebidan da sxva Canawerebidan; cvlis maT saidentifikacio nomrebiT da inaxavs
76
saxelebisa da nomrebis damakavSirebel ZiriTad dokuments usafrTxo adgilas.
ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis amgvari zomebi sakmarisia. magram sasamarTloebi ar
cnoben sociologebis monacemebs, rogorc `xelSeuxebel informacias~, gansx
vavebiT advokatis, mRvdlis an Jurnalistisagan, sociologs SeiZleba daevalos
Tavisi Canawerebis sasamarTlosTvis gadacema an mowmed gamocxadeba.
magaliTad, vaSingtonis Statis universitetis sociologiis fakultetis
gamosaSvebi kursis studenti, rik skarsi ikvlevda garemosa da cxovelTa ufle
bebis dacvis radikal aqtivistebs, romlebic xandaxan arRvevdnen kanons Tavi
anTi saqmianobis warmosaCenad (moneheni (Monaghan), 1993a, 1993b, 1993c). marTa
lia jgufi TavisTavs uwodebda cxovelTa gaTavisuflebis fronts, magram mas
daekisra pasuxismgebloba universitetis laboratoriis darbevisTvis, sadac 23
wavi, Tagvi da tura iyo gaTavisuflebuli da kompiuterebze marilmJavas dasxmi
saTvis (zaralma daaxloebiT 150 000 $ Seadgina); skarsi gamoZaxebul iqna nafic
msajulTa winaSe, romelTac unda gadaewyvitaT saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacemis
sakiTxi. skarsma aRiara, rom icnobda mTavar braldebuls sakmaod kargad, magram
Semdgom kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaze uari ganacxada. man es imiT daasabuTa, rom
Cvenebis micema Tavisi wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvevda aramxolod garemos dac
vis aqtivistebis mxridan masTan saubarze uaris Tqmas, rac daazaralebda mis
sakuTar kvlevas, aramed iqoniebda gavlenas sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze
zogadad. kvlevis wyaroebi SesaZloa gamxdariyo naklebad sarwmuno sxva socia
luri mecnierisTvis an socialuri mecnierebi Tavs aarideben sakamaTo kvlevas,
romelic moiTxovs konfidencialobas. mosamarTleebi ver daarwmuna motanilma
argumentebma da skarsi moxvda cixeSi, radgan man uari ganacxada daerRvia piroba
konfidencialobis Sesaxeb.
meore eTikuri movaleoba isaa, rom sociologma arasodes ar unda aiZulos
an moisyidos adamianebi, monawileoba miiRon kvlevaSi. sociologiur kvlevaSi
monawileoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi. es moTxovna pirdapiria, Tumca SesaZloa
aRiniSnebodes ZneladSesamCnevi gadaxrebi. magaliTad, moxucebulTa saxlis bi
nadari aris `uneblie msmeneli~, is uyurebs sociologs, rogorc eqims an admi
nistrators da Tavs valdebulad Tvlis, iTanamSromlos. sociologiis damwyebi
kursis studentebma SesaZloa igrZnon, rom maTi Sefaseba ver iqneba saTanado, Tu
ar miiReben monawileobas TavianTi xelmZRvanelis Catarebul kvlevaSi. amasTan,
zog SemTxvevaSi, moxaliseebisadmi ndobam SeiZleba Secvalos kvlevis Sedegebi.
magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebian monawileobaze seqsualur gamok
iTxvebSi, aris Tavisuflad SerCeuli jgufi, romelic, SesaZloa, nawilobriv
eqshibicionistebisgan Sedgebodes, amdenad ver iqneba zogadi populacia.
mesame, mkvlevari patiosani unda iyos subieqtis mimarT. idealur variant
Si sociologi iRebs subieqtisagan aramarto Tanxmobas, aramed informirebul
Tanxmobas. es punqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac xalxi, romelTa
Seswavlac surs mkvlevars, aris gaunaTlebeli, aqvs dabali socialuri statusi
an ver erkveva socialur kvlevaSi. Zalian Znelia an SeuZlebeli dafaro kvleva.
77
monawileebma laboratoriul eqsperimentSi an respodentebma, romlebic avseben
grZel kiTxvarebs, ician, rom maT Seiswavlian. amasTan zogjer mkvlevarebi iReben
rTul gadawyvetilebas, ar uTxran monawileebs kvlevis realuri miznis Sesaxeb,
raTa miiRon ufro zusti informacia. magaliTad, sociologi, romelic Seiswav
lis genderul diskriminacias musikis industriaSi, SesaZloa uTxras subieqts,
rom swavlobs menejmentis stils an marketingis strategias. SesaZloa, piradi
dakvirvebiT momuSave (Field researchers) mkvlevarebs gansakuTrebiT ar undodeT
uTxran xalxs yvela idea, rac amoZravebs maT dakvirvebas, radgan amis codna iwvevs
im socialuri procesebis cvlilebas, romelTa Seswavlasac isini apireben.
amgvarad, sociologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian religiur organizaciebs,
saerTo interesebiT gaerTianebul jgufebs, erTgvarovan sazogadoebebs, Sesa
Zloa, TavianTi kvlevis proeqtebis mizani saidumlod Seinaxon. simarTlis da
farva gamarTlebuli unda iyos gadaulaxavi samecniero an humanuri interesebiT,
magaliTad, narkotikebis intravenurad momxmarebelTa faruli gamokvleva, gan
kuTvnili qcevis modelis dasadgenad, rac zrdis Sidsis gavrcelebis albaTobas,
SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iyos.
sociologebs aqvT agreTve eTikuri valdebulebebi TavianTi kolegebisa
da samecniero sazogadoebis, agreTve sazogadoebis mimarT, zogadad. idealur
SemTxvevaSi sociologebi akeTeben yvelafers, raTa daicvan obieqturoba da pa
tiosneba TavianT kvlevebsa da publikaciebSi. amgvari midgoma gulisxmobs, ara
mxolod sizustesa da sandoobas gamokvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgenisas, aramed
kvlevis SezRudvebis gansazRvris drosac, unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli rogorc
dadebiTi Sedegebi, aseve uaryofiTi da anomaliuri monacemebi, sando iyos kv
levis da finansebis yvela wyaro da yvela adamiani (studentebis CaTvliT), vinc
wvlili Seitana Sromis SesrulebaSi. rodesac saWiroa profesiuli daskvnis ga
keTeba, iqneba es sasamarTloSi, sajaro gamosvlaze, Tu sainformacio saSuale
bebSi, sociologebma unda gansazRvron TavianTi eqspertizis xarisxi da Tavi Sei
kavon daskvnis gakeTebisagan, romelic araa mecnieruli WeSmariteba da SeiZleba
araswored iqnes aRqmuli.
rogorc medicina, iurispudencia da sxva dargebi, sociologia cdilobs
iyos TviTkontrolirebadi. amerikis sociologTa asociacia (ASA) profesio
nali sociologebisTvis aris mTavari organizacia, romelmac daadgina dawvri
lebiTi eTikuri normebi (1989 w.) _ zemoT CamoTvlili principebis erToblio
ba. asa-s profesiuli eTikis komiteti pasuxismgebelia ganixilos pretenziebi,
iSuamdgomlos konfliktur situaciaSi da Sesabamisi proceduris dacviT gas
ces rekomendaciebi. garda amisa, universitetebisa da kolejebis umravlesoba
iTxovs, rom yvela didi kvlevis proeqti ganixilos komitetma, raTa iyos sruli
usafrTxoeba imisa, rom kvlevis procedurebi ar arRvevs adamianis, rogorc
subieqtis uflebebs.
78
kvlevis strategiebi
gamokiTxvebi
79
dents SeuZlia gasces pasuxebi kiTxvarebs fostiT, telefoniT an pirispiri sau
bris dros. gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia, roca sociologs surs in
formaciis miReba didi populaciisagan movlenaze, romlis Sefasebac maT Riad ar
SeuZliaT. magaliTad, seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb kvlevam aCvena, rom amerikelebi
bevrad ufro konservatiulebi arian, vidre maT Sesaxeb masmediaSi gavrcelebuli
azri, TiTqos isini seqsualurad Tavisuflebi arian da xSirad mimarTaven seqsis
alternatiul formebs, rac SesaZloa bevrisTvis damajerebelic iyos (ixileT
Tavi 3). gamokiTxvaSi SesaZloa dasmuli iyos kiTxvebi socialur-ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis irgvliv (asaki, Semosavali, ganaTleba, profesia da misTanani). radgan
gamokiTxvisas respondentma SeiZleba gasces an ar gasces kiTxvebze damajerebe
li pasuxi, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi ganixileba, rogorc miaxloebiTi.
sociologiur gamokiTxvaSi monawileobs bevri xalxi, romelic ubralod
svams kiTxvebs. maTi Sedegebi sando da dasabuTebuli, rom iyos sociologebi
unda iyvnen garkveuli, visTvisaa SekiTxva da rogor unda gaices pasuxi. satele
vizio interviuebis dros satelefono gamokiTxva iwvevs farTo masebis CarT
vas da aqvs gavlena saxalxo liderebze, magram xalxi, romelic uyurebs, amgvar
Sous da aqvs dro, rom darekos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli swored amerikeli
mosaxleobis tipuri warmomadgeneli iyos. sakontrolo jgufis saguldagulo
SerCeva aris swori mecnieruli gamokiTxvis sawindari. gamokiTxvaTa umravleso
bis mizani aris raodenobrivi monacemebis miReba, interviuebis Sedegic raode
nobrivi monacemebia.
80
_ warmodgenili iyos sakontrolo jgufSi aRebul populaciaSi iseve, rogorc
iqneboda ufro did populaciaSi. rac ufro warmomadgenlobiTia sakontrolo
jgufi, miT ufro sarwmunod asaxavs miRebuli Sedegebi mTliani populaciis
damokidebulebas.
bevrs miaCnia, rom didi sakontrolo jgufi ufro warmomadgenlobiTia, vid
re mcire, magram es yovelTvis ase ar aris. SesaZloa amis yvelaze cnobili mag
aliTi iyo 1936 wels prezidentis arCevnebis Sedegebis prognozis mcdeloba.
popularulma Jurnalma `Literary digest~ (`literaturuli mimoxilva~) daugzavna
saarCevno baraTi 10 milion amerikels, romlebic SerCeul iqnen satelefono da
manqanebis ragistraciis cnobarebidan. dabrunebuli 2 milioni baraTis mixed
viT Jurnalma gaakeTa prognozi, rom alfred landoni daamarcxebda franklin
d. ruzvelts xmaTa mniSvnelovani upiratesobiT. amasobaSi, vinme jorj gelapma
sul raRac 312 551 adamianis gamokiTxviT sruliad zustad iwinaswarmetyvela
ruzveltis gamarjveba. am SemTxvevaSi ufro mcire sakontrolo jgufi iyo ufro
warmomadgenlobiTi, vidre didi populacia. jer erTi, 1936 wels didi depre
siis SuaSi, mraval amomrCevels ar hqonda manqana an telefoni. es adamianebi _
romelTa umravlesobam xma misca ruzvelts _ saerTod ar iyvnen warmodgenili
`Literary digest~-is sakontrolo jgufSi. galupma gamoiyena SemTxveviT SerCeuli
sakontrolo jgufi, romelSic saarCevno asaks miRweul yovel amerikel moqa
laqes hqonda moxvedris Tanabari Sansi. warmomadgenlobiTi sakontrolo jgufis
Seqmna aris realuri amocana. kampusis gazeTebi da organizaciebi xSirad awyoben
gamokiTxvebs kiTxvarebis darigebis gziT erT an or adgilas. aseTi gamokiTxve
bi iSviaTadaa warmomadgenlobiTi. magaliTad, pirveli 100 studenti, gamosuli
sociologiis institutis Senobidan, SesaZloa, naklebad warmoadgendes mec
nierebisa da xelovnebis fakultetis studentebs da ufro warmomadgenlobiTi
iyos, rogorc qali studentebi, romlebic metad arian ganwyobili sociologiis
Seswavlis mimarT, vidre mamakaci studentebi. jgufi iqneboda ufro warmomad
genlobiTi, Tu organizaciebi SearCevdnen SemTxveviTi 100 studentis gvars
fakultetis studentTa mTliani siidan.
81
bulma Statebma unda akrZalos gamosvlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~; sxvas ki
kiTxva: `xom ar fiqrobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda dauSvas gamos
vlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~. pasuxebi ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs: mxolod 21,4
procentma upasuxa, rom maT unda `aekrZalaT~ gamosvlebi, magram 47,8 procentma
upasuxa, rom maT ar unda `daeSvaT~ gamosvlebi (Sumani da preseri 1981 w. ). zogjer
mkvlevarebi atareben kiTxvarebis winaswar Semowmebas, raTa darwmundnen, rom
kiTxvebis formulireba da formati ar iqoniebs gavlenas pasuxebze.
pasuxis forma. gamokiTxvis dros adamians SeuZlia gasces pasuxi oridan erT-
erTi formiT. daxuruli pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondentma unda airCios erT-erTi
CamoTvlili pasuxebis variantebidan, romelic mkvlevaris mieraa SemoTavazebu
li. Ria pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondenti pasuxobs sakuTari sityvebiT. magaliTad,
sociologebs SesaZloa surT icodnen, ras aniWeben adamianebi yvelaze met upi
ratesobas TavianT samuSaoSi. isini svamen kiTxvas daxuruli formiT: `gadaxedeT
am baraTs da miTxariT, ras aniWebT yvelaze met upiratesobas saqmeSi?~ baraTSi
CamoTvlilia xuTi savaraudo pasuxi: maRali Semosavali, samuSaos usafrTxoeba,
mokle samuSao dRe, ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba, damakmayofilebeli samuSao, rac
Tavs gagrZnobinebs warmatebul pirovnebad. daxuruli pasuxis mqone kiTxvis sxva
varianti mocemuli pasuxebis seriis Sefasebas Seicavs. magaliTad, 1 = `srulad
veTanxmebi~-dan 5 = `sruliad ar veTanxmebi~-mde. kiTxva SeiZleba daisvas Ria
formiTac: `adamianebi samuSaos sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben, Tqven ras aniWebT
yvelaze met upiratesobas samuSaoSi?~ faqtobriv, rodesac ismeboda es SekiTxva,
pasuxebi gansxvavdeboda kiTxvis dasmis sxvadasxva formis dros. magaliTad, 17.2
procenti respondentebisa irCevda `ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas~, rodesac isini
xedavdnen am pasuxs CamoTvlil variantebSi; maSin, rodesac mxolod 1,8 procenti
asaxelebda am mizezs Ria pasuxis formiT dasmuli SekiTxvis dros. sociologebma
82
unda icodnen, rom gamokiTxvisas SekiTxvebis formulireba, Tanmimdevroba da
forma gansazRvravs kvlevis Sedegebs.
rodesac gamokiTxvisis mkvlevars sWirdeba meti informacia, vidre mokle
kiTxvari iZleva, maT SeuZliaT Caataron iterviu telefoniT an piradad. inter
viu aris gasaubreba, romlis drosac mkvlevari svams kiTxvebis serias an ganixi
lavs Temas sxva pirovnebasTan. Tu isini gamoiyeneben Ria pasuxis formis kiTxvebs,
interviuers SeuZlia ganasxvavos, rodis SeiZleba meti informaciis miReba da
rodis gadavides Semdeg kiTxvaze. kargma interviuerma agreTve icis, rom inter
vius dasabuTebuloba da sandooba damokidebulia interviuersa da respondents
Soris urTierTobaze. isini swavloben intervius tonisa da tempis gansazRvras
sxvadasxva tipis respondentebisaTvis.
eqsperimentebi
83
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi
84
sidide). yvela studentma icoda, rom monawileobas iRebda eqsperimentSi, faqto
brivad, `TamaSobda TamaSs~ tusaRsa da mcvelze, magram erT kviraze mokle xanSi
eqsperimenti zedmetad daemsgavsa sinamdviles.
zimbardos eqsperimentma win wamoswia subieqtebTan mopyrobis eTikuri sa
kiTxebi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axla ufro mkacri wesebi moqmedebs. es
wesebi mkvlevarebs avaldebulebs subieqtisaTvis eqsperimentis an proceduris
axsnas; subieqtisTvis mxolod simarTlis Tqmas; subieqtis gafrTxilebas raime
xifaTis Sesaxeb; aRweras, rogor unda gamoiyenon monacemebi; subieqtis konfi
dencialurobis dacvas; da subieqtis Tanxmobamde mis xelT arsebuli informa
ciis sisrulis garkvevas.
savele eqsperimentebi
85
jgufebma cvlilebebi ganaxorcieles da politika ucvleli darCa, mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tu bavSvis movlis efeqturi programebi iqnebAaA, gaizrdeba im
martoxela dedaTa raodenoba, romlebsac aqvT unari samsaxuri moZebnon socia
luri uzrunvelyofis daxmarebis gareSe.
86
vinmes poziciis dakavebis survili gamoTqvan. imedis gacruebis SemTxvevaSi maTi
mwvave reaqciaa SesaZlebeli. sociologebma, romlebic savele samuSaoebs atare
ben, saWiroa iswavlon sakuTar emociaTa marTva (sakuTari TavisaTvis SekiTx
vebis dasmiT, ratom hqondaT konkretuli reaqcia da imis SemowmebiT sxvasac ms
gavsi reaqcia hqonda Tu ara), radgan savele muSaki sakuTari kvlevis erT-erTi
subieqti xdeba.
Cveulebriv, iseve rogorc korsaros kvlevaSi, savele muSakebi amJRavneben sa
kuTar vinaobas; Tumca, kvlevis subieqtTa moaxloebisas SeiZleba SeniRbon Tavian
Ti vinaoba. es niSnavs imas, rom sociologebi ubralod Tvalyurs adevneben jgufs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis WrilSi, magram ar dominireben maT cxovrebaSi, ar uerT
debian jgufur RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, sociologebi, romlebic seqsualur qce
vas ikvlevdnen, homoseqsualTa abanoSi pasiurad akvirdebodnen iq myofi kacebis
qcevas. sociologebi axerxebdnen maT Soris SeumCnevlad Serevas, imis gamo, rom
iq myof homoseqsual kacTa umravlesoba TviTonac idga da akvirdeboda, da imi
tomac, rom abanos klientebs Soris maTi seqsualuri gamocdilebebis miuxedavad,
isini emociurad da piradad gancalkevebuli rCebodnen. SeniRbvis mizniT, isini
dakvirvebis Sedegebs abanos dafarul adgilas an wasvlis Semdeg iwerdnen. soci
ologebis mier dakvirvebis Sedegebis interpretacia eyrdnoboda seqsualuri qce
vis Seswavlis mravali wlis gamocdilebas. cxadia, isini siamovnebis misaRebad ki
ar wasulan, aramed dadiodnen rogorc mecnierebi, romlebic situacias araerTi
Teoriis saSualebiT aanalizebdnen.
sociologiur gamokvlevaTa misiis saidumlod Senaxvam SeiZleba gadaWras
ucxo piris SeWris problema sxvaTa pirad sivrceSi (is, rom sociologebis das
wrebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos jgufis saqcielze), magram es win wamoswevs
zneobriv sakiTxs kvlevis subieqtis piradi uflebebis Sesaxeb da sociologTa
pasuxismgeblobas, iyvnen gulwrfelni.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sazogado fsiqologma, filip zimbardom Seqmna in
scenirebuli cixe, sadac tusaRebisa da mcvelebis rolebze moxalise studentebi
damtkicdnen. `zedamxedvelebma~ TavianTi rolebi zedmetad seriozulad miiRes
da patimarTa umetesobas, romlebic umoqmedoni gaxdnen da dasustdnen, agresi
ulad eqceodnen da Cagravdnen. zimbardos meTodma gamoamJRavna bevri ram sazoga
doebis Sesaxeb, magram, ra Tqma unda, wina planze wamoswia adamianTan mopyrobis
zneobrivi sakiTxi. axla ZalaSia ufro mkacri wesebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac
unda moawyon mkvlevarebma eqsperimentebi.
kontent analizi
87
is, gazeTebis, naxatebisTvisac ki SeiZleba. komunikaciis es formebi bevrs gveubneba
adamianuri qcevis Sesaxeb. kvlevis amgvari meTodi komunikaciis manifesturi (anu
aSkara da dagegmili) da latenturi (anu faruli da, SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli)
Sinaarsebis sistematizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. kompiuteri, ro
melic mkvlevarebs Sinaarsis mravali rakursiT gaanalizebis saSualebas aZlevs,
kvlevis mZlavri iaraRia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevarTa jgufma rok-musikis klipebSi qalisa da ma
makacis saxis Seswavla gadawyvita. raki yvela arsebuli klipis Seswavla SeuZle
belia, mkvlevarebi rokis videoklipebis reprezentaciuli amonakrebiT iwyeben.
Semdeg adgenen Sinaarsis yvela SesaZlo kategoriis _ lirikul simRerebs, Cacmis
stils, Jestikulaciasa da a.S. nusxas. Semdeg swavloben klipebis nakrebs da iniS
naven Sinaarsis SeZlebisdagvarad bevr specifikur nimuSs. dRemde mkvlevarebi
ZiriTadad xarisxobriv analizs _ interpretaciaze damokidebul kvlevas eyrd
nobodnen. sakmaris monacemTa Tavmoyris Semdeg maT statistikaze dafuZnebuli
anu raodenobrivi analizis meTodis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, magaliTad, daiTvalon
ra sixSiriT warmogvidgebian qalebi mamakacisadmi daqvemdebarebul rolSi da
Semdeg Seamowmon, aris Tu ara aseTi SemTxvevebi sxva cvladebTan korelaciaSi.
ori amgvari kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom musikalur klipebSi qalebi xSirad
daqvemdebarebul rolSi, seqsualur obieqtebad an Zaladobis samizneebad war
mogvidgebian (brauni da kempbeli, 1986; Sermani da dominiki, 1986).
88
sakiTxebis sakvlevad iyeneben, rogoricaa nacionalizmi, klasTa struqtura an
socialuri uzrunvelyofis politika. SedarebiTi analizis zogierTi proeqti
mravali SemTxvevis farTomasStabiani Sedarebaa, zogi ki, mxolod erT an ramde
nime SemTxvevas eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT nacionalizmis, erovnuli identurobisa da
masze dafuZnebuli teritoriisa da avtonomiis Sesaxeb politikuri moTxovnebis
sakiTxi. am sakiTxis Seswavlisas antoni smiTma (1993) mTeli msoflios masStabiT
TiTqmis asi SemTxveva gaaanaliza. amis sapirispirod, laia grinfildma (1992) gul
dasmiT mxolod xuTi qveyana ganixila. sxva mkvlevarebma (mag., Colley, 1992) detal
urad mxolod erTi qveynis sxvadasxva regioni Seadares da sxva qveynebis mxolod
mokle an savaraudo Sedareba warmoadgines. amgvari gansxvavebuli strategiebis
gamoyeneba nebismieri empiriuli Temis – Sobadobis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,
danaSaulisa da a. S. Sesaswavlad SeiZleba. arsebobs kompromisi mravali SemTx
vevisa da Sesaswavli cvladis socialuri da kulturuli Sinaarsis saxesxvaobaTa
yuradRebiT ganxilvas Soris. rac metia SemTxveva, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom so
ciologi statistikas sakuTari daskvnebis Sesajameblad da cvladebs Soris kav
Siris analizisaTvis gamoiyenebs.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi swrafad viTardeba saerTaSoriso SedarebiTi (anu
kros-kulturuli) analizi. amgvari kvlevis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mizezia adamia
nur kulturaTa da socialuri organizaciis formaTa didi mravalferovneba.
Tu amerikuli religiuri, saganmanaTleblo an politikuri sistemebis msgavsebas
`bunebrivad~ miviCnevT da ver SevZlebT maT Sedarebas sxva qveynebTan, Zalze mwiri
warmodgena Segveqmneba adamianTa socialuri organizaciis farTo speqtrze.
socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan erTad kulturuli Rirebulebebi ga
naTlebisaTvis `formis micemaSi~ gvexmareba. kros-kulturuli kvlevebi avlens,
rom roca iaponeli bavSvebi uaxles kompiuterul teqnologiebs swavloben da
ocdameerTe saukuneSi cxovrebisa da karierisaTvis emzadebian, egvipteli bavS
vebi egvipturi kulturis uZveles teqstebs swavloben sainformacio saukunis
moTxovnaTagan Zalze Sors mdgom saklaso oTaxebSi.
saerTaSoriso anu kros-kulturul SedarebaTa gamoyenebis meore mizezi
isaa, rom adamianebs Soris mTels msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro axlo urTier
Tobebi myardeba, TandaTan yvela qveynis ekonomika erT globalur sistemaSi
iyris Tavs. media ufro da ufro saerTaSoriso xdeba: braziliaSi Seqmnili sapnis
operebi Zalze popularulia CineTSi; indur filmebs mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi
uyureben; laTinoamerikeli da indoeli mwerlebi yvelaze popularulni SeerTe
bul StatebSi arian; CNN-s mTel msoflioSi gadascemen. arsebiTia, rom adamia
nebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs realoba _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti msoflios erT
nawilSi safrTxes yvelas uqmnis. SedarebiTi analizi sociologebs globaliza
ciis procesTa Seswavlis saSualebas aZlevs. winamdebare wignSi mocemuli kvl
eva, globalizaciis SeswavliTa da sxva sazogadoebaTa socialuri formebis aR
weriT, Cvens warmodgenas gaafarToebs.
yvela SedarebiTi kvleva rodi moicavs Tanamedrove SemTxvevebs. xangrZliv
socialur cvlilebaTa da uCveulo movlenaTa gasagebad sociologebi isto
riul Seswavlas iyeneben. magaliTad, Tanamedrove samrewvelo sawarmoTa zrda
89
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Semswavleli sociologisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani
Temaa, magram zrdis procesi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da
misi axsna mxolod istoriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am mizniT socio
logebi aanalizeben rogorc istorikosTa, aseve sakuTari ZalebiT Tavmoyril
monacemebs. es mravalgvari monacemebia: aRwera, policiis angariSi, sagazeTo
statia, saeklesio da saqmiani Canawerebi. istoriuli SedarebebisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zveli sociologTa naSromebi.
Tavis klasikur naSromSi `saxelmwifoebi da socialuri revoluciebi~ Teda
skopolma (Theda Skocpol, 1979) SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebi gaaerTiana. imis
gamo, rom revoluciebi arc ise xSirad xdeba, mas istoriuli SemTxvevebi unda gamo
eyenebina. skopols ar surda mxolod erTi SemTxvevis safuZvelze gaekeTebina gan
zogadeba da amitom gansxvavebul kulturul da istoriul garemoebebSi momxdari
sami revolucia airCia. SedarebaTa saSualebiT mas surda aRmoeCina, ra saerTo hqo
nda am revoluciebs da ra ganasxvavebda warumatebeli revoluciebisagan.
skopolma namdvili sociologiviT daiwyo: gansazRvra Sesaswavli movlena – am
SemTxvevaSi, socialuri revolucia. `ajanyebuli klasis mier ganxorcielebuli
sazogadoebis mdgomareobisa da Sesabamisi klasis struqturis swrafi, safuZv
liani transformacia~ (Skocpol, 1979, gv. 33). am gansazRvris Tanaxmad, socialuri
revolucia moiTxovs rogorc politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo struqtu
ris), aseve ekonomikuri institutebis (klasis struqturis anu dovlaTisa da sa
kuTrebis ganawilebis) Zireul transformacias. Coup d’état, romelSic erTi to
talitaruli mmarTveli meores cvlis; ajanyeba, romelic yoveldRiur rutinas
anadgurebs, magram arsebiTi cvlileba ver moaqvs; an iseTi `revoluciuri~ cvli
leba, rogoricaa industrializacia, romelic ver cvlis politikur struqtu
ras, mocemul mkacr kriteriums ar Seesabameba.
skopoli unaklo istoriul ambavs rodi eZebda movlenaTa detaluri aRweriT.
piriqiT, is socialuri revoluciis ganzogadebis unaris mqone mizezobriv Teorias
eZebda. am miznis misaRwevad skopolma analizis SedarebiTi meTodologia gamoi
yena sami revoluciis saerTo da gamorCeuli elementebis dasadgenad. amas garda,
skopolma es sami warmatebuli socialuri revolucia sxva istoriul situaciebs
Seadara, roca warumatebelma revoluciebma ver SeZles sazogadoebis politikuri
da ekonomikuri struqturebis arsebiTi Secvla.
skopolma sami warmatebuli SemTxvevis _ safrangeTis, ruseTisa da CineTisa
– calkeuli elementebi gansazRvra. gamonaklisi iyo warumatebeli revoluciebi:
(1) avtokratuli (anu diqtatoruli) monaqriis damxoba, romelic saerTaSoriso
wnexTan da krizisTan saxelmwifo meqanizmis gamklavebis uunarobiT iyo gamowveu
li; (2) glexobis masobrivi amboxi, rogorc uSualo da windauxedavi faqtori; (3)
elitas Soris konfliqtebi Zveli damxobili reJimis (romelic winamorbediviT
gardauvalad centralizebuli xdeboda) nangrevebze axali saxelmwifo struq
turis Camoyalibebis Taobaze. am dakvirvebebma safuZveli Seuqmna mis Teoriul
daskvnas, rom socialuri revoluciis warmateba an kraxi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo
Si arsebuli struqturuli problemebiT ganisazRvreba da ara revolucionerTa
ideologiiTa da qmedebiT.
90
kvlevis sxva proeqtebis msgavsad, skopolis mier socialuri revoluciebis
Seswavla im uwyveti mcdelobebis nawilia, romelsac dasasruli ara aqvs. socia
luri samyaros Secnoba mraval sxvadasxvagvar meTods, perspeqtivasa da Teorias
moiTxovs, aseve saWiroa, mkvlevarebma, rogori gamorCeulebic ar unda iyvnen,
aRiaron, rom momavalma kvlevebma SesaZloa kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenon an Secva
lon maTi daskvnebi. skopolis erT-erTma moswavlem jek goldstonma (1991w.) aT
wleulebis Semdeg igive SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi gamoiyena socialuri rev
oluciebis Sesaswavlad. man axali cvladebi da axali SemTxvevebi miamata da axal
daskvnamde mivida _ mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrda xSirad saxelmwifo
krizisisa da revoluciis mizezi xdeba.
mecniereba yovelTvis siaxleebzea orientirebuli da ara dadgenil WeS
maritebebze. amis gaxseneba sociologebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radgan socialuri samyaro, romelsac isini swavloben, adamianuri aqtivobebis
Sedegia. socialur samyaros aramarto sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT, aramed is
icvleba kidec.
Sejameba
91
8. arsebobs sociologiuri kvlevis ori ZiriTadi tipi: raodenobrivi analizi,
romelic statistikas efuZneba da xarisxobrivi analizi, romelic verbalur
aRweras efuZneba.
9. anketireba mosaxleobis farTo jgufis Sesaxeb monacemTa Segrovebis siste
maturi gzaa, roca SerCeul jgufs kiTxvebs vusvamT. reprezentaciuli nimu
Si mTeli mosaxleobis socialur Taviseburebas asaxavs. SemTxveviTi SerCevis
dros mosaxleobis nebismier wevrs arCevis erTnairi Sansi aqvs. anketirebis
pasuxebze SesaZloa gavlena kiTxvis wyobam, kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobam da pa
suxebis dasaSvebma formebma iqonios.
10. sociologiaSi SedarebiT iSviaTi eqsperimentebis dros sxvadasxva cvladis
gavlenis gamosacalkeveblad mkvlevari subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil da
kontrolirebad mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. laboratoriul eqsperimentSi xe
lovnurad Seqmnil pirobebSi sociologebi frTxilad marTaven adamianebs.
savele eqsperimentSi mkvlevari subieqtebis garemoSi kontrolirebadi cv
lilebebis realur gavlenas swavlobs.
11. eTnografiuli Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufebs yoveldRiur garemoSi ak
virdebian, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. sociologebma Sei
Zleba gaamxilon an ara, rom mkvlevarebi arian da monawileoba miiRon an ara
jgufur aqtivobebSi.
12. Sinaarsis analizi komunikaciis manifesturi da latenturi Sinaarsis siste
maturi organizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
13. SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs sociologebs, aRmoaCinon is zogadi
formebi, romlebic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli erTi sociluri jgufis an kat
egoriis, an erTi sazogadoebisa da droisaTvis. amgvari kvlevis dros Sesa
Zloa Sedarebul iqnes sxvadasxva qveynebisa da kulturebisa da sxvadasxva
periodebis monacemebi. saerTaSoriso, anu kros-kulturuli kvleva glo
balizaciis gamo ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba: msoflios xalxebs So
ris sul ufro da ufro mWidro urTierTobebi myardeba. istoriuli kvleva
mniSvnelovania iSviaTi da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare movle
nebis Sesaswavlad.
14. xSirad sociologebi strategiaTa kombinacias _ magaliTad, SedarebiT-is
toriul analizs iyeneben iseTi arsebiTi sakiTxebis sakvlevad, rogoricaa
socialuri revoluciebi.
imsjeleT
92
5. daasaxeleT efeqtiani anketis Sesadgenad saWiro romelime rCeva.
6. CamoTvaleT sakiTxebi, romelTa Sesaswavlad saukeTesoa Semdegi ZiriTadi
meTodebi: anketireba, eqsperimenti, eTnografia, istoriuli kvleva, Sinaar
sis analizi, SedarebiTi meTodebi da kros-kulturuli kvlevebi.
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
93
damokidebuli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros gav
lenas axdens erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladi.
egoisturi TviTmkvleloba _ durkheimis termini iseTi TviTmkvlelobis aRsa
niSnavad, romelic socialuri izolaciisa da individualizmis Sedegia.
eTnografiuli kvleva _ romlis drosac mecnierebi adamianebs TavianT yovel
dRiur garemoSi, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivad akvirdebian.
eqsperimenti _ kvlevis meTodi, roca subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil garemo
Si akvirdebian. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gaakontrolon faqtorebi,
romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios Sesaswavl cvladebs Soris hipoTezur
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze. eqsperimentis Catareba SesaZlebelia labora
toriaSi da savele garemoSi.
fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba _ TviTmkvleloba im mizniT, rom adamianma Tavi
daaRwios gardauvlad mZime momavals.G
globalizacia _ procesi, romlis ZaliTac mTeli msoflios xalxebs Soris
mWidro urTierTkavSirebi ibmeba.
istoriuli kvlevebi _ warsulis movlenebis, cxovrebis wesisa da cvlilebaTa
formebis sociologiuri kvleva.
hipoTeza _ sacdeli debuleba, romelic winaswarmetyvelebs, ra urTierTgav
lena an kavSiri eqneba or an met cvlads.
damoukidebeli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros
gavlenas axdens erTi an meti damokidebuli cvladi.
indikatori _ is, rac SesaZloa zustad gaizomos, rogorc ufro rTuli cvladis
aproqsimacia (miaxloeba).
interviu _ saubari, romlis drosac mkvlevari sxva adamians usvams kiTxvaTa se
rias an msjelobs garkveul Temaze.
saSualo _ saSualo maCvenebeli, romelic monacemTa seriis cifrebis SekrebiT
da miRebuli jamis monacemTa raodenobaze gayofiT miiReba.
mediana _ ricxvi, romelic cifrTa rigis SuaSia.
meTodologia _ kvlevis warmarTvis procedura.
mniSvneloba _ cifri, romelic monacemTa seriaSi yvelaze xSirad Cndeba.
operaciuli gansazRvreba _ naTlad gansazRvruli indikatorebis nakrebi,
romelmac analizis dros erT-erTi cvladi unda warmoadginos.
populacia _ kvlevis dros im adamianTa mTliani raodenoba, romlebsac Sesas
wavli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebT.
xarisxobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic konkretuli SemTxvevis Rrmad Sesas
wavlad ZiriTadad verbalur aRweraze, pirveli xelis (pirvelad) dakvirve
bebze an aRwerazea damokidebuli.
raodenobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic monacemTa statistikur analizs
emyareba.
SemTxveviTi meTodi _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic dros nimuSis arCeva imgvarad
xdeba, rom Sesaswavli populaciis nebismier wevrs arCevis Tanabari Sansi
aqvs.
94
sandooba _ erTi da imave an sxva mkvlevaris mier ganmeorebiTi kvlevis dros
miRebuli Sedegebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
nimuSi _ Sesaswavli populaciidan adamianTa SezRuduli raodenobis arCeva mo
cemuli populaciis warmomadgenlebad.
meoreuli analizi _ kvleva, romelic wina kvlevaTa Sedegad miRebul monacemTa
xelaxal analizs axdens.
moCvenebiTi korelacia _ or cvlads Soris korelacia, romelsac gamoxatuli
mizezobrivi safuZveli ara aqvs.
standartuli gadaxra _ statistikuri sazomi imisa, ramdenad Sordeba aRricx
uli nimuSi saSualo an sxva centralur maCvenebels.
anketireba _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic kiTxvarebs an interviuebs, an orives er
Tad iyenebs imis dasadgenad, rogor fiqroben, ganicdian da moqmedeben ada
mianebi. kargi anketirebisas maRali sandoobisa da validobis misaRwevad Sem
TxveviT nimuSebsa da winaswar gamocdil kiTxvebs iyeneben.
validoba _ xarisxi imisa, rogor SeuZlia mecnierul kvlevas imis gazomva, ris
gazomvasac cdilobs.
cvladi _ nebismieri faqtori, romelsac cvlileba SeuZlia.
95
96
nawili II
individi da sazogadoeba
97
98
Tavi 3
socialuri urTierTqmedebis
struqtura
pirveladi urTierTobebi
. megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi
interaqcia samsaxurSi
. kavSirebi
. normebi da SeTanxmebuli wesebi
. qvejgufebi organizaciebSi
. lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura
99
socialuri interaqciis struqturis axsna
. simboluri interaqcia
. dramaturgiuli midgoma
. eTnomeTodologia
. saubris analizi
. socialuri gacvla
. emociebis sociologia
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: seqsi amerikaSi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
amerikelebi tokioSi: gasaubrebis mniSvneloba
100
s eqsi yvelgan aris. amerikaSi seqsualuroba gamovlenilia popularuli
rok- musikis teqstebsa Tu videofilmebSi, mxatvrul filmebsa Tu satele
vizio warmodgenebSi da Tan sdevs TiTqmis yvelafers. mas vxvdebiT Jurnal–
gazeTebis daTvalierebisas. is aris leitmotivi `Toq Souebisa~ da satelevizio
serialebisa, Cndeba kibersivrceSi. SeiZleba ifiqro, rom amerikaSi dRe da Rame
yvela `amas akeTebs~.
SesaZlebelia, rom Cveni religiuri moZRvrebis mixedviT vicodeT, rom seq
si aris codva da is daSvebulia mxolod qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis mizanic
gamravlebaa. SeiZleba seqsze vifiqroT, rogorc iseT bunebriv fiziologiur moT
xovnilebasa Tu instinqtze, rogoric aris SimSili da wyurvili, romelic unda dai
kmayofilo. an Cven SegviZlia mivyveT froidiseul mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac
seqsi hgavs dauokebel cxens, romelic awyvetili miqris da misi sakuTari `me~ mud
miv WidilSia daokebasTan. am mimarTulebiT zedmeti kontroli iwvevs daTrgunvas.
piradi gamocdilebebi xSirad sakmaod sxvadasxvagvaria. Cveni kultura Sesa
Zlebelia, rom seqsis reklamirebas akeTebdes, magram bevri adamianisaTvis seqsi
aris intimuri, Zalze piraduli. igi SeiZleba, rom hormonebiT imarTebodes, ma
gram ar modis bunebrivad. mozardebis pirvel seqsualur urTierTobebSi sakma
od aris eqsperimentuli Ziebis SemTxvevebi. axalgazrdebisTvis saukeTeso seqsi
SeiZleba `komfortuli~ ufro iyos, vidre kataklizmuri. magram iSviaTad vsau
brobT seqsze, gansakuTrebiT ki _ Cvens partniorebTan.
sociologebisaTvis seqsi aris mxolod erTi forma mravali, rogorc wesi,
Zalze piraduli, magram dRemde arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis socialurad Ca
moyalibebuli formebidan. socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebi qmnis Sesa
Zleblobas seqsisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac Cven erotikulad miviCnevT, visac vuax
lovdebiT, Cveni molodinisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac vakeTebT faqtobrivad da ra
Sexedulebac gvaqvs masze. seqsis bevri aspeqti, rasac `mxolod bunebis~ boZebu
lad vTvliT, faqtobrivad aris Cveni kulturisa da drois gamoZaxili. meCvidmete
saukunis evropaSi eqimebi qalis orgazms normad da Cveul movlenad miiCnevdnen;
qalebs, visac hqonda daorsulebis problemebi, urCevdnen, rom ufro xSirad
hqonodaT orgazmi. mecxramete saukuneSi ki qalebis orgazmi CaiTvala uCveulo
da aranormalur movlenad. eqimebis (romelTaganac yvela mamakaci iyo) msjelo
bis sagnad iqca sakiTxi _ arsebobda Tu ara es movlena saerTod. meoce saukuneSi
medikosebma `Tavidan aRmoaCines~ mdedrobiTi sqesis orgazmi, magram amasTanave
daaskvnes, rom misi `miRweva~ sakmaod did sirTules warmoadgenda da gaavrceles
rCeva gaumjobesebuli teqnikis Sesaxeb (lakeri, 1990 w.).
kulturuli codna seqsis Sesaxeb sakmaod meryeobs. dasavleTis medikosebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen, rom masturbacia, sxva darRvevebTan erTad,
iwvevs xalebs, gamonayars, xelis gulebis Tmianobas, sibrmavesa da SeSlilobas.
aseTi mosazrebebi dRes ignorirebulia. gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxs gansx
vavebuli gemovneba aqvs seqsualuri partnioris sakiTxSi. maSin, rodesac Taname
drove amerikuli kultura aidealebs TiTqmis mamakacis msgavsi figuris mqone
qalebs, dasavleTafrikeli mamakacebi, adreuli xanis evropelebis msgavsad, upi
101
ratesobas aniWeben ufro msxvil, formian qalebs. yvela kulturaSi seqsualur
urTierTobebSi aris zogi ram miuRebeli, zogi ki _ misaRebi. magaliTad, Cvens
qveyanaSi miRebulia iseTi saxis urTierToba, rodesac mamakaci ufrosia qalze,
xolo rodesac piriqiT aris anu mamakaci qalze umcrosia, es naklebad misaRebia.
zogierT kulturaSi ukanono seqsi SesaZlebelia, rom Zalian mkacrad daisajos,
calkeul SemTxvevebSi ganxilvis sagnad iqces an institucionalizebulic ki
iyos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas homoseqsualizmTan dakavSirebiTac.
ojaxuri da naTesauri sistemis mTavari funqciaa seqsualuri aqtivobis reg
ulireba, raTa bavSvebisaTvis uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTze mzrunveli mSoblebi.
cvlilebebi seqsualuri qcevis modelebSi, rogorebicaa: Tineijerebis orsu
loba, qorwinebamde Tanacxovreba, gaSoreba da xelmeored qorwineba _ mogva
rebuli unda iyos sxva sferoebSi: saskolo programebSi Tineijeri dedebisaTvis,
kanonebSi, romlebic exeba araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi partniorisaT
vis alimentis dawesebas, gacnobis saagentoebSi da `personalur~ grafebSi, aseve
didi mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili ojaxebis aRiarebas.
SesaZlebelia, seqsi Zalismieri iaraRi gaxdes. mamakacebis seqsualuri Za
ladobis faqtebi qalebis _ ucxoebis, meZavebis, Seyvarebulebisa Tu colebis
mimarT, kargad aris cnobili mraval kulturasa da sxvadasxva droSi. magram
ZaladobaSi xSirad ar igulisxmeba fizikuri Zala. Cvens sazogadoebaSi mamak
acebi garkveulwilad dRemde iTvlebian seqsis iniciatorebad, qalebma ki, sanam
`danebdebian~, mosalodnelia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwion an saerTod Tavi Seika
von. zogierTi mamakaci Tvlis, rom mas aqvs ufleba cols mosTxovos seqsualuri
urTierToba sadac unda da rogorc unda. Tanasworuflebianobis momxreebis
urTierTobebSic ki wyvilebi TamaSoben Zalismier TamaSebs, gacnobierebulad
Tu gaucnobiereblad iyeneben (an uaryofen) seqss upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad,
mSvidobis dasamyareblad an raime dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.
partniorebis SerCeva da gamodgoma damokidebulia socialur struqturaze.
warmoidgineT Tqveni saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli klasis diagrama, sadac
yoveli ori adamiani, romlebsac erTmaneTisaTvis odesme mainc ukocniaT, erT
maneTTan xaziT iqnebian dakavSirebulebi. Cven SegviZlia winaswar ganvsazRvroT,
sad wava is xazebi sxva socialuri faqtorebidan. fexburTis varskvlavebi albaT
ufro gundis gulSematkivrebs akoceben (an ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi, paemani eqne
baT), vidre Wadrakis klubis wevrebs. xalxi iswrafvis, rom paemani hqondes Ta
visi rasis warmomadgenlebTan, magram ra Tqma unda, aris gamonaklisebic. xazebis
umetesoba gavlebuli iqneba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris, magram yvela ara. es dia
grama unda aRwerdes socialur qsels _ mosaxleobis wevrebs Soris arsebuli
kavSirebis models.
mosaxleobaSi yvela potenciuri mewyviledan qseli Semofarglavs im xalxs,
vinc faqtobrivad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. rogorc wesi, isini akavSireben erTma
neTTan xalxs, romlebsac aqvT erTi da igive asaki, ganaTleba, rasa, socialuri
klasi da sxva sicialuri maxasiaTeblebi. SeiZleba SegiyvardeT ucxo adamiani
xalxiT savse oTaxSi, magram imis albaToba, rom es oTaxi savse iqneba Tqveni msgavsi
xalxiT _ sakmaod maRalia (levini, 1994 w.).
102
ra Tqma unda, seqsi mxolod erT-erTia mravali saxis socialuri urTierTobe
bidan (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli). am Tavs daviwyebT ameri
kaSi seqsis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilviT. Semdeg gadavalT urTierTqmedebebisa
da urTierTobebis ZiriTad modelebze megobrebs, Seyvarebulebs, ucxoebs da im
xalxs Sorisac ki, romlebic pirispir arasodes ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs. amis
Semdeg yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT urTierTqmedebebze samuSao adgilebze, sadac
ikveTeba piraduli da sazogado interesebi, xolo Semdeg ki ganvixilavT kompleq
suri organizaciebis struqturas _ rogor xdeba organizaciebis cvlileba da
gavlena xalxis cxovrebaze. Tavs davasrulebT socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
struqturis axsniT.
kvlevis meTodebi
seqsi amerikaSi
1 930-ian wlebSi, rodesac Aalfred kinseim daiwyo seqsSi Tavisi pioneruli kvlevebis Cat
areba, mas egona ( da albaT marTalic iyo), rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs Seikavebda
saubrisagan Tavisi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. amitom kinseis moxaliseebis imedi hqonda.
moxaliseTa jgufi TviTSerCeuli iyo, visac TiTqos ufro meti interesi aqvs sakiTxTan mimarTe
baSi _ da SesaZlebelia ufro mravalferovani gamocdilebac, vidre farTo sazogadoebas. Ses
aZlebelia isini gulwrfel pasuxebs iZleodnen dasmul SekiTxvebze, magram maTi pasuxebiT ver
moxdeba mTeli sazogadoebis azris gamoxatva. kinseim, seqsualuri qcevis ufro farTo speq
103
triT gasaSuqeblad Semoitana mamakacebi erTi sqesis garemoSi da homoseqsualuri qselebi.
aqedan kinsim miiRo Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac amerikaSi ganusazRvreli raodenobiT arakanon
ieri seqsisa da homoseqsualizmis faqti dafiqsirda. miuxedavad amisa, es Sedegebi ormoci
wlis ganmavlobaSi problematuri rCeboda. faqtobrivad, kinsi nawilobriv aris pasuxismgebe
li im mosazrebis Camoyalibebaze, rom amerikelebi ufro metad `erTobian~, vidre aRiareben am
faqts.
dRemde seqsis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis umetesoba _ dawyebuli masters end jonso
n-is laboratoriuli kvlevebiT da damTavrebuli fleiboiSi (Playboy), redbuqsa (Redbook) da
sxva JurnalebSi ganTavsebuli werilebis mimoxilviT _ moxaliseebis monacemebs eyrdnoba. Sem
deg, 1980-ian wlebSi moxda Sidsis afeTqeba. janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi
mixvdnen, rom maT ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi mecnieruli monacemebi imisaTvis, rom ganesazRvraT
Sidsis gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba. konservatorebi mTavrobaSi uxalisod aRiarebdnen SidsTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevaTa SesaZlo mniSvnelobas, magram isini daJinebiT iTxovdnen garkveuli
saxis SezRudvebis dawesebas. janmrTelobis dacvis erovnulma institutebma (NIH) gaakeTes
moTxovna samecniero-kvleviT winadadebebze, romlis teqstic iseTi sifrTxiliT iyo daweri
li, rom sityva seqsic ki arsad ar iyo naxsenebi. eduard laumanma da misma kolegebma waradgines
ramodenime saproeqto winadadeba janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli
mimoxilvisaTvis (NHSLS). janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo institutma daamtkica, magram sen
atma uari ganacxada maTi kvlevebis dafinansebaze.
mTavrobis uarSi iyo rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi momentebic. mkvlevarebs hqondaT
SesaZlebloba, rom mieRoT dafinanseba kerZo fondebidan. es ki gulisxmobda, rom mkvlevarebi
ar iyvnen valdebulni SezRuduliyvnen mTavrobis mier damtkicebuli sakiTxebisa da kiTxvebis
gaTvaliswinebiT amasTanave, es niSnavda imasac, rom bevrad ufro mciremasStabiani kvlevis Cat
arebas moaxerxebdnen. mkvlevarebi varaudobdnen 20.000 adamianis gamokiTxvas. samTavrobo da
finansebis dakargvam ki iZulebuli gaxada, es ricxvi 3.500-mde SeemcirebinaT. magram, mTavari
aris is, rogor xdeba modelis SerCeva da ara modelis zoma.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi iyenebd
nen kargad gamocdil meTods, rasac albaTobiT SerCevas uwodebdnen. muSaobdnen ra Sefasebis
erovnul kvleviT centrTan (NORC), isini iyenebdnen kompiuterebs subieqtebis SemTxveviTi
meTodiT SesarCevad. arc erT kvlevas ar SeuZlia miaRwios imas, rom yvela SerCeul subieqt
Tan xdebodes TanamSromloba, magram, rac ufro metia pasuxebis raodenoba, miT ufro didia re
aluri suraTis miRebis albaToba. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnulma
mimoxilvam gamoxmaurebis rekordul cifrs miaRwia: im xalxidan, visac daukavSirdnen, xuTidan
oTxi adamiani daTanxmda interviuze.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi eqsperi
mentis dros iyenebdnen kombinirebul meTods: isini atarebdnen pirispir interviuebs da, amav
droulad, maTve avsebinebdnen konfidencialur kiTxvarebs, romlebic iluqeboda `saidumlo
konvertebSi~. kiTxvarebis Sedgena da Semdgom maTi damuSaveba mTeli xelovnebaa. iman, rogor
aris kiTxvebi Camoyalibebuli, ra formiT aris dasmuli da, agreTve, interviueris maneram Sesa
Zlebelia gavlena iqonios saboloo Sedegebze. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis
erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufs undoda, rom kiTxvebi ar yofiliyo dawerili teqnikuri eniT, ro
melic bevri adamianisaTvis SeiZLeba gaugebari yofiliyo. amave dros arc slengis gamoyeneba ar
undodaT, romelic maT garkveulwilad daukargavda pativiscemas xalxis TvalSi. magaliTad,
isini iyenebdne oralur seqss, nacvlad filaciisa da kunilingusisa. maT aRmoaCines, rom bevr
adamians uWirda, rom Tavisi eniT aexsna seqsualuri qceva da amitom Seadgines kiTxvebi, rom
lebsac mxolod iseTi konkretuli pasuxebis gacema sWirdeboda, rogorebicaa: `diax~, `ara~,
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`ramdeni~ da `ramdenjer~. miRebuli pasuxebis nawilobriv Semowmebis Semdeg, sadac ufro metad
`socialurad misaRebi~ pasuxebi iyo mocemuli, vidre gulwrfeli, saWiro gaxda, rom zogierTi
SekiTxva sxvadasxvanairi formiT kidev ramdenimejer dasmuliyo.
Zalze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis
erovnul mimoxilvas garantirebuli hqonda konfidencialuroba. respodentebisagan miRebuli
informacia, sadac dafiqsirebuli iyo monacemebi TavianT Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, rom maTive
sawinaaRmdegod yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic,
zogi farTomasStabiani kvlevis dros aucilebelia, rom moxdes respodentebis Cawera, rac
qmnis araganzraxuli gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. am mizniT, interviuerebi personalur mona
cemebsa da intervius pasuxebs werdnen calkeul, gansxvavebuli feris formebSi. samsaxuris
TanamSromlebi, romlebsac saqme hqondaT erTi saxis formebTan, arasodes da aranairi Sexeba ar
hqoniaT sxva formebTan. Semdeg identifikatorebic nadgurdeboda. es niSnavda, rom janmrTe
lobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebs ar unda efiqraT kv
levebis gagrZelebis gegmebze, magram SeeZloT daecvaT anonimuroba.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnul mimoxilvas, iseve rogorc sxva
kvlevebs, hqonda gansazRvruli SezRudvebi. SesaZlebelia, respodentebs gadaeWarbebinaT an
saerTod ar eTqvaT raime mniSvnelovani faqti; dasmul kiTxvebze sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
pasuxebi gaecaT, gansakuTrebiT iseTi intimuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, rogoric aris seqsualuro
ba. kvlevebi ganixilaven mxolod imas, ras ambobs xalxi da ara imas, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi.
respodentebma SeiZleba, rom araswori informacia miawodon ara marto interviuerebs, aramed
Tavic ki moityuon raime konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, informacia imis Ses
axeb, ra sixSiriT mimarTaven masturbacias. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis dacvisa da social
uri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilva iyo mniSvnelovani pirveli nabiji Tanamedrove amerikaSi
seqsualuri qcevisa da damokidebulebis meTodur, samecniero kvlevis sakiTxSi.
105
Zlebelia meore variantic _ mamakaci misma protestma aRagzno kidevac da CaTvala
(arasworad), rom qalsac igive gancda hqonda.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgu
fis daxmarebiT bolo moeRo didi xnis debatebs, romelic exeboda mosazrebas
homoseqsualizmis farTod gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi
oficialuri wyaro gaxldaT 1948 wlis kinsis angariSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, aTidan
erTi amerikeli mamakaci homoseqsualisti iyo. janmrTelobis dacvisa da social
uri cxovrebis erovnulma mimoxilvam aRmoaCina, rom proporcia iyo bevrad ufro
dabali: mamakacebis mxolod 2.8 procentma uwoda Tavs mamaTmavali da qalebis
1.4-ma procentma lesboseli Tu biseqsuali (sqema 3.1). magram miTi 10 procentis
Sesaxeb, mainc ZalaSia. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom? imitom, rom mamaTmav
lebi ZiriTadad cdiloben icxovron niu-iorkSi, san-franciskosa da sxva did qa
laqebSi _ iq, sadac mravalricxovani homoseqsualuri Temebia Tavmoyrili. amis
Sedegad qalaqebSi homoseqsualebis raodenoba didia, xolo soflebSi ki _ cota
(da/an gasaidumloebuli). aseTi geografiuli modeliT SeiZleba aixsnas, ratom
amtkiceben mamaTmavlebis uflebebis damcvelTa jgufebi, rom 10 procenti aris
zusti monacemi (zogierT qalaqSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mimdebare teritoriebze, sa
varaudod asea) maSin, rodesac religiis mimdevrebi (romlebic ufro xSirad so
flebSi cxovroben) Tvlian, rom homoseqsualizmis gamovlena bevrad ufro iSvia
Tia, vidre arsebuli monacemebiT aris dafiqsirebuli. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
bevri adamiani, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis garkveuli momentebiT CarTulia raime
homoseqsualur aqtivobaSi an urTierTobaSi, Tavis Tavs srulebiTac ar miiCnevs
homoseqsualad.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufma
aRmoaCina, rom amerikelebi SedarebiT naklebad TavSekavebulni arian seqsTan da
kavSirebiT. ori mwvave sakiTxi, raze pasuxis gacemazec mudmivad Tavs ikavebdnen,
iyo ojaxis Semosavali da masturbacia. masturbacia Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis
dRemde tabudadebulia. bevri adamiani ganixilavs masturbacias, rogorc cod
vas, Tavisi Tavis kontrolis uunarobas, fiziologiuri an socialuri SeuTavse
blobis simptoms an misaRebs, mxolod garkveuli kategoriis adamianebisaTvis
da gansakuTrebul situaciebSi (ymawvili biWebisaTvis an axalgazrdebisaTvis,
romelTa mSoblebic didi xniT arian saxlidan wasulebi). magram masturbacia jer
jerobiT Cveul movlenad iTvleba. mamakacebis umravlesoba da bevri qali aRniS
navs, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi isini `uSveben~ masturbaciis SesaZleblobas _
magram maTi umetesoba aRniSnavs, rom amis Semdeg isini Tavs damnaSaved Tvlian.
Camoyalibda pasuxebis modeli. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris Tanax
mad, martoxelebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven masturbacias, vidre daojaxebulebi
an is xalxi, vinc vinmesTan cxovrobs. am mosazrebas amtkicebs is varaudi, rom
TiToeul adamians aqvs garkveuli raodenobis `fiziologiuri moTxovnileba
seqsze~, romelic unda gamovlindes. Tu garkveuli pirovneba ver axerxebs, rom
hyavdes partniori, maSin es pirovneba `mimarTavs~ masturbacias. faqtia, rom amis
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba simarTles Seesabameba: rac ufro xSirad aqvs adamians
106
seqsi mis partniorTan, miT ufro iSviaTad mimarTavs masturbacias. `Tu xSirad
gaqvT seqsi, e.i. bevrs fiqrobT masze~ (ganoni, Taimi, 17 oqtomberi, 1994 w., gv. 68).
107
narkomanebi. am kategoriis xalxi cdilobs, rom socialurad da seqsualurad
izolirebuli iyos cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebidan. monogamiis SemTx
vevaSi, rodesac pirovnebebi usafrTxo seqsiT arian dakavebulni, SesaZlebelia,
maRali riskis winaSe aRmoCndnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT socialur qselSi arian
daavadebis matarebeli adamianebi (Tu maTi partniorebi ar arian patiosnebi 100
procentiT). pirovnebebs, romlebsac Tvisufali seqsiT aqvT mravalricxovan
partniorebTan, SesaZlebelia, rom dabali riskis winaSe aRmoCdnen, Tu maT so
cialur qselSi cota adamiania SidsiT daavadebuli. jer kidev aravin ar aris
socialurad daculi. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTa umetesoba seqsualur
partniors irCevs Tavisi socialuri qselidan, zogi pirovneba mainc riskavs da
sxvagan eZebs partniors, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini dakavebulni arian
arakanonieri seqsiT (magaliTad, rodesac daqorwinebuli wyvilidan erT-erTs
sxvasTan aqvs urTierToba an biseqsualuri aqtivobis dros). erTjeradi urT
ierTobis akrZalvis mcdelobebma SesaZlebelia, Sidsi SedarebiT ufro dacul
qselSi Seiyvanos. mTavaria is, rom Sidsis virusi pirdapiri gziT gadadis seqsua
luri kontaqtis dros da, radganac seqsi socialurad stuqturirebulia, Sid
sis epidemia socialuri problemaa, romelic ver SeCerdeba mxolod pirovnebis
qcevaze koncentrirebiT. socialuri modelebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaTval
iswinebuli (ix. Tavi 14).
pirveladi urTierTobebi
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1. mudmivi pirispir urTierTobebi
2. mZafrad gamoxatuli personaluri identifikacia jgufTan
3. mZafrad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgufis wevrebs Soris
4. mravalmxrivi urTierTobebi
5. mdgradobis tendencia
109
tebisaTvis xurdis micema an rigSi dgoma, rom icis, es normebi unda daicvas da
ara imitom, rom mas aqvs piradi kavSirebi sxva xalxTan an raime safasurs elodeba
am saqcielisaTvis. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba warmatebuli iqneba manamde, sanam
ucxoebTan Tavaziani urTierTqmedebisa da gacnobis normebi iqneba mkacri. rode
sac es normebi miviwyebas eZleva an ignorirebulia, maSin Tavazianobis normebi
irRveva da cxovrebis done ecema.
megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi
romantiuli siyvaruli
110
siyvaruls moaqvs bedniereba, tanjva an orive erTad; da siyvaruli STagvagonebs
da gvakeTilSobilebs (skolniki, 1978 w.). miuxedavad amisa, aristokratuli si
yvaruli ar iyo qorwinebis Semadgeneli nawili (braini, 1976 w.). piriqiT, Seyvare
buli adamiani yovelTvis sxvaze qorwindeboda da misi siyvaruli an akrZaluli,
an miuwvdomeli, ganuxorcielebeli fantaziis nayofi iyo. Zalian xSirad es vneba
ar cxreboda. Seyvarebulebi amis Semdeg ara Tu `arasodes aRar iyvnen bedniere
bi~, aramed ganwirulni iyvnen sasikvdilod. zogjer maT sdevnidnen da xSirad
Wkuidanac ki iSlebodnen.
Tavdapirvelad, romantikuli siyvarulis ideologia diTirambebs umReroda
uiRblo varskvlavze dabadebul Seyvarebulebs _ Seyvarebulebs, romelTa urTi
erTobac akrZaluli iyo. aseTi yvelaze cnobili Seyvarebulebi arian romeo da
julieta _ ori mtrulad ganwyobili gvaris Svilebi. es istoria warmoaCens si
yvarulis romantikul mxares, rogorc uZlieres emocias, romelic akavSirebs
or pirovnebas, miuxedavad socialuri da kulturuli normebisa. sociologiuri
ganmartebiT es aris pirovnebis vnebasa da sazogadoebriv wyobas Soris konfron
taciis SemTxveva.
pirdapiri kavSirebi pirovnebebsa da socialur struqturas Soris aris sta
tusebi da rolebi. statusi aris mdgomareoba sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic
gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven sxvebTan mimarTebaSi, da amgvarad ZiriTad rols Ta
maSobs socialuri identurobis Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi. magaliTad, `mSoblis~ sta
tusi gansazRvravs garkveul uflebebsa da valdebulebebs SvilebTan mimarTebaSi.
mSoblebi valdebulni arian daicvan da mouaron Svilebs da aqvT ufleba miiRon
gadawyvetileba Svilebis ganaTlebis, sarwmunoebisa da maTi qmedebebis Taobaze.
amave dros, Svilebs aqvT ufleba, rom daculni da uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mSob
lebis mier da valdebulni arian, rom pativi scen da daemorCilon maT. `mSobeli~
agreTve aris socialuri identuroba, romelic gulisxmobs zrdasrul asaksa da
pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac SeuZlia uTxras sxvebs _ magaliTad, maswavleblebs
_ ras warmoadgens es pirovneba. TiToeul Cvengans erTdroulad bevri statusi
aqvs; pirovnebis yvela statuss, erTad aRebuls, vuwodebT statusebis nakrebs
(status set). amgvarad, mSobeli SesaZlebelia iyos Tavisi colis qmari, Tavisi Tanam
Sromlebis xelmZRvaneli, Tavisi axloblebis megobari da a.S. vinaidan pirovneba
izrdeba da aRwevs garkveul asaks, Sedis skolaSi da amTavrebs mas, eZebs samsaxurs
da icvlis mas, qmnis ojaxs da ganqorwindeba, met-naklebad CarTuli xdeba poli
tikasa da sportSi, amitom misi statusebis simravle icvleba.
roli aris im xalxis qcevasa da damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli kul
turuli molodini, visac ukavia mocemuli pozicia, iseve, rogorc periodu
lad ganmeorebad situaciebTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli principebi. mSobeli
aris socialuri roli. amerikelTa umravlesoba mSoblebisagan elodeba, rom
isini uzrunvelyofen Svilebs sacxovrebliT da zrunaven maT janmrTelobaze.
aseve mSoblebs uyvarT isini da amayoben maTi miRwevebiT (maTi pirveli nabije
biT, warmatebebiT kolejSi). Cvevebi, rogoricaa maTi daZineba, iarebis moSuSe
ba, pampersis gakeTeba da dabadebis dReze saCuqris Cuqeba, exmareba mSoblebs am
111
miznebis miRwevasa da gamoxatvaSi. ra Tqma unda, mSoblebi TavianT rolebs sxva
dasxvagvarad asruleben. gansxvavebul mosazrebebs, romlebic dakavSrebulia
Svilebis gaCenasTan (damokidebuli eTnikasa Tu religiaze), social-ekonomikur
saSualebebTan (Semosavali, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, ganaTleba, komunaluri momsa
xureba) da rolis konfliqtTan (erTmaneTis gadamfaravi moTxovnebi mSoblebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic muSaoben), mivyavarT mSoblis rolis sxadasxvagvarad
ganxorcielebamde.
zogierTi statusi dominirebs. davubrundeT romeosa da julietas: TiToeu
li maTganisaTvis umTavresi statusi _ master statusi (master status), romelic
Crdilavs yvela sxvas _ aris dasaqorwinebeli Svili. egreT wodebuli Cveu
lebrivi roli aris is, rom daemorCilo mSoblebis nebas da daqorwinde, magram
ara ojaxis mtris romelime wevrze (montegebi da kapuletebi). maTi statusis
Sesabamisi rolebis Sesrulebis winaaRmdegobiT, romeo da julieta arRveven
sazogadoebriv wyobas.
romeo da julieta istoriis erTi mimarTuleba aris, rogorc gamafrTxile
beli: rodesac adamianebi TavianT emociebs aZleven srul Tavisuflebas da Ta
vianT rolebs ar asuleben, maSin sazogadoebrivi wyoba gamoxatavs winaaRmdego
bas da, rogorc wesi, imarjvebs. magram Seqspirma, romelmac es nawarmoebi dawera
ramdenime aswleulis Semdeg, rac es istoria moxda, msubuqad Secvala am istoriis
morali: dadebiTi kuTxiT daanaxa sazogadoebas es ganwiruli Seyvarebulebi, maTi
istoria ki _ tragediad. dRes romeo da julietas aRviqvamT, rogorc suleli
ojaxebisa da zedmetad mkacri socialuri sistemis usamarTlo msxverpls. Cveni
kultura pirovnebas socialur valdebulebebze ufro maRla ayenebs.
Cven, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT im statusebs, rasac
CvenTvis virCevT da rasac individualuri ZalisxmeviT vaRwevT. SeZenili sta
tusebi (achieved statuses) aris niSnebi warmatebisa da individualuri miRwevebisa.
(aseTi statusebis magaliTebia kolejdamTavrebuli adamiani, eklesiis diakvani,
saxlis mflobeli da zogierTi dajgufebis lideri). warmomavlobiTi statuse
bi (ascribed statuses) ki, amis sapirispirod, sxvebis mier aris miniWebuli, is xSirad
damokidebulia memkvidrul an biologiur faqtorebze, rogoricaa rasa, sqesi,
asaki da erovneba. warmomavlobiTi statusi xSirad xdeba master-statusebi. mag
aliTad, Tineijerebi (warmomavlobiTi statusi) xSirad saeWvod miiCneven maTi
individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebis miuxedavad. coli da qmaric, aseve,
iswrafvian master-statusisaken. radganac qorwineba aseTi mniSvnelovani so
cialuri urTierTobaa, is xazs usvams kulturul gansxvavebas warmomavlobiTsa
da SeZenil statusebs Soris arsebul RirebulebebSi.
112
qorwineba garigebiT
siyvaruli da qorwineba
113
romantiulma siyvarulma versad ver moikida ise fexi, rogorc amerikaSi (lis
tra, 1989 w.). werilebis mixedviT, rac im dros komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba iyo,
mecxramete saukunis romantiuli urTierToba TviTgamorkvevisa da Tavisi Tavis
aRmoCenis procesi iyo Seyvarebulebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTSi msjelobdnen
TavianTi `Sinagani mes~ gamovlenisa da `namdvili~ grZnobebis gamoxatvis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. erTis mxriv, aseTi gacvlebis funqcia iyo qorwinebamde wyvilebis
erTmaneTTan Seguebis Semowmeba, Semdegi ki is, rom sasiyvarulo urTierToba emo
ciur gantvirTvas iwvevda saSualo fenis sazogadoebis mamakacebSi da ufro da
ufro metad iyo mosalodneli, rom isini gamoavlendnen TavianT gulgril da gaTv
lil qcevebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mxolod sasiyvarulo urTierTobis dros
SeuZlia mamakacs, rom `iyos is, rac aris~. sasiyvarulo istoria agreTve aris xidi
mamakacisa da qalis samyaroebs Soris arsebul mzard ufskrulze.
amerikaSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi siyvarulis ideam _ gansakuTrebiT
Seyvarebul mamakacebSi _ garkveuli cvlileba daiwyo (sTernsi da nefi, 1993 w.).
mamakacuri siyvarulis `deromantizaciis~ naxva SesaZlebeli iyo esqvairSi (Es-
quire) _ fleibois (PPPlayboy) winamorbedSi. es iyo pirveli Jurnali, romelic spe
cialurad iyo Seqmnili kacebisaTvis, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis. iTvleboda ra
qalebis `tkbili da msubuqi~ Jurnalebis antipodad, esqvairi ilaSqrebda Taname
drove qalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac aragonier, Tavqarian, eWvian da wuwuna ar
sebebad Tvlida; aqveynebda statiebs omis, Tavgadasavlebisa da sportis Sesaxeb
(mamakacTa interesis sferoebi); qalebis suraTebs, ara rogorc raime idealebis,
aramed rogorc samomxmareblo saqonlis (manqanebisa da mamakacebis tansacmlis
gverdiT); sasiyvarulo situaciebs ganixilavda, rogorc TavSesaqcevs drois ga
sayvanad da igi sportul interesamde ufro dahyavda, vidre cxovrebis Tanamgza
vris Zebnis Temamde.
esqvairSi asaxuli iyo mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa cva
lebadi urTierTobebi. mecxramete saukunis sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi agebuli
iyo misteriaze: martoxelebi drois umetes nawils atarebdnen sxva martoxeleb
Tan da itanjebodnen ararsebuli siyvaruliT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gogone
bi da biWebi erTmaneTs yoveldRiurad xedavdnen skolaSi; damaluli siyvaruli
da Soridan trfoba saxalxo paemnebiT Seicvala, ramac gamoiwvia pozioroba bi
WebSi da Sejibri gogonebSi. mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis siyvaruli niSnavda `beWebze
dadebas~ (gv. 790).
magram garkveulwilad, kavSiri siyvarulsa da qorwinebas Soris yovelTvis
miTi iyo. maSin, rodesac Cveni kultura mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom xalxma unda
eZebos `mxolod erTaderTi~ da rCeuli ZiriTadad fiziologiuri Sewyobis sa
gania, sociologia gviCvenebs, rom Cveni arCevani ar aris iseTi Tavisufali, ro
gorc gvgonia.
amerikelebi cdiloben, rom daojaxdnen cxovrebis garkveul periodSi, gansa
kuTrebiT adreul asakSi, rodesac yvelaferi uzrunvelad eCvenebaT. Cveni arCev
ani meuRlis Taobaze, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, vis SevxvdebiT am period
Si. SesaZlebelia moxdes ise, rom pirvelive arCevanTan viyoT urTierTSewyobili,
114
romelsac Tineijerobisa Tu Suaxnis asakSi SevxvdebiT. drois SerCevas gadamw
yveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
Cveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, vis vxvdebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, damokide
bulia socialur struqturasa da qselebze, romlebic adre ganvixileT. axalgaz
rdebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic dadian kolejSi da urTierToba aqvT kolejis sxva
studentebTan, didia imis albaToba, rom daqorwindnen amave kategoriis farg
lebSi. es aseve niSnavs, rom didia albaToba vinmes daojaxebisa imave socialur
klasSi (radgan vinc dadis kolejSi da romel kolejSic isini dadian, formird
ebian socialuri klasis saSualebiT).
sociokulturuli msgavseba Tavis mxriv iwvevs `Sewyobis~ grZnobebs. Sesa
Zlebelia, rom gansxvavebuli socialuri da kulturuli warmomavlobis xalx
sac gauCndes erTmaneTisadmi garkveuli grZnobebi, magram maTi urTierTobebis
SenarCuneba Zalian Znelia. erTi da imave warmomavlobis xalxs sxvadasxva sakiTx
Tan dakavSirebiT msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvs _ magaliTad, bavSvebis gaCenis, poli
tikur orientaciasa da gemovnebis Sesaxeb. msgavseba ganamtkicebs Cvens rwmenasa
da poziciebs da gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom komfortulad vigrZnoT Tavi. amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflad SegviZlia davqorwindeT im pirovnebaze vizec
gvinda, is visac virCevT, damokidebulia sociokulturul msgavsebaze, struqtu
rul SesaZleblobebsa da drois SerCevaze (kalmijini, 1994 w.).
`Seyvarebas~ yovelTvis hqonda praqtikuli mxare. romantikuli siyvarulis
ideologia ar gamoricxavs sxva maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvasac, magram es prio
ritetebis sakiTxia. imis SeswavliT, ras aniWeben partniorebi upiratesobas, si
yvaruli da mimzidveloba pirvel adgils ikavebs dasavleTis yvela sazogadoebaSi
(garda frangi qalbatonebisa, romlebic pirvel adgilze `saimedoobas~ ayeneben)
(busi da sxvebi, 1990 w.). mamakacebi karg garegnobas ufro metad afaseben, vidre qa
lebi, maSin, rodesac qalebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben ambiciasa da gulmodgine
bas. orive sqesi afasebs emociur stabilurobas da srulyofas, sasiamovno ganwyo
bas, ganaTlebasa da inteleqts.
romantikuli siyvaruli garkveul safasurs moiTxovs. im sazogadoebaSi, sa
dac sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi formirebas axdenen qorwinebis mosalodnel
Sedegebze, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre im qveynebSi,
sadac qorwinebebi garigebiT xdeba da pirovnul mimzidvelobas minimaluri mniS
vneloba aqvs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. ufro metic, daqorwinebulTa axlo me
gobroba sxvebTan _ erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTanac ki _ aRiqmeba qorwinebis
konkurentad da xdeba daZabulobis wyaro (vidre mxardamWeri) im sazogadoebaSi,
romelic aidealebs romantikul siyvaruls.
megobroba
115
leT afrikaSi, megobrobis miniWeba xdeba. mamakacebi, romlebic erTad gaivlian
sasicocxlo ciklis sawyis da sxva formulirebul stadiebs, mosalodnelia, rom
gaxdnen megobrebi da ZiriTadad, es asec xdeba. asakobriv jgufebs aqvT saxelebi da
iseve mniSvnelovnad iTvlebian, rogorc sisxliT naTesavebi da klanebi; Tanatole
bi iyofen yvelafers (TavianTi colebis `seqsualuri stumarTmoyvareobasac~ ki).
Zvel saberZneTSi megobroba `SeZenili~ an arCeuli iyo, da ara miniWebuli.
aristotele da sxvebi aidealebdnen megobrobas, rogorc yvelaze faseul da
wminda saxis urTierTobas (sterni-jileti, 1995 w.). isini mas qorwinebaze bevrad
ufro maRla ayenebdnen. qorwineba ganxiluli iyo, rogorc pragmatuli urTier
Toba, moculi gamravlebisa da saxlis SenarCunebis saWiroebebiT, SeboWili sta
tusebiT (ojaxis ufrosi, coli da deda) da rolis valdebulebebiT. qorwineba
aucilebloba iyo; megobroba _ alali da namdvili megobruli urTierTobebis
TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. mecxramete saukuneSic ki dasavleTis saSualo
fenis sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi mainc prevalirebda megobrobis berZnuli
idealebi.
romantiuli saiyvarulis aRmavlobasTan erTad, megobroba garkveulwilad
daeca. sul gvyavs megobrebi da vafasebT maT, magram ar vaidealebT Cvens ur
TierTobebs maTTan, rasac vakeTebT SeyvarebulebTan. magram SeyvarebulebTan
ar viqceviT ise, rogorc mozardebi. megobroba mozard gogonebs Soris, maTi
gatacebebiT, maradiuli erTgulebis ficiT, aRiarebiTa da eWvianobiT sasiyvar
ulo urTierTobebis msgavsia da namdvilad meordeba zrdasrul asakSic (saimoni,
ederi da evansi, 1992 w.). magram gatacebebi iSviaTad grZeldeba erTi weliwadi,
isini Zalian xanmoklea.
kolejisa da samsaxuris megobrebi TiTqos ufro xSirad rCebian megobrebad
sicocxlis bolomde, vidre bavSvobis megobrebi. magram amerikelTa umeteso
bis cxovrebaSi megobroba ar asrulebs centralur rols, rasac ver vityviT
sxva sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb. amis mizezi nawilobriv gamowveulia struqturiT.
amerikelebi Zalian mobilurebi arian; magaliTad, Cven swavlis periodSi mSob
lebis saxlebidan ki ar davdivarT kolejSi, aramed xSirad gadavdivarT kolejSi
droebiT sacxovreblad, rasac iSviaTad akeTeben evropelebi; Cven, gansxvavebiT
evropelebisagan, sxvadasxva kolejebis SerCevaze ufro vfiqrobT, vidre mego
brebis amorCevaze. gamomdinare am garemoebebidan, bavSvobisa da skolis mego
broba male qreba. amerikelebi, evropelebisagan gansxvavebiT, xSirad TavianTi
sacxovrebeli Temidan samuSaod sxvagan midian da amitom maTi samsaxuris mego
brebi ar arian maTi mezoblebi, rac ufro gaamyardebda maT kavSirebs.
SeerTebul StatebSi megobroba ikavebs gaurkvevel pozicias, rogoric aris
`arainstitucionalizebuli instituti~ (roulinsi, 1992w.). yvela aRiarebs `me
gobris~ statuss, magram pirovnebebma erTmaneTSi TviTon unda moilaparakon,
ra rols Seasruleben erTmaneTis cxovrebaSi. es gulisxmobs garkveuli saxis
kompromisebs _ magaliTad, damoukideblobis survilsa da vinmeze damokidebu
lad yofnis survils Soris (da damokidebulad yofnas), `megobroba megobrobis
gulisaTvis~ idealsa da im realobas Soris, romelic materialur da aramateri
alur sargebelsa da garkveul safasurs gulisxmobs. nacnoboba SesaZlebelia
116
gadaizardos droebiT megobrobaSi, xolo droebiTi megobroba _ axlo megobro
baSi an piriqiT, rac damokidebulia personalur midrekilebebze, sasicocxlo
ciklis stadiasa da socialur mdgomareobebze (magaliTad, zogi qorwindeba an
ganqorwindeba, an gadadis sxvagan).
avstraliaSi, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebis megobroba _ kavSirebi `am
xanagebs~ Soris _ garkveulwilad orazrovan elementebsac Seicavs. amxanagoba
aq adreul asakSi yalibdeba da grZeldeba ara individualuri simpaTiebis gamo,
aramed imitom, rom is Serwymulia avstraliis sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi
(braini, 1976 w.). Tu avstraliel mamakacs daayenebT arCevanis winaSe, ra urCev
nia _ maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri sxva regionSi, Tu amxanagis gverdiT yofna
_ igi aucileblad am ukanasknels airCevs. colebi aRiareben amxanagebis mniSvn
elobas da maT ar ugulebelyofen qorwinebis Semdeg. erTi mizezi imisa, rom amxa
nagoba qorwinebis Tanamdevia, aris is, rom urTierTobebi agebulia sxvadasxva
modelze. avstralieli anTropologis, robert brainis sityvebiT:
`amxanagoba iwyeba mindorSi momuSave ori mamakacis urTierTpativiscemisa da
ndobis safuZvelze, mamakacebisa, romelTa izolacia da urTierTTanamSromlobis
saWiroeba uxmobs ormxrivi daxmarebisaken. urTierTTanamSromloba iyo ZiriTadi
gadarCenisaTvis . . . [da] ndobis mTavari momenti iyo is, rom amxanagebi `erTmaneTis
gverdiT~ unda yofiliyvnen~ (1976 w., gv. 68).
amxanagoba formirdeba erTgulebisa da rwmenis gmiruli idealebiT da ara emo
ciuri siaxlovis romantikuli idealebiT. amxanagebma SesaZlebelia, rom Zalze
cota ram Tqvan, magram maT ician, rom SeuZliaT erTmaneTze dayrdnoba.
gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi qalebi ufro Zlier
kavSirebs amyareben, vidre mamakacebi; Cveulebriv qalebi saubroben, mamakacebi
ki ubralod regularulad xvdebian erTmaneTs erTsa da imave adgilas. zogierTi
sociologi (kansiani, 1986, 1987 ww.) Cvens mosazrebas megobrobis Sesaxeb `femi
nizebulad~ Tvlis. es niSnavs, rom megobrobis Zala ganisazRvreba grZnobebis
gamoxatviT anu im TvisebiT, rac qalebs aRmatebulad aqvT. intimurobis `qal
urobis~ standartTan SedarebiT, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa urTierTo
ba ususursa da zedapiruls hgavs.
avstraliasa da SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli modelebis SedarebiT socio
logma barbara bankma (1995 w.) daadgina, rom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qalebi
orive qveyanaSi ufro met Zalisxmevas iCenen sakuTari Tavis aRmoCenasa da si
yvarulis gamovlenis sakiTxSi, vidre mamakacebi. miuxedavad amisa, amerikeli ma
makacebi ufro metad afaseben intimurobas, vidre avstralieli mamakacebi, rac
gvafiqrebs, rom gansxvaveba aris rogorc kulturis, aseve sqesis gamovlinebis
Sedegi. banki aRniSnavs, rom amerikaSi megobrobis `feminizacia~ gadaWarbebuli
iyo. am qveyanaSi mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobroba erTgulebis, ndo
bisa da urTierTTanadgomis elementebs moicavs, rac avstraliuri amxanagobis
ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebia; magaliTad, rodesac mamakacebi erTad muSaoben avto
manqanis SesakeTeblad. mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobrobis agresiu
li elementebi _ gamaRizianebeli gamowveva, jibri, fizikuri metoqeoba, damci
reba _ xSirad aixsneba, rogorc intimurobis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi da
117
amgvarad _ megobrobis barierebi. banki amas ar eTanxmeba: sibrazisa da uTanxmoe
bis gamoxatva megobris mimarT Tanadgomisa da rwmenis maRal doneze miuTiTebs.
sxva sociologma, K karen uolkerma, (1994 w.), Caatara interviuebi muSaTa
klasisa da inteleqturi profesiis amerikel wyvilebTan. orive klasis warmo
madgenel qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT Camoyalibebuli stereotipi, rom qalebi
grZnobas ufro win ayeneben, mamakacebi ki upiratesobas qmedebas aniWeben, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ideaSi mainc. Tumca, rodesac kiTxvas svam maTi megobrebis Sesaxeb,
gansxvavebuli suraTi ikveTeba. axlobelTan erTad sportul sanaxaobebze sia
ruls mamakacisaTvis simboluri datvirTva hqonda, magram SedarebiT iSviaTad
xdeboda (weliwadSi erTxel an orjer). maSin, rodesac mamakaci uaryofs mego
brebTan saubris mniSvnelobas, umetesoba ambobs, rom isini intensiurAad sau
brobdnen intimur sakiTxebze. magaliTad isini saubrobdnen imis Sesaxeb, ras
aniWebdnen maTi colebi seqsSi upiratesobas; SobadobasTan dakavSirebul prob
lemebze; saubrobdnen aseve, rogor daxmarebodnen megobrebs sakuTAr grZnobebSi
garkvevaSi, rodesac isini gaSordebodnen TavianT colebs an rodesac `gamoTa
visufldebodnen~ (coming out of the closet).
isev stereotipebis sapirispirod, qalebi siamovnebas iReben mamrobiTi sqe
sis megobrebTan erToblivad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT _ muSaobiT an sa
yidlebsa Tu koncertebze, klubebsa Tu sportul sanaxaobebze erTad siaruli.
inteleqturi profesiis mqone qalebi amboben, rom isini axlo urTierTobaSi
iyvnen TavianT kolegebTan, magram ar siamovnebdaT, rodesac TavianT problemebs
sxvebs axvevdnen Tavs da amitom, intimur sakiTxebs mxolod meuRleebTan ganixi
lavdnen (klasikuri `mamrobiTi~ modeli). bevri guldawyvetiT aRniSnavda, rom
maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar iyvnen mdedrobiTi sqesis mesaidumleebi. muSa
qalebi naklebad mogzauroben, TiTqmis ar icvlian adgils, ufro iSviaTad muS
aoben mTel ganakveTze an saerTod saxlSi arian TavianT SvilebTan da amitom
erTmaneTTan saubris ufro meti saSualeba aqvT. imave mizezebis gamo, maTi mo
zardebi skolis megobrebi da mezoblebi arian. struqturuli faqtorebi cvlis
aseve wyvilebis erTobliv socialur cxovrebas. inteleqturi profesiis mqone
wyvilebi ufro met xalxs icnoben, magram ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom
ganaviTaron Zlieri, mWidro, xangrZlivi megobruli kavSirebi, rac mTavar da sta
bilur rols asrulebs maT cxovrebaSi. muSaTa klasis naklebmobilur qalebsa da
mamakacebs cota megobari hyavT, magram isini maT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icnoben
da ufro xSirad naxuloben.
megobrobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba cxovrebis bolo periodSi
(o’konori, 1995 w.). axalgazrda da saSualo asakis mozardebi CarTulni arian mra
vali saxis urTierTobebSi (maT meuRleebTan, SvilebTan, mSoblebTan, TanamSrom
lebTan da sxv.) da maTTvis megobroba garkveulwilad damatebiTi urTierTobaa,
romelic Tavisufal dros aRiniSneba. asakovan adamianebs naklebad aqvs aseTi
saxis urTierTobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg. aqedan gamom
dinareobs, rom megobroba aris aucilebeli socialuri kavSiris SesanarCune
blad (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). maTi zrdasruli Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT,
asakovani xalxi megobrebis wreSi ufro metad erToba, vidre ojaxis wevrebTan
118
(romelTa Zalisxmevac SesaZlebelia maT Semawuxebelad da damamcirebeladac ki
moeCvenoT).
Tumca, moxucebulebi garkveul problemebs awydebian megobrobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. isini, vinc rCeba gareubnebsa Tu samezobloebSi, sadac yvela, vi
sac icnobdnen an wavida an gardaicvala, eqcevian izolaciaSi. isini ki vinc icvlis
sacxovrebels _ Tbili klimatis adgilebisaken, pensionerTa Temebis an TavianT
SvilebTan axlos _ xalxTan damegobreba Tavidan unda daiwyon. rac dro gadis, miT
ufro met megobars kargavs adamiani. am dros axlo megobrebis SeZena SeiZleba dam
Trgunvelic ki iyos, gansakuTrebiT im qvrivebisaTvis, romelTa colebic maT so
cialur cxovrebas marTavdnen. moxucebul adamianTa susti janmrTeloba xSirad
uSlis xels maT megobrebis monaxulebaSi. moxucebulebi am SezRudvebs sxvadasx
vanairad agvareben (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). bevri megobris cnebas avrcelebs
nacnobebsa da maT momvlelebze da am dros isini nakleb Zalisxmevas iCenen emo
ciur intimurobasa da ormxriv urTierTobebze (rogoric aris saCuqrebis Cuqeba
erTmaneTisaTvis). maT urTierToba aqvT werilebis, satelefono saubrebisa da,
ufro da ufro metad, eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT.
119
ki ar gvboWavs, aramed es aris Cveni urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac gvinarCunebs
aseTi saxis kavSirebSi~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 7).
ucxoebi
120
maT gansxvavebuli urTierToba aqvT TviTmfrinavis momsaxure personalTan
(romlebic Tvlian, rom isini xSiri mogzaurebi arian) da ufro xSirad esaubre
bian erTmaneTs, vidre dedebs, romlebic bavSvebs mwyemsaven an grZelTmian axal
gazrda kacebs, romlebsac xelSi gitara uWiravT. rodesac mgzavrobisas saqmiani
adamianebi saubroben, isini exebian ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, magaliTad spor
tis, biznesis, kinosa da televizias. gamoikvlio mosaubris politikuri Sexed
uleba, piradi cxovreba an religuri mrwamsi, cud tonad iTvleba. zogadad, isi
ni ekiTxebian erTmaneTs, saidan arian, ra saxis saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni,
romel kompaniaSi muSaoben da, SesaZlebelia ikiTxon, romel kolejsa Tu biznes
_ skolaSi swavlobdnen. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, isini cdiloben aRmoaCinon
raime saerTo (`oh, gana Tqven samxreT kaliforniis universitetSi ar swavlob
diT? icnobdiT bil martins?~). mokled, gvaqvs kulturuli normebi ucxoebTan
urTierTobisaTvis _ Cven veZebT Cvens msgavs xalxs; saubris dros vexebiT uwy
inar Temebs da varkvevT, ra statusi aqvs am ucxoebs da varT Tu ara maTTan rai
meTi dakavSirebulni.
TanamSromloba da ndoba
Tqven marto xarT ucxo qalaqis bnel da ukacriel quCaSi da gindaT, rom
fuli gamoitanoT bankomatidan. rodesac moaTavsebT baraTs bankomatSi, guli
baga-bugs iwyebs. . . SiSi, rasac ganvicdiT garkveul situaciebSi, xazs usvams ndo
bis im maRal xarisxs, rasac xSirad ganvicdiT. telefoniT veubnebiT telemaRa
ziis gamyidvels sakredito baraTis nomers; Svilebs skolaSi vayolebT mZRols,
romelsac arasodes ar SevxvedrivarT; vaZlevT avtomobilis gasaRebs manqanebis
gasaCerebeli adgilis meTvalyures da mivdivarT. maSasadame, Cveni ndobis faq
tori kargad muSaobs.
xSirad gvesmis sazogadoebriv adgilebSi kriminalis Sesaxeb, gvainteresebs
Tvalyuri mivadevnoT, ra sixSiriT urTierToben ucxoebi. devid brauni (1995 w.) aR
wers rigs bankSi. rodesac ramdenime adamiani erTsa da imave dros midis bankSi, isini
qmnian rigs da elodebian TavianT jers. gamocdilebidan da dakvirvebidan viciT,
rom rigi aris mizanmimarTuli; is gvexmareba mravalricxovani momxmareblisa da
bankis mcirericxovani molareTa urTierTobis problemis gadalaxvaSi; da `sab
olood is. . . yvelasaTvis muSaobs~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 24).
sagangebo situaciebSic ki, rodesac mosalodnelia, rom xalxma mxolod Ta
vis Tavze izrunos, TanamSromloba ufro maRla dgas (brauni, 1995 w.). 1993 wels,
rodesac niu-iorkSi msoflio savaWro centri afeTqda, adgilobrivi policiis
marTvis centri, romelic sagangebo situaciebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili, teroristTa
afeTqebis Sedegad daingra. aTasobiT ucxo adamiani SeTanxmebulad axorcieleb
da evakuacias. sainteresoa, rogor xorcieldeboda es. Catarebuli interviuebiT
gairkva, rom `namdvili ucxoebi~ erTmaneTs exmarebodnen, ixsenebdnen ra skola
Si naswavls sagangebo situaciebis Sesaxeb, TviTmfrinavSi usafrTxoebis wesebs,
romlebisTvisac arasodes ar miumarTavT da teleprogramebSi nanax situaciebs,
121
rogor unda moiqce sagangaSo situaciaSi. maTi qceva ar iyo SemTxveviTi; erTo
blivma normebma SesaZlebeli gaxada aseTi aSkara spontanuri koordinacia.
umetesad ucxoebTan Cveni urTierTqmedeba an emociurad neitraluria an
megobruli. rasakvirvelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri cxovreba
moiTxovs sabaziso ndobis dones im xalxs Soris, romlebic ar arian CarTulni mim
dinare socialur urTierTobebSi (fukuiama, 1995 w.). saxalxo geto gviCvenebs, ra
xdeba, rodesac sabaziso ndoba qreba. ojaxi, megobrebi da axlo mezoblebi erTma
neTs aqceven yuradRebas, magram sazogadoebrivi ndoba ikargeba. maRaziis mflo
belebi ayeneben tyviagaumtar minebs maTsa da momxmareblebs Soris; xalxi umetes
dros saxlSi atarebs; visac SesaZlebloba aqvs, tovebs iqaurobas. maT ki, visac
ar SeuZliaT, unda aitanon quCis kanonebi, romlebic ukeTesia arsebobdes, vidre
saerTod ar iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, rac ufro met adamians eSinia quCisa da
saxlidan ar gamodis, miT ufro saSiSi xdeba quCa. kampaniebi, romlebic imarTeba
deviziT _ `davibrunoT quCebi~ _ aris organizebuli mcdeloba, raTa bolo moe
Ros izolacias da gamococxldes sazogadoebrivi cxovreba.
konfliqti
122
mianebs. maSvelTa razmebi, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, nebayoflobiT daxmarebas
uwevdnen 1995 wels oklahomaSi federaluri Senobis afeTqebis Sedegad dazara
lebulebs _ keTili samaritelis tradicia ar gamqrala.
123
korporaciisa da mewileebis fulis dazogvisaken. miuxedavad amisa, mTavari aR
masrulebeli direqtori socialur qmedebebsac mimarTavs, akeTebs ra erT saqmes
ufro enTuziazmiT, vidre meores, raki icis, rom misi qmedeba gamoiwvevs zemoq
medebas uamrav adamianze.
msgavsi situaciaa mewarmis SemTxvevaSi, romelic agrZelebs saxifaTo pro
duqtis gayidvas. 1970-ian wlebsa da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, a. h. robinsi
agrZelebda dalkon Sildis ginekologiuri spiralis gayidvas mas Semdegac ki,
rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom saSoSi am spiralis Cadgma iwvevda seriozul infeq
ciasa da zogjer _ uSvilobasac ki. ufro mogvianebiT diu ponti da sxva mwarmoe
blebi agrZelebdnen mkerdis implantantebis gayidvas, miuxedavad braldebisa,
rom isini saxifaTo iyo janmrTelobisaTvis. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi korporaciis
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi axorcielebdnen qmedebebs, romlebsac zemo
qmedeba hqondaT aTasobiT ucxo adamiani. mxolod sasamarTlo procesebis Sem
deg, romlebmac maT daakisres kompensaciis gadaxda, am korporaciebma aRiares,
rom maTi qmedeba moicavda socialur urTierTobebs momxmareblebTan _ da so
cialur pasuxismgeblobas.
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba ojaxTan, megobrebTan, TanamSromlebTan da
ucxoebTanac ki, ver gvamzadebs arapirdapiri urTierTobebisaTvis (kalhouni,
1992 w.). Cven vagrZelebT fiqrsa da qmedebas ise, TiTqos aseTi urTierTobebi iyo
pirdapiri da personaluri; gvavs siZneleebi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs araperson
alur socialur ZalebTan da urTierTobebTan.
jerjerobiT, arapirdapiri urTierTobebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda iseTi
msxvili socialuri organizaciebis Seqmna, rogorebicaa Tanamedrove mTavrobe
bi, bizneskorporaciebi da universitetebi. rom gavigoT, ras warmoadgens Taname
drove samuSao adgilebi da socialuri institutebi, gvWirdeba gaviazroT, ro
gor Tanaarseboben pirovnebaTaSorisi pirispir urTierTobebi arapersonalur,
arapirdapir urTierTobebTan. sadac ar unda vmuSaobdeT _ `jeneral motors
Si~, ai-bi-em-sa Tu SeerTebuli Statebis jarSi, Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba
efuZneba pirdapir urTierTobebs TanamSromlebTan, momxmareblebTan, klien
tebTan da sxv. magram Cveni saqmianobis mizani, organizaciis struqtura, rogorc
erTi mTlianisa, da kariera didwilad damokidebulia im xalxis qmedebebze,
visTanac Cven mxolod arapirdapiri urTierTobebi gvakavSirebs.
interaqcia samsaxurSi
124
rom is pirvel adgilze ayenebs xelfass, rogorc muSaobis mizezs. isini siamovne
bas iReben TavianTi samsaxurebidan imitom, rom maT moswonT urTierTobebi.
xSirad megobroba samsaxurSi viTardeba. rodesac Zalian datvirTulni ar
varT samsaxurSi, Sesvenebebze, sadilze an samsaxurisaken mimaval gzaze, iqm
neba saubrisa da aseve mravali saerTo interesisa Tu sasaubro Temis gamonaxvis
SesaZlebloba, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli samsaxurTan (SesaZlebelia maT hyavT
erTi asakis bavSvebi, romlebsac ueWvelia, rom raRac saerTo eqnebaT). miliono
biT adamiani, visac ar hyavs vinme, visTanac SeuZlia saxlSi mivides an saxlSi marto
cxovrobs, samsaxurSi uaxlovdeba sul mcire erT TanamSromels mainc. masTan isini
ganixilaven pirad gasaWirs, iTvaliswineben mis mosazrebebs mniSvnelovani gadaw
yvetilebebis miRebisas da mas samsaxuridan socialurad ganyenebulad Tvlian
(marqsi, 1994 w.).
faqtobrivad megobrebs samsaxurSi vpoulobT. megobrebi, ojaxi da nacno
bebi ki gvexmarebian samsaxuris moZebnaSi. dawyebuli gasaubrebebidan, romlebic
samsaxurSi misaRebad tardeba, damokidebulni varT sakuTar unarze, anu ucxo
pirovnebebTan urTierTqmedebis Cvensave unarze. ramdenad kargad varTmevT Tavs
am socialur process, SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos Cvens misaRebad sam
saxurSi, rogorc ganaTleba, piradi gamocdileba da rekomendaciebi. samsaxurSi
misaRebad Catarebuli gasaubrebebi ganawilebis mxriv araerTgvarovania: gasau
brebaze misuli pirovneba gansasjelia, xolo gamsaubrebeli ki _ mosamarTle an
nafici msajuli. gasaubrebaze misuli unda iyos Tavaziani da mowiwebuli; gam
saubrebeli unda Semoifarglebodes samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT da
ar unda hqondes mcdeloba, rom gamoikvlios gasaubrebaze mosuli pirovnebis
piradi cxovreba Tu politikuri an religiuri mrwamsi. Tumca, is verbaluri in
formacia, rasac isini erTmaneTSi cvlian, aris mxolod `testis~ nawili. yvela
urTierTqmedeba, romelic ucxosTan gvaqvs, moicavs swrafi Sefasebebis gakeTe
bas, rac damokidebulia garegnobaze, Cacmulobaze, metyvelebasa da manerebze.
gasaubrebaze dagvianebiT misvlam (am SemTxvevaSi kargia bodiSis moxda mainc),
arasaTanado Cacmulobam an zedmetad Tavisufalma qcevam SesaZlebelia, rom gas
aubrebis dawyebamde gansazRvros misi saboloo Sedegi.
kavSirebi
125
menejerebiTa da xelmZRvanelebiT, asaxavs formalur organizaciul ierarqias.
magaliTad, jariskacebis kavSirebi samxedro ierarqiasTan iwyeba kapraliT, ser
JantiTa da leitenantiT da grZeldeba polkovnikamde an generalamde, visTanac
jariskacs iSviaTi urTierTqmedeba akavSirebs. mesame qseli _ TanamSromelTa
umetesobas aqvs samsaxuris megobrebis qseli, romelic moicavs ramdenime (magram
ara yvela) TanamSromels. jariskacis megobrebis qseli moicavs ramdenime adami
ans Tavisive SenaerTidan da ramdenimes _ sxva SenaerTidan, magram maTi umete
soba erTi da imave rangisaa. korporaciaSi an universitetSi, rogorc jarSi, iS
viaTia megobroba ufro maRali (an dabali) Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
ra Tqma unda, yvela momsaxure personals ZiriTadad ar aqvs urTierTkavSiri
mxolod mis kolegebTan. maswavleblebi TavianTi samuSao drois umetes nawils
studentebTan atareben. gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad momxmareblebTan urTierToben;
eqimebi da meddebi _ pacientebTan; iuristebi _ klientebTan, mosamarTleebTan
da sxva firmebis iuristebTan. isini agreTve arapirdapiri urTierTobiT arian
dakavSirebulni skolis sabWoebTan, mewarmeebTan, romelTa saqonliTac vaWro
ben, saavadmyofoebis direqtorTa sabWoebTan an sakanonmdeblo organoebTan,
romlebic kanonebs gamoscemen. amgvarad, kompleqsuri organizaciis struqtura
aris is, rom moaxdinos uSualod pirovnebaTaSorisi da pirovnulis Sereva.
126
globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi
127
imaT gverdiT, vinc maswavleblis gulis mogebas cdilobs an gamoiwvion disku
sia maT komentarebze. Tu Tavis gamoCenis survilis mqone studentebi kvlavac
cdiloben diskusiaSi mTavari roli Seasrulon, maSin maswavlebels SeuZlia, rom
sTxovos maT, sxvebsac miscen azris gamoTqmisa da pasuxis gacemis saSualeba; da
Tu isini SeewinaaRmdegebian, maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoxatos ukmayofileba,
gaakritikos maTi komentarebi da aSkara ignorireba gaukeTos maT aweul xelebs.
es, Tavis mxriv, stimuls miscems sxva studentebs, rom meti Zalisxmeva gamoiCinon.
am gziT maswavlebeli da sxva studentebi Tanxmdebian potenciurad wina planze
myofi studentebis qmedebaTa misaReb doneze. amis msgavsad, ofisisa Tu qarxnis
momsaxure personali Tanxmdeba, rom Seamciron Worikana TanamSromlebis gamo
Seqmnili xelSemSleli faqtorebi, moaxdinon zewola im mosamsaxureze, romelic
epirfereba ufross an `moarjulon~ axali TanamSromeli Tu xelmZRvaneli.
qvejgufebi organizaciebSi
128
formaluri Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb, regularulad tardeba Tu specalurad aris
mowveuli, rogorc wesi, Setyobineba xdeba werilobiT, rasac mohyveba dRis wes
rigi. formalur Sexvedras hyavs daniSnuli Tavmjdomare da CarTulia is xalxi,
romelTa poziciebic organizaciaSi aZlevs uflebas, rom wardgenilni iyvnen Sex
vedraze dasaswrebad. rogorc wesi, Sexvedris Tavmjdomare uZRveba diskusias,
irCevs gamomsvlelebs, gansazRvravs maTi sityviT gamosvlis xangrZlivobas,
icavs ganawess da akeTebs gancxadebas Sexvedris daxurvis Sesaxeb. bolos Sexve
dris Tavmjdomare ajamebs Sedegebs. gadawyvetilebebis miReba iSviaTad xdeba
TviTon Sexvedris dros; magram SesaZlebelia wamoiWras sakiTxebi, romlebic
moiTxoven gadawyvetas an gamocxadebul iqnes ukve miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
formaluri Sexvedra aris `dokumenturad dasturebuli faqtebi~ oqmebis an ofi
cialuri angariSebis saxiT.
araformaluri Sexvedra aris ufro patara da metad orientirebulia sakiTxze.
is aris sityvierad mowveuli, ar hyavs Tavmjdomare, ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli dRis
wesrigi da ar hyavs mudmivi wevrebi da arc daswrebaa savaldebulo. gamosvlis dro
SezRuduli ar aris. aseT Sexvedrebze oficialuri angariSebi ar aris, Tumca Sesa
Zlebelia, rom individualurad gakeTdes sakiTxebis CaniSvna da mogvianebiT ki _
Canaweri. araformaluri Sexvedrebi tardeba maSin, rodesac organizaciis SigniT
garkveul jgufs surs gaarkvios, ra pozicia daikavos sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ase
Ti Sexvedrebi xSirad mTavrdeba saqmianobis ganawilebiT _ vin moiZiebs saWiro
informacias an vin awarmoebs molaparakebebs sxva departamentebis wevrebTan an
organizaciis ufro maRali Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
rogorc Sexvedrebi gviCvenebs, samsaxurSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani urTier
Tobebidan bevri moicavs jgufebSi zemoqmedebas. georg zimeli (1902a, 1902b)
iyo erT-erTi pirveli sociologi, romelmac aRiara jgufuri urTierTqmedebis
sirTule da moaxdina misi meToduri analizi. man dainaxa, rom jgufis sididezea
damokidebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, rogorc mis Sida organizebaSi, aseve
gare urTierTobebSi. Seswavla daiwyo or (diada) da samkacian (triada) jgufebs
Soris arsebuli kontrastis analiziT. sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT diada aram
dgradia. Tu erTi wevri tovebs mas, maSin jgufi wyvets arsebobas. amasTanave, ar
aris mesame mxare, romelic kamaTis dros mediatoris rols Seasrulebda. miuxe
davad amisa, diadis xarisxi zrdis stimuls partniorebisaTvis, rom SeaTanxmon
TavianTi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi. samkaciani jgufi mravali kuTxiT gansx
vavdeba orkacianisagan. Tu erTi wevri midis, jgufi ar iSleba. mesame mxares Seu
Zlia awarmoos urTierToba am ors Soris an am ors SeuZlia `SeTqmuleba moawy
on~ mesames winaaRmdeg. meore mxriv ki, koaliciebma SesaZlebelia gadainacvlon
erTi sakiTxidan meoreze solidarobis gaZlierebiT. rodesac wevrTa raodenoba
izrdeba, zemoqmedebebis Sida modelebis potenciuri ricxvi da urTierTobebi
eqsponencialurad izrdeba (ix. grafiki 3.1).
did jgufebSi SezRudulia komunikaciis raodenoba da xarisxi jgufis yvela
wevrs Soris, informacia vrceldeba arapirdapiri gziT, formaluri arxebisa
da gagonili araformaluri informaciis saSualebiT. problemebis gadawyveta
aseve icvleba jgufis zomis mixedviT. didi jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
129
resursebisa da unarebis mravalferovneba, razec is aris awyobili. magram aq sa
Sualod individualuri wevrebis wvlili ufro naklebia, vidre patara jgufebSi.
mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebis dinamika zomis zrdasTan erTad icvleba.
grafiki 3. 1.
Tu jgufis sidide ariTmetikulad izrdeba, maSin urTierTobebis
raodenoba geometriulad izrdeba
grafikis aRwera:
2 1
3 6
4 25
6 301
7 966
wyaro: pol heari (Paul Hare), mcire jgufuri kvlevis cnobari (Free Press,
Glencoe, III., 1976), gv. 218.
130
lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura
131
iyo da amasTanave orives hqonda krizisic, magram es krizisebi gamowveuli iyo
sxvadasxva mizeziT. efl-ma Tavisi stili kaliforniaSi ganaviTara personaluri
kompiuterebis _ axali tipis produqciis _ SeqmniTa da gayidviT, romlebic mx
olod individualuri pirovnebebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. ai-bi-em-ma stili daim
kvidra niu-iorkSi didi, ZviradRirebuli, universaluri kompiuterebis gayid
viT, romlebic biznesisa da biurokratiuli struqturis organizaciebisaTvis
iyo gankuTvnili. amgvarad, gansxvaveba or kompanias Soris aisaxa, rogorc maTi
gayidvebis konteqstSi, aseve _ gansxvavebul menejerul strategiebsa da TanamS
romlobis stilSi. sxvadasxva samuSao adgilebis stuqturebis zegavlena rom da
vinaxoT, unda gadavxedoT organizacias, rogorc erT mTlians.
132
vice-prezi TeTri saxlis
dentis ofisi prezidenti ofisi
vice-preziden
tis oficialu
ri rezidencia
wyaro: federaluri reestris samsaxuri (OOffice of the Federal Register), 1989 w., federaluri
reestri, vaSingtoni, gv. 86.
biurokratiis buneba
133
gvamaxvilebinebs im ZiriTad sakiTxebze, romlebic gvexmarebian yvela tipis bi
urokratiis gansazRvraSi:
134
mxare. formaluri struqtura Sedgeba oficialuri poziciebis, valdebule
bebis, wesebisa da dadgenilebebisagan, romlebsac umaRlesi mmarTveli rgoli
ayalibebs. araformaluri struqtura ki Seqmnilia araoficialuri normebisgan,
romlebic momsaxure personalis mier aris SemuSavebuli.
135
biurokratiis miRma
iaponuri korporacia
136
dganan samsaxuris dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. Tu erT ganyofilebaSi raime
saxis samuSao saWiro aRar aris, maSin am saqmiT dakavebuli xalxi gadahyavT
im ganyofilebebSi, romlebic farTovdebian;
137
zogierTi ufro axalgazrda iaponeli momsaxure personali miesalmeba cvli
lebebs. maT ufro meti individualuri Tavisufleba surT, vidre amis saSuale
bas aZlevda Zveli sistema. sxvebi SiSoben, rom SesaZlebelia dakargon Zveli
sistemis kargi mxare menejerebisadmi dasavluri midgomis wyalobiT, romelic
gulisxmobs ara mxolod konvenciur biurokratias (rac ukve tipuria iaponiis
mTavrobisaTvis), aramed organizaciul struqturebsac, sadac loialoba nakleb
rols TamaSobs da momsaxure personalis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba Cveuli
movlenaa.
138
aSkara negatiuri kuTxiTac, aris ai-bi-emi. efl-i warmatebis gasaRebs cvlile
baSi xedavs da is amayobs Tavisi SesaZleblobiT, rom mimdinare cvlilebebis Ses
abamisad SeuZlia produqciis gardaqmna Tu reorganizeba ekonomikaSi, socialur
yofasa da momxmareblis interesebSi. es Canda rogorc radikaluri gamosvla
`industriis xanis~ kompaniebidan, rogoric aris ai-bi-emi, sadac ZiriTadi yu
radReba gamaxvilebulia stabilurobaze, wesebisadmi damorCilebaze, saxelsa da
rangze (skuli, 1987 w.). efl-is korporaciuli kulturis Tanaxmad, stabiluro
bas mivyavarT adre daSvebuli Secdomebis gameorebamde an, rogorc misi wevrebi
amboben, `velosipedis Tavidan gamogonebamde~. saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis da Semo
qmedebiTobis xelSesawyobad, efl-i xSirad axorcielebs xalxis, funqciebisa da
produqciis reorganizebas.
zogi momsaxure personali Tvlis, rom efl-Si ocneba realobad iqca; sxvebi
dabneulni arian maTTvis nacnobi niSnulebis naklebobiT, rogoricaa dasaxelebebi,
departamentebi, da aseve karieris Seqmnis advilad gasagebi gzebiT. metic, efl-is
`antibiurokratia~ moicavs CaSenebul problemebs. pirveli, xSiri reorganizacia
spobs TanamSromlebs Soris loialobas, ramac SesaZlebelia Seasustos erTguli
damokidebuleba korporaciis mimarT (hovardi (Howard), 1985 w.). meore, valdebule
bam, rom samuSao gaxado saxaliso, SesaZlebelia sawinaaRmdego efeqti moitanos:
`xalisi~ aRar aris saxaliso, rodesac valdebulebad iqceva. aseTi politika asus
tebs momsaxure personalis avtonomiurobas, moagvaron sakuTari urTierTobebi
da araformaluri gansazRvruli reJimi. da bolos, xelmZRvanelebi Tvlian, rom
maT mier damatebiTi moTxovnebis _ magaliTad, samsaxurSi gvianobamde darCena
samuSaos Sesasruleblad _ samsaxurebSi bavSvebis movlisa da sxva amgvari arasam
saxurebrivi Tanadgomis samagieroa. efl-is `uzrunveli~ atmosfero sinamdvileSi
niRbavs stresis maRal xarisxs.
novatoruli korporaciebic ki damokidebulni arian bazris warmatebaze.
vinaidan mogebis moculoba Semcirda kompiuterul warmoebaSi, ekonomikis ze
wolam efl-is gamorCeuli stili safrTxis qveS daayena.
139
xurebidan daTxovili, romelTaganac bevri maRalkvalificiuri, kargad anaz
Raurebadi profesionali, menejeri da teqnikuri personali iyo (herberti (Her-
bert) , 1995 w.). 1996 wlis pirvel samuSao dRes ai-Ti end Ti-m ( AT&T) gamoacxada,
rom moxdeboda 40.000 TanamSromeli permanentuli gaTavisufleba, rac Tavisi
masStabiT istoriaSi udidesi iyo.
berou velqomi, Sidsis sawinaaRmdego cnobili ei-zet-Ti (AZT) abebiT da
glaqso, wylulis sawinaaRmdego preparati zantakiT, farmakologiur mrewvelo
baSi ori yvelaze warmatebuli da momgebiani korporacia iyo. 1994 wlis martSi
glaqsom STanTqa berou uelqomi da msoflioSi udidesi farmacevtuli kompania
gaxda. am procesis Sedegad 15 miliardi aSS dolari gadavida erTi mflobelidan
meoris xelSi, ori korporaciis kultura Seejaxa erTmaneTs da 5.000 adamiani mox
vda gaugebrobaSi (ieumeni, 1995 w.). am kompaniaTAa gaerTianebamde, londonis baza
ze Seqmnil or kompanias mTel msoflioSi 62.000 adamiani hyavda dasaqmebuli. maT
ricxvSi iyo samxreT karolinis reserC Triangl parki Research Triangle Park (RTP).
ori kompaniis samuSao adgilebis kultura Zalze gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisa
gan. berou velqomi ufro akademiur samecniero-kvleviT centrs hgavda, vidre
komerciuls. korporaciis ZiriTadi principi iyo daeqiravebina Rirseuli xalxi
da maT saSualebas aZlevda maqsimalurad gamoevlinaT sakuTari Tavi. mecnierebs
raime specifikuri saqmis keTeba ar evalebodaT, isini TavianTi interesis mixed
viT axorcielebdnen samecniero kvleviT muSaobas. rodesac raime idea perspeqti
uli aRmoCndeboda, mecniers unda Seeqmna gundi sxvadasxva departamentis Tanam
Sromlebisagan, Caetarebina ZiriTadi kvlevebi da waredgina Tavisi winadadeba
komitetisadmi. `es iyo patara samecniero sawarmos samflobelo~ (ieumeni, 1995
w., gv. 12). xelmZRvanelebi mecnierebs piradad icnobdnen da did dros atarebdnen
maT laboratoriebSi `samecniero saubrebSi~. berou velqomi ganTqmuli iyo ara
marto mecnieruli TavisuflebiT, aramed dasaqmebis garantiiTac.
glaqso ufro tradiciuli biurokratiuli struqturiT xasiaTdeboda. umaR
lesi mmarTveli rgolis warmomadgenlebs (visac mecnierebi iSviaTad xedavdnen)
unda aerCiaT raime konkretuli daavadeba, daevalebinaT Sesasruleblad kvlevi
Ti samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva departamentebisa da jgufebisaTvis
da emarTaT informaciis dineba. TiToeul mecniers hqonda Tavisi saqme, romlis
dasrulebis Semdegac misi naSromi gadaecemoda sxva departaments. glaqso cno
bili iyo imiT, rom qiraobda uniWieres xalxs da uxdida Zalian karg anazRaurebas,
magram miuxedavad amisa, momsaxure personalisaTvis samuSao mZime iyo. muSaobis
stimulisa da energiis amowurvis Semdeg maT samsaxuridan uSvebdnen. rodesac
glaqsom gaxsna samecniero-kvleviTi centri reserC Triangl parkSi, miuxeda
vad maRali anazRaurebisa, SeuZlebeli gaxda berou uelqomisgan mecnierebis
gadmobireba. amitomac man sxva strategias _ korporaciul Serwymas mimarTAa.
glaqsos mier berou velqomis mierTebas am ukanasknelis momsaxure perso
nalisaTvis igive Sedegi hqonda, rac SesaZlebelia bunebriv katastrofas moh
yoloda. gakeTda gancxadebebi uamravi samuSao adgilis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. momsa
xure personali aRmoCnda uimedo situaciaSi, rodesac daayenes arCevanis winaSe:
an nebayoflobiT daetovebinaT samsaxuri (fuladi kompensaciiTa da janmrTelo
140
bis dacvis sakiTxebSi arsebuli daxmarebis gagrZelebiT), an darCeniliyvnen Tavi
anT poziciebze, oRond aranairi garantiiT samsaxuris SenarCunebaze. bevrs daew
yo depresiuli simptomebi: xerxemlis tkivili, Tavis tkivili, Zilis problemebi,
madis dakargva, agzneba, isterika da col-qmruli problemebi. protestis, mrisx
anebisa da Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis talRa gancdis im klasikuri stadiebiT,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ojaxis wevris gardacvalebis dros, departamenti
dan departamentSi gadadioda. berou velqomis TanamSromlebi ganicdidnen ara
marto samsaxuris dakargvas an korporaciis gansakuTrebuli kulturisagan Camo
Sorebas, aramed imas, rom dairRva socialuri kontraqti, rac gulisxmobda Sem
degs: `me Tu kargad vmuSaob (gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu kvalificiuri muSaki var)
da Cemi kompania warmatebulad viTardeba (rogorc berou velqomi), samsaxuri
garantirebuli maqvs~.
msgavsi reaqciebi dafiqsirda, rodesac daixura qarxana da daiketa magistra
li. magram samsaxurebidan masobrivi daTxovna da `Semcirebebi~ aRar aris erTeu
li SemTxvevebi, romlebic mxolod problemebis mqone kompaniebis an `sikvdilis
piras myofi mrewvelobisaTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebeli. aravis SeuZlia dRes iyos
mSvidad da ar iRelvos an ar ifiqros imaze, rom misi kompania SesaZlebelia Sem
degi iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, grZelvadiani valdebulebebi damqiravebelsa
da daqiravebulebs Soris im martorqis gziT midis, romelic korporacia berou
velqomis logo iyo.
socialuri interaqciis
struqturis axsna
141
simboluri interaqcia
142
bebiebi da babuebi, rogorc wesi, arian distanciuri, avtoritetuli figurebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian moralur Rirebulebebsa da ojaxur memkvidreo
baze. rodesac SviliSvilebi bebiasTan midian, maT kargad unda ecvaT da kargadac
unda iqceodnen. kulturul cvlilebebs 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, xSirad mihy
avda konfliqtebamde mSoblebi da bebia-babuebi bavSvebis socializebasTan da
kavSirebiT. da bolos, amJamad bevri adamiani ormoci da ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi
ukve bebia an babua xdeba, da Semdgom asakSi _ samoci, samocdaaTi wlisa da ufro
metisac ki _ eweva ufro aqtiur cxovrebas. Sedegad, bebiebisa da babuebis roli
ufro araformaluri gaxda. dRevandel dRes isini imedovneben, rom SviliSvilebi
maTSi `mxiarul xalxs~ xedaven.
1950-ian wlebSi mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris roli iyo, rogorc sa
xelmwifo moRvawisa, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo SeenarCunebina `wonasworoba
da samuSao balansi uSualod dainteresebuli jgufebis . . . mewileebis, daqirave
buli personalis, momxmareblebisa da farTo sazogadoebis mier wamoyenebuli
moTxovnebis fonze~ (frenk abramsi, niu-jersis standart oilis Tavmjdomare, 1951
w., 1996 w.). kritikosebi amkiceben, rom globalurma konkurenciam, `eleqtronul
ma kapitalizmma~ (SesaZleblobam, rom fulis moZraoba mTels msoflioSi wamebSi
xdebodes) da sxva cvlilebebma gamoiwvies mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris
rolis xelmeored gansazRvra, rogorc mxolod mewileebis agentebisa, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian mxolod sufTa mogebaze da ara daqiravebuli personalis,
momxmareblisa Tu sazogadoebis winaSe.
dramaturgiuli midgoma
143
dramaturgiuli midgomis lideri, amerikeli sociologi irvin hofmani (1959,
1974 ww.) socialur cxovrebas xedavda, rogorc improvizebuli TamaSebisa da
sketCebis seriebs. TiToeul socialur situacias aqvs Tavisi scenari, romelic
xazs usvams im zogad pirobebs, ra aris mosalodneli da romeli rolebis TamaSia
saWiro. Tumca, namdvili Teatris sapirispirod, ar arsebobs raime direqtiva.
amitom moqmedma pirebma (monawileebma) erTmaneTSi unda moilaparakon, vin ra
rols Seasrulebs, rac ise unda gaakeTon, rom sxvebisagan sasurveli sapasuxo
reaqcia gamoiwvion da amrigad, TamaSs `keTili dasasruli~ eqneba.
namdvil TeatrSi msaxiobebi cdiloben daarwmunon mayurebeli, rom swored is
moqmedi gmirebi arian, rasac TamaSoben. TiTqmis amave gziT, socialur urTierTq
medebaSi monawileebi iqcevian ise, rom daarwmunon audiencia (sxva monawileebi)
maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebis bunebriobaSi. hofmanma Semoitana termini STabe
WdilebaTa marTva, raTa aRewera adamianTa mcdeloba _ ekontrolebinaT, ras
fiqroben sxvebi maTze. magaliTad, samsaxurSi misaRebad gasaubrebaze misuli
pirovneba cdilobs, rom Tavi warmoaCinos, rogorc gawonasworebulma, gonierma,
megobrulma da dinamikurma pirovnebam (da `kargad Cacmulma~).
hofmanis mniSvnelovani gamWriaxoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man ganaviTara
Semdegi mosazreba: STabeWdilebebis marTva mxolod iseTi formaluri situa
ciebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, rogoric gasaubrebaa samsaxurSi mis
aRebad, aramed igi yovelTvis aREiniSneba. Cveni gadawyvetilebebi Tu ras vicvamT,
sad vcxovrobT, rogor avtomobils viZenT rodesac hamburgersa Tu makarons mi
virTmevT, yvelaferi es STabeWdilebis marTvis aspeqtebia, rac im identurobis
`gamyarebas~ exmareba, rac Cven gvaqvs dagegmili.
socialuri urTierTqmedebis erTi Tavsatexi aris is, ratom mihyvebian Cvens
`qmedebas~ sxvebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ician (roca gaaanalizeben) _ es yvelaferi
gamogonilia. hofmanis azriT, amis pasuxi aris is, rom STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi
TiToeuli adamianis warmateba damokidebulia sxva xalxis damatebiT rolebze.
TviTon ver warmoadgenT sakuTar Tavs iseve warmatebulad, magaliTad rogorc
restornis mepatrone, Tu oficiantebi da klientebi Tqvens ignorirebas moax
denen. sanaxaoba rom ar SeCerdes, xalxi ise moqmedebs, TiTqos TiToeulis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedeba bunebrivi iyos. Tu vinme seriozul Secdomas dauSvebs
_ magaliTad, Tu SemTxveviT daaboyinebs, rodesac xvdeba klientebis jgufs _
monawileebi ise iqcevian, TiTqos araferi ar SeumCneviaT (rasac hofmani uwodebs
`ganzrax arSemCnevas~). sadilze sxva magidebidan sxvebs daJinebiT ar umzeren da
arc erevian maT saubarSi. piriqiT, ise iqcevian, TiTqos maT garda iq sxva aravin ar
iyos (modeli, romelsac hofmani uwodebs `civilur uyuradRebobas~).
qmedebaTa umetesoba moulodneli Sexvedris dros SeiZleba gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mcdeloba TiToeulis mxridan, rom monawileTa Soris urTierTobis gaw
yvetis gareSe warmatebulad daamTavron yvela daugegmavi da arasasurveli mov
lena, romlebsac SeuZlia monawileebi arasasurvel mdgomareobaSi Caagdon (hof
mani, 1967 w., gv. 41).
144
Zalian Znelia mudmivad scenaze yofna. amitomac aris, rom socialur cxovre
bas aqvs ori mxare _ `wina plani~ da `kulisebi~. wina planze xalxs moeTxoveba,
rom rolebi iTamaSon mTeli TavianTi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT. sasadilo
oTaxi aris wina plani oficiantebisaTvis. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, eCqarebaT maT,
gaRizianebulni arian Tu gadaiRalnen _ isini mainc Tavazianebi da yuradRebi
anebi unda iyvnen klientebis mimarT. Tumca, oficiantebi arian kulisebSic. aq
maT SeuZliaT modundnen, ixumron TvalTmaqc klientebze da moemzadon Semdegi
gamosvlisaTvis. faqtobriv, pirovnebas yvela rolis Sesrulebisas aqvs SesaZ
lebloba, kulisebSi ganmartovdes. eqimebis mosasvenebeli oTaxi hospitalSi ku
lisebia iseve, rogorc samaswavleblo skolaSi. studentebi kulisebSi _ TavianT
saerTo sacxovreblebSi _ dascinian TavianT profesorebs, xolo profesorebi
ki aseve kulisebSi _ TavianT ofisebSi _ xumroben studentebze. kompiuterul
qsels aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom kulisebSi saWoraod gamoyos `adgili~ (ras
museni, 1996 w.).
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom wina planze qcevaTa umetesoba mxolod warmodgenaa da
samyaroSi arsebuli adamianebis saxeebi ubralod _ niRbebi? es ar aris saval
debulo. rac ufro xSirad vTamaSobT rols, miT ufro bunebrivi xdeba is CvenT
vis manam, sanam moulodnelad iseve, rogorc Cveni auditoria, ar davrwmundebiT,
rom swored is pirovneba varT, visac vcdilobdiT rom vyofiliyaviT. gaixseneT
Tqveni pirveli dReebi da kvirebi kolejSi. pirvelad uxerxulad da garkveul
wilad TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi igrZeniT Tavi, Tavs aCvenebdiT, TiTqos mS
venivrad icodiT, rasac akeTebdiT. Tumca, masaCuseTis pirveli kolonistebis
xsovnis oficialuri sadResaswaulo dasvenebis (Thanksgiving vacation) periodSi
Tqven igrZeniT, rom gaxdiT kolejis studenti sakuTar azrovnebaSic da sxvebis
TvalSic. asea yvela rolis SemTxvevaSi. policiis axalbeda oficers ainteresebs,
aRiarebs Tu ara xalxi mis Zalauflebas; pirvelad deda wuxs Tavis SesaZleblo
bebze sanam `raRac ar gadautrialdeba~ da uceb ar grZnobs, rom dedaa. es trans
formacia didwilad damokidebulia socialur sarkeSi Caxedvasa da danaxvaze,
rom sxva adamianebi rols ise iTviseben, rogorc namdvils.
eTnomeTodologia
145
qaniT siarulis dros), rom sxva gamvlelebs ar daejaxos. es aris sayovelTaod
miRebuli qcevis mxolod erTi im milioni avtomaturi, damtkicebulad CaTvlili
formidan, rac uzrunvelyofs Cveni socialuri urTierTqmedebaTa wyobasa da
struqturas. eTnomeTodologia exeba im meTodebsa Tu gzebs, riTic xalxi qmnis
wyobas yoveldRiur urTierTqmedebebSi.
garfinkelma Seqmna meTodi, romelsac breeching eqsperiments eZaxda: kulturis
Zalisa da yoveldRiuri socialuri aRqmis sademonstraciod, is da misi studen
tebi specialurad arRvevdnen normebs da iwerdnen xalxis reaqcias. erT-erTi eqs
perimentisas, studentebi TavianT ojaxebSi stumrebiviT iqceodnen; cdilobdnen,
SeZlebisdagvarad didxans SeenarCunebinaT Tavaziani distancia _ saubrobdnen
mxolod zogad sakiTxebze da ara personalurze; iRebdnen nebarTvas saabazanoSi
Sesvlaze, Wiqa wyals; gamoxatavdnen TavianT guliTad madlobas maspinZlebis
mimarT. da ra iyo Sedegi?
ojaxis wevrebi iTxovdnen axsnas: raSia saqme, ra dagemarTa? xom ar gamogag
des? avad xom ar xar? amiT risi damtkiceba ginda? ram gagagiJa? SeiSale, Tu
ubralod suleliviT iqcevi? (garfinkeli, 1967 w., 47-48 gv.).
normaluri urTierTobebis aRsadgenad, ojaxis wevrebma TavianTi mosazrebebi
ojaxur urTierTqmedebaTa Taobaze gakvirvebuli SekiTxvebis saxiT gamoxates.
sxva breeching eqsperimentebSi garfinkelis studentebma daiwyes maRazieb
Si vaWroba (amas amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, ar akeTeben); daarRvies jvrebisa da
nulebis TamaSis wesi (rodesac mowinaaRmdeges uSli pirvel svlas); saubris dros
uceb agresiulad uaxlovdebodnen mosaubres, romlisTvisac es Zalian moulod
neli iyo. TiToeuli da darRveva iwvevda dabneulobas da aRelvebas _ rogorc
studentebSi, aseve maT `msxverplSic~ _ da xSirad mwvave kritikasac imsaxureb
da. aseTi daZabuli reaqciebi asabuTebs xalxis damokidebulebis xarisxs im av
tomatur, xSirad gaucnobierebeli urTierTqmedebis kanonebze, romliTac maTi
moulodneli socialuri Sexvedrebis formireba xdeba.
saubris analizi
146
gor wyvetda xalxi visTan, rodis da ramden xans elaparaka. es aris mniSvnelovani
ara mxolod araformaluri urTierTqmedebisaTvis, aramed biurokratiuli
struqturebis muSaobisTvisac (bodeni, 1995 w.). saCsma aRmoaCina, rom yvela sau
bars hqonda garkveuli saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba: xan erTi pirovneba sau
brobs, xan _ meore; gadasvla erTi mosaubridan meoreze aris xSiri da swrafi da
iSviaTadaa pauza an erTdrouli laparaki. Sua saubarSi Cndeba `rigis dakavebis~
koncefcia. rigi moqmedebs, rogorc mbrunavi kari, romelic akontrolebs saub
ris dros Semosul da gasul mosaubreebs. pauzebi, Zalian xangrZlivi rigebi da
rigis daTmobac ki dasabuTebuli unda iyos.
debora tanenma (1990, 1994 ww.), imis safuZvelze, rom gansxvavebuli sqesi sxva
dasxvagvarad iyenebs zogad sasaubro teqnikas, gaaanaliza gaugebroba mamakacsa
da qals Soris. mamakaci saubars ganixilavs, rogorc garkveul Sejibrs, sadac
arian gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi; maTi mTavari mizania daicvan Tavi, rom
ar iyos vinme maTze win da TviTon ar damarcxdnen. qalebi saubars ganixilaven,
rogorc urTierTTanamSromlobas, romlis mizanic socialuri kavSirebis xelax
la damtkicebaa. Sedegad, mamakacebi da qalebi saubrisas zogjer ver axerxeben
erTmaneTis bolomde gagebas. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic mocemulia sqema
ze 3.3. zoi gulnatkenia, rom erli ar gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas misi janmrTelobis
gamo da Tan awyvetinebs kidevac saubars. erli ki guldawyvetilia imis gamo, rom
misi romantiuli urTierToba (siyvarulis Temis wamoWra, mis saxesTan Sexeba) ase
kategoriulad aris ignorirebuli. SesaZlebelia, rom isini sulac sxvadasxva
enaze saubroben! saubris bevri Tanamedrove analitikosi dainteresebulia ara
mxolod saubris struqturiT, aramed saubris funqciiT, SinaarsiTa da inter
pretaciiTac.
147
socialuri gacvla
148
dakavSirebiT _ maTi Sejibri megobruls ufro emsgavseba. amgvarad, gacvlis
qmedebebi gansazRvravs qselebs; amave dros, poziciebi qselSi faqtobrivi gacv
lebis formirebas axdens (kuki da viTmeieri, 1992 w.).
gacvla yovelTvis ar aris `civi da angariSiani~. mSoblebs SeuZliaT, rom sa
kuTari interesebi gawiron TavianTi Svilebis sakeTildReod da maTi bednieri
momavlisaTvis ise, rom sulac ar ifiqron amisaTvis raime jildos miRebaze (em
ersoni (Emerson), 1976 w.). mokled, daxmareba maT siamovnebT.
emociebis sociologia
149
Seuracxyofa, kritika, upasuxo siyvaruli, Ralati Tu upasuxismgebloba Cvenda
mi, iwvevs araraobis, aravisTvis saWiros an gariyulis SegrZnebebs.
`socialur urTierTqmedebaSi socialuri kavSiri SesaZlebelia damyardes,
SenarCundes, aRdges an dairRves~ (sCifi da reTzingeri, 1991 w., gv. 64, italikebi
waSlilia). sircxvilis (da sxva emociebis) funqcia aris is, rom mzad viyoT so
cialur garemoze, socialuri kavSirebis mdomareobaze da, SesaZlebelia sxva
gvarad cvlilebebzec ki informaciis Sesaxeb. emociebi uzrunvelyofen komuni
kaciis mniSvnelovan saSualebebs da SeuZliaT ufro metic ki gadmogvcen, vidre
es SesaZlebelia sityviTa da saqmiT.
sircxvilma SeiZleba an SegvzRudos raime qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi, an gvibi
Zgos raime garkveuli gziT qmedebisaken. sCifma da reTzingerma (1991 w.) Seiswav
les col-qmruli uTanxmoebebi. ojaxuri usiamovneba iwyeba upativcemulobis
signalTan erTad: erTi meuRle pirdapir an arapirdapir amcirebs meores. Tu
sircxvili ignorirebulia _ anu arc erTi meuRle ar acnobierebs am mtkivneul
grZnobas _ uTanxmoeba Zlierdeba. mrisxaneba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, ro
gorc mcdeloba mosalodneli Setevebis mosagerieblad da `reputaciis gadasar
Cenadac~. mrisxanebas mivyavarT ufro met damcirebamde, met sibrazemde da a. S.
wyvili SesaZlebelia CixSi moeqces (`civi omis~ pirovnebaTaSorisi ekvivalenti)
an, SesaZlebelia, erTi partniori `gamoeTiSos~ mimdinare kamaTs, an giJiviT ga
vardes oTaxidan da daamTavros urTierTqmedeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tu partnio
rebi acnobiereben mtkivneul grZnobebs da gamoxataven pativiscemas, maSin kama
Ti, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebelia ise dasruldes, rom minimaluri zarali miayenos
urTierTobas. msgavsi ZiriTadi principebi exeba mezoblebsa da eTnikur jgufebs,
politikur partiebsa da erovnebebs Soris mimdinare uTanxmoebebsac.
sanam emociebs fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli biologiaSi, fsiqologiasa da socialur
urTierTobebSi, adamianebs SeuZliaT marTon TavianTi emociebi saWiroebisame
br an situaciis Sesabamisad. rogorc wesi, stumrebi wveulebaze maspinZelTan
erTad mxiaruloben maSin, rodesac Wirisuflebi dakrZalvaze TavianT dards
gamoxataven. `Tavisi grZnobis gamoxatviT yvelas Seaqvs wamieri wvlili koleq
tivis sakeTildReod~ (hoCsCildi, 1983 w., gv 18). uamrav urTierTqmedebaSi _
mSoblebsa da Svilebs, colebsa da qmrebs, megobrebs, Seyvarebulebsa da ucxoe
bs Sorisac ki _ xalxi malavs Tavis sibrazes, isini simulireben pativiscemas an
faraven siZulvils.
zogierT situaciaSi emociebi masobrivad aris gamomuSavebuli. es imitom
xdeba, rom specifikuri saqmianoba an socialuri roli xalxisagan moiTxovs,
miRebuli gziT gamoxaton garkveuli saxis emociebi. klasikuri magaliTi, ro
melic Rrmad gaaanaliza sociologma erli hoCsCildma (1983 w.), aris stiuardesa.
misi saqmianobis nawils Seadgens is, rom stiuardesa, miuxedavad imisa, rogor
grZnobs Tavs, unda iRimebodes da iqceodes xalisianad da Tavdajerebulad. mg
zavrebma SesaZlebelia Seawuxon, Seuracxyofa miayenon an seqsualur Zalado
basac ki mimarTon mis mimarT. stiuardesam SeiZleba icodes, rom pilots raRac
problemebi aqvs an mgzavrs, romelic F rigSi zis, mSobiaroba ewyeba. rac ar unda
moxdes, man simSvide da Rimili unda SeinarCunos. amis msgavsad, kompiuteruli
150
da sxva `axali Taobis~ kompaniebis TanamSromlebs moeTxovebaT iyvnen bednieri
gamometyvelebiT, TvianT saqmeSi cotaTi xumarebi da mTlianad CarTulni. am wyo
bebSi grZobebi komercializebulia. stiuardesas Rimili aris nawili imisa, rasac
klienti `yidulobs~, TviTmfrinavis bileTis SeZeniT. efeli iyenebs kompiuter
is `ucnauri~ hakeris imijs kompaniaSi samuSaod personalis mosazidad. rac ufro
meti xalxi muSaobs momsaxurebis sferoSi da saqmiani kavSiri aqvs klientebTan
da momxmarebelTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, emociebis gamomuSavebas moiTxovs, ufro
meti xalxi midis religiaSi, TviTdaxmarebis jgufebSi da etanebian sasuliero
literaturasa da filmebs sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmosaCenad. magram es Sina
gani moZraobac ki damokidebulia socialur urTierTqmedebasa (eklesiasTan, me
gobris maZieblebTan, avtorTan da direqtorTan) da socialur mxardaWeraze.
urTierTqmedeba aris socialuri cxovrebis erTi-erTi yvelaze Semoqmedeb
iTi aspeqti `gansxvavebebis gakeTebis~ potencialiT. amave dros, urTierTq
medeba damokidebulia Zlier struqturul da kulturul modelebze, romlebic
TiToeul Cvengans garkveulwilad winaswar ganmWvretelebad warmogvaCens sx
vebis mimarT da, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneTis ndobis saSualebas gvaZles. es modelebi
uzrunvelyofs stabiluri socialuri cxovrebis fundaments.
Sejameba
151
wina planze ayeneben. zogi statusi aris warmomavlobiTi (romelic maTi mcd
elobis gareSe aqvs xalxs miRebuli), zogi ki SeZenili (romelic, ufro xSir
SemTxvevaSi, miRweulia individualuri ZalisxmeviT). xSirad master-statu
si dominirebs yvela sxvaze.
5. zog sazogadoebasa da droSi megobrebi ufro axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da
megobrobasac metad afasebdnen, vidre qmars an cols. dasavleTis sazoga
doebaSi romantikuli siyvarulis zrdasTan erTad megobrobis mniSvneloba
Sesustda. megobrebis mniSvneloba icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi,
socialur klasebSi da mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs
Soris.
6. meoreuli urTierTobebi aris sajaro, arapersonuli, SezRuduli, emociu
rad civi da saerTod _ xanmokle. amis klasikuri magaliTebia gamyidvelebi
da momxmareblebi, profesionalebi da klientebi.
7. Tanamedrove cxovrebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli Tviseba aris is, rom gai
zarda ucxoebTan urTierTqmedebaTa raodenoba (da mniSvneloba). urTier
Tobebi ucxoebs Soris sdevs kulturul principebs da isini, rogorc wesi,
Zalian guliTadia. marTlac, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba damokidebulia civi
lizaciis, Tavazianobisa da urTierTndobis normebze.
8. mesameul anu arapirdapir urTierTobebSi SesaZlebelia, mxareebi arasodes
ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram dakavSirebulni arian mediisa Tu mesame mxaris
saSualebiT (magaliTad, erTis mxriv _ mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori
da meores mxriv ki _ momsaxure personali da momxmarebeli). maTi qmede
bebi SesaZlebelia motivirebul iqnes sayovelTao socialuri modelebiT
(rogoricaa sabazro Zalebi) miuxedavad imisa, ra zemoqmedeba aqvs TiToeul
maTgans sxvaze. arapersonaluri, arapirdapiri urTierTobebi arsebiTia msx
vili socialuri organizaciebisaTvis.
9. urTierqmedebebi samsaxurSi formirebulia erTmaneTis gadamfaravi qse
lebis, molaparakebebis saSualebiT miRebuli sayovelTao kulturuli
normebisa da jgufuri dinamikis safuZvelze. jgufuri cxovrebis ormagi
buneba iTxovs rogorc instrumentul (sakiTxze orientirebuli), aseve
eqspresiul (emociaze orientirebul) liderobas, magram eseni SesaZlebe
lia, rom sxvadasxva gziT ganaxorcieles (magaliTad, efli ai-bi-emis wi
naaRmdeg).
10. vinaidan organizaciis sidide da misi miznebis sirTule izrdeba, saWiro xdeba
formaluri organizacia. maqs veberis `idealuri tipis~ Tanaxmad, biurokra
tias aqvs xuTi Tviseba: (1) Sromis zustad gansazRvruli ganawileba specia
lizebuli davalebebiT; (2) oficrebis ierarqia brZanebebis jaWvis mixedviT;
(3) detalurad SemuSavebuli wesebi da normativebi; (4) arapirovnuloba da
emociuri gancalkeveba racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis asamaRleblad
da (5) jildo damsaxurebis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, arcerTi biurokratia
zustad ar misdevs veberis idealur tips; garkveulwilad qcevis formireba
ufro metad araoficialuri normebiT xdeba, vidre oficialuri wesebiTa da
instruqciebiT.
152
11. socialuri pirobebis cvlilebam migviyvana organizaciuli struqturebis
Secvlamde. tradiciuli biurokratiis erTi alternativa gamovlenilia
msxvil iaponur korporaciebSi, romelic samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebis
garantias aZlevs momsaxure personals maTi Sromisunarianobis bolomde,
aqcents akeTebs jgufur miRwevebze, awinaurebs samuSao staJis mixedviT,
gadawyvetilebebs ar iRebs erTpirovnulad da momsaxure personalis mimarT
yovelmxrivi mzrunvelobis demonstrirebas axdens. meore alternativa
gaxlavT `korporaciuli kampusis modeli~, romelic aqcents akeTebs mo
qnilobaze, individualobasa da araformalobaze, romelic tradiciul bi
urokratiaSi gamoxatuli stabilurobis, Sesabamisobisa da formalobis sa
pirispiroa. korporaciaTa Serwymam (rac sul ufro da ufro Cveuli movlena
xdeba) SesaZlebelia SeaerTos sxvadasxva samuSao adgilis kulturis mqone
kompaniebi, rasac TiTqmis yovelTvis mosdevsa xalxis Semcireba, rasac mom
saxure personalisaTvis seriozuli socialur-fiziologiuri da ekonomi
kuri Sedegebi mosdevs.
12. socialuri wyoba damokidebulia imaze, rogor SeeTvisebian, marTaven da Sev
clian socialur struqturas socialuri moqmedi pirebi (pirovnebebi, orga
nizaciebi Tu institutebi). sociologebma SeimuSaves eqvsi ZiriTadi midgoma
socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqturis asaxsnelad.
13. simboluri urTierTqmedeba fokusirebas axdens socialuri urTierT
qmedebis simbolur aspeqtebze da imaze, rogor aZlevs xalxs saSualebas sim
boluri Jestebi da rolis aReba, rom sakuTari qcevis koordinireba moaxdi
non.
14. dramaturgiuli midgoma socialuri urTierTqmedebaa, rogorc Teatraluri
warmodgena Tavisi sceniT, kulisebiTa da uamravi rekvizitiT. garkveul
wilad, yvelani CarTulni varT STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi.
15. eTnomeTodologia socialur urTierTqmedebas Signidan ganixilavs da iye
nebs breeching eqsperimentebs, raTa moaxdinos sxvadasxva situaciaSi urT
ierTqmedebisaTvis saerTo da xSirad gaucnobierebeli wesebis mniSvnelobis
ilustrireba.
16. saubris analizi gansazRvravs, rogor iyenebs xalxi struqturas (gan
sakuTrebiT rigis dakaveba), rogorc saubris wasayvanad, aseve sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevadac.
17. socialuri gacvlis Teoria nacvalgebas arsebiTad miiCnevs adamianebis
urTierTqmedebisaTvis. adamiani, imis gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqmedos,
afasebs potenciur sargebelsa da xarjs da cdilobs daabalansos social
uri aRricxvis wigni.
18. emociebis sociologia grZnobebis gamoxatvas Tvlis komunikaciis sasicocx
lo saSualebad, romelic gvamzadebs socialuri urTierTobebis pirobebi
saTvis. magram amasTanave mas miiCnevs Sualedur rgolad, romelic SesaZle
belia marTuli da komercializebulic ki iyos.
153
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
154
breeching eqsperimenti _ harold garfinkelis teqnika, gamoyenebuli sxvada
sxva gaucnobierebeli kulturuli varaudis gamosavlenad, normebis ganz
rax darRveviTa da xalxis reaqciis CaweriT.
biurokratia _ organizaciuli struqtura, romelic xasiaTdeba Sromis special
izaciiTa da misi mkafiod ganawilebiT, oficerTa ierarqiiT, detalurad Se
muSavebuli wesebiT, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi miukerZoeblobiTa
da damsaxurebis mixedviT dajildoebiT.
dramaturgiuli midgoma _ sociologiuri perspeqtiva, sadac socialuri ur
TierTqmedeba ganixileba Teatraluri warmodgenis analogad da xalxi Tavi
si qcevis `inscenirebas~ imgvarad axorcielebs, rom maT iseTi gamoxmaureba
gamoiwvion, rogoric TviTon surT.
diada _ orkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.
eTnomeTodologia _ Sexeduleba socialur urTierTqmedebaze, romelic ga
naviTara harold garfinkelma da fokusirebas axdens im gzebze, riTic xalxs
garkveuli mosazrebebi uyalibdeba yoveldRiuri urTierTqmedebidan.
eqspresiuli lideroba _ lideroba imisaTvis, rom jgufis wevrebs Soris kargi
ganwyoba da urTierTobebi SenarCundes.
formaluri struqtura _ oficialauri poziciebi, valdebulebebi, wesebi da
instruqciebi, romlebic dawesebulia organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa mier.
STabeWdilebebis marTva _ irvin hofmanis termini im Zalisxmevis gansasazRvrad,
rasac xalxi axorcielebs imisaTvis, rom akontrolon, rogor xedaven da ex
maurebian maT sxvebi.
arapirdapiri urTierTobebi _ urTierTobebi, rodesac mxareebi pirdapir ar
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, magram dakavSirebulni arian arapirdapiri
gziT an sakomunikacio teqnologiebs an mesame mxaris saSualebiT.
araformaluri struqtura _ araoficialuri normebi, ganviTarebuli jgu
fis wevrebs Soris im problemebis gadasaWrelad, romlebic wesebSi ar aris
mocemuli arasasurveli Tu arasaWiro Sromis aRmosafxvrelad da jgufis
wevrebis interesebis dasacavad.
instrumentuli lideroba _ jgufis wevrebis xelmZRvaneloba, raTa maT Seas
rulon sxvadasxva davaleba.
jgufuri azrovneba _ jgufis wevrebis tendencia, dakargon kritikuli, indi
vidualuri fiqris SesaZlebloba im Rirebulebis gamo, rasac isini erTmene
Tis mimarT solidarobas aniWeben.
master statusi _ erT-erTi statusi, romelic farTod gansazRvravs pirovnebis
socialur identurobas.
SeTanxmebuli wesi _ saerTo gansazRvra situaciisa, romelic aRmoCndeba `ga
mocdis~ Catarebis Sedegad da cvlis am `gamocdisaTvis~ ganxorcielebul
qmedebebs miRebuli sapasuxo reaqciebis safuZvelze.
qseli _ urTierTobaTa qseli im adamianebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan ari
an dakavSirebulni pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri kavSirebiT komunikaciisa da
sxva mravali saSualebiT.
155
pirveladi jgufi _ gansakuTrebiT mWidrod Sekruli jgufi, romelic xasi
aTdeba Semdegi xuTi TvisebiT: uwyveti pirispir urTierTqmedebiT, jguf
Tan mkacri personaluri identurobiT, Zlieri keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT
jgufis wevrebs Soris, mravalmxrivi urTierTobebiTa da mdgradobis ten
denciiT.
roli _ im qcevebis, nebismieri pirovnebisagan mosalodnelia damokidebule
bebis, valdebulebebisa da upiratesobebis erTOBLoblioba, romelic ikavebs
garkveul statuss.
rolis aReba _ sakuTari Tavis warmodgena vinme sxva pirovnebis rolSi da
amgvarad ukeT gageba imisa, ris gamoxatvas cdilobs is `sxva~.
meoreuli jgufi _ araintimuri jgufi, romelic xasiaTdeba SezRuduli piris
piri urTierTqmedebiT; jgufTan TavSekavebuli an susti personaluri iden
turobiT; susti keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT jgufis wevrebs Soris; Sez
Ruduli, meoreuli urTierTobebiTa da aramdgradobis tendenciiT.
statusi _ pozicia sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi da mTavar rols asrulebs socialuri identurobis
Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi.
statusTAa nakrebi _ socialuri poziciebis sruli speqtri, romelic aqvs nebis
mier erT pirovnebas mocemul dros.
ucxo _ pirovneba socialur jgufSi, romelTanac mas (mamakacs an qals) piradi
kavSirebi ar gaaCnia.
simboluri Jesti _ Jesti, romelsac miRebuli aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba,
gavrcelebuli erTi da igive kulturis xalxs Soris.
triada _ samkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.
156
Tavi 4
kultura
kulturis elementebi
. Rirebulebebi
normebi . simboloebi
ena . codna
kulturis Camoyalibeba
. kulturuli kapitali
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: unda uzrunvelyon Tu ara amerikis
skolebma mravalenovani ganaTleba?
. kvlevis meTodebi: kulturis SigniT _ devid holiseuli kvleva
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi
157
158
l udvig van beThoveni kacobriobis erT-erTi udidesi musikosia. Mmis nawar
moebebs sxva kompozitorebis nawarmoebebze gacilebiT ufro xSirad ukraven
xolme. dReisaTvis misi cnobili himnis `oda sixaruls~ garda, arsebobs am musikis
popversiac.E beThovenis biusti _ mWmunvare, mrisxane mzeriTa da Tmaawewili saxiT
_ swored geniosis saxasiaTo dekoraciaa. rodesac pirovnebas gemovnebianad da
kulturulad miviCnevT, vTvliT, rom mas swored iseTi musika esmis da aRiarebs,
rogorsac beThoveni qmnida. beThovenis mexuTe simfoniis Sesavali akordebis sim
Zlavresa da ganumeoreblobas gaunaTlebeli da kulturis armqone adamianic ki
SeigrZnobs. BbeThovenis pirovneba da musika Cveni kulturuli memkvidreobaa. gve
smis Tu ara beThovenis, vigebT Tu ara am kompoziciebis struqturas, yvela Cven
gani udavod Tanxmdeba imaze, rom beThoveni geniaa.
beThovenis, rogorc kompozitoris niWiereba sayoveTaod aRiarebuli WeS
maritebaa. Tumca, misi geniosad aRaiareba aramarto misi talantisa da Sesa
Zleblobebis gacnobas niSnavs; masSi im gamorCeul adamians vxedavT, romelic
dabadebidanve raRac araamqveyniuri RvTiT boZebuli niWiT iyo dajildoebu
li da romelic arafriT hgavs sxvebs. Ggeniosebis originaluroba im Rrma SesaZ
leblobebSia, romlebic maT SemoqmedebiTi samyaros ganWvretisa da gardaqmnis
saSualebas aZlevs. eqscentrulobis maRali done, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wese
bidan amovardna, gamorCeuloba _ `geniosis SefuTvis~ nawilebia. saidan modian
geniosebi? saidan Cndeba geniis idea?
Cveni kultura gveubneba, rom geniosebad ar yalibdebian _ geniosebad ibade
bian. Rrma ganswavlulobisa da muxlCauxreli Sromis daxmarebiT bevrs ZaluZs
warmatebis mwvervalze asvla. Mmagram geniosebs gamoarCevs `raRac eqstra~, ise
Ti ram, risi swavlac SeuZlebelia da rac maT sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi samyaros
gardaqmnis Zalas aZlevs.
sociologi tia de nora wignSi `beThoveni da geniosis sazogadoberivi
struqtura~ swored am Temas exmianeba. Ggeniis arsis axsna swored Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Aantikur xanasa da Sua saukuneeb
Si xelovanebi ubralo xelosnebisgan arafriT gamoirCeodnen. maTi qmnilebebis
umetesoba _ anonimuria. Ggeniis idea mogvianebiT, meCvidmete saukunis dasasrul
sa da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda, rodesac pirovnebisa da individis
mniSvnelobam wina planze wamoiwia. gaizarda individualizmis xarisxi da rwmena
pirovnul RirebulebebSi (pleCi, 1992). manamde sityva geniosSi ufro stili an
STagoneba moiazreboda; mecxramete saukuneSi es termini ukve pirovnebasTan iqna
gaigivebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgendnen qalebi, romlebic maSin am kategorias
ar ganekuTvnebodnen). Ggeniosad aRiareba aramamarto Seudarebelobas da unikal
urobas niSnavs, aq is garemo da kulturac moiazreba, romelic individualur da
originalur Semoqmedebas miagebs pativs.
de nora aanalizebs beThovenis moRvaweobis periodis istoriul da sazoga
doebriv konteqsts. beThovenis drois vena, evropis cnobili saxelovnebo
da inteleqturi dedaqalaqi gaxldaT. Aaq gvxvdeboda aristokratTa, naswavl
Ta, kritikosTa da maRali klasis sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. Aam droisTvis
159
instrumentuli musika TandaTanobiT kerZo musikaluri salonebidan did sa
koncerto darbazebSi inacvlebda. musikis dakarguli xiblis aRsadgenad aris
tokratiam seriozuli (Znelad Sesasrulebeli da gamomwvevi)Dda diletanturi
musikis (advilad saswavlisa da gasarTobis) urTierTgamijnva daiwyo. elitis
mier gamoxatulma mxardaWeram seriozuli musikis msmenelTa farTo masebisgan
gancalkevebisa da gamoyofis mcdelobis demonstrireba moaxdina.
swored beThoveni sWirdeboda venis aristokratias. Mmisi emociuri mTliano
ba, teqnikurad rTuli kompoziciebi, merkuris Tanavarsklavedis memkvidreoba,
kidev ufro amyarebda mis gamorCeulobas. beThovenis, am `seriozuli~ kaprizuli
xelovanis gandidebiT venis elita Tavis pirad interesebsac emsaxureboda.
de noras naSromis mizani ara geniis daknineba, aramed ufro misi, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi movlenis axsnaa. BbeThoveni iyo is, vinc sWirdeboda venas, xolo
vena iyo qalaqi, sadac unda dabadebuliyo beThoveni. BbeThovenis genia emyare
boda maRal integrirebul musikalur sazogadoebas, Zlevamosil aristokratias,
kritikosTa baziss, garkveulwilad farTo masebis aRiarebasa da kulturas,
romelmac individualuroba da inovacia daafasa.
rogorc pirvel TavSi vnaxeT, kultura azrovnebis, gagebis, ganviTarebisa
da urTierTobis is met-naklebad integrirebuli formaa, romelic adamianebs
cxovrebis urTierTgaziarebaSi exmareba. musika, mxatvroba, literatura _ kul
turis mxolod mcire nawilia, magram isini moicaven qcevis im normebs, Rirebule
bebs, codnas, qmedebas, enasa da simboloebs, romliTac adamianebi yoveldRiurad
suldgmuloben.
cudisa da kargis garCevis rwmena swored Cveni kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli.
kultura gvaZlevs sxvadasxva movlenis gagebis interpretaciebs. Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturis mier aRiarebuli xelovneba anu garkveuli tipis litera
tura, mxatvroba, cekva, musika, SesaZloa, sxva kulturebSi xelovnebad arc iyos
miCneuli. xSirad aq Mmusika sulTan damakavSirebeli da sakomunikacio gzaa; ambis
an zRapris moyola _ informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis saSualeba; xeze
kveTa _ lamazi sabrZolo iaraRis dasamSvenebli aucilebeli atributi. dRevan
del muzeumebSi daculi `primitiuli~ xelovnebis mravali nimuSi Tavis droze an
religiuri mniSvnelobis, an yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagani iyo. DdResac, Taname
drove kulturaSi aqtiuria kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris xelovneba da ra _ ara.
zogisTvis repi idealuri musikaa, sxvebi mas uxarisxod Tvlian. dResac xSirad
vbWobT xelovnebis nimuSebis calkeul magaliTebze, magram TiToeul Cvengans
kargad esmis, ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi _ xelovneba.
kulturis sociologia gviCvenebs, rom fiqris, azrovnebisa da kategoriebis
Camoyalibebis Cveneuli gzebi (namdvili xelovnebis ubralo utilitaruli sag
nebisgan gamoyofa da garCeva), Cveni SiSi, imedebi, Cvevebi, rwmena, survili da a.S.,
is sazogadoebrivi qmnilebebia, romlebzec udides gavlenas axdens is dro da ad
gili, romelSic gviwevs cxovreba. virtualurad, xelis CamorTmeviT dawyebuli,
SeyvarebulobiT damTavrebuli, nebismieri Cveni qmedeba SeniRbulia im kultur
iTa da resursebiT, romlebsac Cvenive kultura uzrunvelyofs. Cven vadidebT
160
demokratias, vaRiarebT erT RmerTs, vafasebT konkurentulobas, radgan amas
Cvenive kultura gvaswavlis.
yvelafris miuxedavad kultura ar axorcielebs diqtats Cvens fiqrebsa da
qcevebze. piriqiT, is farTo asparezs uTmobs moqmedebas. Kkultura aris is, ra
sac adamianebi upirobod aviTareben, iyeneben da xvewen. swored es idea aitaca
hovard bekma (1986), roca kultura daaxasiaTa, rogorc `urTierTgaziarebuli
Semecnebebi, romlebsac xalxi sakuTari moqmedebis koordinirebisTvis iyenebs~.
kulturis elementebis SeqmniTa da gamoxatviT, maTi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gatarebiT, erTmaneTs Cveni sazogadoebrivi samyaros gagebas vuziarebT. Kkultu
ris cvla da axal moTxovnebTan misi adaptirebac am procesis Tanmdevia. Sesabam
isad, kultura mudmivad icvleba.
Semdeg Tavs im kulturuli elementebis gacnobiT daviwyebT, romlebsac
yvela kultura iziarebs. Eesenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, simboloebi, codna da
ena. SevexebiT kulturul integraciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris ar
sebul daZabulobas. SevexebiT enis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli faqtoris rols
kulturul integraciasa da politikur identobaSi; kulturuli integraciis
Tanamedrove postmodernistul kritikas. Mmesame nawilSi visaubrebT kultur
aze, rogorc sazogadobrivi produqciis Seqmnis procesze, elituri zegavlenisa
da diqtatisagan gaTavisuflebul gemovnebasa da modaze, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis dRes identobis mopovebis erT-erT wyarod iqca; Tumca elita
(saxelovnebo nawili) dRemde kulturul codnas kulturuli kapitalis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiarebs. Bbolo TavSi saubari iqneba eleqtronuli me
diis rolze kulturis mzardi globalizaciis procesis ganviTarebaSi.
kulturis elementebi
Rirebulebebi
161
rebulebebi adamianebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri xdeba. `kldovani mTebi momajadoe
belia, maTi dapyroba bunebasTan maaxlovebs~ _ am konkretuli mosazrebis safu
ZvelSi bunebis, rogorc mSvenierisa da saocaris Rirebulebaa xazgasmuli. Tumca
amerikelebi yovelTvis ase ar fiqrobdnen. iyo dro, buneba maTTvis im boroti da
saSiSi Zalis matarebeli iyo, romelsac mudmivad unda ebrZolo da daamarcxo.
rogorc vxedavT, Rirebulebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze Zireuli _ konkurentu
loba da warmatebulobaa. PpolitikaSi, sportSi, biznesSi, skolasa Tu ubralod
yoveldRiur yofaSi vTamaSobT, da vTamaSobT _ mxolod gamarjvebisTvis.
Tuki arCevnebSi gamokveTili gamarjvebuli ar arsebobs, arCevnebi CaSlilia. ga
monaklisi situaciebi gvxvdeba sportSic _ magaliTad, ucabedi sikvdili, rac
avtomaturad gansazRvravs gamarjvebul kandidats. sxva qveynis kulturaSi
konkurentulobis Rirebuleba sruliad ucxoa. MmagaliTad, samxreT amerikaSi Ca
sul Crdiloamerikelebs Zvirad daujdaT laosel frenburTelebSi gamarjvebis
Jinis gaCenis mcdeloba.
162
bisaa. Mmegobroba SesaZloa Zalian mWidro da axlobluric iyos, magram araviTar
SemTxvevaSi _ damamZimebeli. roca garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe aRmoCndebian,
amerikelebi rCevisaTvis umeteswilad profesiul jgufebs (fsiqologebs, spe
cialur jgufebs) mimarTaven xolme da arCeven sakuTari problemebiT megobrebi
`ar daamZimon~.
zogjer kulturuli fasulobebi funqciurad erTmaneTSia integrirebuli.
konkuretulobis, damoukideblobisa da pirovnuli warmatebulobis Rirebule
bebi erTi meores ejibreba. Ees ufro, amerikulis msgavs, pluralisturi sazoga
doebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; aq kulturuli Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs xSirad
ejaxeba. amerikuli kulturis EerT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli da dRemde aqtualuri
momenti individualursa da sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa Soris wamoWrili
daZabulobaa (belahi da sxvebi, 1985. gans, 1988). damoukideblobis deklaracia
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, sicocxlisa da bednierebis uflebas efuZneba. CvenT
vis sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis gankargvis ufleba umTavresia. Tavad vwyvetT
sakuTar problemebs, viRebT gadawyvetilebebs, erTi sityviT, sxvadasxva val
debulebebisagan Tavisufalni, CvenTvis sasurveli wesiT vagrZelebT cxovre
bas. Mmeores mxriv, CvenSi mudmivad rCeba monatreba im myari fesvebis matarebel
sazogadobebsa da sociumebze, romlebic Taobidan TaobebSi gadadioda da sadac
yvela yvelas cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
robert belasa da misi kolegebis cnobili wignis _ `gulis Cvevebi~, Tanax
mad, amerikelebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis dacvis miuxedavad,
sakraluri mainc pirovnuli, individualuri Rirebulebebi rCeba. wignis av
torebma gamokiTxes sakmaod Zlieri da warmatebuli pirovnebebi, romlebic gan
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben avtonomiurobasa da codnas da Rrmad swamT,
rom warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia rogorc axali, ise Zveli faseuloebi
sagan damoukideblad moqmedeba. maTi azriT, nebismier adamians unda hqondes
sakuTari standartebiT cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saSualeba da Tavisufleba.
Aamdenad, individualurobis maRali xarisxi – tolerantulobis maRal xarisx
Tan gaigivda. Tumca, individualuroba Zvirad fasobs. robert belas Tanaxmad,
individualistebi ufro metad izolaciisa da simartovisken arian midrekilni.
RirebulebaTa Sejibri xSirad adamianebs sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebaSi ex
mareba. Cveni gadasawyvetia, SevudgebiT pirovnuli warmatebisaken mimaval axal
rTul gzas, Tu davrCebiT im Zvel sazogadoebaSi, im megobrebsa da ojaxis gare
mocvaSi, sadac davibadeT. Aadre Tu gvian nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba
garkveuli arCevanis gakeTebis momenti. Aam SemTxvevaSi, amerikelebi gezs ufro
individualurobis Rirebulebisaken iRebeben. Ees qveyana magnitiviT izidavs sxva
kulturebisa da qveynebis warmomadgenlebs, romelTaTvisac am tipis garemo
misaRebi da sasurvelia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalian bevri amerikeli, da
SesaZloa, umetesobac ki, mtkiced idgams fesvs iq, sadac cxovrebas gadawyvets.
amerikelebi TavianT axladSeqmnil ojaxebze mijaWvulni xdebian da aseve aqtiu
rad erTvebian sxvadasxva socialur jgufebsa Tu organizaciebSi (gans, 1988).
bevr DdRevandeli fasulobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. MmaTi nawili jer
kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac SeerTebuli StatebSi dominanturi
163
agraruli meurneoba iyo. idealuri moqalaqe ki – damoukidebeli praqtikuli
gonebis, RvTis moSiSi da sakuTar TavSi dajerebuli mSvidi da sufTa cxovrebis
wesis mimdevari, bunebasTan axlos myofi fermeri (daleki da gogenori, 1992).
dRes fermerobas Zalian cota amerikeli Tu misdevs, miT umetes, cotaa maTSi da
moukidebeli. CvenTvis avtonomiuroba da damoukidebloba, kvlavac faseulia,
magram amJamad amis gamoxatvis sxva gzebi arsebobs – SegiZlia bohemuri cxovre
biT icxovro, stokbrokerobaSi scado bedi an sulac laSqrobebsa da saxelisuf
lebo regulaciebis winaaRmeg gamarTul ekoturizmSi CaerTo.
normebi
164
maTTan es ori sfero erTmaneTisgan arc ise mkacradaa gamijnuli (stiuarti da
beneti, 1991)B. biznesSexvedrebi imave tipis sazogadoebrivi SemTxvevebia, sadac
erTmaneTis ojaxis mokiTxva, sportsa da politikaze azrebis urTierTgaziareba
absoluturad miRebuli normaa. Crdiloamerikelebi xSirad ukmayofilebas ga
moTqvamen amis gamo da Tvlian, rom samxreTelebi bizness saWiro seriozulobiT
ar udgebian. Tavis mxriv, samxreTamerikelebic ar malaven gaocebas CrdiloelTa
simkacrisa da `simSralis~ mimarT.
normebi sazogadoebebTan erTad jgufidan jgufSic icvleba. Ehispanur-ame
rikeli kacebi angloamerikeli qalebis msgavsad, erTmaneTs kocniT egebebian.
Aangloamerikeli kacebi ki Sexvedrisas mxolod xelis CamorTmeviT an mxarze xe
lis `dakvriT~ Semoifarglebian xolme. homoseqsualist amerikelebSi xelixel
Cakidebuli mamakacebis siaruli miRebuli normaa; igive saqcieli heteroseqsual
amerikelebSi ki _ tabudadebuli.
ufro xSirad, adamianebi TavianTi kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel normebs
ubralod meqanikurad misdeven. Ees TavisTavad bunebriv normebs Seexeba, maga
liTad, pasuxis gacema adamianisTvis, romelic SekiTxviT mogmarTavT. Cven amas
sxva adaminebisgan, sakuTari gamocdilebebidan, televiziidan, wignebidan vigebT.
es gaTavisebuli Cvevebi yovelTvis gvexmareba sxvadsxva situaciebisTvis misaRe
bi da miuRebeli normis garCevaSi. umartives situaciebSi pauzis gakeTeba da Ses
aferis qcevaze fiqris dawyeba sazogadoebriv qmedebas ubralod Seaferxebs da
SeuZlebels gaxdis.
marTalia, normebi iseTi myari ar aris, rogorc Rirebulebebi, magram maTi ze
moqmedebis Zala sagrZnoblad mniSvnelovnia. sociologma Harnold garfinkelma
(1967) amis Cveneba erTi eqsperimentis Catarebis daxmarebiT gadawyvita. Mman stu
dentebs sTxova, mSoblebiTvis familaruli mimarTvis magivrad oficialurad mie
marTaT. mister, mis da a.S. da miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi mimarTva siyvarulis da
pativiscemis xarisxs srulebiTac ar akninebs, mSoblemisTvis is srualiad ucxo
da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. es norma ucvleli darCa, SegiZliaT Tavadve darwmundeT.
normebi icvleba adamianebis mxridan maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisa da Za
ladobis mimarT gamoxatuli reaqciis mixedviT. xalxuri zne-Cveulebebi ubralo
yoveldRiuri Cvevebia. damTqnarebisas pirze xels vifarebT, xelis CamorTmeviT
vegebebiT stumars Aimitom, rom es amerikuli wes-Cveulebebia. adamianebi, romle
bic am wes-Cveulebebs uaryofen _ meamboxeebad, eqscentriulebad an snobebad
inaTlebian. Tumca, rogorc wesi, maT mimarT damokidebuleba tolerantulia. Aa
mis sapirispirod, zneobriobis ugulebelyofa yovelTvis mZafr reaqciebs iwvevs.
zneobrioba adamianebiTvis sakraluri da xelSeuxebeli Rirebulebebia. zneobrio
bas ewinaaRmdegeba incesti, kanibalizmi, bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri
Zaladoba. isini, vinc zneobriobis CarCos scildeba, sazogadobisagan gariyulebi,
gankicxulni, dasjilni arian.
zogi norma dRes saxelmwifo ZaliT gatarebul kanonebad, wesebad gadaiq
ca.K kanonebs ZaluZs wes-Cveulebebisa da zneobriobis gardaqmna da ganmtkiceba
(kanonebi mkvlelobisa da Ralatis winaaRmdeg). Ppolitikur avtoritetebs Za
luZT axali normebis damkvidreba maT mier SemoRebuli axali kanonebiT. es Sesa
165
Zloa iyos umciresobaTa uflebis dacva an maTi sruli ugulebelyofa. yvelaze
rTuli ki im kanonebis gatarebaa, romlebic wes-Cveulebebsa da zneobaze ar aris
dafuZnebuli. AaseTia, 21 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis kazinoSi TamaSisa da spir
tiani sasmelis miRebis akrZalva.
simboloebi
166
aramarto produqciis gasaRebis mizniT mogonili bizneselementia, aramed kul
turis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilic~ (leis, klain da Seli, 1986).
zogjer adamianebi garkveul simboloebs Tavisebur axnasac umateben. Sua
xnis pirovnebisTvis, jipis tareba SesaZloa axalgazrdobaSi darCenis erT-erTi
saSuleba iyos. Aaxalgazrda qalaqelisTvis ki _ sakuTari statusis reklamis
sagani. interpretaciebic uamravia. magram Tuki adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs
garSemo myofTa qmedebebs ukavSireben, maT samyaros identuri gageba da aRqmac
unda hqondeT. amitomac, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri
Semoqmedebisa da simboloebis aTvisebis gareSe. Klifor grici werda:
ena
167
`ena qmnis im tipis simdidres, romliTac Tanabrad erTdroulad
sargeblobs nebismieri adamiani da amiT mis codnas aranairi ziani
ar adgeba. Eena qmnis siamovnebis erTobliobas, is Tavisuflad moq
medebs am saganZurSi da gaucnobiereblad exmareba mis dacvas (kon
ti, 1875-77, t.2. gv.213).
codna
168
drois ganmavlobaSi dagrovili infromaciis Senaxvis saSualebas iZleva. inter
netma ki kompiuterisa da telekomunikaciis saSualebiT informaciis miwodebis
nebismier manZilze swrafi da xarisxiani xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyo.
Cvens Tanamedrove `informaciul sociologiaSi~ codnis kontroli uki
duresad mniSvnelovania socialuri zegavlenis mosapoveblad. MmarTalia, Taname
drove teqnologiebma SesaZlebeli gaxada informaciis drouli miReba magram
jer kidev ver uzrunvelyo misi miwodebis YTanabrad ganawileba. Bbevri sociolo
gi aRniSnavs sazogadoebaSi kargad da cudad informirebuli fenebis mkveTri
gansaxvavebis arsebobas.
dRes zrunvis mTavari sagania auarebeli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uz
runvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom faqtebi, movlenebi, TariRebi codnad iqces, saWiroa
adamianebma gaigon isini da SeZlon maTi aTviseba. DdRis ganmavlobaSi momxdar
uamrav faqts Soris, axali ambebis redaqtorebi gadaxarisxebis Sedegad win prio
ritetulad wamoweul Temebs aSuqeben ( garekani, praim taimi); amgvari gafilt
vra adaminebs naxvisa da aTvisebis saSualebas aZlevs; garda amisa, xel-fexs uxs
nis maT, vinc wyvets gazeTisa Tu teleeTeris beds.. mayurebeli ki saWiroebs met
informacias, romlis mopovebis mizniT is internetsa da informaciis sxvadasxva
wyaros mimarTavs xolme.
formuliT an sityviT SeuZlebelia yvela tipis codnis axsna. Ees exeba praqti
kul codnas, romelic ase vTqvaT, araverbaluria (curvis codna, kalaTburTis
kalaTaSi burTis moTavseba). Aaravis ainteresebs, rogor erTveba am moqmedebeb
Si sxeuli da kunTebi. saukeTeso mocuraveebsa da kalaTburTelebsac ki uWirT
warmatebuli TamaSis saidumlos axsna. isini ubralod TamaSiT axerxeben amas.
socialuri yofa praqtikuli codnis gareSe warmoudgenelia, iqneba saubari ge
movnebis gaziarebaze, biznesgarigebasa Tu seqsze (burdie, 1990).
169
vlisas mas sadias naTesavebma kari dauxures da patarZalTan ar uSvebdnen manam,
sanam ar darwmundnen, rom mis mier gadaxdili Tanxa, marTlac sadias Sesaferi
iyo. Famis Semdeg, mubins kari gauRes da man sadias gverdiT daikava adgili. Mmkacri
etiketis Tanaxmad, yvela stumari valdebuli iyo mokrZalebul Tvalebdaxril
patarZalTan misuliyo, raTa misi mSveniereba da sinaze ganedidebina. Mmdumareba
unda SeenarCunebina siZesac manam, sanam stumrebi sxvadasxvagvarad ixumrebdnen
mis momaval saojaxo cxovrebaze. xelmoweril iqna TanxmobaTa qorwinebaze. Mmoi
wvies muslimani mgalobel-mlocvelebi. Mmeore dRes axlad daqorwinebulTa mSob
lebma miReba gamarTes. Nnefe-patarZali fotografebis kamerebis win pozirebda.
mogvianebiT ki, mubinma Tavisi meuRle yvela stumars oficialurad warudgina.
realurad, maqsi/mubini ori cxovrebiT cxovrobs _ EerTis mxriv, ingli
surenovani, amerikanizebuli maqsi, romelic ganaTlebas aSS-Si iRebs da TanamS
romlebisTvisac Cveulebrivi amerikeli maqsia, Mmeores mxriv, pirad cxovrebasa
da ojaxSi is mubinia, romelic mSobliur enaze metyvelebs, tradiciuli samosiT
imoseba, tradiciul sakvebs miirTmevs da Tavisi aRmsareblobis erTguli rCeba.
maqs/mubinis istoria naTlad gamoxatavs im daZabul realobas, rac aSS-Si didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. EerTis mxriv, iyo sazogadoebrivi zewola, romelic
mxars uWerda e.w. asimilacias; mis Tanaxmad, qveyanaSi Camosuli xalxi eqceoda do
minati kulturis zegavlenis qveS da Sesabamisad, Tmobda sakuTar Rirebulebebs,
adaTebsa da mrwamss. Mmeores mxriv, ki aRiniSneboda _ kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis nebas rac TiToeuli pirovnebis memkvidreobiTobasa da misi mrwam
sisa Tu Rirebulebebis pativiscemas gulisxmobs. Mmaqs/mubinis arCevani, misdios
amerikuli cxovrebis wess da amasTanave ojaxSi mSobliuri bengaluri tradiciebis
erTguli darCes, problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi gzaa. aSS-Si Camosuli migrant
ebis umravlesoba swored amgvari dualisturi cxovrebiT cxovrobs.
asimalaciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris arsebuli daZabuloba ro
gorc calkeuli individisTvis, ise mTeli sazogadoebriobisaTvisaa nacnobi.
DdRevandeli sazogadoebis mTavari kiTxvac swored amaSi mdgomareobs, ramdenad
`argia~ kulturuli mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebriv wesrigs.
kulturuli mravalsaxeoba gulisxmobs rogorc calkeul sazogadoebebSi, ise
mTels msoflioSi arsebuli gagebis, damokidebulebebis sxvadasxva tipebs, gansx
vavebul Rirebulebebsa da gemovnebas; sanam migrantebi xvdebian axal kulturas
da kulturuli produqcia kulturuli mravalsaxeobis aqtualuri resursia, mra
valsaxeobis garedan Semosvlis saWiroeba namdvilad ar dgas. mniSvnelovania amave
kulturaSi axali identobis mqone sxvadasxva jgufis formireba. magaliTad, dRe
vandeli gei subkulturis msgavsad, kulturuli mravalsaxeobis erT-erTi wyaro
iyo 1960 wlebis studenturi kontrkultura. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba `Zveli~
erovnuli identobis SenarCunebasTan erTad, `axal~ araeTnikur identobaTa Camo
yalibebasac gulisxmobs.
Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba SemoqmedebiTobis amsaxvelia. is naTeli maga
liTia imisa, rom kulturas Tavad adamianebi qmnian da cvlian. Aamerikelebi ga
nagrZoben cxovrebis axali wesis mosinjvas, axali tipis gaerTianebebis Camoyal
170
ibebas, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis axleburi gzebis Ziebas. Aam TvalismomWreli
mravalsaxeobis Semxedvares, bevrs uCndeba kiTxva, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoe
bas am procesis limitireba.
kulturuli integracia gulisxmobs im dones, romlis arsebiTi funqciuri
sistema aris kultura, sadac yvela nawili urTierTSekavSirebulia. Tavis mxriv,
kulturuli elementebi funqciurad integrirdebian iseT sazogadoebriv mov
lenebTan, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi struqtura da xelisuflebasTan urT
ierToba. vrceli integrirebuli kulturis mqone xalxebisaTvis TiTqmis ucxoa
winaaRmdegoba fiqrsa da saqmes Soris. MmaTi religiuri, ekonomikuri da ojaxuri
cxovreba erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. damkvirdebuli tradiciebis daxmarebiT
maT cxovrebis umtkivneulod, yovelgavri Sinagani konfliqtis gareSe warmarTva
SeuZliaT. Tumca, rogorc anTropologma ralf lintonma (1947) aRniSna, amgvari
sazogadoebebi xSirad mgrZnobiareni arian.F Rirebulebebi, mrwamsi, teqnologiebi
aq erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. EerTi sferos Secvla jaWvuri reaqciiT gadaedeba
meores da xSirad es mTeli sistemis balansidan amovardnas iwvevs. KSesaZloa kul
turulma mravalsaxeobam ganapirobos funqciuri integraciis Sesusteba, magram
mas aseve aqvs Tavisufali arCevanisa da SemoqmedebiTobis damkvidrebis unari.
171
vani, maTgan ar iTxovda _ da arc sTavazobda – gamxdariyvnen romaelebi, maT
enaze elaparakaT, gaeziarebinaT romaelTa Rirebulebebi. Ddidi imperiebi kul
turuli mravalsaxeobisadmi tolerantulni iyvnen. MmaTgan gansxvavebiT, nakle
bi tolerantobiT gamoirCevian Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi (kalhuni, 1995). sa
nam ingliselebi ZiriT Ziramde atarebdnen sakuTar `ingliselobas~, amerikuli
kultura ara marto inglisuri, aramed laTinoamerikuli, azieli, karibieli,
afrikeli da aRmosavleT evropeli migrantebis mier Semotanil kulturaTa el
ementebs iTvisebda. masze Ddidi gavlena Tanamedrove wignebma, filmebma da tele
viziam iqonia. DdRes kiTxva, ramdenad Ria unda iyos amerikis SeerTebuli State
bi sxva qveynebis kulturaTYa zegavlenis misaRebad, jerac upasuxod rCeba. Mmisi
gadawyveta kulturuli mravalsaxeobis an kulturuli integraciis sasikeTod
jer ar momxdara. Uunda dahyavdeT Tu ara fundamentalist qristianebs, orTodo
qs ebraelebs, Savkanian muslimebs bavSvebi sakuTar skolebSi; unda saubrobdnen
da swavlobdnen Tu ara sxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebi inglisurad. ixileT soci
ologiisa da sazogadoebrivi debatebis nawili.
lingvisturi mravalsaxeoba
172
enam gauxsna gza damoukideblobebisaken. AafrikaSi amarul enaze mosaubre eTi
opielebs mSobliuri enis erovnul standartad gamocxadebis mcdeloba hqon
daT. amas win aRudgenen sxva xalxebi, romelTac mkacrad gamoxates sakuTari neba
da Sedegad SeinarCunes rogorc mSobliuri ena, ise mravalenianoba.
bevri amerikelis azriT, aSS-s dRes SeiZleba `ucxoelTa nacia~ vuwodoT. Census biuros
1994 wlis statistikis mixedviT, amerikelTa 8.7% aSS-s sazRvrebs gareTaa dabadebuli. TiTqmis
32 milioni amerikeli saxlSi mSobliur enaze saubrobs; sajaro skolebSi mosiarule bavSvTa
erTi mesamedisTvis pirveli ena – ucxo enaa (hideni, 1995). riT pasuxobs amerikuli sazogadoeba
da kerZod, saganmanaTeblo sistema aseT mzard lingvistur mravalsaxobas?
amerikul skolas aqvs sami ZiriTadi arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba; pirvelia _ sazogadoe
baSi bavSvebis asimilirebis stimulireba, iqneba es nebiT (specialuri saswavlo klasebi an daqi
ravebuli repetitorebi) Tu garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT (yvela studenti survilis da
ganurCevlad valdebulia iswavlos inglisur saswavlebelSi). Semdegi gamosavalia bilingvuri
anu orenovani swavleba. es aris federaluri politikis nawili, romelic gulisxmobs im bavS
vebis daxmarebas, romlebic inglisuri enis arcodnis gamo CamorCebian swavlaSi; am meTodis
Tanaxmad, moswavle iseT ZiriTad sagnebs, rogoricaa maTematika, biologia, sazogadoebrivi
sagnebi – swavlobs mSobliur enaze da paralelurad eswreba inglisuris gakveTilebs, rac mas
codnis gaRrmavebaSi exmareba. enis aTvisebis Semdeg ki moswavle yvela sagnis swavlas inglisur
enaze ganagrZobs. da mesame gza _ mravalenovani swavleba, sadac rogorc inglisurenovani, ise
arainglisurenovani moswavleebi sagnebs or enaze gadian ( es meTodi naklebad ganixileba).
debatebi
173
swavleba mSboluri enis dakninebas da TviTSefasebis xarisxis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. am adamia
nebis azriT, dRevandel mzard integrirebul samyaroSi, momavali kulturul da lingvistur
mravalsaxeobebTan adaptirebazea damyarebuli.
analizi
am debatebis amosavali birTvi _ kulturaa. Eena, kulturis erTi Semadgeneli rodia, igi
pirveladi sazomia, romelsac efuZneba nebismieri kultura. Eenis gaziareba _ kulturis gazi
arebasa da gacnobaSi gvexmareba. Aaq ori situacia ikveTeba _ erTis mxriv, bavSvebi, romlebic
aRar saubroben mSobliur enaze, nel-nela kargaven kavSirs mSoblebis enasTan. Mmeore mxriv, sx
vadasxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebs rogorc Tavisi, ise sxvadasxva kulturis, xelovnebis, isto
riis, saerTod msoflmxedvelobis gacnobis saSualeba eZlevaT.
xSirad ena is gamyofi xazia, romelic e.w `araCvenianis~ amocnobasa da erovnuli ideebis
mxaradWeraSi gvexmareba. Aase Tu ise, enebis gaziareba erovnulis arsebiTi atributi ar aris.
Sveicaria, sami ZiriTadi da erTi umciresobebis enis (franguli, germanuli, italiuri da
romanuli) qonis miuxedavad, dRemde maRalganviTarebuli, warmatebuli, integrirebuli da
stabiluri erovnuli saxelmwifoa. Eena xSirad scildeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. amis magali
Tia espanur enaze mosaubre laTinoamerikelTa umravlesoba. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
laTinuri amerika Tavis mxriv, mraval gansxvavebul kulturasa da qveyanas moicavs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTgan
sazRvris uflebas, rac sazogadoebrivi aqtivobaa, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavad virCevT Cvens
xelisuflebas, cxovrebis wess da im enas, romelzec gvsurs laparaki. Mmagram enasTan dakav
Sirebul pirovnul gadawyvetilebebTan erTad yovelTvis moiazreba sazogadoebrivi gare
moebebic. mSoblebs SeuZliaT bavSvis waxaliseba inglisuri enis SeswavalSi, im mizeziT, rom
ena maTi ukeTesi saganmanaTleblo, politikuri Tu momavali saqmianobis garanti iqneba. maT
aseTive warmatebiT SeuZliaT bavSvebSi garkveuli eWvis gaCenac im argumentis moSveliebiT,
rom inglisuri enis SeswavliTa da aTvisebiT isini SesaZloa nel-nela mowydnen sakuTar kul
turul tradiciebsa da aman maTSi mSoblebis avtoritetis mkveTri dacema gamoiwvios. Aar
Cevanis gakeTeba arc ise iolia. Ppirovnebebi, sazogadoebebi, ojaxebi – dilemis winaSe dganan.
EerT-erTi kolejis studenti ase xsnis situacias: ~Cemma mSoblebma ar ician inglisuri, me ki,
sakmaod miZneldeba espanuris gageba da es Zalian mtkivneulia CemTvis~(hideni, 1995gv.40). ar
Cevanis gakeTebis sakiTxi, migrantTa enis SenarCunebasa an inglisuris aTvisebas Soris erT
mniSvnelovani da kategoriuli ar unda iyos. Mmravalenovani swvalebis erT-erTi mizania im
sakmarisi gamocdilebisa da codnis miwodeba, rac sabolood moswavles sakuTari arCevanis
gakeTebaSi daexmareba.
mravalenovnebis irgvliv atexili debatebis gamomwvevi mizezia sazogadoebriv-struqtu
ruli faqtorebi. DdRes aSS-Si 300 gansxvavebul enaze mosaubre adamiani cxovrobs. 1995 wlis mi
jnaze, deidis skolis administraciam 5, 190 axali 52 enaze mosaubre studenti aRricxa (hideni
1995)Y yvela am studentisTvis orenovani swavlebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. Tanabrad mniS
vnelovania garkveul jgufebsa da skolebSi moswavle arainglisurenovan bavSvebze koncent
rireba. los-anjelesis studentTa 43 % procenti espanurenovania (hideni, 1995). Ees sxvadasxva
struqturuli Tu industriuli faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. MsamuSaos saZebnad CamosulTa umetesi
nawili iltvis kaliforniisa da mexikosaken (kaliforniis soflis meurneoba). MmigrantTa um
ravlesoba muSaobas da cxovrebas arCevs iq, sadac mosaxleobis didi nawili maTi kulturisa da
174
enis warmomadgenelia. Aamitomac, axali migrantebi TavianTi winaprebis mier SerCeul adgilebSi
saxdlebian. Eespanurenovani xalxisTvis komunikacia Cveulebriv mSobliur enaze grZeldeba; Sin
da gareT isini mSobliur enaze saubroben da amitomac, am ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi skolaSi
inglisuri enis umciresi codniT midian. Tavad skolebSic am bavSvebis umetesoba saubars erT
maneTSi Tavis mSobliur enaze ganagrZobs da amis gamo, maTSDi inglisuri enis damkvidreba sul
ufro rTuldeba.
mravalenovani ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba mTavrobazea damokidebuli.
Uunda flobdes Tu ara sazogadoeba, xelisufleba an skola met Zalauflebasa da kontrols imis
gansazRvraSi, ra enaze unda ilaparakon adamianebma? AamerikaSi dominanti ena _ inglisuria,
radgan inglisurenovan mosaxleobas aqvs ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri Zalaufleba
da neba, moaxdionos migrantTa sazogadoebaSi asimilacia. da xSir SemTxvevaSi es maTi survi
lis winaaRmdegac ki xdeba. indiur sakiTxTa biuros mmarTvelobis qveS myof skolebSi amerikel
bavSvebs akrZaluli hqondaT sakuTar enaze laparaki. 1912 wels, Stat luizianas kanonmde
blobis Tanaxmad, sajaro skolebSi Sewyda kajun franguli enis swavleba (ris Sedegadac, bevri
am erovnebis warmomadgeneli skolidan gauSves). 1971 Stat texasis sajaro skolebSi aikrZala
espanur enaze laparaki (hideni, 1995). DdRevandel dRes realurad eyreba safuZveli inglisuri
enis oficialur enad gamocxadebis kampanias (magaliTad, xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis,
gancxadebis mxolod inglisur enaze gamoqveyneba). DdReisaTvis ukve ocdaorma Statma da mra
valma municipalurma organom miiRo kanoni, mxolod inglisurenovani kanonebis miRebis Sesaxeb
da bolo dros Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom amerikelTa 73% procenti amis momxrea.
(US News&World Report, 25 seqtemberi, 1995). amdenad, skolebi CixSi aRmoCdnen (ix. sqema 4.1).
175
rantebisaTvis inglisuris swavleba. Mmagram dRevandeli kulturuli da ekonomikuri mzardi in
ternaciolizaciis pirobebSi, samomavlod mxolod inglisur enaze molaparakeni aRmoCndebian
rTul mdgomareobaSi. EerTenovani ganaTleba SesaZloa disfunqciuri aRmoCndes globaluri
ekonomikisaTvis. AamasobaSi ki, manam, sanam amerikelebi mravalenovani swavlebis irgvliv de
batebs ganagrZoben, sxva qveynebis xalxebi meore enad inglisurs irCeven.
176
migrantTa jgufebi: italiel-amerikelebi, iaponel-amerikelebi, afro-ame
rikelebi _ subkulturis models warmoadgenen. Tumca, yvela eTnikuri jgufi
subkulturad ver gardaiqmneba. subkulturis ganviTarebis dones didwilad
gansazRvravs is faqtori, ramdenad gasnxvavdeba ama Tu im eTnikuri umciresobis
kultura dominanti kulturisgan. MmagaliTad, vietnamelebs, inglisidan wamosu
li migrantebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikul wamyvan kulturasTan TiTqmis aranairi
kavSiri ar aqvs. mniSvnelovania struqturuli damoukideblobis sakiTxic anu
ramdenad inarCunebs umciresoba dominanti kulturis zegavlenisagan avtonomi
urobasa da damoukideblobas. Aamis magaliTia koreeli migrantebi, romlebic yov
elTvis iRvwian sakuTari biznesis, mezoblobisa da religiuri kongregaciebis
gatarebisa da dacvisaTvis, riTac dominanti kulturisagan aSkara distancire
bas axdenen.
subkulturebs ayalibeben dasaqmebuli, sazogadobriv-ekonomikuri, asa
kobrivi niSniT gaerTianebuli da sxva tipis jgufebi. Aaxalgazdrdebi qmnian axal
subkulturebs im musikis, Sexvedrebisa da sxvaTa safuZvelze, risi gamocdile
bac aqvT. tipuri subkultura Tavs iCens maSin, roca erTgvarovan situaciaSi aR
moCenili xalxi, Tavs ZiriTadi samyarodan izolirebulad grZnobs. SesaZloa, es
iyos rogorc fizikuri (sapyrobileSi an jarSi myofni), ise gansxvavebuli azrisa
da Sexedulebebis qoniT gamowveuli izolacia, romelic adamianebs msoflioSi
miRebuli kulturisgan riyavs.
urTerTSerevis procesSi, subkulturis wevrebi sakuTar jgufebTan iden
tobis povnasTan erTad, dominanti kulturisgan de-identobas axdenen. amerikaSi
mcxovrebi homoseqsualebis azriT, am qveynis wamyvani kultura – heteroseqsua
luria (isini Tavs am konteqstidan amovardnilad miiCneven). AaTeistebis azriT,
wamyvani kultura _ religiuria. Savkaniani afro-amerikelebisTvis dominanti
dasavleli TeTrkanianebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli kulturaa, UusaxlkaroTaT
vis ki _ saSualo fenis kultura.
zogierTi subkultura dominanti kulturisagan gamijnvis garda, misi gamow
vevisa da xSirad Secvlis mcdelobiTac gamodis. Aam tipis kulturebs _ kontr
kulturebi ewodebaT. Aamis saukeTeso magaliTi gaxldaT 60-iani wlebis studenturi
kontrkultura, romelic `istabliSmentis~ mier aRiarebul samuSao, materialuri,
seqsualuri prioritetebis sawinaaRmdegod gamovida. struqturulad es moZraoba
gaumarTavi iyo, ar arsebobdnen gamokveTili liderebi, aklda wesebi da Sesabamisi
organizeba, (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi wevrebi saerTo faseuloebebs da ideebs
iziarebdnen). Aarsebobs sxva, ufro mWidro struqturuli kontrkulturebi. maga
liTad, hari kriSnas mimdevrebi, romlebic mkacrad icaven sakuTari kulturis
sazRvrebs da disciplinas. Sedegad, isini dominanti kulturisgan mudmiv damouki
deblobas inarCuneben.
zogi kontrkultura Ria moqmedebas arCevs, zogan ki privatuloba mkacradaa
daculi. sanam 1995 wels oklahomas qalaqis ofisi ar daibomba, amerikelebi e.w.
`zizRis jgufebsa~ da `radikaluri uflebebis~ jgufebis arsebobaSi maincda
mainc sagangaSos verafers xedavdnen. Amomxdarma faqtma ki sazogadeobas realuri
safrTxe daanaxa: aRmoCenil iqna sabrZolo SeiaraReba, gaerTianebebi, romlebic
177
xelisuflebis damxobisa da kontrolis sakuTar xelSi Cagdebisken iyo mimarTuli
da erTi ideis qveS gaerTianebuli adamianebi sxvadasxva tipis komunikaciis (Toq
Souebi, kompiuteruli qseli) anu kontrkulturis daxmarebiT erTmaneTs ukav
Sirdebodnen. SesaZloa, isini `WeSmarit~ amerikul Rirebulebebad swored Tavi
anT Rirebulebebs Tvlidnen.
dReisaTvis xSirad midis kamaTi ama Tu im identobis mqone jgufTa kano
nierebisa da saerTo kulturaSi maT mier Setanili pozitiuri wvlilis Sesaxeb.
MmagaliTad, ra aris gei kultura? Kkanonieri subkultura Tu ubralod devianti
adamianebis erTianoba. antiarCevanis moZraobaSi CarTuli, abortis winaaRmdeg
molaSqre adamianebi _ ubralod deviantebi Tu kanonieri subkulturis wevrebi
arian? Aan vin arian haiteli politikuri migrantebi _ sakuTar samSobloSi mZvin
vare anarqiasa da terorizms gamoqceuli devnilebi, Tu ubralod, sarCo-sabade
blis maZiebeli xalxi?
am tipis kiTxvebi politikuri identobis arss gamoxatavs (kalhuni, 1994 b).
dRes bevr jgufs ara marto materialuri keTildReobisaTvis, aramed sxvaTa
TvalSi TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTari uflebebis mopovebisTvisac uwevs brZo
la. sakmaod bevri ibrZoles amerikulsa da msoflio kulturaSi Setanili dadeb
iTi wvlilis dasamtkiceblad afro-amerikelebma. Aamerikuli wignebis umetes
nawilSi maT ZiriTadad monobasTan dakavSirebiT moixseneben xolme. `msoflio
istoriis~ kursi eqskluziurad ufro dasavleTis istorias miiCnevs. CixSia mo
qceuli `afrikuli~ identoba, romelic pativiscemas da dafasebas iTxovs; es ki
warsulSi monobasa da awmyoSi arsebul siRaribesTan da sxva problemebTan aso
cirebiTaa gamowveuli.
Aarsebobs makro- da mikro tipis identobis politika. Ppirvelis Temaa _ eTni
kuri jgufebi, romelTa `erovnebebad~ gamocxadebis irgvliv kamaTi ar cxreba (bos
nielebi, qurTebi, amazonis adgilobrivi tomebi). Mmeores warmomadgenelni ki arian
calkeuli pirovnebebi, individebi, magaliTad, aratradiciuli seqsualuri orien
taciis mqone pirovneba. miayenebs Tu ara mas homoseqsualistad aRiareba materi
alur (samsaxuris dakargva) zarals an fsiqologiur stress (sazogadoebidan gari
yva). Aam SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara sworsa da arasworze, aramed imaze, vin imsaxurebs
kulturul aRiarebas.
AaRsaniSnavia isic, rom xalxi yovelTvis bolomde ar jdeba sakuTari subkul
turis sazRvrebSi. Aadamiani SesaZloa erTdroulad Savkanianic iyos da homoseq
sualic. igive SemTxvevaa iamaikeli dedisa da iaponeli mamis Svili an SeerTe
bul StatebSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili Cinuri memkvidreobis mqone adamiani.
Ggarkveul situaciaSi, oridan erTi identoba wina planze iwevs. zogjer, es poli
tikuri garemoebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli. aucilebelia Tu ara, Savkanianma qa
lebma mxolod rasobriv an genderul identobaze moaxdinon fokusireba? Bbevri
Svkaniani aqtivistis azriT, rasaze genderis win dayeneba _ Ralatia. sxvaTa az
riT, orives Serwyma Savkanian feministur cnobierebaSi savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
(kolinsi, 1991). xSirad kolejebsa da kampusebSi Savkaniani qalebi garkveul ze
wolasa da uuflebobas ganicdian (kargaven megobrebs an CrdilSi rCebian).
178
SeniSvna: daStrixuli espanuri
inglisuri Cinuri arabuli
areebi erTze met
sasaubro enas portuga- rusuli sxva
franguli liuri
aRniSnavs.
wyaro: s. moseleis (C. Moseley) da r.e. aSeris (R. E. Asher) red., `msoflio enaTa
atlasi~, (Routledge, London, 1994), gv. 223-224.
kulturaTaSorisi gageba
Damerikasa da, saerTod, Tanamedrove msoflioSi, adamianebi erTmaneTTan in
tensiur komunikaciaSi verTvebiT da vecnobiT sxvaTa kulturul memkvidreobas.
SesaZloa Cveni klasis megobrebi sxva subkulturis warmomadgenelni iyvnen. mra
valerovan korporaciebSi ki mudmivad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenel
TanamSromlebs _ menejerebsa, Tu ubralo moxeleebs.
riTi vpasuxobT am komunikacias? EerT-erTi pasuxi – eTnocentrizmi, anu yvelaf
ris sakuTari Rirebulebebisa da kulturis WrilSi danaxvaa. Ees yvela Cvengans sCve
via, magram eTnocentrizmi, egocentrizmis (sakuTar Tavze orientirebuls) msgav
sad, TviTSezRudulia. Tu adamiani miiCnevs da myarad dgas im azrze, rom yvela
danarCenis imedebi, SiSi, survilebi misive msgavsi unda iyos, maSin is verasodes Se
Zlebs sxvisi grZnobebisa da msoflmxedvelobis gagebas.
eTnocentrizmis alternativa – kulturuli relativizmi. Aanu ama Tu im sag
nis, Tavisive kulturis kuTxiT danaxvisa da gagebis mcdelobaa. Dswored es aris
erTaderTi gza urTierTgagebisaken. Kkulturuli relativizmi gulisxmobs ada
mianTa mzaobas, gaixsnas sxva kulturebis mimarT da ara _ neitralitets. Ggageba
179
yovelTvis mowonebas da gamarTlebas rodi niSnavs. Cven yvelas kargad gvesmis,
rom axal gvineaSi Cveulebriv normadaa miRebuli adamianebze nadiroba, rac Seu
Zlebelia aRqmuli da gagebuli iqnes imave viCitasa da kanzasis macxovreblebs So
ris. Ggagebisa da gamarTlebis erTmaneTisgan gamijnva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria. EeTnocentrizmi Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi gagebisa da gamarTlebis
erTmaneTSi aRrevas axdenen da uars amboben sxvaTa rwmenisa da gamocdilebebis
gaziarebaze.
G g agebis msgavsi magaliTebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT religiidanac. sxvaTa reli
giuri ritualebis, dResaswaulebis, tradiciebis gacnobisas viRebT codnas ro
gorc sakuTari, ise sxvebis aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. ebraelebSi naTloba miRebuli
ar aris. E e braul ojaxSi dabadebuli bavSvi ukve iudevelia. Qqristianuli religi
uri tradiciebis, kerZod, naTlobis Sesaxeb informaciis gacnobisas, ebraele
bi xSirad igeben damatebiT informacias imis Taobaze, rom bevri qristianuli
denominacia ver Tanxmdeba naTlobis asakTan dakavSirebiT (dabadebisTanave Tu
SedarebiT mowiful asakSi). es uTanxmoebebi ki bibliis wminda wignis im nawili
dan iRebs saTaves, romelsac iudevelebi da qristianebi (`Zveli aRTqma~ – qris
tianTaTvis, `Tora~ – ebraelTaTvis) iziareben; arsebobs msgavsebebi garkveul
ritualebsa da gamocdilebebSic. magaliTad, ebraelTa rituali bar micva an bat
micva, swored im asakSi tardeba, (cameti wlis), roca msgavs rituals sxvadasxva
qristianuli garTianebebi atareben. Aamdenad, sxva religiaTa gacnobisas, adami
ani sakuTari Rirebulebis sxvisTvis Tavs moxvevis gareSe swavlobs sxvaTa rw
menisa da ritualebis pativiscemas.
ukiduresad Sori da gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebisa da tradiciebis gagebac
amgvari midgomis ufro farTo masStabebSi gadadis. MmagaliTad, dasavlelebisT
vis gaugebaria hinduri wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
davkla sastikad akrZalulia da es xdeba indoeTSi, sadac xalxis didi nawili
TiTqmis SimSilis zRvarzea. realurad, cocxali pirutyvi aqauri mosaxleo
bisTvis gacilebiT met sargebels iZleva, vidre dakluli da sufraze sxvadasxva
sunelebiT morTmeuli steiki. xari xnavs miwas, Zroxa iwvelis rZes. Ppirutyvis na
keli ki niadagis ganoyierebasTan erTad, sawvavi airis warmoqmnasac uwyobs xels
_ swored aqedan ikveTeba Zroxis sakraluri mniSvneloba indoelTaTvis (harisi,
1975). SesaZloa, ebraelTa da musulmanTaTvis Roris xorcis Wamis akrZalva da
kaTolike qristianebisTvis paraskevs marxvis Senaxva, garkveulad warsulis ga
mocdilebasTan iyos dakavSirebuli. DdRes ki, amgvari wesebis aRiareba jgufis
identobis demonstrirebas niSnavs.
postmodernizmi
180
memkvidreobiT kulturas moergon. es gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi global
izaciis irgvliv arsebul aqtiur debatebs warmoSobs. Aara aqvs mniSvneloba iqne
ba es erTi `calke mdgomi~ kultura, Tu ufro farTo kulturuli mravalsaxeoba.
Mmravalsaxeobis mxardamWerTa azriT, dRes safuZveli eyreba axal _ postmoder
nistul epoqas, sadac bolo periodis wamyvani integrirebuli Zalebis nel-nela
gaqroba daiwyeba.
Ppostmodernistebis azriT (sidmani, 1994, laSi, 1993; liotari 1984), dRevan
deloba kulturuli integraciis procesiTaa moculi. Mmsxvili mTavrobebiTa da
biurokratiebiT marTuli Tanamedrove kultura gansakuTrebul aqcents yvela
kulturuli elementis erT racionalur wesrigSi moyvanaze akeTebs. Mis iTxovs
konformizmis donis amaRlebas, axdens kulturuli siwmindisa da integraciis
idealizacias da gansxvavebulobebs udgeba, rogorc ara Tavisuflebisa da Semoq
medebis gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc im sirTuleebs, romelTa gadalaxvac Sesa
Zlebelia. Tanamedrove kultura ixreba ganviTarebis im erTaderTi Seuqcevadi
procesisken, romelTan mimarTebaSic yvela danarCeni kulturuli movlena met-
naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone meorexarisxovan movlenad iqneba ganxiluli. erTi
sityviT, Tanamedrove kultura eTnocentrizmisken midrekilebas iCens.
postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom arsebobs ganviTarebis ara erTi, aramed ram
denime gza. isini ar eTanxmebian wesrigisa da kulturuli integraciis im formas,
romelic, maTi azriT `qaosur~ zewolas axdens iseT umciresobebze, rogoricaa
eTnikuri jgufebi, politikuri disidentebi, axali tipis skolebi. isini miesalme
bian Tanamedrove kulturis im axal teqnologiebs, romlebic sakmaod farTo da
xSirad urTierTsapirispiro SesaZleblobebs iZleva. Aimavdroeulad isini am cv
lilebebs aRiqvamen, rogorc Zalauflebisa da centralizaciis iseT formas, ro
goricaa eri-saxelmwifo. Tanamedrove postmodernul epoqaSi aqtiuria kamaTi
imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebebs uWirT mravalerovani korporaciebis, masobri
vi migraciis, mediisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis fonze sakuTari avtoritetis
SenarCuneba. sustdeba politikuri gaerTianebebis ndobis xarisxi, kulturuli
identobis mqone xalxi ki sul ufro da ufro Sordeba sakuTar fesvebs da sam
Soblosgan Sors cxovrobs (inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi
pakistanelebi Tavs dRemde pakistanelebs uwodeben). postmodernistebis azriT,
gardauvalia axali gansxvavebuli tipis kulturaTa Seqmna, rasac xels Seuwyobs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi struqturebi da kulturuli nimuSebi. Aarian isinic,
vinc ar eTanxmeba gamoTqmul varauds, TumcaRa sociologTa umravlesoba Tanx
mdeba imaze, rom Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTarebis done sagrZnoblad maRali,
mravalferovani da mobiluria.
rogor aisaxa es cvlilebebi Cvens sazogadoebasa da kulturaze? orlando pa
tersoni (1994) gamoyofs amerikis sam wamyvan kulturas. pirveli _ tradiciuli
midgoma, rwmeniTa da deviziT _ `amerika amerikelebisaTvis~. warsulSi, tradici
uli amerika erTdroulad rasistuli da qsenofobiuri iyo (orive SemTxvevaSi an
tiucxouri ganwyoba). Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom rasizmi daZleul iqna, separatizmi
jer kidev aqtualuria. tradiciulad Savakanianebi da TeTrkanianebi, `erTmane
Tisgan damoukidebel mSvidobian cxovrebas~ arCeven xolme ( gv.113).
181
Mmeore _ amerika multikulturuli qveyanaa. Mmaiami da los-anjelesi ukve
ara Zveli gagebis tradiciuli amerikuli, aramed transnacionaluri qalaqebia.
maT macxovrebelTa umravlesobas Seadgenen laTinuri amerikidan, karibidan,
afrikidan wamosuli migrantebi, romlebic samSoblosTan inarCuUneben ekonomi
kur, kulturul da sazogadoebriv mWidro kavSirs. bevri maTgani arakvalifici
uri an dabali kvalifikaciis muSaxelia, romelic amerikaSi samuSaos saZebnad da
im ekonomikuri niSebis Sesavsebad Camovida, razec mkvidrma amerikelebma uari
Tqves. Zveli migrantuli jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon
sakuTar qveynebsa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris kavSiris gabma da orivegan Tavi
ise igrZnon, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi. saWiroebis mizeziT erTad Seyrili jgufe
bi erT sivrceSi Tanacxovroben, magram erTmaneTSi ar irevian.
mesame amerika _ ekumenuria, `universaluri tipis kultura, romelmac war
moSva da ganagZobs naciis axali didi qalaqebisa da universitetebis warmoqmnas~
(gv.115). is postindustriulsa da infomaciul ekonomikazea dafuZnebuli da yve
la adgilidan (da ara marto amerikidan) izidavs xalxs, ideebs, xelovnebas, te
qnologias, modas da nacionalur kulturas. Eis arc iseTi izolirebuli samyaroa,
rogorc tradiciuli amerika da arc iseTi Tavisuflad Camoyalibebuli, rogorc
mravalerovani; is yovelTvis iyureba momavlisken da ara _ warsulisken; is ar
Cevs im faseuloebebs, religiebs, normebsa da simboloebs, romlebic ar aris Sez
Ruduli romelime erTi erovnebiT, adgiliT, qveyniT da cxovrebis wesiT. Tumca,
es imas ar niSnavs, rom ekumenuri kultura mxolod saukeTesos irCevs. Ppaterso
nis azriT, es ara utopia, aramed momavlis is talRaa, romelSic erovuli saz
Rvrebisa da identobebis Seusabamoba sagrZnoblad masStaburi gaxdeba.
kulturis Camoyalibeba
182
Tayvanismcemelni. warsulisa Tu awmyos xelovanebi amzadeben axali Semoqmedis
xelovnebis miRebisa da gagebisTvis aucilebel konteqsts. rogorc vxedavT,
Semoqmedeba, rogorc calkeul xelovan individze, ise kulturuli produqciis
sferoSi arsebul sazogadoebriv organizaciebzea damokidebuli. (bordiu 1993).
sazogadoebrivi struqtura zegavlenas axdens rogorc Semoqmedebaze, aseve
masSi nagulisxmevi dasanaxi an `asaTvisebeli~ mxareebis gamoaSkaravebazec. sxva
fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli elita flobs met Zalauflebas, uwevs kon
trols imas, ra gamoifineba galereebSi, ras aSuqeben televiziiT an ras aswavlian
skolebSi. arCeviTobis procesSi aqtualurad erTveba rogorc marketingi, ise
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi. televiziis SemTxvevaSi mauwyeblebi mayurebelTa
farTo auditoriis mopovebis mizniT, aqcents ufro `popularul kulturaze~
akeTeben, vidre `maRalze~. xSirad maT upirispirdebian iseTi jgufebi, rogori
caa, magaliTad, konservatiuli qristianuli koalicia, romelic yovelTvis
icavs sakuTar moralur Sexedulebebs (winaaRmdegia ekranebze seqsis an homo
seqsualuri cxovrebis wesis demonstrirebisa). aseTi jgufebi xSirad boikotiT
afiqsiereben sakuTar pozicias da aiZuleben kidec mauwyebels ukan daixios.
moda da gemovnebac kulturis socialuri produqciis ilustraciaa. orive
sazogadoebriv fenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. elitisTvis gankuTvnil eqskluziur
samodelo saxlebSi SeZenili tansacmeli da elituri moda, socialuri statusis
aRmniSnvelia. elita Tavs uflebas aZlevs SeiZinos is, risi SeZenac saSualo fenas
ar SeuZlia. xSirad saSualo fena da muSebi ubralod elian dros, roca maRali
modis kopireba da ganmeoreba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ufro dabal xarisxSi. isini
ewinaaRmdegebian elitis dominirebas da Tavis sakuTar modas qmnian. AaviRoT
`granjis~ stili – CaCaCuli daxeuli jinsebi, farTo perangebi, sietleli axal
gazrdebis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmuloba, mogvinebiT aramarto saSualo fenaSi,
aramed cnobili dizaineris ralf lorenis koleqciaSic gamoCnda. Ggemovnebac
socialuri niSania. Ddamsaqmeblebi gadawyvetilebebs aramarto imis safuZvelze
iReben, rogori Semsruleblebi arian isini, aramed imazec, ramdenad aqvT elitu
ri fenis Sesaferisi gemovneba da kulturuli codna.
moda Tanamedrove, dasavluri sazogadoebebis identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia.
(davis, 1992). iyo dro, roca xalxi Tavisi socialuri statusis Sesabamis samoss
icvamda. Cacmis manera ucvleli da gansazRvruli iyo. DdRes, es yvelaferi cva
lebadia. Aadamianebi, pirovnebebi aqtiurad eZieben sakuTar imijs (xSirad es gauc
nobierebladac xdeba). sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben cxovrebis pirobebs, ms
gavs SegrZnebebs, ukmayofilebasa Tu miRwevebs. Mmoda koleqtiuri identobebis
cvalebadobiT ikvebeba.
fred devisi axdens ambivalenturi identobebis sami wyaros gansazRvre
bas. Eesaa sami `kulturis mcdari xazi~ (1992, gv.26). genderi (unda ecvaT Tu ara
qalebs mamakacis perangebi, ekeToT halstuxebi an sxva? Uunda uTmobdnen Tu ara
mamakacebi met yuradRebas dizainsa da ferebs?), statusi – (qristianuli daZabu
loba aqcents mZime Sromasa da TviTuaryofaze da kapitalistur/momxmareblur
devizze `Tuki gaqvs, gamoiyene kidec~, Aanu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, esaa ale
buloba garegnuli fufunebis winaaRmdeg) da sqesis demonstrireba (qaliSvili
183
gogonas stilidan aSkarad demonsatrirebul erotikul stilamde). devisi askv
nis, rom Tanamedrove moda mWidro sazogadoebrivi struqturis produqtia da is
bevr kiTxvas upasuxod tovebs. regulirebis nacvlad Mmoda ufro aZlierebs kul
turul daZabulobas.
bolo dekadebis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove moda ufro arCeviTi da demokra
tiuli gaxda. Ees 1960-ian wlebSi saSualo fenebis mzardi zegavleniT, sakredito
baraTebisa da im axali teqnologiebis gamoCenis Sedegad moxda, ramac maRali
moda saSualo fenebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada; es ki swored maRali modis
kopirebisa da masobrivi produqciis gamoSvebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli (lipovecki,
1994). Qqreba sazRvrebi gemovnebebs Soris. xelovanTa gemovnebis SemoqmedebiTi
Seswavlisas sociologma devid holma (1993) AaRmoaCina, rom sanamdec iarsebebs
realuri gansxvaveba socialur fenebs Soris, manamde maT Soris ufro meti ms
gavseba iqneba, vidre gansxvaveba (naxeT Catarebuli kvlevis nawili).
kulturuli kapitali
184
miRebebs uwyoben organizaciebis momwyobT da Tavad Semsruleblebs; musikosebs
iwveven TeTr saxlSi da kolejebisa da universitetebis specialuri jildoebiT
ajildoeben. Aam elitur jgufebs garkveuli Tanaarsebobis unaric SeswevT, maT
aqvT sakuTari preferenciebi zogs jazi operas urCevnia, zogi Zvel volvos _
axal mersedess arCevs. Aamgvarad, isini Tavidan icileben konkurencias, romelic
sxva dros xSiria xolme.
185
asakis, erovnuli Tu rasobrivi warmomavlobis gamo. internetqseli araCveulebriv
SesaZleblobebs iZleva identuri interesebis mqone adamianebisaTvis; aq maT azrTa
urTiergaziarebis saSualeba saxlidan gausvlelad, adgilidan fexis moucvlela
dac SeuZliaT. Ees aris nebismier dros, nebismier adgilas SesaZlebeli komunikacia,
romelic xalxs `adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad~socializaciaSi, muSaobaSi, saku
Tari Tavis gacnobaSi~ exmareba, (harasim, 1993. gv.22). kompiuteruli qseli inter
aqtiulia. igi ormxrivi komunikaciis saSualebas iZleva, da es satelevizio mauwye
belze ufro didi zonis dafarvis meSveobiT xdeba (rasmuseni, 1996).
marTalia, globaluri kompiuteruli qselebi demokratiuli komunikaciis
SesaZleblobebs qmnian, isini maT garantad mainc ar unda CavTvaloT. Qqsels iye
neben Tavisuflebis saxeliT (adamianebi SiSis gareSe anonimurad gamoxataven
sakuTar azrs) da amavdroulad mas iyeneben socialuri kontrolis gamkacrebis
mizniTac (korporaciis menejments an mTavrobas eZleva sxvadasxva pirTa wer
ilebis kiTxvis saSualeba.)Q qselis daxmarebiT mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris ar
sebuli siSoris daZlevis saSualebac realuri xdeba. is orive fenisTvis Tanabar
saerTo sainformacio sivrces qmnis. Qqsels aseve Seswevs fenebs Soris arsebuli
manZilis gazrdis unari. es ZiriTadad im maRali gadasaxadebis xarjze xdeba, ro
melic saukeTeso xarisxiani informaciebis miRebazea dawesebuli. Sesabamisad,
izrdeba sxvaobac informaciulad mdidar da informaciulad Rarib fenebs Soris.
Qqseli ubiZgebs adamianebs politikuri aqtivobisken (amomrCevlebi aZleven xmas
kandidatebs), sxadasxva saqmianobaSi CarTvisaken (biznesis dawyebis, vaWrobis,
filmebis yurebis, sabanko saqmeebis warmoebisken da es yvelaferi absoluturad
damoukideblad, sxvaTa Carevis gareSe xdeba). internetkomunikaciebs SeuZlia
kulturuli mravalsaxeobis mxaradWera (es farTo arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebis
mqone arxebia) da kulturuli homogenizaciis gazrda (saqonlisa da ideebis mxo
lod erTi, damoukidebeli centralizebuli marketis uzrunvelyofa).
dReisaTvis momxmareblebma monacemTa bazebis qseli sazogadoebriv qselebad
aqcies. magram komerciuli interesebi da mTavrobis maregulireblebi yovelTvis
myarad icaven ukana poziciebs da xelidan ar uSveben meti kontrolisa da Carevis
ganxrocielebis Sanss. ra gansazRvravs xvalindeli qseluri komunikaciis saxes,
jerjerobiT ucnobia.
masmediis zrdis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli garemoeba kulturis globa
lizaciaa. indoneziaSi Ddonald dakis multfilmebs uyureben, AafrikaSi frangul
presas ecnobian, BbraziliaSi maikl jeqsonis simRerebze cekvaven, Pparizsa da niu-
iorkSi kuskuss miirTmeven. kulturis zegavlenis gareSe dRes msoflioSi Zalian
cota adgili Tu darCa.
globalizaciis procesi axali dawyebuli ar gaxlavT. Aadreuli imperiebi da
msoflio religiebis farTo masStabebiT gavrceleba xSirad sxvadasxva kultu
ris matarebeli xalxisTvis saerTo kanonebs, adaT-wesebs, rwmenas, simboloebs
awesebda. meoce saukunem procesi sagrZnoblad daaCqara. warsulSi kulturuli
ganStoebis ori wamyvani media _ mogzauroba da wera-kiTxvis codna iyo (pater
soni, 1994). adamianebi sxva xalxebis Sesaxeb mogzaurobis, wignebis, xelovnebis
nimuSebis gacnobiT igebdnen. Fmasobrivi migrantuli talRis garda (afrikeli
186
monebis Sesvla amerikaSi) es procesi elitur fenebsac exeboda. aziur Tu afri
kul koloniebSi sxva kulturebis gacnobis saSualeba ufro mmarTvel fenebs an
urbanistebs eZleodaT. isini ufroganicdidnen dasavlur zegavlenas.
Cvens sinamdvileSi kulturis ganStoebaTa gazrda ara mxolod komunikaciebis
zrdiT, aramed wera-kiTxvis masobrivi gavrcelebiT, iseTi saerTaSoriso glo
baluri organizaciebis zrdiT, rogoricaa gaerTainebuli erebis organizacia,
Sor manZilze transportirebis ganviTarebiTaa ganpirobebli (patersoni, 1994w.);
meore mniSvnelovani faqtoria migracia. Bbolo dros indoelebisa da pakista
nelebis masobrivi talRa didi britaneTisken daiZra; afrikelebi safrangeTSi
gadavidnen, meqsikelebi _ amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Mmigracia, aramarto qm
nis subkulturebs, axal globalur kulturebsac ki udebs saTaves.
kulturis globalizacia erTi gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT ar mimdinareobs.
vgulisxmobT, dasavleTis tendenciebsa da e.w. `amerikanizacias~ (rasac bevri
`kulturul imperializms~ uwodebs). globalizaciaSi erTmniSvnelovnad ho
mogenuri, erTferovani, nacrisferi kultura ar unda moiazrebodes. SesaZloa,
mimdinare procesSi patara kulturebis gaqrobac ki moxdes, magram isic SesaZle
belia, rom am kulturaTa tradiciebma kulturuli kombinaciebiT SeniRbuli
axali kultura warmoSvas (fridmani, 1994). dasavleTis sazogadoeba aramarto
dasavluri kulturis produqciis pasiur momxmareblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, is
xSirad aqtiurad erTveba saerTo procesebSi da sakuTari kulturis gamocdile
bebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs (ix. Gglobaluri sakiTxebi/loka
luri garemoebebis nawili). dRevandeli kultura globalurad warmoebuli da
aseve globalurad moxmarebadia (robertsoni, 1993).
iamaikuri musikaluri mimdinareoba _ regi naTlad asaxavs kulturuli gam
didrebisa da ganayofierebis axal process (patersoni, 1994). ZiriTadad dasav
lursa da afrikul Zirebze dafuZnebuli iamaikuri musikis mdidari tradiciebi,
axali popularuli britanuli melodiiTa da poeziiT iqna gajerebuli. 50-ian
wlebSi SeerTebuli Statebidan samSobloSi dabrunebulma emigrantebma iamaika
Si axali ritm end bluzisa da qanTri musikis Canawerebi Camoitanes. Mmusikaluri
sakravebis, Canawerebis fonze axalgazrda musikosebi Tavad cdilobdnen musikis
imitirebas, Tumca imitacia imdenad `uxarisxo iyo, rom TiTqmis originals hgav
da~ (patersoni, 1994, gv.106). adgilobrivma mwarmoeblebma, romlebsac musikal
uri Canawerebis gakeTebis survili hqondaT, daiwyes sakuTari xmovani sistemebis
Canawer koleqciebTan erTad gaqiraveba da Tavad mihyves xeli disk-Jokeobas.
cocxali Sesrulebis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad isini tempis SenelebiTa da daCqarebiT
da sxva damatebiTi xmebis dadebiT amdidrebdnen TavianT musikas. izrdeboda ras
tafaris kulti, afrikuli moZraobebiTa da religiuri naxevartonebiT gamdi
drebuli iamaikuri musika axal ideologiur koncefcias uyrida saTaves.
bob marlisa da sxva cnobili Semsruleblebis wyalobiT regi swrafad gaxda
popularuli rogorc iamaikaSi, ise aq Camosul turistebs Soris. Mmagram global
izaciis mniSvnelovani biZgi mogvianebiT 60-ian wlebSi gamoiwvia samuSao fenis
masobrivma gadinebam did britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. 70-ian wlebSi re
geim afro-amerikeli axalgazrdebis yuradReba miipyro. maT am musikis Tavise
187
buri versiis Seqmna daiwyes, rasac sabolood repi ewoda. Aam musikam gaiara mTeli
cikli afro-amerikuli ritm end bluzis imitirebidan, iamaikuri axali musikal
uri idiomisaken da kvlav SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunda.
iamaikuri warmoSobis sociologma pol gilroim, romelic dRes inglisSi
moRvaweobs, aRwera afrikis Savkaniani, CrdiloeT amerikulis, karibiuli, ev
ropuli `Savi atlantikis~ Semxvedri kulturebis Sejerebis procesi (gilroi,
1993). `Savi atlantikuri~ kultura warmoSva dasavleT afrikelebis CriloeT
naxevarsferos sanapiro regionebisken daZrulma diasporam, romelmac miiRo
axali TeTrkaniani evropuli kulturis elementebi da amasTan TviTmyofadi
afrikuli memkvidreobis erTguli darCa. Ggilrois Tanaxmad, es aris mudmivad
afrikuli amerikul da evropul sivrceebs Soris arsebuli kultura, romelic
im gems hgavs, romelic mudam kveTs atlantis okeanes da verasodes midis napi
ramde. iseTi lokaluri tipis mimdinareobebic ki, rogoricaa regei, jazi, bluzi,
ireklavs sxva mravalenovani kulturebis gavlenas. pirvel TavSi sociologi veb
diubua amerikelad da Savkanianad yofnis ormag `Semecnebaze~ saubrobda (1903),
`ormagoba~ (dualizmi) gacilebiT farTo fenomenia. diubuadan dawyebuli, ri
Card raitiT damTavrebuli, cnobili afrikeli mwerlebis naSromebi STagonebu
lia im gamocdilebebiT, romlebic maT evropaSi yofnis dros miiRes, ramac maTi
afrikuli identobis xelaxal povnas Seuwyo xeli.
Seqmnili mravalsaxeobebis da `ormagi Semecnebis~ msgavsad, kulturis glo
balizacia axali hibridizaciebis Seqmnis saSualebasac iZleva. Amis magaliTebia,
vikram setisa da izabel aliendes literatuli nawarmoebebi, fransua triufosa
da Cen kaijis filmebi. Mmagram globalur kulturaze amerikis gavlena – arapir
dapiria (rifi, 1993).
yvela danarCen Zlevamosil saxelmwifoTa Soris SeerTebuli Statebi yvelaze
mcire istoriisaa, da Sesabamisad, ufro naklebadaa mijaWvuli tradiciebTan, vid
re didi britaneTi, CineTi, safrangeTi an iaponia. Aamave dros, amerikas udidesi
gamocdileba aqvs kulturis warmoebaSi; gansakuTrebiT es im Tanamedrove kul
turas exeba, romelic gansxvavebul mosaxleobebs elaparakeba. Cveni sazogadoeba
yovelTvis unikaluri da myari iyo im rwmenaSi, rom siaxle, Tavisi arsiT, poziti
uria. dRevandel moZrav samyaroSi, rogorc figuralurad, ise masobrivi migraciis
arsebobisa da Zveli rwmenebisa da aucileblobebis fsiqologiuri ngrevis fonze
_ amerikas ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli uWiravs da flobs axal reali
ebTan SeTavsebis maRal dones. amerikaSi maRalxarisxovani kulturuli produq
cia, ZiriTadad komercializebulia, nebismieri produqciis dizaini gaTvlilia
gayidvaze, survilebsa da saWiroebebze, samomxmareblo bazris uzrunvelyofaze.
holivuduri kino, televizia, popularuli musika iseT amerikul Rirebule
bebs `yidis~, rogoricaa demokratia, sityvis Tavisufleba, pirovnuli arCevanis
ufleba da sxva. media axdens sxvadasxva xalxis ganviTarebisa da im saxeebis demon
strirebas, romlebic maT modernizaciis procesTan adaptirebaSi daexmareba. is,
ramdenad `yidulobs~ xalxi srul samomxmareblo pakets (dawyebuli diskodan _
demokratiiT damTarvebuli) (Seli, 1989) _ ukve sxva sakiTxia.
188
kvlevis meTodebi
189
integraciis principis mxardaWera; yvela religiuri wesisa da saidumlos Seusruleblobis
miuxedavad, kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi rwmena).
Hholma daadastura sxva mkvlevarTa Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegi imis Taobaze, rom
xalxi xelovnebas sakuTari socialuri statusis demonstrirebis mizniT iyenebs. Mmagram
saxlebis monaxulebiTa da xelovnebis nimuSTa adgilze daTvalierebiT, holma aRmoaCina, rom
sazogadoebriv fenebs Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, aSkarad maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi gada
wonis. `sazogadod xalxi~ ufro aqtiuradaa CarTuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gansazRvra
Si, ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli da win wasulia xelovnebis simboluri enis gagebaSi, vidre es
sxva kvlevebma aCvena.
wyaro: HHalle, David, 1993. `kulturis SigniT: xelovneba da klasi amerikul saxlSi~.
University of Chicago
telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi
1 992 w. braziliaSi amazoniis qalaq gurupaSi (romlis mosaxeloba 20, 000) (peisi, 1933)
pirvelad CairTo telemauwyebloba. arsebobis 370 wlis manZilze aqaur macxovreblebs
pirvelad miecaT gare samyarosTan video-audio kontaqtis damyarebis saSualeba. A mdinare ama
zonis irgvliv gaSenebul, tropikulwvimiani tyeebiT garSemotymul gurupasTan dakavSireba
mxolod naviT an kerZo TviTmfrinaviTaa SesaZlebeli. Eekonomika aq ZiriTadad soflis meurneo
bas, meTevzeobas, nadirobasa da tyis produqtebis mogrovebas efuZneba. Mmosaxleobis 95% uki
duresi gaWirvebis zRvarzea, isini eleqtroenergiis gareSe, usaxlkarod cxovroben. wera-kiTx
vis mcodneTa raodenoba 40% Seadgens. 1950 wlamde aqauri mosaxleoba informacias mogzaurTa
da vaWarTa daxmarebiT igebda. bBatareebze momuSave radiomimRebebi aq mxolod gvian 50-ian
wlebSi gaCnda. Mmagram braziliur kulturasa da sxvadasxva movlenebTan kavSiris damyareba aq
mxolod telemauwyeblobis SemosvliT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
rogor axdens televizia zemoqmedebas msoflmxedvelobasa da socialuri interaqciis
nimuSebze? televiziis gamoCenam araTu gazarda mosaxleobis izolacia da pasiuroba, aramed
piriqiT, gazarda sazogadoebis integraciis done. saRamoobiT, axali ambebis, fexburTisa
da braziliuri teleserialebis Cvenebisas, fanjrebze moTavsebuli telemimRebebi gareT,
quCisken trialdeboda da ekranis cqeris saSualeba ubralo gamvlelebsac ki eZleodaT.
sazogadoebis cxovrebis stili icvleba. televiziis gamoCenamde quCebSi saRamos cxovreba
Svididan aT saaTamde aqtiurdeboda. xalxi quCaSi seirnobas, karebis zRurblze Camojdomasa
da gamvlel-gamomvlelis yurebas arCevda. erToboda sacekvao darbazebidan gamosuli musikis
hangebiT da sxv. televiziiis gamoCenasTan erTad aqauri quCebi TiTqmis dacarielda. brazilia
Si aqtiur cxovrebas ZiriTadad mamakacebi misdeven, qalebi am dros saxlis saqmiT arian dakave
bulni. Tumca, bavSvebTan erTd, isinic xSirad uerTdebian televizoris mayureblebs. wveule
bebi, festivalebi, saRamos skolebi – teleserialebis reJimze gadavida.
dasavlur qveynebSi, wera-kiTxvis dabal xarisxTan erTad imatebs televiziis yurebis six
Sire. Amisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi televiziis Semosvlam mosaxleobaSi garemo msoflios
gagebis, damatebiTi codnis SeZenis, radiosa da gazeTebis saSualebiT informaciis gagebis sur
vili gauRviZa.
190
dasavleTSi televiziis yurebiT gamowveuli efeqturoba status qvos inarCunebs; gurupa
Si man aSkarad gazarda sazogadoebrivi fenis cnobierebis xarisxi. gaCnda aqauri mosaxleobis
rio-de-Janeirosa da san paulos saSualo Tu maRal fenebTan dakavSirebis impulsebi. Mmacxovreb
lebis umetesobas gauCnda kiTxvebi sakuTari cxovrebiseuli standartebis Sesaxeb. Bbevrma ar
sebuli siRaribe aqaur sizarmaces daabrala. zogma mizezis Zebna adgilmdebareobasa da Sez
Ruduli resursebis pirobebSi daiwyo, zogma ki _ adgilobrivi elitis korumpirebulobasa Tu
kapitalisturi wyobis xasiaTSi, romlis Tanaxmadac keTildReoba sazogadoebis mxolod mcire
nawilis xelSi aRmoCnda. televizias politikur Sexedulebebze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia.
Bbraziliis xelisufleba imdeni xnis manZilze akontrolebda presasa da politikur ambebs, rom
diqtaturis dasasrulmac ki ver gaaqro mosaxleobis skepticizmi.
bevri kamaTobs televiziis zegavlenis Taobaze qcevasa da Semecnebaze. Ees magaliTi
gviCvenebs, rom televiziis zemoqmedeba kulturis mediatorobis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba.
dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi telemauwyeblobis gamoCenam aSkarad gazarda mosaxleo
bis sazogadoebrivi interaqcia, codnis SeZenis survili, socialuri uTanasworobiT gamowveu
li ukmayofilebis da aRSfoTebis done.
wyaro: riCard feisi (Richard Pace), `pirveli telemimoxilva amazoniaSi: satelevizio kulturasTan
ziareba gurupaSi, brazilia~, `eTnologia~, 32, #2 (1993w. gazafxuli): gv. 187-205.
Sejameba
191
gamoyeneba sabolood safuZvels uyris im urTierTgaziarebul damokidebu
lebebs, rac kulturis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens;
5. ena verbaluri da weriTi simboloebis, garkveul wesebs damorCilebuli kom
pleqsuri azris gamomxatveli sistemaa. Eena kulturis gatarebis, amoqmedebi
sa da gardaqmnis arsebiTi faqtoria. Eena aaxloebs adamianebs, magram xSirad
is im socialur niSnad warmogvidgeba, romelic sagnisa rangsa da statuss
aRniSnavs xolme;
6. codna faqtebis, rwmenis, praqtikuli unarebis mTliani struqturuli orga
nizmia. Tanamedove sazogadoeba mis umaRles doneze generirebas da dagrove
bas axdens; win wamoswevs kiTxvebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, vin unda flobdes
informacias da monacemTa bazas;
7. migrantebi amerikaSi didi xnis manZilze midioda bWoba imis Tobaze, unda
momxdariyo Tu ara axalCamosuli migrantebis saerTo masaSi asimilacia da
unda hqonodaT Tu ara migrantebs mSobliuri kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis ufleba;
8. `kulturuli integracia~ aRniSnavs im dones, sadac sxvadasxva kulturis
gansxvavebuli nawilebi erT mTlianobas qmnian. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba
ki aris gageba, Rirebulebebi, gemovneba da codna, romelic rogorc calkeul
sazogadoebaSi, ise mTels msoflioSi arsebobs;
9. ena, rogorc kulturuli identobis gamtarebeli da gamaRrmavebeli, did rols
asrulebs qveynebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. DdRes. iseve rogorc
adre, arsebobs mravali mravalenovani eri da amave dros gvxvdeba mcire ricxvi
erebisa, romelTa enac sul ufro da ufro dominanturi xdeba;
10. iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli State
bi, arsebobs bevri aSkarad gamoxatuli subkultura. zogi maTgani wamyvani
kulturis erTgvar variacias gvTavazobs; meoreni (kontrkulturebi) ki
mas mkveTrad upirispirdebian. identobis politika moicavs brZolas TviT
gamorkvevisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis. es exeba rogorc calkeul indi
videbs, ise subkulturebsa da damoukidebel erebs.
11. dRevandel msoflioSi xalxebi erTmaneTis kulturasa da subkulturebs
xvdebian. kulturul TviTmyofadobas ewinaaRmdegeba eTnocentrizmi, Aanu
yvela danarCenis, sakuTari kulturis RirebulebebiT Sefaseba da gansja.
sxva xalxebis wes-CveulebaTa gasacnobad, aucieleblia maT Cvevebs, rwmenebs
MmaTsave kulturis konteqstSi gavecnoT. es ukve kulturuli relativizmia,
rac Tavis mxriv, srulebiT ar gulisxmobs sxva kulturis absolutur mo
wonebasa da miRebas;
12. dRes midis kamaTi imis Taobaze, ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoe
ba Tanamedrove kulturuli mravasaxeobis mimarT. postmodernistebis azriT,
SevdivarT im axal epoqaSi, sadac wesrigis moTxovna da kulturul Rirebule
baTa Zireuli mTlianoba adgils ukve axal mravalsaxeobas, individualuro
bas, SemoqmedebiTobasac dauTmobs. Zlieri sazogadoebrivi institutebi, erT
maneTs mWidrod daukavSirdeba. cvlileba aSkarad ukve ikveTeba amerikis sam
192
ZiriTad kulturul mimarTulebaSi. esenia: tradiciuli, mravalerovnuli da
ekumenuri kultura;
13. sociologiis Tanaxmad, kulturis warmoeba _ sociauluri procesia. Kkul
turis novatorebi swored sazogadoebriv konteqstSi moqmedeben. EerT dros,
kulturuli elitiT nakarnaxevi moda da gemovneba, dRes sagrZnoblad demokra
tiuli gaxda da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia;
14. kulturis codna da Sefaseba funqcionirebs kulturuli kapitalis saxiT,
rac Tavis mxriv elitur wreebSi Sesasvlelad gadasaxdeli investiciaa;
15. eleqtronulma mediam, telekomunikaciebma, internetqselis gavrcelebam
mniSvnelovand gazarda komunikaciis sixSire da xarisxi. warmoSva kiTxvebi
Tavisuflebasa da kontrolze; Tanasworobasa da uTanasworobaze; privati
zacisa da mis sapasuxod, politikur monawileobaze;
16. eleqtronuli mediis ganviTarebam daaCqara kulturis globalizacia. Pproce
si, sadac kulturis warmoebaze zegavlenas mTeli msoflios xalxebi da kul
turebi axdenen. jer-jerobiT, procesi arc `kulturul imperializmamde~
(erTi kulturis batonoba) da arc kulturul homogenizaciamde ar misula.
Aase Tu ise, kulturis globaluri produqcia komerciuli ZalebiT xorciel
deba da ZiriTadad samomxmareblo xasiaTisaa.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
193
4. ganaviTareT Tqvens garemoSi moqmedi eTnocentrizmis Sesustebisken mimar
Tuli programis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebi.
5. media kulturis globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. fiqrobT Tu ara,
rom is warmoaCens sxva kulturaTa Cveneuli aRqmisa da gagebis tendenciebs?
sityvari
194
situaciaSi swor qcevasa da qmedebas karnaxobs.
Ppostmodernizmi _ Teoriuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, istoriuli pro
gresiT, racionalizmiT, kulturuli integraciisa da universalizaciis
procesiT Sepyrobili Tanamedrove epoqa an Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, an
mas sxva procesi daupirispirdeba.
subkultura _ gansazRvruli normebis, Rirebulebebis, enis, codnis, simboloe
bis erToblioba, romelic sazogadoebis mcire jgufs dominanti kulturi
sagan gamijnvaSi exmareba.
simbolo _ Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnulebis garda, sxva gansakuTrebuli mniSvne
lobis mqone Jesti, gamosaxuleba, sagani an dizaini.
Rirebulebebi _ adamianebis mier urTierTgaziarebuli is sazogado ideebi, rom
lebic maT cudis da kargis, sasurvelisa da arasasurvelis garCevaSi emxareba.
195
196
Tavi 5
socializacia da identoba
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
socializacia da TviToba
. quli: sarkisebri `me~ . midi: TviToba rogorc `I~ da `Me~
. froidi: konfliqtis wyaroebi TviTobaSi
. piaJe: TviTobis SemecnebiTi safuZvlebi
variaciebi socializaciaSi
. socializacia da genderuli gansxvavebebi
. socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi
. arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
buneba, aRzrda da inteleqti
197
198
1 954 wlis zamTarSi, rodesac gregori hovard uiliamsi 10 wlisa Sesrulda,
ojaxurma krizisma da finansurma kraxma mamamisi aiZula, dabrunebuliyo
inidianas Statis qalaq munisSi, sadac igi gaizarda. dedisagan mitovebuli gregi
da misi Zma mamasTan erTad virjiniidan mimaval grZel gzas gauyvnen. samiveni av
tobusis e.w. `TeTr~ nawilSi isxdnen _ mkacri rasobrivi segregaciis epoqaSi
Savkanianebi mgzavrobisas avtobusis ukana nawils ikavebdnen, raTa TeTrkanian
mgzavrebs TvalSi ar moxvedrodnen.
`biWebo, _ uTxra Svilebs toni uiliamsma, rodesac munisamde ramdenime saa
TiRa darCa _ raRac unda giTxraT~. is win gadaixara da CurCuliT, ise rom aravis
gaego, Tqva: `gaxsovT mis sali, Cvens tavernaSi rom muSaobda? is sinamdvileSi de
daCemia, ese igi Tqveni bebia~.
`SeuZlebelia! – daiCurCula gaognebulma gregma, _ is xom feradkaniania~.
`marTalia, – ganagrZo toni uiliamsma, _ is feradkaniania. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom Tqvenc feradkanianebi xarT. amieridan Cveni cxovreba Seicvleba. munisi sav
sea ku-kluqs-klanelebiT. rodesac isini Seityoben Tqveni warmomavlobis Sesa
xeb, yvela Rones ixmaren, `Tqveni adgili migiCinon~.
amgvarad daiwyo greg uiliamsis mogzauroba amerikuli kulturis sruliad
gansxvavebul da misTvis ucnob gzaze. gregs, romelic TeTrkaniani dedisa da
Zalian Ria feris mulati mamis ojaxSi daibada, aranairi warmodgena ar gaaCnda
Tavis feradkanian warmomavlobaze. mamamisi wlebis manZilze Tavs TeTrkanianad
asaRebda. magram munisSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. iq bavSvebis mama da, Sesabamisad,
gregica da misi Zmac Savkanianebad miaCndaT. biWebma male gaacnobieres, rom
saWiro iyo sxvagvarad fiqri da sxvagvarad moqmedeba. maT ukve aRar SeeZloT
emegobraT TeTrkanian bavSvebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki – gogonebTan, romlebTan
dalaparakebac ki, SesaZloa, maTken mimarTuli agresiis sababi gamxdariyo. greg
sa da maiks unda efiqraT TeTrebze, rogorc im adamianebis jgufze, romelic maT
ver itanda da SeeZlo, zianic ki mieyenebina. mkacri wesebi gansazRvravda qalaqis
im ubnebs, sadac biWebs SeeZloT yofna. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi dedis mSob
lebi imave qalaqSi, Tumca sxva raionSi cxovrobdnen, maTTan stumrad misvlaze
laparakic ki zedmeti iyo _ or `feradkanian biWs~ mTlianad TeTrkanianebiT
dasaxlebul raionSi fexis dadgmac ki ar SeeZlo, miuxedavad kanis TeTri ferisa
(uiliamsi, 1995).
is faqti, rom Zmebi uiliamsebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, xelaxla eswavlaT fiqri
da winaswar gaeTvalaT TiToeuli moqmedeba munisSi gadasvlis Semdeg, cxadad
adasturebs, rom Cveni pirovneba da Cveni saqcieli mxolod Cven mier ar gan
isazRvreba. es nawilobriv imis Sedegia, rasac Cveni sazogadoeba gvkarnaxobs,
rogorc marTebulsa da swors. socializacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc procesi
im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis Seswavlisa, romelTa warmoCenasac
sazogadoeba moelis Cvengan, rogorc konkretuli socialuri jgufis an sazoga
doebis wevrebisagan. swored socializaciis meSveobiT vswavlobT konkretuli
kulturis elementebs.
199
garda amisa, socializaciis meSveobiT Cven aRviqvamT kulturas, rogorc
sakuTari arsebis fundamentur nawils. socializaciis mier gamyarebuli TviT-
identurobis es grZnoba aRwerilia Zmebi uiliamsebis ambavSic. im Rames, rodesac
gregi pirvelad Sexvda Tavis Savkanian naTesavebs, biWi mTeli arsebiT ewinaaR
mdegeboda am faqts. mas ar undoda daejerebina, rom TviTonac maT ekuTvnoda.
magram aTi wlis Semdeg, rodesac gregi kolejSi swavlobda, moulodnelad ga
moCnda karga xnis win dakarguli deda da Svilebs ganucxada, rom misi TeTrkani
ani meuRle Tanaxma iyo, Svilad aeyvana Zmebi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom biWebs uari
unda eTqvaT TavianT Savkanian warmoSobaze da daeviwyebinaT is wlebi, rodesac
`feradkanianebad~ iTvlebodnen. dedis SeTavazebaze gregma uyoymanod ganacxada
uari, radganac Savkanianoba ukve misi arsebis nawili gamxdariyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom socializacia kulturuli normebisa da Rirebule
bebis Seswavlisa da gaTavisebis process warmoadgens, es ar niSnavs, rom is Tavze
gvaxvevs kulturas. adamianebs aqvT garkveuli xarisxis Tavisufleba, moaxdinon
kulturis elementebis interpretacia aTvisebis procesSi. maT SeuZliaT gadaw
yviton, romeli rolis TamaSi surT da rogor Seasruleben arCeul rolebs. maga
liTad, gregisa da maikis socializacia SavkanianTa kulturaSi moxda, sadac maT
misces stimuli, `daengriaT~ dominanti TeTri sazogadoebis `sistema~. gregma
Tavi gamoiCina skolaSi da Semdeg swavla gaagrZela kolejsa da universitetSi
iurisprudenciis ganxriT. bolos gregi ohaios universitetis iuridiuli skolis
dekani gaxda. rac Seexeba maiks, man quCa airCia asparezad, sadac narkotikebiT
vaWrobda da azartul TamaSebs misdevda. is faqti, rom orive Zmam sxvadasxvanai
rad moaxdina erTi da imave subkulturuli wesebis interpretacia, TvalnaTlivs
xdis, rom socializacia mxolod calmxrivi procesi ki ar aris, romelic adamia
nebs Tavs axvevs socialur molodinebs, aramed is gulisxmobs adamianebis mier am
socialuri molodinebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebasac da maTi rogorc calkeu
li individebis Camoyalibebasac. aqedan gamomdinare, socializacia individua
luri socialuri qmedebis sakiTxicaa.
am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxilulia is Teoriebi, romlebic socializaciasa da
TviTobas exeba. aq Cven gamovikvlevT, rogor swavloben mozardebi sxvebTan urT
ierTobisas socialur molodinebsa da fiqrs, romlebsac aerTianeben sakuTar
TviTobaSi. mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT im sakiTxsac, Tu rogor icvleba social
izacia da rogor ganapirobebs mis saxecvlilebebs is konkretuli socialuri
kategoriebi da jgufebi, romlebsac individi ganekuTvneba. is, Tu vin varT _
qali Tu mamakaci, Savkaniani Tu TeTrkaniani, mdidari Tu Raribi _ mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu rad vyalibdebiT. swored momdevno qveTavi exeba sam Ziri
Tad faqtors, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakuTari TviTidentobis ganviTarebas
Tan. esenia: buneba (anu biologiuri qmnileba), zrunva (anu is, Tu rogor xdeba
Cveni socializacia konkretul normebTan da RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi) da
arCevani (TviTgamoxatulebisa da individualuri qmedebis arCevis Tavisufle
ba). Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas adamianis seqsualuri orien
taciisa da identobis ganviTarebaze da gavaanalizebT da vimsjelebT bavSvobis
periodis socializaciis umTavres agentebzec, kerZod, im jgufebsa da orga
200
nizaciebze, romlebic bavSvebs maTi kulturis elementebs aswavlian. bolos ki
SevexebiT mozrdilTa socializaciis uwyvet process, gansakuTrebiT imas, Tu
rogor Seesabameba erTmaneTs, erTi mxriv, normebi da Rirebulebebi, xolo meore
mxriv, is axali socialuri rolebi, romelTa TamaSic mozrdilebs uwevT.
socializacia da TviToba
TiToul Cvengans aqvs TviTobis SegrZneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, grZnoba
imisa, rom gvaqvs gansazRvruli identoba, rac gangvasxvavebs sxva adamianebisa da
sagnebisagan. individualobis grZnoba SeiZleba iyos sustic da Zlieric, magram
ara Tandayolili. ufro metic _ socializaciis procesSi sxvebTan urTierTo
bisas Cven aqtiurad vaviTarebT TviTobis grZnobas, vswavlobT, Tu rogor unda
gavxdeT konkretuli jgufis wevrebi. rogorc sociologi Carlz horton quli
ambobs, `TviToba da sazogadoeba ganuyofelia~.
201
midi: TviToba, rogorc I da Me
(subieqturi da obieqturi `me~)
202
_ adamianis sindisi, romelic aerTianebs sazogadoebis moralur standartebs.
froidis TvalsazrisiT, egos daniSnulebaa, moZebnos usafrTxo da misaRebi sa
Sualebebi igi-s dasakmayofileblad ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios superegoSi da
naSaulisa da sindisis qenjnis grZnoba (froidi, 1920/1953, 1923/1947). Tumca, es
davaleba sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebelia igi-sa da superegos radikaluri gan
sxvavebulobis gamo. imis gamo, rom adamiani ixliCeba, erTi mxriv, biologiuri
moTxovnilebebisa da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis mier, amitom, froidis azriT, is
midrekilia mudmivi Sida konfliqtebisken.
froids sjeroda, rom adamianis fsiqikis ori nawili, ego da superego, war
moadgens socialuri interaqciis, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebsa da mSoblebs Soris
interaqciis produqts. froidi amtkicebda, rom dabadebisas adamianebi arian
iracionaluri da amoraluri qmnilebebi, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis miRebis
impulsebi amoZravebT. Tumca, bavSvebi male swavloben, rom SeuZlebelia biolo
giuri moTxovnebis yovelTvis dauyovnebliv dakmayofileba. magaliTad, sakvebi
yovelTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. amgvari dakvirvebebis procesSi xdeba egos
ganviTareba. ego asrulebs Suamavlis rols igi-s impulsebsa da im konkretul
fizikur da socialur realobas Soris, sadac cxovrobs bavSvi. ego gadascems bio
logiur impulsebs im moqmedebebis meSveobiT, romelic usafrTxo da kulturu
lad misaRebia.
aseve, superego viTardeba socialur konteqstSi _ bavSvis kontaqtiT ufro
masStabur kulturasTan mSoblebisa da sxva mozrdili adamianebis meSveobiT.
froidi yuradRebas amaxvilebda kulturul moTxovnebze, rogoricaa, magali
Tad, tualetis moxmareba, rac Trgunavs bavSvis siamovnebis miRebis bunebriv
moTxovnilebas. froidi amtkicebda, rom bavSvis pirovnebad Camoyalibeba damokide
bulia imaze, Tu ramdenad umtkivneulod da srulad gvardeba konfliqti igi-s sur
vilebsa da kulturul moTxovnebs Soris. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi swavloben,
rom es moTxovnebi mxolod maTi mSoblebis mier ki ar aris mowonebuli, aramed
misaRebia im sazogadoebisTvisac, sadac isini cxovroben. TandaTanobiT, isini iTa
viseben kulturul normebsa da Rirebulebebs da danaSaulis grZnobas ganicdian,
rodesac maT arRveven. am droisaTvis, bavSvebi iZenen superegos, romelic TviTo
bis erTgvar guSags warmoadgens.
203
nac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, axalSobilebs ar gaaCniaT ara marto TviTo
bis aRqmis unari, aramed imis SegrZnebac, rom isini arseboben, rogorc sxva ada
mianebi. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, adamianebTan da sagnebTan interaqciis Sedegad,
Cvilebi acnobiereben, rom danarCeni samyaro maTgan damoukidebladac arsebobs.
am aRmoCenis mniSvnelovan nawils piaJe saganTa mudmivobis koncefcias uwodebs
_ bavSvi TandaTan gaiazrebs imas, rom sagnebi mudmivad arseboben da ar arian
damokidebulni Cvilis aRqmaze. magaliTad, saCxakuno ar wyvets arsebobas, roca
is Tvals miefareba; aseve dedac, rodesac is oTaxidan gadis. am mniSvnelovan aR
moCenasTan erTad bavSvi dgams pirvel da umTavres nabijebs TviTobis, rogorc
calke erTeulis SeZenisaken.
meore mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia bavSvis reprezentaciuli az
rovnebis ganviTareba. es etapi adreuli ganviTarebis stadiis dasrulebisas
xdeba. reprezentaciuli azrovneba gulisxmobs erTi nivTis wardginebas meo
reTi. swored reprezentaciuli azrovnebis wyalobiT vaxerxebT, warmovidginoT
adamianebi, sagnebi an garkveuli moqmedeba. warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba aZlevs
bavSvs saSualebas, dainaxos sakuTari Tavi, rac aqamde ar SeeZlo. gasakviri ar
unda iyos, rom es aris asaki, rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sakuTar Tavze pirvel pirSi
laparaks, xmarobs sityvas `me~.
bavSobis periodSi TviTobis SegrZneba Zalian konkretul xasiaTs atarebs.
skolis asakSi, piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvis azrovneba mWidrodaa dakavSire
buli xelSesavlebi sagnebisa da nivTebis manipulirebasTan, maSinac ki, rode
sac es manipulacia bavSvis gonebaSi xdeba. aseTi konkretuli azrovneba aisaxeba
bavSvebis umetesoba TviTaRqmaze. rodesac maT sTxoven aRweron sakuTari Tavi,
bavSvebis umetesoba pasuxobs, rom is aris biWi, swavlobs mesame klasSi, uyvars
xumroba, Tavis Tanatolebze maRalia da a.S. mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac ufro
abstraqtuli azrovnebis ganviTareba xdeba, axalgazrdebi iwyeben sakuTari Ta
vis gaanalizebas ufro amsaxvelobiTi azrovnebiT. isini ayalibeben hipotezebs,
Tu vin arian isini `sinamdvileSi~. mokled, rom vTqvaT, uviTardebaT identobis
grZnoba.
piaJem socializaciisa da TviTobis grZnobis ganviTarebis SeswavlaSi mniS
vnelovani wvlili Seitana, rodesac ganacxada, rom bavSvebi aqtiurad mona
wileoben sakuTari ganviTarebis procesSi. msgavsad qulisa, romelic adamianebs
ganixilavda sakuTari sarkiseburi `me~ – s aqtiur interpretatorebad, piaJes mo
sazrebiT, bavSvis mier samyaros Secnoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod informaciis
miRebiTa da aTvisebiT. ufro metic, bavSvebi aqtiurad axdenen sakuTari gamoc
dilebis interpretirebas, rodesac mas aniWeben mniSvnelobas sakuTari codnis
farglebSi. mosazreba bavSvebis, rogorc sakuTari ganviTarebis procesis aqti
uri monawileebis Sesaxeb, piaJes mecnieruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens.
204
variaciebi socializaciaSi
rodesac vigebT, rom megobars Svili SeeZina, uneburad gviCndeba kiTxva: `biWia
Tu gogo?~ – TiTqos sqesis arcodna xels gviSlides, warmovidginoT axalSobili.
imisaTvis, rom bavSvi adamianad movixsenioT, mas esaWiroeba sqesi.
rogorc ki cnobili xdeba axalSobilis sqesi, socio-kulturuli samyaro
maSinve iwyebs bavSvze mdedrobiTis an mamrobiTis rolis morgebas. bebia-babuam
SeiZleba siamayiT aRniSnos, rom Cvili gogona `mzeTunaxavia~, xolo Tu biWia _
`simpaTiuria~. wamozrdili gogona Tojinebs miiRebs saCuqrad, biWi ki _ saTamaSo
manqanebs. maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs surT bavSvi genderuli stereotipebisa
gan Tavisufali gazardon, xvdebian rom es SeuZlebelia, radgan megobrebis, ojax
is wevrebis, skolis, mediisa da sazogadoebis gavleniT bavSvebi mainc iwyeben maT
msgavsad fiqrs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac deda da mama Tvlian, rom Tojina bar
bi xels uwyobs mdedrobiTi stereotipis Camoyalibebas, isini win ver aRudgebian
TavianT gogonas, Tu is Tavisi megobrebis msgavsad, moindomebs hqondes barbi.
genderuli faqtoriT ganpirobebul gansxvavebebs socializaciaSi ufro Rrma
fesvebi aqvs, vidre amas gulisxmobs bavSvebis waxaliseba _ daemorCilon ste
reotipebs. gogonebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, romlebic iTviseben `dedis~ rols
Cvens sazogadoebaSi, nensi Codorou (1978, 1994) Seecada, fsiqoanalitikur Wril
Si moeZebna axsna, romelic froidis Tvalsazriss eyrdnoba. Codorou amtkicebs,
rom `dedis~ rolis morgeba yovel axal TaobaSi ganpirobebulia ara biologiuri
an daswavlili roliT, aramed im faqtoriT, rom dedebi gaucnobiereblad amyare
205
ben deda-qaliSvilis damokidebulebas, romelic aZlierebs zrunvisa da sxvebis
movlis survils gogonebSi. Codorous azriT, gogonebs arasodes uqrebaT `de
dasTan erTianobis~ SegrZneba, rogorc es biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. mecnieris
mtkicebiT, biWebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs maT gaigivebas misabaZ mamakacebTan.
mamakacuroba yvelafer imis uaryofaa, rac mdedrobiTia. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
gogonebis ganviTareba ar gulisxmobs amgvar fsiqologiur gamijvnas dedisagan,
ris Sedegadac gogonebi ufro met kavSirs grZnoben sxva adamianebTan, vidre es
biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. swored es ganapirobebs gogonebis momzadebas ojaxis
emociur sayrdenad da ojaxis wevrebis mzrunvelebad. biWebi ki, romlebSic es
sawyisi CaxSobilia, ufro metad muSaobisaTvis arian momzadebulni.
gansxvavebiT Codorousagan, romelic ZiriTadad froidis Teorias iziareb
da, karol giliganma sakuTari mosazreba daafuZna fsiqolog lorens kolbergis
Sromebze, romelic iziarebda piaJes koncefcias moraluri ganviTarebis etapebis
Sesaxeb. misi azriT, is adamianebi, romlebic msjeloben da fiqroben universalur
eTikur principebze dayrdnobiT, ufro ganviTarebulebi da progresulad moaz
rovneebi arian. eTikuri principebi yovelTvis sworia, ganurCevlad konteqstisa.
magram giliganma daadastura, rom es mxolod mamrobiTi modelia. am Teoriam ver
SeZlo amoecno mdedrobiTisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli midgoma, romelic gu
lisxmobs konteqstis gaTvaliswinebasa da im faqtors, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens
adamianebze nebismieri individis moraluri arCevani da rogor reagireben isini
am arCevanze. giliganis mixedviT (1982, 1989), mamakacebi, romelTa socializaci
is procesi gulisxmobs, rom isini gancalkevebiT damoukideblad viTardebian,
zneobrivad azrovneben abstraqtuli cnebebis TvalsazrisiT da Tanasworobasa
da samarTlianobas eyrdnobian. xolo qalebi, romelTa socializaciis procesi
gulisxmobs, rom isini mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni ojaxTan da megobrebTan,
zneobriv sakiTxebs ganixilaven piradi urTierTobebisa da socialuri valde
bulebebis Wrilidan. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom qalebi CamorCebian mamakacebs
moraluri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT; es imas niSnavs, rom maT ubralod aswavles
yuradReba gaamaxvilon RirebulebaTa sxva sistemaze. garda amisa, genderuli
gansxvavebebi moraluri gansjisas absoluts ar warmoadgens. orives – kacsac da
qalsac Seswevs unari, iazrovnos abstraqtuli principebiTac da socialuri val
debulebebiTac, magram socializaciis gansxvavebul procesebs ori sxvadasxva
sqesi sxvadasxva moralur stilamde mihyavs.
orive _ Codorouca da giliganic _ TavianT SromebSi xazs usvamen genderul
faqtors socializaciis procesSi. Cveni sqesi bavSvobis asakidanve mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu vin varT da rogor vswavlobT fiqrsa da qmedebas. sociali
zacia, romelic gansxvavdeba genderis mixedviT, gavlenas axdens ara mxolod
iseT zedapirul Tvisebebze, rogoricaa Cacmis stili an metyvelebis manera,
aramed azrovnebisa da urTierTobis yvelaze fundamentur saSualebebzec ki.
socializacia gulisxmobs ara marto konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrebad Camoya
libebas – biWebad da gogonebad, kacebad da qalebad – aramed orive sqesisaTvis
`Sesaferis~ da `marTebul~ azrovnebasac.
206
socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel TaobaSia moZraoba socialuri kibis zeda an qve
da mimarTulebiT, rogorc wesi, naxtomi `maTxovridan milioneramde~ ukidure
sad iSviaTia. zrdasruli adamianebis umetesoba imave socialur klasSi atarebs
mTel sicocxles, romelsac dabadebisas ekuTvnoda. ratom xdeba ase? socialuri
struqturis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa ganaTlebisa da samsaxurebisadmi xelmis
awvdomoba, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, iseve rogorc
socializacia, rogorc gza, romelsac sxvadasxva socialuri klasis bavSvebi sa
kuTari mSoblebis msgavsad misdeven.
kargi manerebi
207
socialuri mdgomareoba, sociolog melvin konis mtkicebiT, gamyarebulia
im RirebulebebiT, romlebsac mSoblebi aswavlian Svilebs. koni mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda am sakiTxs. man da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom Rire
bulebebi, romlebic adamianebs aqvT da gadascemen Tavis Svilebs, gansxvavdeba
imis mixedviT, Tu romel socialur klass miekuTvnebian mSoblebi (koni, 1959; koni
da Suleri, 1983). sqema 5.1 gviCvenebs ramdenime sxvadasxva Rirebulebas, romelic
mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT muSaTa da saSualo klasebis mSoblebs: muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebi ufro metad afaseben karg manerebs, wesrigis siyvaruls, karg
yofaqcevas skolaSi, patiosnebasa da morCilebas, maSin roca, saSualo social
uri klasis mSoblebs ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT yuradReba, interesi movle
nebisadmi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da TavdaWeriloba.
am nusxebSi mocemuli erTeulebis Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT
ufro Rrma gansxvaveba Rirebulebebis am or sistemas Soris. adamianebi, romle
bic maRal socialur klass miekuTvnebian afaseben iseT Tvisebebs, rac dakav
Sirebulia TviTmimarTvasTan, xolo dabali socialuri klasis adamianebi pativs
scemen iseT Rirebulebebs, romlebic Seesabameba gare samyaros. magaliTad, kar
gi manerebis qona gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad emorCileba bavSvi sazogadoebis mier
dawesebul etikets, xolo zrunvisa da movlis grZnobis ganviTareba da misi pati
viscema miuTiTebs, ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli pasuxismgeblobis grZno
ba sakuTar nabijebsa da moqmedebebze. RirebulebaTa pirveli wyeba xazs usvams
Sesabamisobas gare konteqstTan maSin, rodesac meore ufro mniSvnelovnad miiC
nevs adamianis Sinagani kontrolis meqanizmebis ganviTarebas.
saidan iRebs saTaves RirebulebaTa ori sxvadasxva sistema? ratom surT da
bali socialuri fenis mSoblebs, rom maTi Svilebi mihyvnen dadgenil wesebs da
usityvod daemorCilon maT maSin, roca saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro mniSvne
lovnad miiCneven, Caunergon Svilebs TviTmimarTulebis grZnoba da ganuviTaron
gaTavisebuli normebi? konis kvlevam daadastura, rom klasze dafuZnebuli gas
nxvavebebi pirdapir kavSirSia mSoblebis samuSao gamocdilebasTan (koni, 1976,
1981; koni da Suleri, 1978). imgvari samuSao, rac dakavSirebulia azrovnebasTan,
iniciativis gamoCenasTan da gansjasTan _ anu profesiul TviTmimarTulebasTan
_ amyarebs saSualo klasis Rirebulebebs. samuSao, romelic zRudavs am SesaZle
blobebs, safuZvels uyris muSaTa klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samuSaos garkveuli aspeqtebi (ix. sqema 5.2).
rodesac adamiani ar muSaobs uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS, uwevs urTierToba
monacemebTan da adamianebTan, misi samuSaos sakmarisad kompleqsuria saimisod,
rom saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva midgomebis SemuSaveba, maSin am adamianis profe
siuli damoukidebloba aiolebs mis mier TviTmimarTulebis dafasebas. cxadia,
RirebulebaTa igive jaWvi moqmedebs ara marto aSS-Si, aramed sxva qveynebSi. konma
aRmoaCina, rom iaponiasa (aradasavluri kapitalisturi qveyana) da poloneTSi (so
cialisturi qveyana) saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro metad ixrebian moqnilobisa
da profesiuli TviTganviTarebisaken (koni 1986, koni 1990).
208
sqema 5.2. ras afaseben adamianebi
muSaobisas
Tavisuflebis xarisxi
zewolis simZime
ramdenad damRlelia samuSao
209
arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi
210
omias skolaSi, sadac tradiciebisa da dadgenili wesebisadmi morCileba mosawyen
da uintereso cxovrebasTan asocirdeba, kazuhiros, SeiZleba iTqvas, aRmerTeben.
es magaliTi, marTalia, Rimils iwvevs, magram gacilebiT ufro seriozulia.
is gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT Secvalon im rolebis mniSvneloba, rom
lebsac axla asruleben da romelSic moxdeba momavali Taobebis socializacia.
meamboxeebis sakmaris raodenobas, romlebic xmas aimaRleben skolis saZulveli
sistemis winaaRmdeg, SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi.
amis magaliTebi isedac mravlad gvaqvs sakuTar sazogadoebaSic. magaliTisaTvis
moviyvanT imas, Tu gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi SavkanianTa da feministuri moZ
raobis gaaqtiurebisas radenad mkveTrad Seicvala Savkaniani qalis mniSvneloba
(kolinzi, 1991). am SemTxvevaSi, Savkaniani amerikeli qalebi mizanmimarTulad See
cadnen, sazogadoebriv wyobaSi xelaxla ganesazRvraT sakuTari adgili. amas Tan
daTanobiT miaRwies kidec. individualurma da koleqtiurma moqmedebebma mniS
vnelovani socialuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
amgvari cvlilebebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom
kultura ar aris uZravi, statikuri. amerikul sazogadoebaSi is identobebi,
romlebic xels uwyobs adamianebis socializacias, arasodes aris mudmivi. es aris
dinamikuri (Tumca TandaTanobiTi) cvlileba kulturulad uflebamosili iden
tobebisa, romlebic warmoadgens socialuri jgufebisa da moZraobis safuZvels.
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac iseTi socialuri identobebi, rogoricaa sqesi, kanis
feri, seqsualuri orientacia, warmoqmnilia socialuri procesebis Sedegad da,
aqedan gamomdinare, eqvemdebareba cvlilebasac, konstruqcionizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac socialur iden
tobebs gvkarnaxobis biologia an gabatonebuli socialuri Zalebi da, aqedan ga
momdinare, isini ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. amas esencializms uwodeben. esen
cializmi gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia `gamovamJRavnoT~, Tu ras niSnavs iyo
Savkaniani, mdedrobiTi sqesis, homoseqsuali da a.S da rom adamianebi, romlebic
TiToeul am kategorias miekuTvnebian, xasiaTdebian met-naklebad mudmivi niSan
Ta sistemiT, rac ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan. radgan esencializmi mkveTrad
amcirebs individualuri qmedebisa da arCevanis rols, sociologTa umetesobi
saTvis igi naklebad misaRebia, vidre konstruqcionizmi.
imis mixedviT, romeli Wrilidan _ konstruqcionizmidan Tu esencializmi
dan _ ganvixilavT socialur movlenas, miviRebT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas.
magaliTad, esencialistebis mosazreba iseT socialur kategoriaze, rogoricaa
`azielebi~, gulisxmobs, rom yvela azieli met-naklebad erTnairia, rodesac maT
`TeTrkanian~ an sxva amerikelebs vadarebT. Tumca, es mosazreba ar iTvaliswinebs
am kategoriis SigniT arsebul sxvadasxvaobas (mag: indoelebi, koreelebi, Cinele
bi, iaponelebi, vietnamelebi, indonezielebi) da saTanadod ar afasebs socia
luri klasiT, sqesiT da sxva faqtorebiT gamowveul gansxvavebebs. meore mxriv,
konstruqcionizmis xazgasmam SesaZlebelia arasaTanadod dagvanaxos mocemuli
kategoriis wevrebs Soris erToba, romelic warmoadgens maTi saerTo aqtivobi
sa da maT mimarT ukeTesi damokidebulebis damkvidrebis mcdelobis safuZvels.
swored es aris homoseqsualebis mtkicebis, rom homoseqsualebi amtikeceben,
211
rom homoseqsualoba ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da ara ubralod socialuri wyoba
an arCevani. Cven am ori Teoriis gavlenas ufro naTlad davinaxavT qveTavSi, ro
melic ganixilavs, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis seqsualuri orientaciisa da iden
tobis ganviTareba bunebis, zrunvisa da arCevanis erTobliv produqtad. `socio
logiasa da sajaro debatebSi~ Cven vimsjelebT azrTa sxvadasxvaobazec, romelic
Tan axlavs bunebas, zrunvasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
212
vad imisa, rom homoseqsualuri qmedebebi manamdec arsebobda, amocnobadi iyo
da xSir SemTxvevaSi stigmatizebuli, adamianebi iSviaTad nawildebodnen kat
egoriebad maTi seqsualuri orientaciidan gamomdinare. es mdgomareoba Seicv
ala homoseqsualobis samedicino modelis SemoRebasTan erTad, ris Sedegadac
homoseqsualizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc paTologiuri mdgomareoba, fsiqologiuri
`avadmyofobis~ forma. adamianebma, romlebic manamde siamovnebas iRebdnen ho
moseqsuali megobrebisagan danaSaulis grZnobis gareSe, axla ukve daiwyes fiqri
imaze, rom isini erT-erTi `imaTganni~ arian (saidmani, 1991).
am axal TviTidentobasTan erTad gaCnda `Cvenianobis~ grZnobac anu SegrZneba
imisa, rom isini Zireulad gansxvavdebodnen yvela danarCenisagan. `Cvenianobis~
am grZnobam xeli Seuwyo homoseqsualTa subkulturis ganviTarebis zrdas. am
procesma gansakuTrebul siZlieres gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi miaRwia _
liberaluri politikisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi,
rodesac homoseqsualebis Tavmoyra qalaqebis umTavres raionebSi moxda. am pe
riodSi moxda gamijvna `homoseqsualisa~ da `geis~ mniSvnelobebs Soris. pirveli
maTgani miuTiTebda adamianis seqsualur orinetaciasa da qcevaze, xolo meore
maTgani aRwerda pirad identobas da cxovrebis wess, romelic aseve gulisxmobda
metyvelebisa da Cacmis normebs, bednierebis rwmenas da agreTve damaxasiaTebeli
Cveulebebis sistemas. geid gaxdoma gulisxmobda am identobebSi socializacias,
es ar iyo mxolod konkretuli piris seqsualuri orientaciis sakiTxi.
gei-presa mTavar rols asrulebda naxsenebi subkulturis homoseqsu
alebisaTvis gadacemaSi. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeboda azrovnebis, qcevisa da
cxovrebis yoveldRiuri normebis gadacema homoseqsualebisaTvis (saidmani,
1991). 1980-90-ian wlebSi SidsiT gamowveulma krizisma kidev ufro gaaZliera am
subkulturisa da gei sazogadoebis zrda, romelTa Rirebulebebisa da normebis
aTviseba yvela wevrs SeeZlo.
da mainc _ arCevani yovelTvis arsebobs. im amerikelTagan, romlebmac ga
nacxades, rom hqoniaT homoseqsualuri kontaqti, mxolod naxevari miiCnevs Tavs
homoseqsualad. amis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti, aris Segnebulad miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve, gei-
subkulturasTan Serwyma da sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvra mniS
vnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
meoce saukuneSi gaCnda tendencia, romelic seqsualuri orientaciisa da
identobis farTo arCevanis saSualebas iZleva. Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi
gza, romelsac gei mamakaci irCevs sakuTari cxovrebis wesad, SeiZleba radikalu
rad gansxvavdebodes meore geis mier arCeuli cxovrebisagan. aseve SeiZleba mox
des lesboselebis SemTxvevaSic. seqsualuri orientaciisa da identobis farTo
arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebobs aseve heteroseqsualebisaTvisac, romelTa
umetesobac, SesaZlebelia, Zalian ganicdida warsulSi mamakacisa da qalis mkac
213
rad gansazRvrul seqsualur rolebs. albaT yvelaze mkveTri cvlilebebi qalebs
Seexo. magaliTad: meoce saukunis oTxmocian wlebamde mamakacs hqonda kanoniT
miniWebuli ufleba, sqesobrivi kontaqti maSinac daemyarebina colTan, Tu cols
ar surda (es kanoni zog StatSi axlac moqmedebs). colis uari SeiZleboda gan
qorwinebis safuZveli gamxdariyo, xolo mamakacs ar ekisreboda aranairi iurid
iuli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc moZalades, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu coli msxver
pli iqneboda. am periodisgan gansxvavebiT, dRes gaTxovili heteroseqsuali qali
ukve aRar warmoadgens meuRlis seqsualur saTamaSos.
im adamianebis Tavmoyram, romlebic msgavsad axdenen sakuTari seqsualuri
identobis interpretacias da erTmaneTTan kavSiriT safuZvels uyrian saerTo
rwmenasa da gagebas, SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moZraoba da cvlilebebi.
amis kargi magaliTia 60-70-ian wlebSi lesboselobis mniSvnelobis aRdgena da misi
farTod gaziareba feministuri moZraobis mier. amerikeli sociologi stiven
saidmani wignSi _ `romantizmis monatreba~ (1991) wers:
214
sociologia da sajaro debatebi
debatebi
harStaini da murei amtkicebdnen rom IQ imaze ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre umetesoba aRi
arebs. adamianis Sansi _ gaxdes kolejis studenti, miaRwios warmatebas karieraSi, miiRos
maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri da moiwyos komfortuli cxovreba, damokidebulia mis inteleq
tualur SesaZleblobebze. Sesabamisad, es mecnierebi inteleqtis dabal maCvenebels ukavSire
ben yvela iseT socialur mankierebas, romelTa Sorisacaa warumatebloba skolaSi, siRatake,
umuSevroba, warumatebloba samsaxurSi, saxelmwifos kmayofaze damokidebuleba, ukanono
bavSvebi, uyuradRebo mSoblebi da danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs
imas, rom maRali IQ TavisTavad warmatebis sawindaria, an piriqiT _ dabali IQ-s mqone piri ukve
ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. magram arsebobs statistikurad dadasturebuli kavSiri IQ-
sa da zemoT moyvanil Sedegebs Soris. hernStainisa da mureis mixedviT, IQ ufro saimedo maniS
nebelia adamianis Semdgomi warmatebisa, vidre misi socialuri warmomavloba.
amave naSromSi hernStaini da murei aanalizeben, Tu saiT miemarTeba Cveni sazogadoeba in
eteleqtis maCveneblebis mxriv. isini acxadeben, rom IQ sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba socia
luri dayofis instrumentad _ anu misi SedegebiT xdeba sazogadoebis dayofa `doneebad~ maTi
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT (ix. Tavi 7). axla, roca ganaTleba Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi xdeba
SeerTebul StatebSi, Sesabamisad izrdeba maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba
215
Wkviani adamianebisaTvis. dReisaTvis Cvens sazogadoebaSi yvelaze ufro Wkvianebi miikvleven
gzas karieris mwvervalisaken, ganurCevlad maTi socialuri warmomavlobisa. ukan ki rCebian
dabali IQ-s mqoneni, romlebsac, savaraudod, mouwevT zemoT CamoTvlil socialur prob
lemebTan gamklaveba. es kategoria moicavs Savkaniani amerikelebis araproporciul raodeno
bas, radgan, rogorc kvlevebma daadastura, Savkanian amerikelebs saSualod 15 quliT dabali IQ
aqvT TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom hernStaini da murei acxadeben, rom maT
kvlevis Sedegad amgvar gansxvavebas axsna ver mouZebnes. maTi varaudiT, es sxvaoba SeiZleba gan
pirobebuli iyos memkvidruli faqtoriT. faqtia, bavSvebisaTvis ukve xelmisawvdomia Tanabari
saganmanaTleblo garemo iseTi programebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa Head Start-i. aqedan gamomdi
nare, gansxvavebebi IQ – s Soris gamowveulia ara imdenad ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobiT,
aramed genetikiT. es logikis sakiTxia. pirobebis gaTanabrebisas adamianebs Soris gansxvave
ba sul ufro xSirad miewereba memkvidreobas. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gvaqvs ori genetikaze
damokidebuli socialuri jgufi: erTi mxriv maRali IQ-s mqone elita da meore mxriv, dabali
IQ-s mqone klasi, romlebic mtrulad arian ganwyobilni erTmaneTis mimarT.
hernStainisa da mureis Teoriebs sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda
(magaliTad: h.gardneri, 1995; gouldi, 1995; jekobi da globermani, 1995; nisbeti, 1995; pater
soni, 1995; soueli, 1995). zogi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs adamianis inteleqtis maCveneblis zus
tad gansazRvris unars. maTi gancxadebiT, fiqri, msjeloba da Seqmna rTuli procesia, romlis
dayvana erTQ qulamde sakmaod Znelia. ufro metic (rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos) _
gansxvaveba sxvadasxva jgufs Soris (rogoricaa, magaliTad 15 quliani gansxvaveba Savkaniani da
TeTrkaniani amerikelebis Sedegebs Soris) SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyos damokidebuli geneti
kur faqtorze. es mosazreba Semdeg arguments eyrdnoba: is, rom genetikuri faqtori ganapiro
bebs IQ-s gansxvavebis mniSvnelovan nawils saSualo klasis TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris (rom
lebsac saerTo garemo da SesaZleblobebi aqvT), sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igive genetikuri
faqtoriT aixsneba gansxvavebebi socialur klasebs an rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris. Tu
konkretuli jgufis farglebSi IQQ gansxvavebebi ganpirobebulia genetikuri faqtorebiT, maSin
riT aixsneba is faqti, rom saSualo IQ qulebi zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
mkveTrad icvleba erTi Taobidan meoreSi am jgufebis saSualo socialur klasSi gadasvlas
Tan erTad? es aRmoCena adasturebs socializaciisa da sxva garemo pirobebis gavlenis mniS
vnelobas rasobrivi da eTnikuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli IQ-s gansxvavebebis ganviTarebaze.
bevri kritikosi sruliad uaryofs genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas adamianis inteleqtis do
nis maCvenebelze, rac imas niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba TeTri da Savkaniani amerikelebis testebis
qulebSi sulac ar aris gamowveuli maTi memkvidreobiT (ix. nisbeti, 1995).
analizi
216
mikerZoebis amgvari magaliTebi da amitom naklebad savaraudoa, rom aseTi SekiTxvebi ganapi
robebdes TeTrkanian da Savkanian amerikelebs Soris IQ-testebis gansxvavebul Sedegebs. Sesa
bamisad, is arc argumentad gamodgeba. orive mecnieri amtkicebs, rom gansxvavebebi ori rasis
testebis Sedegebs Soris ufro didia, rodesac saqme exeba kulturulad neitralur SekiTxvebs,
romlebic, maTi TqmiT, `zogadi inteleqtis~ karg indikatorebs warmoadgens.
oponentebi hernStainsa da mureis pasuxoben, rom qcevis aseTi dabali maCvenebeli ar aris
mxolod SavkanianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. radganac msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa evropuli
warmoSobis im jgufebSi, romlebmac dabali IQ qulebi daagroves. magaliTad, rodesac evropeli
emigrantebi Camovidnen SeerTebul StatebSi, maTi qulebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda saSualo
erovnul maCvenebels, xolo gansakuTrebiT dabali qulebi modioda abstraqtul SekiTxvebze.
igive SeiniSneboda apalaCis mTebSi (romlebmac es gamocda 1930-ian wlebSi Caabares) da britane
Tis soflebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis SemTxvevaSic. `mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebi, romlebic mow
yvetilni arian Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis kulturul centrebs, yvelze dabal Sede
gebs aCveneben abstraqtul SekiTxvebze, ganurCevlad maTi rasisa~ (soueli, 1995, gv.73). magram,
saintereso isaa, rom emigrantebis jgufebis adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi integraciis kvaldakval,
maT mier dagrovili qulebi TandaTan miuaxlovda erTian standarts, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi gaus
wro kidec mas. afro-amerikelebic nel-nela avseben arsebul naprals IQ qulebSi. gasuli ramden
ime dekadis ganmavlobaSi maT es sxvaoba 4-8 qulamde daiyvanes (nisbeti, 1995). es faqti adasturebs
mtkice kavSirs kulturasa da inteleqtis maCvenebels Soris: saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikuri
pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad imata Savkaniani amerikelebis iteleqtis maCvenebelmac.
socialuri struqturis koncefcia gavlenas axdens zarisebri mrudis garSemo mimdinare
polemikazec. hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom SromiTi bazris struqturuli cvlilebebi
ZiriTadad gamowveulia Cveni sazogadoebis mier IQ-sTvis miniWebuli mzardi mniSvnelobiT.
teqnologiebisa da biznesis garTulebasTan erTad gaCnda iseTi samuSao adgilebi, romlebic
maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis kadrebs moiTxovs. ukve aRar arsebobs didi sxvaoba
Wkviani adamianebis ricxvsa da iseTi samuSao adgilebis raodenobas Soris, romelic iteleqtis
maRal dones moiTxovda. amgvari samuSao adgilebis matebasTan erTad sul ufro izrdeba im
adamianebis karieruli winsvlisa da socialuri ierarqiis kibeze asvlis saSualeba, romlebic
dabal socialur fenas miekuTvnebian, magram inteleqtis Sesabamisi done gaaCniaT. es tendencia
xsnis inteleqtualuri elitis zrdis faqts, romelic Tavdapirvelad yvela socialuri klasi
dan ikrebda wevrebs. magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom inteleqtualur doneebs Soris gansxvaveba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba genetikur warmomavlobas, hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom socia
luri dayofac sul ufro ukavSirdeba memkvidrul faqtors. ufro metic _ radganac adamianebi
qorwindebian Tavis msgavsebze (maT Soris inteleqtiT msgavsebzec), adgili socialur ierarqia
Si Taobebs genebis meSveobiT gadaecema.
oponentebi mwvaved ewinaaRmdegebian ori avtoris am mosazrebas da xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom
kavSiri IQ-sa da genebs, IQ-sa da socialur klasebs Soris metismetad sustia imisaTvis, rom da
bejiTebiT dadasturdes genebis mniSvneloba adamianis socialuri adgilis gansazRvrisas an am
piris warmatebaze cxovrebaSi (h. gardneri, 1995). hernStainisa da mureis monacemebi adasturebs,
rom IQ yovelTvis xsnis maT mier Seswavlili socialuri Sedegebis 20 procents, rac, Cveulebriv,
10 procentze naklebia, xSirad ki _ 5 procentze naklebic. da radgan isini xalisiT aRiareben,
rom gansxvavebebi IQ Soris 40 procentiT miewereba garemos, maSin genebis gavlena adamianis
warmatebaze Zalze umniSvnelo yofila (gouldi, 1995). naTelia, rom amerikuli klasis struqtu
ris gageba ufro metad efuZneba socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis Seswavlas, vidre _ ge
netikur gansxvavebebsa da IQ-s.
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Zalaufleba, socialuri qmedeba da funqciuri integracia aseve warmoadgens im koncef
cias, romelic adasturebs zariseburi mrudis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. hernStainisa da miu
reis oponentebi SiSoben, rom axali SemecnebiTi elitis wevrebi (romlebic iziareben hern
Stainisa da miureis mosazrebas), gamoiyeneben TviT finansur Zalauflebasa da reputacias,
raTa Secvalon koleqtiuri socialuri qmedebebi, romelic mimarTulia araprivilegirebuli
fenebis SesaZleblobis gaumjobesebisaken. magaliTad, Tu elita daaskvnis, rom dabali so
cialuri fenebi Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romelTa genetikaze dafuZenebuli inteleqti metis
metad dabalia saimisod, rom maT daZlion damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo programebi, SeiZleba
elitam moiTxovos amgvari programebis gauqmeba maTi warumateblobis motiviT. hernStaini
da miurei TviTonve acxadeben, rom Cven, albaT, ukve mivuaxlovdiT im limits, romliTac ga
naTleba SeZlebs aamaRlos im bavSvebis inteleqtualuri done, romlebmac IQ-s dabali Sedegebi
miiRes. isini aseve ar arian darwmunebulebi pozitiuri diskriminaciis SedegebSi, rogorc ga
naTlebis, aseve dasaqmebis sferoSi. maTi azriT, sazogadoeba zaraldeba, rodesac pozitiur
diskriminacias Sedegad mosdevs dasaqmebis mkveTri Semcireba, an rodesac upiratesobas ar
aniWeben maRalkvalificiur kadrebs. amgvari Sedegebi, hernStainisa da miureis azriT, Zirs
uTxris funqciur integracias, sadac adamianebs irCeven imis mixedviT, Seesabameba Tu ara maTi
SesaZlebloba konkretul samuSao adgils. oponentebi pasuxoben, rom pozitiuri diskriminaci
is socialuri sargebeli aRemateba mis xarjebs. 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac
amoqmedda antidiskriminaciuli kanonebi, umciresobebis jgufebma marTlac miaRwies progress
maRali xelfasebisa da prestiJuli samuSaoebis mopovebis mxriv.
amerikelebi kidev karga xans idaveben imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania IQ-s Sedegebi da
ramdenad ganapirobebs am Sedegebs genetikuri faqtori. mecnieruli samxilebi, raoden argu
mentirebulic unda iyos isini, ver moagvarebs sazogadoebriv azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, radgan es
debatebi Rirebulebebsac Seexeba. miuxedavad imisa, memkvidrulia Tu ara IQ inteleqtis done,
adamianebi, romlebic Tanasworobas Rirebulebad miiCneven, ar daeTanxmebian hernStainisa
da mureis mosazrebebs da mxars dauWeren dabal socialur poziciaze myofi adamianebisaTvis
damatebiTi programebis SemoRebis politikas, raTa am adamianebs winsvlis ufro meti SesaZle
bloba mieceT.
CineTSi, SanxaiSi mcxovrebi patara gogona eubneba dedas, rom mas unda axali
qurTuki, radgan mis Zvel qurTuks saxelo gaexvrita. babua, romelsac esmis gogo
nas Txovna, dgeba da gogonas Tavis ZvelisZvel, sakereblebiT dafarul qurTuks
awvdis, romelic sakuTari xeliT dakemsa. Semdeg uyveba SviliSvils, Tu rogo
ri siamayiT atarebda am qurTuks, rodesac gaTavisuflebis armiis wevri iyo da
Zvel reJims ebrZoda. socialuri revoluciis saamayo epoqaSi mSromel xalxs ar
eTakileboda gacveTili tanisamosiT siaruli. saubris dasasrul, patara gogo
nas Zalian rcxvenia, rom axali qurTuki moiTxova (gamoyenebulia keseni, 1975).
iaponiis erT-erT sabavSvo baRSi maswavlebeli sTxovs bavSvebs, funjebiTa da
saRebavebiT daxaton sxvadasxva suraTi, romlebic erTi ambis Semadgeneli nawile
218
bi iqneba. is debs saRebavebs magidis SuagulSi imis Sesamowmeblad, gamostaceben
Tu ara bavSvebi erTmaneTs saRebavs da daRvrian Tu ara mas magidaze. Semdeg ki
specialurad awyobs bavSvebisTvis arasakmaris funjebs. bavSvebi iwyeben xatvas.
isini winaswar Tanxmdebian, Tu romel nawils daxataven, da moTminebiT elodebi
an erTmaneTs funjisa da saRebavisaTvis (luisi, 1989; faueri, kobaiaSi-vinata,
da keli, 1992).
italiis erT-erT sofelSi bavSvebi cxared kamaToben moCvenebebisa da
maqciebis arsebobaze. ufrosebis msgavsad, romlebic soflis moedanze Sekrebi
lan da aseve cxared kamaToben politikasa da dRis mniSvnelovan ambebze, bavSve
bic emociurad gamoxataven sakuTar mosazrebas da xSirad yvirilsa da erTmaneTis
xelis kvrasac ar eridebian. magram am bavSvebs aravin sTxovs kamaTis Sewyvetas,
rasac amerikeli aucileblad gaakeTebda, radgan italiaSi amgvari kamaTebi da
diskusiebi megobrobis normalur nawilad iTvleba (korsaro da miliani, 1992;
korsaro da rico, 1988).
amerikul ojaxSi dawyebiTi skolis moswavle ori Zma televizorTan mokalaTe
bula da interesiT adevnebs Tvals mimdinare TamaSs. sami mcirewlovani konkur
santi pasuxobs SekiTxvebs geografiidan, raTa prizis saxiT moigos mogzauroba
SeerTebuli Statebis nebismier sasurvel mxareSi. programis kulminaciur nawil
Si, finalisti darbis scenis garSemo da cdilobs aRmoaCinos evropis qveynebis
dedaqalaqebi uSvelebel rukaze. studiaSi myofi patara gulSematkivrebi aRtace
bulebi amxneveben gogonas, romelic cdilobs davaleba 45 wamSi Seasrulos.
TiToeuli sazogadoeba ayalibebs bavSvebs sakuTari kulturis gamoxatu
lebebad. iaponelebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas jgufuri miznebis ganxor
cielebisaTvis; italielebi cdiloben, ganaviTaron verbaluri molaparakebebisa
da debatebis unar-Cvevebi; amerikelebi ki uRviveben bavSvebs konkurentunaria
nobas warmatebis misaRwevad. magram kultura ar aris statikuri, uZravi feno
meni. mas SeuZlia, ganicados cvlileba. magaliTad, CineTi ufro orientirebuli
gaxda momxmarebelze. komunisturi partiis lideris mao Ze dunis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ukve naklebad eqceva yuradReba TviTSewirvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom bav
Svebi sxvadasxva rames swavloben, TiToeuli am magaliTis mixedviT socializa
ciis agentebi (jgufebi da institutebi, romlebic nergaven kulturis normebs)
saerToa oTxive sazogadoebisaTvis. Tanamedrove samyaroSi ojaxi, skola, Tana
tolebi da masmedia aqtiuradaa CarTuli bavSvebisaTvis kulturuli elemen
tebis swavlebis procesSi. momdevno qveTavebSi ganxilulia socializaciis oTxi
faqtori. socializacia pasuxismgebelia identobebis mraval gansxvavebul tipze
_ magaliTad, rasaze, religiaze, klasze, erovnebasa da sqesze. Cven sqesis mag
aliTis gamoyenebiT SevecdebiT gaCvenoT, Tu ramdeni sxvadasxva faqtori axdens
gavlenas bavSvebis socializaciaze.
ojaxi
ojaxi warmoadgens pirvel socialur samyaros bavSvisaTvis: gzas ukvlevs
maT jgufuri cxovrebisa da intimuri urTierTobebisaken, aZlevs pirvel gamoc
219
dilebas, rogorc individebs, da asrulebs sarkis rols, sadac bavSvebi sakuTar
Tavs xedaven. ojaxi warmoadgens im pirvel jgufsac, romlis Rirebulebebsa da
normebsac iTviseben da iTaviseben bavSvebi da romlebsac saqcielis Sefasebis
mizniT iyeneben. Tumca, ojaxi ar aris izolirebuli jgufi. is farTo sazogadoe
bis Semadgeneli nawilia. ojaxis Rirebulebebi, damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis
wesi ireklavs socialur klass, religias, eTnikur jgufsa da qveynis im kuTxes,
romlis nawilic TviTon aris. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvebi ojaxidanve iTviseben
sakuTari sazogadoebis kulturas, rac isedac damokidebulia maTi ojaxebis war
momavlobasa da gamocdilebaze.
gansxvavebebi ojaxebs Soris maTi bavSvebis socializaciis procesSi Tval
naTliv Cans genderuli rolebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas. zogi amerikuli
ojaxi Segnebulad cdilobs, Tavi aaridos yvela genderul stereotips, rodesac
saqme bavSvebTan urTierTobas exeba. arsebobs iseTi ojaxebic, romlebisaTvis
genderul stereotipebs centraluri adgili uWiravs. Tumca, ojaxebis umeteso
ba Sualedur poziciazea. isini cdiloben biWebsa da gogonebs erTnairad moepyran
(litoni da romni, 1991), magram, miuxedavad amgvari mcdelobisa, zogi genderuli
stereotipi mainc iCens xolme Tavs (serbini, pouliSta, da gulko, 1993; paludi
da gulo, 1986; rubini, provencano da luria, 1974). magaliTad, mSoblebis umete
sobis azriT, maTi patara gogonebi sustebi, nazebi, daxvewilnakvTebiani da dab
neulebi arian, xolo vaJebi _ Zlierebi, myarebi, uxeSnakvTebianebi da koordina
ciis grZnobiT dajildoebulebi. mSoblebs guli swydebaT, rodesac maT pataras
ucnobi sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlad miiCnevs (makquaiari, 1988). mamebi
gansakuTrebiT mkacrebi arian vaJebis mimarT, Tu isini maTi sqesisaTvis `Seusaba
mod~ iqcevian, Tundac erTi wlis asakSi (snou, jeklini da makobi, 1983).
erT-erTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac mSoblebi sakuTar SvilebSi genderulad
orientirebul qcevas aviTareben, maT mier bavSvebisaTvis SerCeuli saTamaSoe
bia. es gansakuTrebiT xSiria vaJebis genderul socializaciaSi. mTel msofli
oSi yovel or wamSi erTi barbis Tojina iyideba, SeerTebul StatebSi TiToeul
ojaxze 2.5 barbi modis. magram aba scadeT da ipoveT mSoblebi, romlebsac odesme
eyidoT barbi TavianTi vaJisaTvis! ufro metic: mSoblebma rom dainaxon, rom maTi
vaJi kmayofili saxiT acmevs dis Tojinas TvalismomWrel saRamos kabas, aucileb
lad gamoarTmeven Tojinas biWs da urCeven, rom sxva ramiT iTamaSos.
amgvari gaguliseba sqesisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ saTamaSoTi TamaSisas, gaci
lebiT sustia gogonebis SemTxvevaSi. `biWuri saTamaSoebi~ ar miiCneva `mamakacu
rad~ gansxvavebiT `gogonebis saTamaSoebisagan~, romlebic mkveTrad `qalurad~
aRiqmeba. orive sqesis bavSvebi xalisiT TamaSoben biWebis saTamaSoebiT. erT-
erTi kvlevisas, mecnierebi akvirdebodenen mSoblebsa da maT mcirewlovan Svi
lebs. bavSvebi ufro iSviaTad TamaSobdnen `gogonebis saTamaSoebiT~ (rogoricaa
Tojina da Tojinebis saxli) da ufro metad erTobodnen `neitraluri~ saTama
SoebiT (rogoricaa Tavsatexi) an `biWebis saTamaSoebiT~ (burTi, benzingasamarTi
sadguri (aidli, vudi da desmaraizi, 1993). agreTve, orive mSobeli _ dedac da
mamac _ ufro xSirad sTavazobda bavSvebs `biWur~ saTamaSoebs, vidre sapirispi
ro sqesisas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom is saTamaSoebi, romlebic am kvlevaSi `ma
220
makacurebad~ klasificirdeboda, sinamdvileSi sakmaod neitraluri xasiaTisaa.
ase magaliTad, burTi, ar aris stereotipulad biWebis saTamaSo _ aseTia, maga
liTad, iaraRi. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba Tavisi gogonebisaTvis ar yidu
lobs amgvari tipis saTamaSoebs, gansxvavebiT biWebisagan.
mSoblebi gadascemen TavianT bavSvebs genderul stereotipebs im saqmiano
biTac, romelTa gakeTebasac Svilebs avaleben. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba
gogonebs xSirad avalebs saojaxo `qaluri~ saqmis gakeTebas (rogoricaa sadilis
momzadeba an bavSvis movla), xolo biWebi ufro xSirad ezoSi muSaoben an cdiloben
wvril-wvrili saojaxo sagnebi SeakeTon (beikeri, 1984). maRali Semosavlis mqone
mSoblebi ufro naklebad stereotipulebi arian SvilebisaTvis saSinao saqmis
davalebisas, iseve rogorc is mSoblebi, romlebsac erTaderTi qaliSvili hyavT.
saerTod, amerikeli gogonebis umetesoba dResac ufro `qalur~ saqmes akeTebs,
maSin rodesac biWebi ufro xSirad kreWen gazonebs da muSaoben xelsawyoebiT.
SvilebisaTvis genderul-stereotipuli qcevebis swavlebis paralelurad,
mSoblebi xSirad aswavlian bavSvebs, amave kuTxiT ifiqron sakuTar Tavze. maga
liTad, mravali mSobeli Tavisi gogonas warmatebas maTematikaSi Tavdauzogav
Sromas miawers, xolo Tu misma vaJma miaRwia warmatebas maTematikaSi, amas Tan
dayolili niWis damsaxurebad miiCnevs (ii da eklesi, 1988). garda amisa, mraval
mSobels sjera, rom misi vaJi warmatebas aucileblad miaRwevs maTematikaSi,
xolo eWvs gamoTqvams warmatebis Sesaxeb, rodesac saqme gogonas exeba, maSinac
ki, rodesac gogona warmatebiT swavlobs am sagans. am damokidebulebiT SeiZleba
aixsnas is, Tu ratom aqvT gogonebs uaryofiTi ganwyoba maTematikisadmi skolaSi
da ver afaseben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, miuxedavad imisa, am sagans Tavisuflad
floben Tu ara.
mSoblebs sulac ar sWirdebaT bavSvebs Caunergon genderul-stereotipuli
ideebi. maTi qceva sakmarisia bavSvebis azrovnebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. maga
liTad, bavSvebis warmodgena genderul rolebze ufro stereotipuli da myari
xdeba, roca isini xedaven, rom maTi dedebi ar muSaoben saxlis gareT da dakave
bulni arian ZiriTadad saojaxo `qaluri~ saqmiT (alageben, dadian sayidlebze,
uvlian bavSvs) da ara manqanebis SekeTebiT. srul ganakveTze momuSave dedebmac
ki SesaZlebelia Camouyalibon genderul-stereotipuli qceva Svilebs, Tu isini
muSaoben dabali statusis mqone, tradiciulad `qalur~ samsaxurebSi (serbini,
pouliSta da gulko, 1993). bavSvebis azrovneba damokidebulia ara marto imaze,
Tu ras amboben maTi mSoblebi, aramed imazec, Tu ras akeTeben isini (parceli da
menagani, 1994).
skolebi
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uwyobs maT momzadebas Semdgomi rolisaTvis. es naTlad Can Cvens mier zemoT
moyvanil magaliTSi iaponur sabavSvo baRSi bavSvebisaTvis TanamSromlobis
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. iaponeli maswavleblebi mudmivad cdiloben
Seuqmnan bavSvebs iseTi garemo, sadac isini Seiswavlian jgufur muSaobas, swored
ise, rogorc es iaponur biznesSi xdeba, sadac jgufebis wevrebi mWidrod arian
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
arsebuli wesebisa da valdebulebebisadmi morCileba is Rirebulebaa, rasac
aqtiurad aswavlian yvelaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. amas talkon parsonsi
(1959) `farul saswavlo programas~ uwodebda, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom
disciplina da morCileba cxadad arasodes iswavleba, isini saklaso swavlebis
struqturis nawilia.
tradiciuli genderuli rolebis gadacemac SeiZleba iyos dafaruli saswav
lo programis nawili. dawyebiT skolebSi biWebs SeiZleba daavalon dafebis gaw
menda an merxebis gadaadgileba maSin, rodesac tkbileulis darigeba gogonebis
saqmea (riCmond-eboti, 1992). sabavSvo baRebSic ki gogonebs ufro xSirad aqeben
kargi qcevisa da yuradRebisaTvis maSin, rodesac biWebi ufro ikicxebian usaq
cielobisaTvis. mozard gogonebs xSirad aqeben socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da
wesrigis siyvarulisaTvis, xolo biWebs _ Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxisaTvis
(AAUW ganaTlebis fondi, 1992). maswavleblebs miaCniaT, rom biWebs ufro didi
wvlili miuZRviT proeqtisaTvis ideebis mofiqrebasa da diskusiebSi, Tumca, da
moukidebeli wyaroebi adasturebs, rom am mxriv orive sqesis monawileoba Tana
baria. (ben cvi-meieri, herc-lazaroviCi, da safiri, 1989; dveki, davidsoni, nel
soni da ena, 1978; evansi, 1988).
genderuli gakveTilebi tipuri saskolo sistemis nawils warmoadgens. maga
liTad, dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebis 85%-s qalebi Seadgens, xolo skolis
mmarTvelebis 79%-s _ mamakacebi (beikeri, 1984); dedebi ufro aqtiurad monawi
leoben saskolo klubebis saqmianobaSi maSin, rodesac saskolo sabWoebi ZiriTa
dad mamebiTaa dakompleqtebuli (evansi, 1988). is faqti, rom maRal Tanamdebo
bebze ufro xSirad mamakacebi muSaoben, gavlenas axdens bavSvebzec. magaliTad,
skolebSi Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis
mmarTvelebic qalebi arian, naklebad ganicdian genderuli stereotipis gavle
nas, vidre is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis mmarTvelebic mamakacebi arian (para
dizo da uoli, 1986).
skolebSi arsebuli `biWebisa da gogonebis programebis~ arseboba kidev ufro
aRrmavebs genderuli stereotipebis gavlenas. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saSinao ekonomikis gakveTilebi axla ukve xelmisawvdomia gogonebisaTvisac,
xolo savaWro (shop classes) gakveTilebze daswreba biWebsac SeuZliaT, daswrebis
maCvenebeli miuTiTebs, rom es gakveTilebi jer kidev segregirebulia genderuli
faqtoriT. genderuli stereotipebis gavleniTaa dayofili skolebis sportuli
programebi – anu ara moswavleTa surviliT, aramed skolis xelmZRvanelobis
brZanebiT. nacvlad imisa, rom gaaerTianos biWebisa da gogonebis sportuli seq
ciebi, skolebis umravlesoba amjobinebs, gazardos gogonebisaTvis gankuTvnili
sportuli seqciebis ricxvi. rasakvirvelia, sulac ar aris saWiro seqciebis ofi
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cialurad gamocxadeba romelime sqesis kuTvnilebad imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli
maTgani miCneuli iyos gogonebis an biWebis sportad. rogorc pedagogebis, aseve
studentebis genderul-stereotipuli ideebi ganapirobebs im faqts, rom zogi
sagani miCneulia biWebis Zlier mxared (magaliTad, maTematika da mecniereba),
xolo iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa inglisuri ena da xelovneba, gogonebisaTvis mis
wrebad iTvleba.
biWebis aqtiurobis done maTematikisa da mecnierebis gakveTilze mimdinare
diskusiebSi, SeiZleba damTrgunveli aRmoCndes gogonebisaTvis. isini Tavs dam
cirebulad grZnoben, rac pegi orenStainma (1994) merveklaselebis maTematikis
gakveTilze daswrebisas TvalnaTliv daadastura.
skolebSi mimdinare procesebi exmareba bavSvebs, miiRon ufro farTo kul
turisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi.
masmedia
223
mamakaci personaJebis ricxvi mainc gacilebiT didi darCa – daaxloebiT sami erT
Tan. qali personaJebi ufro met dros saxlSi atareben, miT umetes, Tu muSaoben
da Svilebi hyavT. Tu qali personaJebi muSaobdnen, maSin umetes SemTxvevaSi maTi
samuSao dabalanazRaurebadi, araprestiJuli iyo (oficiantebi, mdivnebi, med
debi). popularuli gadacemebis qali personaJebis umetesoba ubralod silama
ziT gamoirCeoda, maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro xandazmulebi da prestiJuli
samaxuris mqoneni iyvnen (eqimebi, iuristebi). sinorielim daaskvna, rom erTeu
li gamonaklisis garda, satelevizio programebis genderulma rolebma 15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuna tradiciuli da konservatuli xasiaTi. es mdgomareoba
ar Secvlila gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sei
niSna qali personaJebis samsaxurebis gamravalferovneba, maTTvis dakisrebuli
movaleobebi ZiriTadad mainc sxvaze zrunviTa da movliT Semoifargleba, gan
sxvavebiT mamakaci personaJebisagan, romlebic ufro aqtiurad arian Cabmulni
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da politikur procesebSi. usini ufro xSirad arian
liderebi, vidre qali personaJebi (vadnerbergi da strekfusi, 1992).
amgvari genderuli stereotipebi aqtiurad gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT
da did zegavlenas axdens bavSvebze. magaliTad, popularuli sabavSvo wignebis
Seswavlam daadastura, rom TiTqmis yoveli maTgani Seicavda gogonebisa da bi
Webis, qalebisa da kacebis mkveTrad stereotipul saxeebs (vaitcmani da aifleri,
1972). mamakacebis 11 suraTze qalebis erTi suraTi modioda, xolo Seswavlili
wignebis erTi mesamedi mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis gmirebze mouTxrobda mkiTx
vels. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mainc gamoCndeboda personaJi gogonebi, isini ZiriTadad
exmarebodnen, zrunavdenen an ubralod uyvardaT wignis gmiri. rodesac mkvelva
rebis sxva gundma igive saxis kvleva 80-iani wlebis popularul wignebze Caatara,
aRmoaCina, rom mdgomareoba Secvliliyo, Tumca ara mniSvnelovnad (j.a. uiliamsi,
vernoni, uiliamsi da malexa, 1987). amjerad mamakaci da qali personaJebis ricxvi
gaTanabrda, wamyvani personaJebis mesamedi mdedrobiTi sqesisa iyo, axla ukve
qalebi da gogonebi ufro xSirad tovebdnen saxlis teritorias, Tumca mxolod
erTi mdedrobiTi sqesis personaJi muSaobda da isic _ oficiantad. miuxedavad
am yvelafrisa, mamakac personaJebs ufro meti pasuxismgeblobebi, Tavgadasavle
bi da garToba qondaT.
rac Seexeba Jurnalebs, gancxadebebi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda genderul
stereotipebs (mase da rozenbaumi, 1988; bleknepi da leonardi, 1991; uilisi da
karlsoni, 1993). sagazeTo reklamebi mamakacs aRwers, rogorc martosulebs, da
moukideblebsa da Zlierebs. qalebi ki ufro xSirad eZeben nugeSsa da sxvasTan
kontaqts (maTi mzeridan da Jestikulaciidan gamomdinare). miuxedavad imisa,
rom dRes ukve SeimCneva cvlilebis tendencia da es cvlileba ufro `Tanamed
rovea~, jer kidev adgili aqvs ararealisturi genderuli stereotipebis aR
weras. erT-erTma axalma kvlevam daadastura, rom qalebi sul ufro iSviaTad
arian mamakacebze damokidebuli diasaxlisebi, dRes isini ufro damoukideblebi
arian da did yuradRebas aqceven sakuTar silamazesa da garegnobas (busbi da
lixti, 1993).
224
rogor axdens gavlenas genderuli streotipebis memkvidreoba bavSvebze? al
baT yvelaze ufro farTod Seswavlili Tema exeba televiziis gavlenas genderul
stereotipebze. kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi, romelbic xSirad uyureben tele
viziiT gasarTob programebs, ufro xSirad aRweren da axasiaTeben qalsa da mama
kacs stereotipuli gamoTqmebiT, vidre is bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad ar uyureben
televizors, an uyureben ZiriTadad saganmanaTleblo programebs (fraCi da mak
gii, 1975; kombali, 1986; repeti, 1984; rotSildi, 1984; sinorieli da learsi, 1992).
mokled rom vTqvaT, iolia masmediis rolis gazviadeba genderul socia
lizaciaSi. is, rasac adamianebi iReben televizoridan, Jurnalebidan da wignebidan
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axdenen isini am informaciis interpretirebas. es
mosazreba dadasturda erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad, rodesac Seiswavles, Tu ro
gor axdenen mozardebi mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi moqmedi gmirebis interpreta
cias maikl jeqsonis klipSi. am klipSi jeqsoni ixibleba axalgazrda gogonaTi da
dasdevs mas ukan. bolos gogona xelebs Slis da exveva mas, oRond mas Semdeg, rac
bnel quCebSi ramdenime saSiSi gamometyvelebis mqone kacs gadaeyreba (kalofi,
1993). mdedrobiTi sqesis mayureblebma gogona aRiqves an Zlierad, an SeSinebulad
da sustad, maSin roca mamrobiTma mayureblebma masSi dainaxes qali, romelic Zne
lad misaRwevi qalis imijis Seqmnas cdilobda. es gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mayureblebis pirad gamocdilebaze, ramac Tavis
mxriv gamoiwvia is, rom isini gmiris sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, is mniSvneloba, rasac xalxi medias aniWebs genderuli stereo
tipebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben
isini sqesze.
Tanatolebi
adamianebi swored ise akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs romelime sqess, rogorc ax
denen televiziiT naCvenebi genderuli stereotipebis interpretacias. bavSvebi
ubralod ki ar swavloben mamakacebad an qalebad Camoyalibebas, aramed isini
akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs erT an meore sqess. isini iReben Sesabamis informacias
mSoblebisagan, skolaSi, mediis meSveobiT da axdenen ideebis realizacias sa
kuTar damokidebulebebsa da qcevaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tanatolebis mimarT (kor
saro, 1992). amis Sedegia genderis socialuri konstruqcia yovel axal TaobaSi.
sociologi bari Torni (1993) swavlobs TanatolTa Soris urTierTobas sak
laso oTaxebsa da saTamaSo moednebze dakvirvebiT. is amtkicebs, rom genderu
li identobisa da gansxvavebebis warmoqmna xdeba bavSvebis mier TanatolebTan
yoveldRiuri urTierTobisas. biWebi da gogonebi regularulad icaven gende
rul sazRvrebs, ufrosebisagan yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe. zogadad, roca
dgeba arCevanis sakiTxi, biWebi amjobineben dadgnen, dasxdnen an iTamaSon biWeb
Tan erTad. aseve xdeba gogonebis SemTxvevaSi – isini umetes SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
sqesis warmomadgenlebTan TamaSsa da yofnas aniWeben upiratesobas.
Torns mohyavs mravali magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor `uCenen adgils~ mas, vinc
bedavs genderuli sazRvrebis darRvevas. Torni Seeswro SemTxvevas, rodesac
225
pirvelklaselma biWunam survili gamoTqva, etrialebina saxtunao. mas maSinve
uTxres, rom imisaTvis, rom `es icode, gogo unda iyo~. biWuna ise gatrialda,
rom ar SewinaaRmdegebia am sayovelTaod gavrcelebul mosazrebas. meore Sem
Txvevisas popularulma biWma, romelic sasadilo oTaxSi cariel adgils eZebda,
magidis danaxvisas, sadac biWebi da gogonebi erTad isxdnen, ganacxada: `metis
metad bevri gogoa!~ amis gagonebisTanave im magidasTan msxdomi biWebi adgnen da
gahyvnen mas TiTqmis carieli magidisaken. gabrazeba/gaqezeba genderuli dayo
fis kidev erTi saSualebaa (ederi, 1991). erTi biWi ki, romelic biblioTekis da
xurvis win gogonebis rigSi Cadga, saswrafod gaagdes biWebis rigisaken. dabneuli
axalmosulis danaxvaze erT-erTma biWma SesZaxa: `SexedeT, axali gogo movida!~
amgvar qmedebas Torni `sazRvris dacvas~ uwodebs, radgan bavSvebi aqtiurad
icaven dawesebul genderul sazRvrebs. uZvelesi TamaSi `daWerobanac~ ki, Tor
nis azriT, genderul dayofas emsaxureba, riTac bavSvebi cdiloben daamtkicon
sazRvris arseboba or sqess Soris.
mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom biWebi da gogonebi irCeven gancalkevebulad
yofnas, radgan maT interaqciis gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT. am mosazrebis mixed
viT, biWebis TamaSi ufro xSirad gamoirCeva fizikuri agresiiT, statusis mo
sapoveblad brZoliT da wesebis Sesaxeb kamaTiT maSin, rodesac gogonebis TamaSi
gamoirCeva TanamSromlobiTa da moTamaSesTan uSualo, Tbili damokidebulebiT
(moleri, himeli, da rubini, 1992). Tumca, Torni enTuziazmiT ar aris ganwyobi
li im azris mimarT, rom gansxvavebuli interaqcia TamaSobs ZiriTad rols gen
derul dayofaSi. arsebobs uamravi variacia imaze, Tu rogor iqceva TiToeuli
sqesi. `tipuri biWuri~ da `qaluri~ stili, romelsac mkvlevarebi akvirdebodnen,
momdinareobs Tanatolebis fonze gamorCeuli gogonebisa da biWebisagan, magram
isini mainc ar arian imdenad gamorCeulni, rom yvelasTvis tipurad iTvlebod
nen. sinamdvileSi, individualur gogonasa da individualur biWs Soris ufro
meti gansxvavebaa, vidre maT sqesebs Soris. Torni askvnis, rom bavSvebis mier
genderuli dayofis sakiTxze ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es
dayofa genderul socializaciaze. rogorc feministi, Torni imedovnebs, rom
socialuri cvlileba warimarTeba ufro jvaredini genderuli urTierTobebis
mxriv, romelic damyarebuli iqneba megobrobasa da Semwynareblobaze.
axalgazrdebi, rasakvirvelia, mxolod genderul rolebs ar aswavlian erT
maneTs. Tanatolebi erTmaneTis meSveobiT iReben Tanaswori urTierTobebis
pirvel gamocdilebasac. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom ufrosebi yovelTvis
ufro didebi, Wkvianebi, Zlierebi da `mdidrebi~ arian (maT SeuZliaT iseTi rTuli
danadgarebis kontroli, rogoricaa macivari da distanciuri marTvis pulti),
mozrdilisa da bavSvis damokidebuleba yovelTvis asimetriulia. am damokide
bulebaSi bavSvi yovelTvis daqvemdebarebulis rols asrulebs da yvela bavSvi
erTmaneTTan socialurad Tanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. amgvari statusi ga
napirobebs TanatolTa jgufebis SesaniSnav saswavlo Tvisebas. jgufSi bavSvebs
gacilebiT iolad SeuZliaT, Seiswavlon Tanasworoba, gaziareba, raimes Txoveba
da gacvla. Tu daakvirdebiT, rogori pedanturi sizustiT anawileben bavSvebi
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gamagrilebel sasmels boTlidan WiqebSi, mowme gaxdebiT TanatolTa jgufebSi
socializaciis procesisa.
amgvari jgufebi qmnian idealur garemosac, sadac bavSvebi swavloben megob
robis mniSvnelobas. saskolo asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve aqvT warmodgena megob
robis koncefciisa da im qmedebebis Sesaxeb, riTac megobroba gamoixateba. isini
am koncefcias iyeneben, rogorc gzamkvlevs sakuTari qcevebisaTvis da, agreTve,
standarts TanatolTa qcevis SefasebisaTvis. am process mivyavarT ufro naTlad
gansazRvruli `molodinebisaken~. bavSvebma axla ukve ician, Tu ras elodebian
sxvebisagan da TviTon rogor unda moiqcnen megobrebTan urTierTobisas. rasak
virvelia, `kargisa~ da `marTebulis~ bavSvebiseuli gageba yovelTvis ar emTxveva
mozardebisas. bavSvebi xSirad qmnian sakuTar normebs, Rirebulebebsa da sakuTar
msoflmxedvelobas. aqedan gamomdinare, isini xSirad ibnevian imis gadawyvetisas,
Tu romel normas an Rirebulebas unda mimarTon konkretul situaciaSi. es mo
wifulobis umTavresi unar-Cvevaa (korsaro da ederi, 1990).
megobrebTan yofna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. bavSvisTvis gansa
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rogor miiReben mas Tanatolebi, gamoucxadeben Tu ara
mas jgufur solidarobas da iqneba Tu ara popularuli. mozard biWebs bevri me
gobari hyavT Tanatol biWebs Soris maSin, rodesac gogonebi amjobineben, airCion
erTi megobari gogona da mas gaandon sakuTari gancdebi, fiqrebi da SiSi. am asakis
orive sqesis warmomadgeneli megobrebs asakis, socialuri klasis, rasisa da eTni
kurobis niSniT irCeven (dornbuSi, 1989). TanatolTa jgufebSi arsebobs erTgvari
simboloTa sistema _ ena, musika, varcxniloba, Cacmis stili da a.S. _ romelic
TviTgamoxatvis saSualebaa (uilisi, 1990).
sakuTari Tavis gansazRvrisas mozardebs xSirad mosdiT konfliqti sakuTar
mSoblebTan da sxva mozrdilebTan. maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar Tvlian amas mar
Tebulad (rogorc es 1960-ian wlebSi moxda), mainc cdiloben mosinjon, Tu sad ga
dis Semwynareblobis sazRvari – magaliTad, sinjaven alkohols da narkotikebs.
mozardebi xSirad uweven winaaRmdegobas mSoblebs, rodesac saqme exeba gemovne
bas, magaliTad, modas an konkretul musikalur mimdinareobas. garda amisa xSiria
konfliqti pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiTac. magaliTad, mSoblebma SeiZle
ba neba ar darTon mozrdil Svils, gamoiyenos avtomobili an yavdes partniori,
maSinac ki, rodesac TviTon mozardi Tvlis, rom mzad aris amisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, mozardebi xSirad mainc gagebiT ekidebian mSoblebis zrun
vas maTi miznebisa da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb (devisi da kendeli, 1981; krosniki
da jadi, 1982). realurad, ufro xSirad mozardTa Rirebulebebi ki ar ewinaaRmde
geba, aramed amyarebs kidec mSoblebis Rirebulebebs. ufro gvian, rodesac sust
deba Tanatolebisa da mozrdilebis konfliqti, mozardebi irCeven iseT jgufs,
romlis Rirebulebebic maTi ojaxi Rirebulebebis msgavsia. am dros Tanatolebi
sa da ojaxebis socializaciis procesi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareobs.
zogadad, xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanatolebisa da ojaxis socializacia erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba, rac momgebiania sazogadoebisaTvisac. saWiroa, rom socializaciis sx
vadasxva agentebi erTmenTs Seesabamebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoe
bas problemebi Seeqmneba zogad funqciur integraciaSi.
227
socializacia zrdasrul asakSi
desocializacia da resocializacia
228
mkacrad gansazRvrul reJimSi xangrZlivad cxovrobs farTo sazogadoebisagan
izolirebulad da eqvemdebareba erT avtoritets (gofmani, 1961). totaluri
institutis magaliTia cixe, stacionari sulierad daavadebulebisaTvis da sam
xedro banakebi (devisi, 1989).
totalur institutSi resocializaciis procesi, rogorc wesi, mosdevs de
socializaciis process. am dros adamianebi kargaven TavianT Rirebulebebsa da
Sexedulebebs. desocializaciis gaiolebis mizniT, adamianebs arTmeven tanisa
moss, samkaulebs da pirad nivTebs; aZleven ubralo da xSirad usiamovno tanisamoss
– magaliTad, uniformas an pacientis piJamas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavsac parsaven,
raTa mouspon kvali imisa, Tu vin iyvnen isini warsulSi. garda amisa, axalmosulebs
xSirad arTmeven arCevanis uflebasac, riTac isini sxvebisagan gamoirCeodnen. maT
uwevT mkacri fizikuri gamocdis Cabareba, ris Semdegadac isini Wamen, iZineben da
banaoben jgufTan erTad. isini imyofebian mudmivi superviziisa da meTvalyureo
bis qveS. es procedurebi anadgurebs axalmosulis TviTobis grZnobas da unergavs
maT zemdgomebisadmi morCilebas. amgvarad, totaluri institutebi xels uwyobs
fsiqologiur regress: isini nergaven bavSvobisdroindel daucvelobis SegrZne
bas da damokidebulebas. am dros, wevrebi ukve mzad arian resocializdnen im axal
rolSi, romelic maTTvis totalurma institutma Seqmna.
profesiuli socializacia
229
prognozuli socializacia sasargebloa, Tumca arasakmarisi, rodesac saqme
exeba Zireul cvlilebebs. axali Tanamdebobebis miRebisas adamianebi iSviaTad
akeTeben zust prognozs, Tu ra moeliT axali samsaxuris dawyebis Semdeg. am
sakiTxis kvlevisas edgar Sainma (1978) daadgina, rom gardamavali etapi gulisxmobs
4 ZiriTad davalebas. priveli maTgani exeba biurokratiul organizacias: axali
TanamSromlebi swrafad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom organizaciis sxva wevrebi xSirad
uRobaven gzas davalebuli saqmis Sesrulebisas; TanamSromelebi sulac ar Canan
iseTi Wkvianebi, kompetenturebi da produqtiulebi, rogorebic unda iyvnen; isini
sakmaod xSirad iqcevian aralogikurad da iracionalurad. axalma TanamSromelma
unda SeZlos organizaciis miReba mTeli Tavisi sisusteebiT _ `gayidva~, kompro
misze wasvla da `politikosoba~ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi unda gaxdes.
meore davaleba exeba im winaaRmdegobis gamklavebas, romelic cvlilebis
gatarebis survils moyveba xolme; axali TanamSromlebi Civian, rom maT sasargeb
lo ideebs Zirs uTxrian an ubralod uyuradRebod toveben; xSirad aRmoaCenen
xolme, rom maTi erTi SexedviT logikuri da gonivruli rekomendaciebi raime
mizezis gamo ar sruldeba. axali TanamSromlebis mier amgvari winaaRmdegobebis
gamklavebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maT Semdgom karieras.
mesame davaleba, romlis Sesruleba uwevs axal TanamSromels, exeba im gauge
bari, Zneli davalebis `gagebas~, rac dakavSirebulia mis saqmesTan: xSir SemTx
vevaSi, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos zogierTi aspeqti kargad ar aris ganmartebuli;
axali TanamSromlebi xSirad awydebian siZneleebs, rodesac saqme maT mier Ses
rulebuli samuSaos xarisxis Sefasebas exeba. niSis dakaveba organizaciaSi masTan
adaptirebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa.
dabolos, axalma TanamSromlebma unda iswavlon, Tu ra damokidebuleba unda
hqondeT xelmZRvanelebTan; daikavon Sualeduri pozicia monur morCilebasa da
meamboxeobas Soris. amave dros, maT unda gaTvalon dajildoebis sistemac da
amoicnon, Tu zustad ras moelian maTgan da ras afaseben organizaciaSi.
hainis kvlevis momdevno periodSi msxvil korporaciebSi socializaciis pro
cesi kidev ufro garTulda. Tanamedrove msxvili korporaciebis mzardi ricxvi
sxvadasxva erovnebis kadriTaa dakompleqtebuli – es exeba im biznesebs, romlebic
mraval qveyanaSi iwarmoeba. rodesac msxvili korporacia aSenebs fabrikas rome
lime sxva qveyanaSi, iq momuSave adamianebi socializdebian im sistemaSi, romelic
dakavSirebuli am korporaciis damfuZnebel qveyanasTan.
magaliTad, detroitSi mdebare mazdas qarxanaSi amerikel muSebs uwevT war
moebis organizaciis iaponur sistemasTan Segueba, romelic efuZneba 6-10 ada
mianis Semadgenlobis jgufebis TanamSromlobas. jgufis wevrebs akisriaT er
Toblivi pasuximgebloba saerTo davalebis Sesrulebisas. TiToeuli wevrisagan
moelian saqmisadmi Tavdadebasa da erTgulebas, rac gadaWarbebulia warmoebis
amerikuli sistemisaTvis. iaponuri sistema moelis, rom Tu muSa msubuqadaa avad,
is mainc imuSavebs, xolo jgufis wevrebi uyoymanod imuSaveben damatebiT saa
TebSi, Tu jgufis romelime wevri samuSaoze ar imyofeba. muSa, romelic samuSaos
acdens avadmyofobis gamo, waradgens eqimis mier damowmebul cnobas, romelic
adasturebs diagnozis namdvilobas. mazdis TanamSromlebs ar eZlevaT standar
230
tuli biuleteni. amerikeli muSebi iZulebulni arian, Seeguon gadawyvetilebis
miRebis iaponur wessac, romelic efuZneba jgufur konsensuss. mazdas yvela
TanamSromeli valdebulia, daeswros muSebisa da menejerebis Sekrebebs, sadac
ganxilvis safuZvelze cdiloben gonivruli gadawyvetilebis miRebas. amave dros,
muSebma unda SeuTavson sakuTari individualuri interesebi im jgufis intere
sebs, sadac isini muSaoben (rogorc es xdeba ojaxis SemTxvevaSi). maTgan moelian
pirad Tavganwirvas kompaniis sakeTildReod.
rasakvirvelia, yvela amerikeli ar wava samuSaod ucxour korporaciaSi, sa
dac maT moeTxovebaT sruliad gansxvavebul profesiul normebsa da Rirebule
bebTan Segueba. socializacia ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis periodis dasrulebiT. misi
sirTuleebi Tavs iCens yovelTvis, rogorc ki ucxo jgufis wevrebi vxdebiT an
vimyofebiT gardamaval etapze. sikvdilic ki ar gamoricxavs socializaciis sa
kuTar elementebs. socializacia mudmivi procesia yvela CvenTaganisaTvis.
Sejameba
231
bis wevrad gaxdomis swavlis procesi damokidebulia adamianis adgilze
socialur ierarqiaSi. magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvarad socializdebian qalebi
da mamakacebi. isini momzadebulni arian sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva rolebis
SesrulebisaTvis. gansxvavebuli procesia sxvadasxva socialuri klasis
wevrebis socializaciac. magaliTad, dabali socialuri klasis bavSvebs as
wavlian, rom ufro metad daafason morCileba da damyoloba, aqedan gamomdi
nare, isini emzadebian dabali statusis mqone samsaxurebisaTvis, romlebic
azrovnebis ganviTarebis SezRudul saSualebas iZleva. SesaZloa, swored
socialuri klasebis amgvari diferencirebuli socializacia xsnis im faqts,
rom dabali socialuri statusi xSirad Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
4. is, Tu vin varT Cven, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli individualur so
cialur qcevaze. Tanamedrove kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT
ki imaSi, romelic afasebs adamianis arCevanis Tavisuflebas) arsebobs mra
vali gza, rom iyo: mamakaci, qali, muSaTa Tu maRali klasis wevri, kaTolike,
baptisti Tu Savkaniani. kulturuli normebisa da socialuri rolebis
arsebobis paralelurad mainc arsebobs individualuri an koleqtiuri
arCevanis SesaZlebloba. am arCevanis nawili gulisxmobs adamianebis Tavi
suflebas, airCion rolebi da winaaRmdegoba gauwion maTTvis arasasurvel
rolebs. amave dros, adamianebi Segnebulad cdiloben Secvalon im rolebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac isini konkretul momentSi asruleben da romleb
Sic moxdeba momavali Taobebis socializacia.
5. gacxarebuli debatebi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze, Tu romeli TamaSobs
ufro mniSvnelovan rols cxovrebis homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsua
luri gzis arCevaSi – buneba (biologiuri sawyisi), zrunva (kulturuli
swavleba) Tu adamianis arCevani. bolo periodis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze
mecnierebma dauSves, rom SesaZloa, homoseqsualizms biologiuri sawyisi
hqondes, anu iyos Tandayolili Tviseba (levei, 1991; hameri da kouplendi,
1994). am mosazrebas eTanxebian rogorc homoseqsualebi, aseve maTi ufle
bebis damcveli adamianebic. Tu damtkicda, rom homoseqsualizmi Tanday
olili Tvisebaa, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebam Sewyvitos homoseqsualebis
aRqma, rogorc zneobrivi gadaxris mqone adamianebisa _ gamodis, rom maT,
ubralod, sxva arCevani ara aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
biologiuri faqtori seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvraSi, isic cxa
dia, rom kulturuli ganviTarebis faqtoric mniSvnelovania. sxva rom
araferi vTqvaT, kultura xels uwyobs sxvadasxva seqsualuri identobebis
gansazRvras. da mainc _ yovelTvis arsebobs arCevanis elementi. homoseq
sualobis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti aris Segnebulad miRebuli gadaw
yvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve,
gei-subkulturasTan Serwyma, sakuTari seqsualuri orinetaciis gansaz
Rvra mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
6. ojaxi bavSvobis periodis socializaciis umTavresi da upirvelesi agen
tia. is warudgens bavSvs urTierTobebsa da jgufur cxovrebas. kulturu
232
li normebi da Rirebulebebi aseve mWidrod inergeba TanatolTa jgufebis
mier. TanatolTa Soris gansakuTrebiT iolad xdeba iseTi Rirebulebebis
Seswavla, rogoricaa gaziareba, samarTlianoba da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TanatolTa jgufebi xSirad iZenen sakuTar Rirebulebebs da normebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi es normebi da Rirebulebebi emTxveva mSoblebis Rirebulebebs.
bavSvTa socializaciaSi mniSvnelovani agentia masmediac da skolac.
7. socializacia, rasakvirvelia, ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis dasrulebasTan erTad
_ grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova
nia ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli gardatexebis dros, rogoricaa qorwineba, bavS
vebis gaCena, an pensiaze gasvla. mozrdili adamianis mier axali normebisadmi
da Rirebulebebisadmi Seugebas resocializacia ewodeba. xSirad, resocia
lizacias win uswrebs desocializaciis procesi.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
233
lizacia, magaliTad, mSobelTa savaldebulo klasebis organizebiT an dawye
biTi ganaTlebis asakis kidev ufro SemcirebiT. warmoadgineT Tqveni ideebi am
SemoTavazebis Sesaxeb da gamoiyeneT am TavSi mocemuli ramdenime koncefcia.
6. qvemoT CamoTvlili socializaciis SemTxvevebisagan yvelaze ufro romelma
iqonia Tqvenze gavlena: karieris dawyeba, daqorwineba, pensiaze gasvla. daa
sabuTeT Tqveni arCevani.
sityvari
234
TviToba _ gansazRvruli identobis qonis grZnoba, romelic gangvasxvavebs sxva
adamianebisagan.
seqsualuri orinetacia _ adamianis ZiriTAdi midgoma seqsualuri damokideb
ulebebisadmi, rac aseve moicavs partnioris, moqmedebebisa da masTan dakav
Sirebuli mniSvnelobebis arCevas.
mniSvnelovani sxvebi _ adamianebi, romlebic emociurad mniSvnelovanni arian
konkretuli adamianisaTvis.
socializacia _ im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis SeZenis procesi, rom
lebic misaRebia sazogadoebisaTvis da romelTa qonasac sazogadoeba an so
cialuri jgufi moelis Cvengan, rogorc misi wevrebisagan.
superego _ zigmund froidis termini, romelic gulisxmobs sindiss – adamianis
fsiqikis is nawili, romelic iTavisebs sazogadoebis mosazrebas kargisa da
cudis Sesaxeb.
totaluri institutebi _ organizaciebi, romlebic mizanmimarTulad im
yofebian gare samyarosagan izolaciaSi da arseboben mkacrad gansazRvruli
wesiT. magaliTebi: cixe, stacionarebi sulierad daavadebulTaTvis da sam
xedro banakebi.
235
236
Tavi 6
deviacia da danaSauli
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: kunZulebi quCaSi:
urbanuli bandebis Seswavla martin sanCes iankovskis mier
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
saerTaSoriso vaWroba narkotikebiT
. sociologia da sazogadoebrivi debatebi: iaraRis kontroli: Semcirdeba
Tu ara mkvlelobaTa ricxvi?
237
238
o tis Cemberi arkanzasis Statis marianas umaRles skolas amTavrebda. am
RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis aRsaniSnavad, misma Zmam, milionerma bili jom,
romlis finansuri imperia detroitSi mdebareobda, xuTi TeTri limuzini daiqi
rava da mTeli ojaxiTa da megobrebiT Camovida ceremoniaze dasaswrebad. roca
korteJma msvleloba SeaCera, Zmeb Cemberebs oskaris gadacemis ceremonialze mi
suli varskvlavebis Sesaferi Sexvedra mouwyves. kamerebi Cxakunobda, mozardebi
yvirodnen, xolo bavSvebi cdilobdnen, xelSi CaegdoT mwvane kupiurebi, romleb
sac bili jo avtografebiviT arigebda.
rodesac otis Cambersma diplomi miiRo, iseTi aplodismentebi atyda, TiTqos
auditoriis winaSe fexburTis saxelganTqmuli varskvlavi an sazeimo sityviT ga
mosuli studenti idga. otisi arc sportuli niWiT gamoirCeoda da arc sibejiTiT
brwyinavda. samagierod, mas brwyinvale momavali eloda. sxva studentebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic an armias SeuerTdebodnen, an samuSaos moZebnas Seecde
bodnen memfissa da liTl rokSi, otiss garantirebuli samsaxuri eloda ojaxur
biznesSi – anu maRali xarisxis heroiniT vaWrobaSi.
marianas mkvidrTaTvis otisis Zma bili warmoadgenda imis cocxal magaliTs,
rom yvelafris miRweva SeiZleba, Tu adamiani Zalian moindomebs da Tavs ar dazo
gavs. moijaradeebis ojaxSi gazrdili bili jo, romelic bavSvobaSi dilidan
saRamomde bambas krefda, axla aligatoris tyavis 1000 dolariani fexsacmliT
dadioda, ZviradRirebul manqanebs atarebda da uSurvelad axarjavda fuls
mravalricxovan ojaxs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeZlo amerikuli ocnebis as
ruleba, Tumca ukanono gziT _ anu narkotikebiT vaWrobiT _ daagrova Tavisi
simdidre.
`heroinis epidemiam~ da `narkokulturam~ Seuqmna amerikas iseTi qveynis imi
ji, sadac ioli fuli, dangreuli da ganadgurebuli ojaxebi da kanonisadmi upa
tivcemuloba Caenacvla Sromas, ojaxis siyvarulsa da kanonisa da wesrigisadmi
morCilebas. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, bili josnairebs araferi aqvT
saerTo im saqmosnebTan, romlebic yoveldRe mgzavroben konektikutidan uol
stritamde, an im adamianebTan, vinc kompiuterebTan urTierTobas garaJSi iwyebs
da Semdeg IBM-s uwevs konkurencias. narkomovaWreebi calke mdgomi kastaa. Tu es
mosazreba mcdaria?
bili jos cxovreba klasikuri amerikuli magaliTia, romelsac pirobiTad
`siRatakidan simdidremde~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. meTerTmete klasidan skolis mi
tovebis Semdeg, man ganvlo igive gza Rataki samxreTidan mdidar CrdiloeTamde,
rac manamde afrikuli warmoSobis araerT amerikels gauvlia. bili jo rom de
troitSi aTi wliT adre Casuliyo, SeiZleboda muSaoba erT-erT manqanaTmSenebel
qarxanaSi daewyo da ojaxsac mohkideboda. 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls detroiti
ukve dacarielebuli iyo. qarxnebi daxures, samuSao adgilebi mkveTrad Semcir
da, ris gamoc saSualo da dabali muSaTa klasi (TeTrkanianebi da Savkanianebi)
gareubnebSi gadabargdnen. yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao, rasac bili jom
detroitSi miagno, fexsacmlis maRaziaSi iatakisa da fanjrebis recxva iyo. siRa
takisa da mSobliur arkanzasSi dabrunebis SiSma bili jo aiZula, sxva gamosavali
epova da TavisTvis eSvela.
239
gamosavali kokainis saxiT moiZebna, romelic amerikaSi samocaaTiani wlebis
miwurulisaTvis gaCnda. damTxvevis wyalobiT, medelinis narkotikebis kartelma
swored im dros daiwyo adgilobrivi, anu amerikeli distributorebis Zebna saku
Tari produqtis gasasaReblad, rodesac bili jom samuSaos Zebnas mihyo xeli.
bili jo da misi Zmebi daukavSirdnen medelinis kartels, daikaves niSa bazarze
da iswavles sabiTumo raodenobiT yidva-gayidva da produqtis marketingi. Tan
daTanobiT Seiswavles SesaZlo riskebis gaangariSebac, naRdi fulis brunvis kon
troli, daqiravebulis wesebi da ganawesebi, mogebis gegma, premiebi da momxmare
blis waxaliseba. 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis, rodesac otisma saswavlebeli
daamTavra, Zmeb Cambersebis mogeba yovelwliurad 55 milion dolars Seadgenda
(gadasaxadebis gareSe), rac detroitSi nebmismieri kerZo biznesis mogebaze meti
gaxldaT.
miuxedavad Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da uzarmazari mogebisa, Zmebi Cambersebi
kriminalebi iyvnen. `sigaretis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis msgavsad, isini ise yid
dnen sakuTar produqcias, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen mis tragikul Sedegebs~
(adleri, 1995. gv. 6). narkotiki klavs bavSvebs, zombebad aqcevs mis momxmarebels,
angrevs ojaxebs. faqtobrivad, Cambersebma TavianTi qoneba `cocxali sikvdilis~
meSveobiT daagroves. ufro metic _ sabazro wilis SenarCunebis mizniT, maT dai
qiraves dacva, romelic disciplinas adamianebis Zvlebis damtvreviT, daxvreti
Ta da saxlebis dawviT amyarebda.
Zmebma pasuxi ages sakuTari saqcielisaTvis da SeerTebuli Statebis kanonis
mixedviT daisajnen (erT-erTi avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, xolo danarCenebs
25 wliani patrimroba miesajaT). Tumca, bili josa da misi Zmebis, aseve sxva ia
takqveSa mewarmeebis miCneva kriminalebad da deviantebad ugulebelyofs im socia
luri konteqstis mniSvnelobas, romelmac SezRuda maTi arCevani da Seuqmna aseTi
saqmianobis SesaZlebloba. Zmebi Cambersebi imave kulturis nayofs warmoadgenen,
romelmac isini SeaCvena. fulsa da simdidreze daxarbebuli sazogadoebis fsker
ze yofnamac ki ver daayrevina far-xmali Zmeb Cambersebs. `fulis kulti da im pe
riodis mzardi molodinebi iZulebuls xdida upovarT, mihyolodnen dominanti
kulturis mier dasaxul miznebs, da amave dros saSualebas uspobda maT, mieRwiaT
am miznebisaTvis kanonieri gziT~ (adleri, 1994. gv. 5). am garemoebebis fonze Zmeb
ma Cambersebma gaakeTes racionaluri arCevani. maT ambavs gansakuTrebulobas is
faqti ki ar aniWebs, rom isini Zalian gansxvavdebodnen sxva amerikelebisagan, ara
med is, rom isini, piriqiT, Zalian hgavdnen im adamianebs, vinc amerikuli ocnebiT
suldgmulobs.
deviacia (gadaxra) aris nebismieri is qmedeba, romelic arRvevs sazogadoebis
an jgufis kulturis farTod gaziarebul zneobriv Rirebulebebsa da normebs.
deviacia ar warmoadgens mxolod atipurobis sakiTxs (magaliTad, skaidaivingi
ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli, magram deviaciasac ar warmoadgens). qceva rom
devianturad CaiTvalos, amisaTvis is unda arRvevdes socialur standartebs.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom zneobrivi standartebi gamudmebiT icvleba da gansx
vavebulia sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da jgufisaTvis, deviaciis Sesaxeb warmod
genac cvalebadia.
240
zog SemTxvevebSi kulturuli standartebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT da ami
tomac deviacia danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa. Tumca, kanonis yvela darRveva ro
dia deviacia. magaliTad, adamianebis umetesoba xSirad aWarbebs siCqares 5 an 10
metr-saaTiT, magram Zalian cota ganixilavs am saqciels moralur problemad.
sxva SemTxvevaSi devianturi qmedeba SeiZleba ar iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego, magram
aRiqmebodes rogorc araeTikuri, amoraluri an `avadmyofuri~. profesori, ro
melic paemans uniSnavs Tavissave students, ar Cadis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas,
magram sazogadoebis TvalSi misi saqcieli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, aRiqmeba, rogorc
`aramarTebuli~. mravali koleji da universiteti Tvlis, rom amgvari qmedeba
profesoris daTxovnis pirdapiri safuZvelia.
sazogadoeba mkacrad gmobs zog deviantur saqciels (magaliTad, sqesobriv
Zaladobas bavSvebze) da amave dros Semwynareblobas iCens sxva msgavsi saqcielis
mimarT (magaliTad, pornografiuli gamocemebis SeZenis mimarT). devianturi qce
viT gamorCeul adamianebs ixseneben `giJebad~, `garyvnilebad~ an `gaukuRmarTe
bulebad~. es zedsarTavi saxelebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom deviantebi Zireulad
gansxvavdebian Cvengan. Tumca, im adamianebs, romlebic msubuq deviantur qcevas
amJRavneben, `normalurebad~ miviCnevT, anu Cveulebriv adamianebad, romlebic
xandaxan uSveben Secdomas. ramdeni adamiani iciT Tqven garSemo, romlebic ar
abruneben wignebs biblioTekebSi, iparaven kalmebs samsaxurebidan, arRveven moZ
raobis wesebs, ityuebian an malaven Semosavlebs? Tu amgvar qmedebebs deviantu
rad miviCnevT, gamodis, rom devianturoba Zalzed gavrcelebuli yofila.
Zmeb Cambersebs sxva mewarmeebisagan is ganasxvavebda, rom isini yiddnen kokains
da mimarTavdnen Zaladobas. magram es ar aris msgavsi qmedebebis pirveli precen
denti Cvens kulturaSi. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis franklin delano ru
zveltis babuam, uoren ruzveltma, qoneba CinelebisaTvis opiumis didi raode
nobiT miyidviT daagrova (uordi, 1985). 1880-90-ian wlebSi kokaini aRiarebuli
iyo fizikuri uZlurebis yvelaze Zlier panacead evropeli da amerikeli eqimebis
mier. igi iyideboda nebmismieri formiT da gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva produqtSi,
maT Soris koka-kolaSic. Zalis gamoyenebac didi xania gaxda fulze orientire
buli kulturis nawili. saukunis dasawyisSi SromiTma Zaladobam, policiisa da
SromiTi kavSirebis wevrebis Setakebam mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
es magaliTebi Zmeb Cambersebis gasamarTleblad rodia moyvanili. aramed imi
saTvis, rom sxva kuTxidan SevxedoT maT qmedebas. soflis mier aRiarebuli gmiri,
SesaZloa qalaqSi `sazogadoebis nomer pirvel mtrad~ gamoacxadon. panacea sxva
epoqaSi SeiZleba Sxamad gadaiqces. bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azri mkveTrad
Seicvala sigaretTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca Tambaqos industria mainc agrZelebs
momwavlavi da momakvdinebeli produqtis Riad SeTavazebas farTo sazogadoebi
saTvis.
am Tavis pirvel qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT deviaciis socialur agebulebas.
giCvenebT, Tu rogor aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis mier `deviantis~ iarliyis
miwebeba ZalTa damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSive da rogor SeiZleba `devianti~
mogvevlinos rogorc socialuri stabilurobis wyarod, aseve socialuri cvli
lebis saTaved. Semdeg ganvixilavT deviaciis kontrolis meqanizmebsa da sakiTxs
241
imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xdeba devianti, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vin ergeba devia
ciis mudmiv Sablons. amisaTvis ganvixilavT memkvidreobisa da garemos, struq
turuli moSlis, deviaciuri karierisa da araadkvaturi socialuri kontrolis
rolebs. bolos ki, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT danaSaulze, sasjelaRsrulebasa
da danaSaulis kontrolis sxvadasxva meqanizmze.
cxrili 6.1
deviaciis kulturuli Sedareba
242
deviaciis socialuri definiciebi icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi
(ix. cxrili 6.1). isini cvalebadia sazogadoebis SigniTac. magaliTad, arsebobs
gansxvavebuli mosazreba abortis Sesaxeb. ra ufro devianturia: TviTon aborti
Tu Zalis gamoyeneba im specialuri klinikebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic akeTeben
aborts? adamianebis umetesoba (ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel mosazrebas emxro
ba) gmobs eqimebis ganadgurebas. magram, adamianebis nawili mtkiced aris darwmune
buli, rom aborti mkvlelobis erT-erTi formaa. meoreni fiqroben, rom abortis
gakeTeba qalis uflebaa da am SemTxvevaSi man unda miiRos gadawyvetileba. de
vianturobis gansazRvreba icvleba erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi (mravali
aziuri da laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelisaTvis devianturi qmedebaa moxuce
bulisaTvis saxlSi movlaze uaris Tqma, rac farTodaa miRebuli TeTrkanianebisa
Tvis), sxvadasxva socialur klasebs Soris (qalaqis getoSi devianturad ar miiC
neven, Tu gauTxovari gogona dafexmZimda, rac aucileblad deviantur qmedebad
aRiqmeba saSualo socialuri klasis mier), sxvadasxva profesiul jgufebs Soris
(pacientTan paemani devianturad miiCneva fsiqoanalitikosebis mier maSin, rode
sac es sruliad normaluria dantistisaTvis) da sxvadasxva sqess Sorisac (go
gonebi, romlebic xSirad erTvebian muSti-krivSi, ufro devianturebad aRiqme
bian, vidre biWebi, romlebic amas akeTeben). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTi jgufis
mier saxeldebuli `xalxis nomeri pirveli mteri~ SeiZleba sxva jgufma gmirad
aRiaros (ix. kvlevis meTodis grafa).
deviacia icvleba ara mxolod jgufidan jgufSi, aramed erTi situaciidan
meoreSic. Cvens sazogadoebaSi adamianis mokvla deviantur qmedebad iTvleba,
Tu saqme ar exeba Tavdacvas an Tu saomari moqmedebebi ar mimdinareobs. amis ms
gavsad, gamomdinare iqidan, rom drosTan erTad normebic icvleba, icvleba devi
aciis definiciebic. gvian 1960-ian wlebamde, Tanacxovreba daqorwinebis gareSe
mkacrad devianturad iTvleboda da SeiZleba axalgazrda amis gamo kolejidanac
ki gaericxaT. dRes ki amerikelebis umetesoba Tanacxovrobas socialurad misa
Rebad miiCnevs, miT umetes maSin, Tu saqme exeba axalgazrda, uSvilo da hetero
seqsual wyvils.
deviaciis definiciis cvlileba socialuri cvlilebis mniSvnelovani nawi
lia. cvlileba SeiZleba xdebodes Cqara da nela, organizebulad da araorgani
zebulad. kolejSi CaricxulTa mzardma raodenobam (rogorc qalebis aseve ma
makacebis) mniSvnelovnad gadaswia qorwinebis asaki, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Searbila
sazogadoebrivi normebi qorwinebamdel seqsTan dakavSirebiT. xandaxan cvlile
ba moiTxovs organizebul da koleqtiur qmedebas, rogoricaa homoseqsualebis
brZola maTi dagmobis winaaRmdeg.
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor mTavrdeba amgvari brZola. magaliTad, geebis ufle
bebis dacvis moZraobam Sedegad moitana is, rom mravalma sazogadoebam kanoniT
akrZala homoseqsualebis diskriminacia samuSao adgilebze. ojaxur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT geebis moZraoba naklebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda: mxolod ramde
nime qveyanam aRiara homoseqsualuri qorwineba oficialurad (Tumca, amgvari
243
qveynebis ricxvi nel-nela izrdeba), anu, homoseqsualebs ar aqvT ufleba, meur
veoba gauwion sakuTar Svilebs an Svilad aiyvanon bavSvi. rodesac bil klintonma
wamoiwyo kampania, romelic miznad isaxavda homoseqsualebisaTvis armiaSi sam
saxuris nebis darTvas, is iZulebuli gaxda kompromisze wasuliyo da `miCqmal
vis” politikas daTanxmeboda. amerikuli armiis erT-erTi maRalCinosani qali
iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina samsaxuri, radgan aRiara, rom lesboseli iyo.
saxeldeba da Zalaufleba
244
bas, romel saqciels unda daerqvas devianturi? vin wyvets, romeli calkeuli
piri an jgufi unda gamocxaddes deviantad?
amerikul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc simdidre, aseve rasa xels uwyobs imis
gansazRvras, Tu vin axdens gavlenas saxeldebis procesze. is qmedebebi, romelic
Seuracxyofas ayenebs an safrTxes uqmnis TeTrkaniani saSualo da maRali fenis
warmomadgnelebs, Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi miCneulia devianturad. ganwyobaze
moqmedi narkotikebi, romelsac quCaSi yidian (heroini, kokaini), aralegaluria,
magram ganwyobilebaze moqmedi iseTi wamlebi, romlebic afTiaqebSi eqimis recep
tiT uproblemod iyideba (barbituratebi da trankvilizatorebi), kanonieria.
elitaruli wreebis Zalaufleba ganapirobebs imasac, rom am wris adamianebi ar
iwodebodnen devianturebad. magaliTad, sapensio da sakredito dawesebulebis
aRmasruleblebma uamravi amerikeli gayvlifes 1980-ian wlebSi, magram maTma re
putaciam da simdidrem ixsna isini devianturobis iarliyisagan. maTma umetesobam
SeZlo braleulobis Camocileba.
karl marqsi amtkicebda, rom moraluri normebi ganisazRvreba finansuri
elitis mcirericxovani mmarTveli klasis mier (aqedan gamomdinare, deviantobis
definiciac), radganac es normebi amyarebs arsebul ekonomikur wesrigs. marqsis
mixedviT, normebis darRvevaze sazogadoebis reagirebis simwvave damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad uqmnis safrTxes darRvevebi gabatonebul Zalebs. magali
Tad, narkomanoba ar moiazreboda ZiriTad socialur problemad manam, sanam is
mxolod Raribebisa da eTnikuri umciresobebis problema iyo. mas Semdeg ki, rac
moimata TeTrkaniani saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebis mier narkotikebis mox
marebis donem, gaZlierda socialuri aqciebi narkotikebis winaaRmdeg (ben-ie
huda, 1990). ufro metic, narkotikebiT vaWrobam miizida is adamianebi, romlebic
msxvili biznesmenebis mier iaf samuSao resursad moiazreboda. nakrotikebTan
brZoliT elita am tendenciis SeCerebasac cdilobda.
amgvarad, marqsistuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, kanoni da sasjelaRsruleba asa
xavs mmarTveli fenis upirveles da umniSvnelovanes interess – anu maT interess,
visac SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena kanonmdeblebze, policiasa da sasamarTloebze.
es ganacxadi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba Temidas miukerZoeblobas, anu imis rwmenas,
rom samarTali yuradRebas ar aqcevs socialur Zalauflebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad zustia es aRweriloba?
sociologi amitai etcioni acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis 500 msxvili
korporaciidan sxvadasxva simZimiT yvela arRvevs kanons nebmismieri 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (gerlermani, 1986). erT-erTi SemTxvevisas, romlis gamoZieba 10
wels gagrZelda, gamomZieblebma korporaciul danaSauls mkvlelobis erT-erTi
forma uwodes. manvilis korporacia amerikaSi azbestis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
Zveli da msxvili mwarmoebeli iyo. 1920-ian wlebSi samedicino JurnalSi gaCnda
informacia, rom azbestis mtveri filtvebis saSiS, xSir SemTxvevaSi fatalur
daavadebas iwvevda. korporaciis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis cnobili iyo am faqtis
Sesaxeb, magram maT muSebi ar gaufrTxilebiaT. ufro metic, maT xeli SeuSales am
sakiTze kvlevis Catarebas. es procesi 40 weli grZeldeboda, romlis ganmavloba
Si uamravi adamiani gardaicvala, magram manvilis korporaciisaTvis aranairi san
245
qcia ar dauwesebiaT (kalhuni da hileri, 1988). rogorc Cans, kompaniis saxelma da
sididem erTgvari faris roli Seasrula. xSir SemTxvevaSi deviantobis sakiTxi
wydeba ara ama Tu im qmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli zianis xarisxiT, aramed im ada
mianebis ZalauflebiT, vinc kanoni daarRvia. Tumca, elitis Zalaufleba abo
soluturi ar aris. gansakuTrebiT pluralistur, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,
mmarTveli klasebis miRma arsebul jgufebs SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion deviaci
is saxeldebis procesze. magaliTad, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momxmareblis
uflebaTa dacvis jgufebma aqtiurad daiwyes federalur mTavrobaSi brZola
saSiSi produqtebis (magaliTad, azbestis, kibos gamomwvevi sxvadasxva sakvebi
danamatebis...) winaaRmdeg. bolodroindeli magaliTia sazogadoebis zewola
Tambaqos mowevis winaaRmdeg zomebis gamkacrebisaTvis, miuxedavad Tambaqos
mwarmoebeli kompaniebis aqtiuri sareklamo kampaniisa. amgvarad, Tu sazogadoe
ba moikrebs Zalebs da koleqtiurad imoqmedebs, SeZlebs devianturebad moixse
nios elitaruli wris wevrebi.
kvlevis meTodebi
b anda~ sityvis gagonebac ki SiSis zars scems saSualo da maRali fenis amerikelebs. maTT
vis banda asocirdeba moZaladeTa yvelaze dabal da deviantur jgufTan, romelic cnobi
lia vandaluri qmedebebiT da sastikad uswordeba ara marto moqiSpe bandebs, aramed yvelas,
vinc gzaze gadaeyrebaT.
sociologi martin sanCes iankovski ikvlevda im sakiTs, Tu rogor axerxeben bandebi ara
marto arsebobas, aramed gaZlierebasac maT winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mudmivi kampaniebis fonze.
am Temaze arsebuli literaturis Seswavlisas sanCesma aRmoaCina, rom mkvlevarTa umetesoba
yuradRebas amaxvilebda qalaqis erTi raionis, an erTi qalaqis bandaze, an imgvar bandebze,
romlis wevrebic erT romelime eTnikur jgufs warmoadgendnen. TiToeuli bandisaTvis indivi
dualur da aseve yvelasaTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenis mizniT, sanCesma gadawyvita,
Caetarebina dakvirveba, rogorc monawile-mkvlevars.
bandebis Seswavlis mizniT arCevisas, sanCes iankovskim gamoiyena sami kriteriumi: sxvadasxva
politikuri da socio-ekonomikuri pirobebis gavlenis Sesafaseblad man gadawyvita, Seeswavla
sxvadasxva qalaqSi moqmedi bandebi; eTnikurobis rolis (Tu aseTi ram SesaZlebeli iyo) gamosav
lenad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis wevrebisagan dakompleqtebuli bandebis Ses
wavla. rac Seexeba wevrebis odenobas, iankovskim gadawyvita dakvirveboda sxvadasxva sididis
bandebs.
sanCes iankovskim Tavisi kvlevisaTvis sami qalaqi amoirCia: 1. niu-iorki, sadac mravladaa
saxelmwifos mier uzurnvelyofili sacxovrebeli Senobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad puerto
rikoelebs, dominikelebsa da afro-amerikelebs ukaviaT; 2. bostoni Tavisi axali saxlebiT,
sadac macxovreblebis umetesobas irlandiuri warmoSobis muSaTa klasi Seadgens da 3. los-
anjelesi, sadac erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnil saxlebSi ZiriTadad laTinuri da aziuri war
moSobis ojaxebi cxovroben. eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebuli ubnebis gansazRvris Semdeg
sanCes iankovski daukavSirda adgilobriv oficialur pirebs, moipova informacia mis mier ar
246
Ceul ubnebSi moqmedi bandebis Sesaxeb da amoarCia afro-amerikelebis, laTinebis, azielebisa
da TeTrkanianebis bandebis gadakveTis teritoriebi.
sanCes iankovski ver dadgeboda quCis kuTxeSi da ver gamoacxadebda: `gamarjoba, me profe
sori var da Tqvenze dakvirvebas vapireb~ (1991. gv.9). amitom is daukavSirda Temis liderebs,
socialur muSakebsa da saeklesio pirebs da daxmareba iTxova bandebis wevrebTan wardgenis or
ganizebaSi. mas surda, sxvebis dauswreblad Sexvedroda bandis wevrebs da piradad molaparake
boda maT. bandebis liderebi mkvlevarTan pirveli Sexvedrisas dainteresdnen wignisa da bande
bis Sedarebis ideiT, Tumca profesori maT TvalSi eWvs iwvevda. maSin iankovski mixvda, rom
misi identoba da garegnoba muSaobda rogorc mis sasargeblod, aseve mis winaaRmdegac: is, rom
iankovski ar iyo TeTrkaniani (iankovski misi poloneli maminacvlis gvaria) uiolebda afro-
amerikul da laTinur bandebTan urTierTobas, rasac ver vityviT TeTrkanianTa da azielebis
bandebze. niu-iorkSi arsebulma italielebisa da irlandielebis bandebma da los-anJelesis
azielTa bandam uari ganacxades kvlevis procesSi monawileobaze. Tumca oTxma irlandiurma
bandam, romelsac profesori bostonSi daukavSirda, neba darTo sanCes iankovskis, ewarmoebina
dakvirveba. maTTvis mTavari iyo, rom profesori puerto-rikoeli ar iyo (maTi mTavari mowi
naaRmdege) da, Sesabamisad, safrTxes ar warmoadgenda. amgvarad, man monawileobis Tanxmoba mi
iRo 10 niu-iorkuli, 10 los-anjelesuri da 4 bostonuri bandisagan.
Semdgomi nabiji gulisxmobda am bandebis ndobis mopovebas, rac saWiro iyo monawileobrivi
dakvirvebisaTvis. amisaTvis sanCes iankovskis ori gamocdis Cabareba dasWirda. pirveli iyo erT
gulebis gamocda: bandis wevrebi kanons arRvevdnen misi TandaswrebiT, raTa gaegoT, Seatyo
binebda Tu ara igi policias amis Sesaxeb. meore gamocda simamacisa da guladobis Semowmebas
isaxavda miznad: bandis wevrebma Cxubis scena gaiTamaSes, raTa iankovskis reaqciis siswrafe
SeefasebinaT. amiT isini mixvdebodnen, profesori maTTvis `SenaZeni~ iqneboda Tu zedmeti
tvirTi mowinaaRmdege bandasTan dapirispirebisas. iankovski mixvda, rom bandis wevrebisaTvis
Cxubi da damarcxeba ufro misaRebi iyo, vidre uaris Tqma Cxubze. karates kursebis wyalobiT
profesori mxolod ramdenime Calurjebuli adgiliT gadaurCa Cxubs.
monawileobrivi dakvirveba gulisxmobs mkvlevaris uSualo monawileobas dakvirvebis obi
eqti jgufis saqmianobaSi. iankovski saSualod yovel Tves icvlida bandebs. maTTan erTad eZina,
maT ojaxebSi cxovrobda, mogzaurobda da iseT situaciaSi, sadac neitralitets ver inarCu
nebda, maT mxardamxar Cxubobda kidec (gv. 13). drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg, bandis wevrebs
didad aRar anaRvlebdaT, rom sanCes iankovski profesori iyo da kvlevas awarmoebda. mas sul
ufro xSirad eubnebodnen, rom sulac ar hgavda profesors. dakvirvebis ganmavlobaSi iankovski
akeTebda Canawerebs, iwerda interviuebsa da Sexvedrebs, mogvianebiT ki momxdaris yoveldRi
uri analizis gakeTebas mihyo xeli.
sanCes iankovski aseve dainteresebuli iyo, Seeswavla bandebisa da im Temebis damokide
buleba, sadac isini moqmedebdnen. is ar amJRavnebda, vin iyo sinamdvileSi da ise akvirdeboda,
Tu rogori damokidebuleba hqondaT mezoblebs, biznesmenebsa da sxvadasxva oficialuri pirebs
bandis wevrebTan. mogvianebiT man gaamxila Tavisi vinaoba da iTxova oficialuri interviuebis
Catarebis nebarTva. umetesoba daTanxmda konfidencialurobis dacvis pirobiT.
sanCes iankovskis sulac ar gahkvirvebia, roca ramdenime eTikur dilemas waawyda. kvlevis
procesSi is uamravi ukanonobis mowme gaxda, magram ar daurRvevia bandebisaTvis micemuli
piroba. mas rom konfidencialurobis piroba ar mieca, bandebi arasodes darTavdnen TanamS
romlobis uflebas; xolo mas rom sakuTari TvaliT ar enaxa, rogor Cadiodnen bandis wevre
bi danaSaulebriv qmedebas, mis mier warmodgenili suraTi arasruli iqneboda. SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad, iankovskis arc erT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi ar miuRia monawileoba (Tu ar CavTvliT
narkotikebis miRebas). man daicva konfidencialurobis piroba im oficialur pirebTan dakav
247
SirebiTac, romlebic didsulovnad daTanxmdnen, ganexilaT dauwereli kanonebi da is araofi
cialuri SeTanxmebebi, romlebic maT bandebTan muSaobis saSualebas aZlevda.
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi sanCes iankovskim aRmoaCina, rom `devianturi~ bandebis wevrebisa da
`normalur~ axalgazrdebs Soris arsebuli sazRvari xSirad yalbia. bandis wevrebs ar axasi
aTebdaT sizarmace, piriqiT _ energiulad da mondomebiT ibrZodnen, hqonodaT is, rac yvela
amerikels surs: fuli, qoneba, Zalaufleba da reputacia. biWebi uerTdebodnen bandebs ara
imitom, rom maTze ufrosi wevrebis gavlenis qveS eqceodnen, aramed imitom, rom surdaT ra
RacisTvis mieRwiaT. bandebi axal wevrebs sTavazobdnen biznesis wamowyebis SesaZleblobebs,
garTobas, TavSesafars saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da fizikur dacvas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, bandis
wevrebad gaxdomis Semdeg axalgazrdebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen uperspeqtivo samsaxurebs, qro
nikul siRatakesa da uimedobas, rasac sakuTari mSoblebis magaliTze xedavdnen.
wyaro: martin sanCes iankovski, kunZulebi quCebSi: bandebi da amerikuli urbanuli sazogadoeba (ka
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1991).
248
e.i. deviacia xels uwyobs sazogadoebebs, gaamyaron esa Tu is norma, anu de
viacia TamaSobs socialuri cvlilebis katalizatoris rols. amis magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT protesti rasobrivi segregaciis winaaRmdeg. 1955 wels
alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeris mcxovrebma roza parksma uari ganacxada,
gadamjdariyo avtobusis im nawilSi, romliTac, Cveulebriv, Savkanianebi mgzav
robdnen. amiT man gamoamJRavna devianturi qmedeba. magram TeTrkanianebis mcde
lobam, daesajaT devianti, tradiciuli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. amis nacvlad agorda
moZraoba, romelmac socialuri Tanasworoba moutana afro-amerikelebs (moZ
raoba samoqalaqo uflebebis mxardasaWerad ganxilulia me-20 TavSi).
Tu rogor moqmedebs devianturoba _ amyarebs arsebul normebs Tu aCqarebs
socialur cvlilebebs _ nawilobriv damokidebulia sazogadoebis tipze. marti
vi, tradiciuli sazogadoeba yovelTvis konsensusis momxrea, rodesac saqme exeba
imas, Tu ramdenad misaRebia esa Tu is qmedeba. deviaciis dasjas xSirad mivyavarT
statuskvosadmi erTgulebamde. rTuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ufro hetero
genulia da erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul cxovrebis wessa da moralur
Tvalsazrisebs Seicavs. `amgvar sazogadoebaSi dadgenili ar aris moralisa da
Rirebulebebis sazRvrebi. isini molaparakebas eqvemdebareba~ (ben-iehuda, 1985,
gv. 15). Sedegad, devianturobam SeiZleba xSirad gamoiwvios socialuri cvlile
bebi da warmoSvas normebis dadgenis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis aucilebloba.
socialuri kontroli
249
amocanebs, jildovdebian _ maT xelfass umateben an awinaureben; xolo Tanam
Sromlebi, romlebic ar emorCielbian kompaniaSi dadgenil wesebs, isjebian say
veduriT, zogjer gaTavisuflebiTac ki. skolebi iyenebs niSnebis, qulebisa da
serTifikatebis sistemas moswavleTa dajildoebisas kargi yofaqcevisa da mos
wrebisaTvis. Sesabamisad isjebian is moswavleebi, romlebic ar gamoirCevian dis
cipliniTa da kargi moswrebiT. araformaluri socialuri kontroli jer kidev
garkveul rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. magram kontrolis form
alur meqanizmebs mimarTaven maSin, rodesac araformaluri meqanizmebi ver asru
lebs Tavis daniSnulebas, an wamaxaliseblad moqmedebs deviaciaze (magaliTad,
kolegebma da jgufelebma SeiZleba waaxalison seqsualuri Zaladoba da a.S)
deviaciur qcevas yovelTvis Tan axlavs dasjis riski, iqneba es socialuri uk
mayofileba Tu iuridiuli sanqcia. ratom xdeba, rom zogi adamiani regularulad
mimarTavs deviantur qcevas, xolo zogi _ ara? SegviZlia Tu ara ganvsazRvroT
savaraudo sizustiT, vin SeiZleba gaxdes devianti da vin ara?
memkvidreoba
250
eTnikuri jgufidan modioda, romlebic siRatakem aiZula am gzisTvis miemarTaT.
magram zogi mecnieri mainc Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom afrikelebi aRvirax
snili cxovrebis wess misdevdnen. amitom am mecnierebma Seiswavles afrikeli qa
lebis agebuleba, raTa daedginaT, ra ganapirobebda maT gamorCeulobas. meZavisa
da Savkaniani qalis imiji TandaTan erTmaneTs Seerwya, iseve rogorc TeTrkaniani
qali iqca patiosnebis gansaxierebad.
Zvelma mkvlevarebma xuTi umTavresi Secdoma dauSves: 1. isini moeqcnen kul
turuli stereotipebis gavlenis qveS da cdilobdnen, samecniero monapovariT
daedasturebinaT maTi WeSmariteba; 2. erTmaneTSi auries fizikuri maxasiaTeble
bi (fenotipi) da Tandayolili (genetikuri) ganwyoba; 3. ar SeuswavliaT sakontro
lo jgufebi (arakriminalebi, arameZavebi); 4. ar gaiTvaliswines SesaZlo cvladebi
(emigrantebis gausaZlisi pirobebi); 5. airCies mcirericxovani, araSemTxveviTi
sakvlevi nimuSebi da moaxdines maTi ganzogadeba mTel socialur kategoriebze;
dResdReobiT mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom adamianuri qceva metismetad rTu
lia saimisod, rom mxolod biologiuri axsna moeZebnos. maSinac ki, rodesac bio
logiuri faqtoris monawileoba gadamwyvetia (magaliTad Sizofreniis, depre
siisa da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebis dros), garemo faqtorebi mainc mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben imis gadawyvetisas, Tu rodis da rogor gamovlindeba es biolo
giuri Tviseba, an gamovlindeba Tu ara saerTod. Tumca, mosazreba, rom devian
tebi biologiurad gansxvavebulebi arian sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisagan,
ar aris myari. 1981 wels aSS-is prezidentma ronald reiganma ganacxada, rom da
naSauli socialuri problema ki ar aris, aramed `adamianis gulis problemaa~, da
xazi gausva imas, rasac `adamianis bunebis mudmivi an absoluturi Tviseba uwoda~
(kamineri, 1994).
socializacia
251
kuTrebiT xSiria maTTan axlos myofi adamianebis mibaZva (bandura da uoltersi,
1959). agresiuli bavSvebi xSirad swored iseT ojaxebSi izrdebian, romlebSic
mSoblebs aReniSnebaT fsiqikuri aSliloba, arian antisocialurebi da gansa
kuTrebul agresias iCenen sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT (kapaldi da patersoni, 1991;
bandura, 1986). aseT ojaxebSi gazrdili bavSvebi moklebulni arian TviTkontro
lis unars da SesaZlebelia maTma dasjam pasuxad agresia gamowvios; Tumca, SeiZ
leba moxdes sruliad sapirispiroc: bavSvi morCilad moiqces, damyoli xasiaTi
gamoamJRavnos.
arsebobs kidev erTi, diferenciuli asociaciis saxeliT cnobili socialur-
struqturuli Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, devianturi saqcieliT cnobili ada
mianebi socialurad ukavSirdebian sxva deviantebs, romlebic aZliereben devi
antur normebsa da Rirebulebebs (geilordi da galieri, 1988; sazerlendi, 1949).
TiToeuli socialuri jgufi axal wevrebs gadascems sakuTar Rirebulebebsa da
normebs. es aris procesi, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeba. devi
antebs Soris diferenciuli urTierTobebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia adamianebis
socializacia narkotikebis, bandebis, politikurad korumpirebulTa subkul
turebSi an deviantebis sxva jgufSi.
hovard bekerma (1963) aRmoaCina, rom adamianis Camoyalibeba marixuanas mom
xmareblad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad iyo is CarTuli marixuanis mom
xmarebelTa subkulturaSi. rac ufro maRalia monawileobis xarisxi da rac ufro
mWidroa socialuri kavSiri, miT meti Sansia imisa, rom adamiani gaxdes marixuanas
regularuli momxmarebeli. gamocdili mwevelebi aswavlian axalbedebs marixu
anas mowevasa da misgan siamovnebis miRebas. garda amisa, axalbedebi Zvelebisagan
swavloben `swor~ midgomebs, kerZod ki imas, rom adamianebi, romlebic gmoben
marixuanas, meSCanebi arian. swored marixuanas mwevlebTan axlo kavSiri TamaSobs
gadamwyvet rols axalbedebis mwevlebad CamoyalibebaSi.
arasrulwlovnebi gansakuTrebiT iolad swavloben maTTvis axlobeli sub
kulturis normebs, damokidebulebebsa da Rirebulebebs – devianturebsac ki. ro
gorc akersi (1985. gv. 148) ambobs, `mozardebis qcevaze (damoukideblad imisagan,
devianturia Tu ara is), erTaderTi saukeTeso mimaniSnebelia ama Tu im mozardis
axlo megobrebis qceva. mozardTa mier rogorc narkotikebis moxmareba, aseve dana
Saulebrivi qmedeba, ZiriTadad jgufur qcevas warmoadgens. amis mizezi mxolod
is ki ar aris, rom mozardebi gansakuTrebiT iolad eqcevian Tanatolebis gavlenis
qveS, aramed is, rom mozardebi xSirad swored mas irCeven megobrad, visTvisac
misaRebia da iziarebs imas, rasac Tavad ukve akeTebs. es gadadis mowifuloba
Sic, magaliTad, gei, romelic kanzasSi, patara qalaqSi cxovrobs, SeiZleba gada
vides san-franciskoSi, raTa ufro axlos iyos im adamianebTan, romlebisTvisac
misaRebia misi cxovrebis wesi. rodesac erTad iyris Tavs im adamianebis sakmarisi
raodenoba, romlebic uaryofen umravlesobisaTvis misaReb normebs, Sedegad
SesaZlebelia subkultura Camoyalibdes.
diferenciuli asociaciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia aixsnas, Tu ra ganapiro
bebs erTi mTliani jgufis wevrebis midrekilebas devianturi qcevisadmi. sxva si
252
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom icvleba devianturobis maCvenebeli (anu devianturi
qcevis ricxvi erT sul mosaxleze) jgufidan jgufSi, ubnidan ubanSi, Temidan
TemSi. erT-erTi adreuli kvlevis Sedegad, sociologebma daadgines, rom dana
Saulis maRali maCvenebeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleboda Cikagos erT-erT
raionSi, maSin rodesac am raionma ramdenime eTnikuri warmomavlobis macxovreb
lebi gamoicvala (Sou, 1930). mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom yoveli axalmosuli
jgufi Zveli macxovreblebisagan swavlobda deviantur qcevas, gansakuTrebiT
sabaSvo TamaSebisa da mozardebis bandebis meSveobiT (Sou da makkei, 1969). es
axalmosulebi ki amgvar qcevasa da normebs imigrantebis Semdeg nakads gadas
cemdnen. ase xdeboda devianturi subkulturis SenarCuneba da gadacema wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. Tumca Tavad imigrantebis jgufi TandaTan farTo sazogadoebas
uerTdeboda. Tu odesRac devianturi qcevis gamavrcelebeli da wamaxalisebeli
jgufi gamosworebis gzas daadga, mxolod socializacia ver gansazRvravs, Tu vin
gaxdeba SemdgomSi devianti.
struqturuli moSla
253
adaptaciis iziarebs kulturasTan iziarebs kulturasTan
modelebi SeTavsebad miznebs SeTavsebad saSualebebs
254
kuTar sazogadoebas amerikaSi an afrikaSi da SeiaraRdebodnen TeTrkanianTa
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg.
devianturi kariera
255
romelmac maRaziidan raime nivTi moipara da dausjeli darCa, an Tu marixuanis
moxmarebisas adamianma miiRo siamovneba, maSin es adamianebi, savaraudod, kidev
gaimeoreben msgavs saqciels. meore _ individi eqsperimentirebis Semdeg Sesa
Zloa gaxdes im jgufis wevri, romelic iwonebs da mxars uWers deviantur qce
vas. mesame faqtoria deviantis normebisa da Rirebulebebis siaxlove misi ojaxis
normebsa da RirebulebebTan. magaliTad, Tu mSoblebi sakuTar problemebs rome
lime eTnikuri jgufis braleulobad miiCneven da xmamaRla da xSirad gamoTqvamen
ukmayofilebas, savaraudod, maTi mozardi Svili SeuerTdeba iseT jgufs, romlis
wevrebic wabilwaven sinagogas, fizikur Seuracxyofas miayeneben homoseqsuals,
an sxva msgavs danaSauls Caidenen.
deviantur qmedebebSi monawileoba Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentis xasiaTs ata
rebs. misi mizania daadginos, aris Tu ara raime jildo amgvari qmedebisaTvis. ra
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, devianturi qmedebis pasuxad dasjam da sazogadoe
bis gakicxvam SeiZleba sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos – anu waaqezos de
viantad Seracxuli adamiani, kvlav gaimeoros igive an msgavsi xasiaTis qmedeba.
adamianebi, romlebsac `kriminalebs~, `gadareulebs~ an `axirebulebs~ uwodeben,
xSirad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom isini sazogadoebam gariya. devianturi iarli
yebi aseT SemTxvevebSi kmayofilebis grZnobas uRvivebs deviantebs. magaliTad,
sazogadoebisagan gariyuli narkomani Tavis Tavs sxva narkomanebs ukavSirebs,
iseve rogorc meZavi _ sxva meZavebs. axalbedebi TandaTanobiT xvewen teqnikas
sxva ufro gamocdili individebis magaliTze. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom
am kategoriis adamianebi devianturi qmedebis racionalizaciasac swavloben.
magaliTad, narkomovaWrem SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavi Cveulebriv biznes
menad warmoidginos, romelic bazars produqtiT amaragebs.
amgvarad, saxeldeba xels uwyobs pirveladi deviantis (socialuri normebis
erTjeradi darRveva, rac ar axdens gavlenas adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebze)
Camoyalibebas meoreul deviantad (darRveva, romelic ukve adamianis cxovrebis
wesad, misi identobis nawilad da imijad aris qceuli). magram saxeldebis Teo
ria ver xsnis pirveladi deviaciis mizezs. rogorc wesi, aravin aiZulebs adami
ans, gasinjos narkotiki, moiparos manqana an gayidos sakuTari sxeuli. individi
SesaZloa ar apirebdes devianturi saqcielis gagrZelebas, magram mainc wyvets,
mosinjos arakanonieri qmedeba an gaagrZelos igi. es pirveli nabiji ar miewereba
individis gansxvavebas an mis moralur sisustes. sociologi travis hirSi (1969)
pirveladi deviaciis kvals araadekvatur socialur kontrolSi xedavs.
256
maCvenebliT `ganTqmul~, erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul urbanul nawileb
Si. hirSis mosazrebiT, mizezi ubralod is ki ar aris, rom narkotikebis moxmarebas
danaSaulis Cadenamde mivyavarT, an is, rom umciresobebi metad arian midrekilni
narkomaniisa da danaSaulis Cadenisaken, aramed is, rom am teritoriebze moisus
tebs socialuri kontroli; policia aqtiurad ar patrulirebs da am adgils verc
sazogadoebis kritikuli Tvali xedavs (hirSi da gotfredsoni, 1990).
hirSi da misi kolegebi amaxvileben yuradRebas TviTkontrolzec, raSic igu
lisxmeba moTmineba, TavdaWera da gonivruloba. hirSi miuTiTebs, rom mSobel
Ta zedamxedvelobis naadrevad Sewyveta iwvevs TviTkontrolis araadekvaturi
meqanizmebis Camoyalibebas. Tu bavSvze aravin izruna, is ver iswavlis sxvebze an
Tundac sakuTar Tavze zrunvas. araswori an xarvezebiT mimdinare socialuri
swavlac xels uwyobs deviacias. magaliTad, iseT raionebSi, sadac maRalia dana
Saulis maCvenebeli, ojaxebis struqtura sustia. sakuTari problemebis mogva
rebiT dakavebul mSoblebs, SesaZlebelia gamoeparoT Svilis devianturi saqcie
lis simptomebi.
hirSis mosazrebebma zogi mecnieris kritika daimsaxura. kerZod, mecnierebma
eWvqveS daayenes hirSis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adreuli gamocdileba ganapi
robebs Semdgomi cxovrebis gzas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs (simpsoni
da laubi, 1990). kritikosebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom hirSma Tavidanve gamoricxa
varaudi, rom bavSvis araadekvaturi qmedeba SeiZleba iyos mizezi da ara Sedegi
mSobelTa araadekvaturi qmdebisa (konklini, 1992).
zemoT ganxiluli sxvadasxva Teoria imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba gaxdes devi
anti, ufro avsebs erTmaneTs, vidre _ ewinaaRmdegeba. jon heiganma da alberto
palonim (1990) aRmoaCines, rom zogi inglisuri ojaxi `daxelovnebuli~ iyo dana
Saulis CadenaSi da mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli es `xelovneba~ Taobidan
Taobas gadaecemoda. miiRes Tu ara memkvidreobad ojaxis wevrebma danaSaulis
Cadenis tendencia? SesaZlebelia asec iyo, magram amaSi socializaciam da so
cialurma struqturam udavod didi roli iTamaSa. rogorc kriminaluri kla
sis wevrebma, aseTma ojaxebma struqturuli rRveva ganicades, rasac Tavi daaR
wies SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma. ufro metic, axalgazrda kriminalebma TavianTi
ojaxebisagan Seiswavles danaSaulis Cadenis teqnika. Tanac radgan isini sazoga
doebis mier `damanaSaveTa ojaxad~ iwodebodnen, savaraudoa, ojaxis wevrebi bavS
vebs arc zrdidnen imave simkacriTa da moTxovnebiT, rogorc es ufro respeqta
belur ojaxebSi xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, deviacia aris ara Tandayolili an
spontanuri movlena, aramed dinamikuri procesebis Sedegi, romelic individis
qmedebas, socialur zewolasa da socialur garemoebebs gulisxmobs.
257
dos (jarima, dapatimreba, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa). danaSaulisa da deviaciis mniS
vnelobebi erTmaneTs kveTs, magram identuri araa. yvela deviaciuri qmedeba rodia
kanondarRveva. magaliTad, alkoholis moxmareba da biseqsualizmi ar warmoadgens
kanondarRvevas, Tumca amerikelTa umravlesoba amgvar qmedebas normebis dar
Rvevad miiCnevs. garda amisa, yvela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar miiCneva Tanabrad
devianturad. gzatkecilis danagvianeba an Cxubi safexburTo moedanze danaSau
lebrivi qmedebebia, magram gacilebiT msubuqia, vidre mkvleloba an Zarcva. kanon
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi icavs adamianebs mniSvnelovani zianisagan.
zogjer normebs adgenen iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT sakmarisi gavlena,
ukarnaxon saxelmwifos `kargisa~ da `cudis~ maTeuli ganmartebebi. deviaciis
ganmarteba subieqturia, maSinac ki, rodesac am ganmartebas mravali adamiani izi
arebs, xolo danaSauli mkafiodaa gansazRvruli kanonebiTa da procedurebiT.
Tumca, danaSaulis gansazRvrebac meryevia. saukunebiis ganmavlobaSi mkre
xeloba inglisSi danaSaulad iTvleboda da kanoniT isjeboda. mkrexeloba ax
lac sikvdiliT isjeba islamur saxelmwifoebSi, magram SeerTebul StatebSi
mas ar aqvs danaSaulis statusi. erTi da imave sqesis srulwlovani adamianebis
sqesobrivi kontaqti kanoniT isjeba aSS-is mxolod zogierT StatSi. gaTxovili
qalis meuRlisadmi Ralati sikvdiliT isjeba zog qveyanaSi, magram ara SeerTe
bul StatebSi (foreri, 1994). yuradRebis miRma darCenili ukanono qmedebebi, ro
goricaa toqsikuri narCenis unebarTvod dayra, axla sazogadoebis farTo gamox
maurebas iwvevs. sazogadoebis cvlilebasTan erTad Cndeba danaSaulis sruliad
axali tipebi. amerikis ekonomikis manufaqturuli sistemidan finansur trans
aqciebze gadasvlam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo qonebis gaflangvis sruliad axali
formis aRmocenebas. SromiT resursebSi qalebis ricxvis zrdam da genderuli
rolebis xelaxalma gansazRvrebam gamoiwvia is, rom seqsualuri harasmenti axla
ukve kanondarRvevad iTvleba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gaCnda tendencia,
romlis mixedviTac sul ufro meti norma ganisazRvreba, rogorc danaSauli da
masze pasuxismgeblobis dadgena evaleba iusticiis sistemas.
danaSaulis tipebi
258
Zaladobrivi da qonebis winaaRmdeg miyenebuli
danaSaulebebi
Zarcva
maCvenebeli 100 000 mcxovrebze
Tavdasxma
binis gatexva
qurdoba
mkvleloba
wyaro: moxseneba SeerTebul StatebSi danaSaulis Sesaxeb, 1993 w., kvlevis federaluri bi
uro (1995 ) vaSingtoni, gv. 58, cx. 1.
259
ben xelidan, ar aRniSnon, rom danaSaulis Cadenis ricxvi daeca. kanonmdeblebi mx
ars uWeren sasjelis gamkacrebis nebmismier iniciativas, raTa sazogadoebam isini
`gulCvilebad~ ar monaTlos. magram mediis muSaoba da politikosebis gancxade
bebi ver xsnis sazogadoebis SiSsa da statistikas Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.
pirvel rigSi, saWiroa ganvasxvavoT danaSaulebebis ricxvi da danaSaulis
maCvenebeli, romelic Cveulebriv 100000 sul mosaxleze Cadenili danaSaulis
ricxviT ganisazRvreba. danaSaulis maCvenebeli SeSfoTebas iwvevs danaSaulis
socialuri ASemadgenlobis cvlilebis gamo. Tumca, sazogadoeba danaSauls ara
maCveneblad, aramed tragediad aRiqvams (valinski, 1995). magaliTad, 1993 wels
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maCvenebeli aSS-s Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi 8 procentiT
daeca, rac imas niSnavs, rom policiis erT ubanze, sadac 1992 wels 100 mkvleloba
iqna daregistrirebuli, 1993 wels `mxolod~ 92 dafiqsirda. statistikis Tval
sazrisiT, es SeiZleba kargic iyos, magram Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis es 92
mokluls niSnavs. erTi mkvleloba ki mxolod erT msxverpls ar tovebs, aramed
moklulis ojaxis wevrebs, megobrebs, mezoblebs, TanamSromlebs da skolis megob
rebs, romelTa Soki, mwuxareba, mrisxaneba da SiSi `saqmis daxurvis~ Semdeg (Tu
aseTi ram moxda) xangrZlivi periodis manZilzec ar neldeba.
meore gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori is aris, rom gamoZiebis federaluri biu
ros statistika eyrdnoba policiisaTvis cnobil danaSaulebebs. danaSaulis
msxverplTa gamovlenis erovnuli kvleva atarebs gamokiTxvas mravalricxo
van ojaxebTan da cdilobs gamoavlinos maTTvis cnobili danaSaulebebi gasuli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom gamovlenil da
naSaulTa naxevris Sesaxeb aravis Seutyobinebia policiisaTvis, radgan msxverpls
SeeSinda SurisZiebis an, ubralod, ar endoboda kriminaluri policiis sistemas.
mesame _ mkveTrad imata usaxelo da saxedafaruli ucnobis mier moulodne
lad ganxorcielebulma Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebma (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti.
1994a). warsulSi mkvlelobebis naxevarze met SemTxvevaSi cnobili iyo mkvlelis
vinaoba. 1990 wlidan moyolebuli mdgomareoba Seicvala. dRes Cadenil mkvlelo
baTa umetesobas ar gaaCnia motivi. gamoZiebis federaluri biuros monacemebiT,
mkvlelebis 53 procents e.w. `ucnobi mkvlelebi~ Seadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mkvleli aranair kavSirSi ar aris msxverplTan. ufro metic, policia mkvlelis
dapatimrebas 5-dan maqsimum sam SemTxvevaSi axerxebs. mkvlels, romelic Tavs es
xmis msxverpls qalaqis romelime nawilSi, didi Sansi aqvs (80%) dausjelad ga
darCes (valinski, 1995).
vin arian mkvlelebi? 1993 wels, samidan 2 amocnobili mkvleli mamakaci
iyo (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti, 1994a). maTi mesamedi meryeobda 14-dan 24
wlamde asaks Soris, xolo 10 procenti 18 wlamde asakis pirebs warmoadgenda.
sportsmenebis msgavsad, mkvlelebi adre iCekebian. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi,
mkvlelobis maCvenebeli pirdapir asaxavda socialur struqturas: rac ufro
maRali iyo mozardebis ricxvi mosaxleobaSi, miT ufro maRali iyo danaSaulis
maCvenebeli (hirSi, 1993). Tumca, 1985 wels es tendencia Seicvala, rac imas niS
navs, rom miuxedavad mosaxleobaSi mozardTa ricxvis Semcirebisa, danaSaulis,
kerZod ki, mkvlelobis maCvenebelma sagrZnoblad imata. garda imisa, rom axal
260
gazrda mamakacTa ufro mcire raodenobam daiwyo ufro mZime danaSaulebebis Ca
dena, mkveTrad Semcirda rogorc mkvlelebis, aseve maTi msxverplebis asaki (ix.
sqema 6.3). registrirebuli mkvlelobebis naxevarze meti 14-dan 24 wlamde asakis
mamakacebis mieraa Cadenili. ufro metic, qalaqis mosaxleobis Sobadobis ricx
visa da, Sesabamisad, Raribi mozardebis ricxvis prognozirebuli mateba afiqre
binebs zog sociologs, rom vuaxlovdebiT mozardTa mier Cadenili mZime dana
Saulebebis `epidemias~ (valinski, 1995).
kaniani
rivi danaSaulis msxverplTa
absoluturi raodenoba TeTr
kanianebze modis, maCvenebeli
12 wlis zeviT
261
ver moxerxda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Savkanianebi mosaxleobis mxolod 12 %-s
Seadgens, 44.7 mkvleloba 100000 sul mosaxleze, gacilebiT maRali maCvenebelia,
vidre es TeTrkanianebisa da laTinuri warmoSobis pirebis SemTxvevaSia (5.2 _
100000 sul mosaxleze).
vin aris msxverpli? 1993 wels aTi msxverplidan Svidze meti mamakaci iyo,
romelTagan TiTqmis naxevari (48%) 18-34 wlamde asakobriv kategorias miekuTvne
boda. yoveli asi moklulidan 51 Savkaniani, xolo 46 TeTrkaniani iyo. mkvlelebis
umetesoba imave rasobriv da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba, romelsac msxverpli.
Tumca es faqti ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom mkvlelebsa da msxverpls sxva maxasiaTeb
lebic saerTo aqvT. xSir SemTxvevaSi msxverpli udanaSaulo mowmea, romelic so
cialuri pirobebis gamo moxvda danaSaulebebiT damZimebul raionebSi. amgvar
msxvrplTa Soris xSiria bavSvebi.
gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa statistika, romelic axalgazrda Savkanian mama
kacebs exeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1992 wels 16-dan 24 wlamde Savkaniani mama
kacebi Tormet wels zeviT mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-s Seadgenda (aSS-s iusiti
ciis departamenti, 1994a) am wels registrirebuli mkvlelobebis msxverplTa
5%-s swored am asakobrivi jgufis Savkaniani mamakacebi warmoadgenen. yvelaze
maRali riskis qveS imyofebodnen 16-dan 19 wlamde asakis Savkaniani mamakacebi:
isini orjer ufro xSirad gaxdnen mkvlelobis msxverplni, vidre amave asa
kis TeTrkaniani mamakacebi da samjer ufro xSirad, vidre TeTrkaniani qalebi.
Savkanian mamakacebze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis sami SemTxvevidan or maT
ganSi Tavdamsxmeli SeiraRebuli iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 14-dan 24 wlamde
Savkanian mamakacebSi 100000 sul mosaxleze 114,9%-s Seadgenda, xolo imave asa
kis TeTrkanian mamakacebSi mxolod 11,7% iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 24 welze
ufrosi asakis Savkanian mamakacebSi rvajer aRemateboda mosaxleobis mTlian
maCvenebels. ase Tu gagrZelda, yoveli oci Savkaniani mamakacidan erTi mkvlelo
bis msxverpli gaxdeba.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli qalaqebSi ramdenime faqtori
Taa ganpirobebuli, esenia: qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis ricxvis mkve
Trad mateba (xSir SemTxvevaSia aseT bavSvebs arasrulwlovani martoxela dedebi
an sxva naTesavebi zrdian); umuSevrobisa da siRatakis maRali done (dasaqmebulebs
Sorisac ki); televiziiT Zaladobis amsaxveli scenebis mudmivi Cveneba; iaraRsa da
narkotikebze xelmisawvdomoba da saerTo socialuri araorganizebuloba. mniS
vnelovania isic, rom SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi policia da saswrafo
daxmarebis samsaxurebi nela reagirebs. xolo TemebSi ganxorcielebuli danaSau
lis prevenciis zomebi iSviaTi da araefeqturia (magaliTad, samezoblo patruli
reba). mowmeebic ar iCenen iniciativas, Caerion saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. am yvelaf
ris fonze ki Selaparakebebi iolad gadadis Zaladobasa da mkvlelobaSi (petersoni
da krivo, 1993).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zaladobrivi danaSauli mosaxleobis SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, maTi ricxvi SedarebiT dabalia. adamianebi ufro xSirad qonebis qurdo
bis (Zarcva) msxverplni xdebian (ix. grafiki 6.2). kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos,
rom danaSauli Tanabrad ar aris gadanawilebuli mosaxleobas Soris _ Raribebi
262
ufro xSirad zaraldebian, vidre mdidrebi. msxverplis gamovlenis maCvenebeli
30%-iT ufro metia im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 30000 aSS dolari
an naklebia, vidre im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 30000 aSS
dolars (brei, 1994). Savkaniani amerikelebi samjer ufro xSirad xdebian Zarcvis
msxverplni, vidre TeTrkanianebi. garda amisa, maT orjer ufro xSirad paraven
manqanebs da uqurdaven binebs.
cxrili 6.2
263
organizebuli danaSauli
264
garda `procentsac~, romelic jarimis erTgvari formaa). teroristi, romelic
bombs debs diplomatis manqanaSi, pasuxs agebs konspiraciisa da kriminaluri mkv
lelobisaTvis. xolo fordis manqanebis kompaniam, romelic milionobiT pintos
yidda gazis avziT da icoda, ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo, Tu amgvarad gamarTul
manqanas uknidan vinme daejaxeboda, xanZrisas daRupuli 500 adamianis sicocx
lis sanacvlod mxolod milionebi gadaixada zaralisaTvis, Tumca kompania dam
naSaved ar ucvniaT. cxadia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia TeTrsayeloianTa
da korporatiul danaSaulze araerTgvarovania da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
`Cveulebriv kriminalis Sesaxeb~ arsebuli azrisagan.
termini `TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli~ pirvelad sociologma edvin sazer
lendma gamoiyena. es termini aRniSnavs `respeqtabeluri, maRali statusis mqone
pirTa mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis dros Cadenil danaSauls~ (sazerlendi,
1949 gv. 9). gaflangva, kompaniis kuTvnili qonebis dataceba da sakuTari Semo
savlebis damalva `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulis kategoriaSi Sedis. amave kat
egorias miekuTvneba sajaro moxelis mier saxelmwifo Tanxebis aramiznobrivad
gamoyenebac. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli imiT gansxvavdeba `Cveulebrivi~ da
naSaulisagan, rom pirveli iSviaTad Seicavs Zaladobisa da iZulebis element
ebs. Tumca, TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli ufro Zvirad fasobs. magaliTad, bankis
TanamSromelTa mier bankebis gaZarcvisas miRebuli zarali rvajer aRemateba
bankebze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas gatanili Tanxis odenobas (klinardi da
igeri, 1980). Tumca, gansxvavebiT mZarcvelebis 90 procentisa, romlebic cixeebSi
xvdebian, bankis moxeleTa mxolod naxevars efardeba sasjelis zoma (kriminal
uri iusticiis statistika, 1994). rodesac politikosebi acxadeben, rom saWiroa
kanonisa da wesrigis gamkacreba, rogorc wesi, gulisxmoben policiisaTvis ufro
didi Tanxis gamoyofis saWiroebas quCis danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve
lad da ara damatebiT Tanxebs federaluri gamomZieblebisaTvis, romlebic
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauls iZieben.
gansxvavebiT TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulisagan, romlebic piradi sargeb
lisaTvis Cadian danaSaulebriv qmedebas, korporatiuli danaSauli organiza
ciis sakeTildReodaa mimarTuli. amgvari qmedebis umTavresi mizania, gaamyaros
kompaniis mogeba (an Seamciros zarali). gansxvavebiT sxva damnaSaveebisagan, or
ganizaciebi da kompaniebi ar warmoadgenen kerZo pirebs da, aqedan gamomdinare,
`maT~ aravin apatimrebs. korporatiuli danaSaulis regulaciis sazRvrebi xSirad
scdeba sasamarTloebs da maTi regulacia samTavrobo saagentoebis meSveobiT
xdeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi damnaSave kompania/organizacia jarimis gadaxdiT isje
ba, romlis odenobac mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba kompaniis an organizaciis mogebas.
fasebis gamyarebisaTvis dawesebuli 50000 dolariani jarima verafers daaklebs
kompanias, romelis wliuri brunva miliard dolars aRemateba. korporaciebis
kompleqsuri agebuleba xSirad iZleva danaSaulebebis SeniRbvis saSualebas.
265
globaluri sakiTxebi / lokaluri Sedegebi
v aSingtonSi axalgazrda Savkaniani kaci CarTulia vaWrobis iseT saxeobaSi, sadac misi
mokvlis Sansi asjer ufro metia, vidre sxva saqmianobisas iqneboda. rasakvirvelia, am
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavalic ramdenimejer aRemateba im Semosavals, romelsac mamakaci
SedarebiT usafrTxo saqmianobidan miiRebda (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 14 ivlisi). tailandis
maRalmTianeTSi axalgazrda qali uvlis miwis nakveTs, romelze daTesili yayaCos mosavali 10-
12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mis ojaxs damatebiT Semosavals moutans. kolumbiaSi mcxovrebi mili
ardeli ki dakavebulia qonebis sxvadasxva investiciaSi (uZrav qonebasa da ranCoebSi) dabande
biT (li 1989).
es sami adamiani, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSi
cxovroben, warmoadgenen dResdReobiT msoflioSi yvelaze didi organizebuli danaSaulis _
narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis nawils. narkotrefikingi, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
seriozul socialur problemebTan, kerZod, usaxlkaroTa ricxvis zrdasTan da korufciasTan.
narkotikebiT vaWroba ubiZgebs SeiaraRebul bandebsac Zaladobisken. garda amisa, narkotre
fikingi warmoadgens satyuaras `respeqtabeluri~ moqalaqeebisaTvis, romelic maT uzarmazar
mogebas sTavazobs: bankirebi SeiZleba CaerTnon fulis gaTeTrebis procesSi, mosamarTleebma
aiRon qrTami da Caagdon saqmeebi, an gamoitanon araadekvaturi ganaCeni, policielebma (maRal
Cinosnebidan dawyebuli rigiTi patruliT damTavrebuli) daxuWon Tvali amgvar danaSaulebriv
qmedebaze didi gasamrjelos miRebis fasad.
es yvelaferi warmoadgens globaluri aralegaluri industriis pirdapir Sedegs, romelsac
aZlierebs industrializebuli qveynebis mdidari mosaxleobis mxridan narkotikebis mud
mivi da mzardi moTxovna. amerikelebs udidesi wvlili SeaqvT am procesSi. amerika pirvel ad
gilzea narkotikebis moxmarebis mxriv. `ekonomistis~ monacemebiT, am qveyanaSi narkotikebis
mudmivi momxmareblebis ricxvi 6 milions Seadgens (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 21 ivlisi). swored
amerikelebi xarjaven yvelaze bevr fuls mis SeZenaSi. erTi kilogrami kokas xis foToli (sai
danac kokaini mzaddeba) andebis maRalmTianeTSi 2.10 aSS dolari Rirs, nebismieri amerikuli
qalaqis quCaSi ki erTi kilogrami damuSavebuli kokaini 90.000 aSS dolarad iyideba. am fulis
udidesi nawili amerikelebsve rCebaT.
mzardi da mudmivi moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad narkotikebis mza maragi arsebobs. nak
lebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi kokas xis foTlebis gayidvam SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani gansx
vaveba gamoiwvios ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovrebasa da normalur pirobebs Soris. Tumca, wliu
ri 2 miliardi, romelic narkotikebis gayidvis Sedegad ubrundeba laTinuri amerikis qveynebs,
naklebad aRwevs Raribebamde. es Tanxa ZiriTadad narkobaronebs Soris nawildeba, romlebic
xSirad blokaven ganviTarebis programebs, raTa socialurad gaWirvebul mosaxleobas ar miscen
saSualeba, fulis Sovna narkotikebiT vaWrobis garda sxva saqmianobiT scadon. narkobaronebi
akontroleben presas, policiasa da sasamarTloebsac qrTamisa da teroris gamoyenebiT. nar
kotikebis gayidviT miRebuli fuli xSirad gamoiyeneba politikuri kampaniebis dasafinanse
blad, sadac xSirad TviTon trefikerebic monawileoben. narkobaronebi xSirad erTiandebian
memarjvene samxedro dajgufebebTan, romlebic ibrZvian arsebuli socialuri wyobis Senar
266
CunebisaTvis, gansxvavebiT memarcxeneebisagan, romlebsac am wyobis Secvla surT. dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi komunistur reJimTan brZolis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul
Statebs xSirad gauwevia samxedro da finansuri daxmareba memarjveneebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom icodnen narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, Statebis
sagareo politika xSirad xels uSlida narkotikebiT vaWrobis SeCerebis mcdelobebs.
zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, amerikis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva _ daasustos narkotikebiT vaWro
ba, _ ufro metad iyo mimarTuli Sida mdgomareobaze da ara sazRvargareTze (skoti da marSali,
1991). mxolod gamsaReblebTan brZola bevrs arafers Secvlis, radgan yovelTvis iqnebian maTi
adgilis dakavebis msurvelni. problemis xangrZlivi vadiT gadaWra gulisxmobs samkurnalo
programebis mxardaWeras, cnobierebis donis amaRlebas narkotikebis mavneblobis Sesaxeb da
socialurad gaWirvebuli fenebis daxmarebas, raTa qalaqSi macxovrebel mozards mieces saSua
leba muSaobis da ara narkotikebiT vaWrobis gziT gaiumjobesos cxovreba. mokled rom vTqvaT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba globaluri problemaa, gamosavali SeiZleba moiZeb
nos im problemebis gadaWriT, romelsac es danaSauli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iwvevs.
danaSaulis kontroli
267
romelTac naklebad hqondaT survili, problemebi SeqmnodaT policiasTan. zogi
mecnieri am tendencias narkotikebs ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia, im periodSi
intensiurad xdeboda marixuanas (stimulanti) Canacvleba heroiniT (depresanti
an trankvilizatori), romlis xarisxma imata, xolo fasma iklo. aqedan gamomdi
nare, narkotikebis momxmareblebs saSualeba hqondaT, nakleb safasurad ufro
xangrZlivi narkotikuli TrobisaTvis mieRwiaT. garda amisa, heroini anelebs
sistemas da danaSaulSi Zaladobis dones amcirebs. sxvebi ki fiqroben, rim am Sem
TxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli iaraRma iTamaSa. aravin icis, ra raodenobis
iaraRia niu-iorkis quCebSi, magram SesaZlebelia es ricxvi klebisaken midiodes.
iaraRianTa ricxvma im adamianebs Soris, romlebic msubuqi danaSaulisaTvis – me
troTi mgzavrobisas safasuris gadauxdelobis gamo daapatimres, 1994 da 1995
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad iklo.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, mainc bevri aRmoCnda sasamarTlos skamze. 1995 wlis
ivlisasTvis gisosebs miRma 55000 sisxlis samarTlis damnaSave aRmoCnda (maTgan
daaxloebiT naxevari niu-iorkidan iyo), rac orjer aRemateboda 10 wlis win da
kavebulTa ricxvs. narkotikebis realizaciaSi eWvmitanili 3000-mde adamiani
quCaSi mokles. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa damatebiTi kvleva, raTa axsnas niu-
iorkis es saidumlo. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT antidanaSaulebrivi strategiebis
mecnierul dasabuTebas cecxlsasroli iaraRis kontrolis CaTvliT.
268
li reformebis cikli. am reformebis nawils warmoadgenda samoqalaqo pirebis
daxmarebis gamoyeneba policiis samsaxurSi (magaliTad, gancxadebis Setana); Te
mis mobilizacia (Temsa da policias Soris kavSirisaTvis konkretuli pirebis
daniSvna) da qvesadgurebi (policiis ganyofilebebisa da socialuri serviscen
trebis kombinacia, sadac mosaxleobas SeeZlo informaciis miReba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gadaeWra piradi da Temis problemebi). marTalia, am reformas Sedegad
ar mohyolia danaSaulebaTa ricxvis mkveTri dacema (nawilobrivi imis gamo, rom
sul ufro met adamians gauCnda survili, policiaSi Seetana gancxadeba momxdari
danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb), magram sxva qalaqebis msgavsad, danaSaulis ricxvi ar
gazrdila. dRes ramdenime sxva qalaqis policiac atarebs msgavs reformas. es
tendencia emsaxureba problemebze orientirebuli politikis gatarebas (aqcen
tirebas danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezebze) tradiciul, xdomilebaze orinetire
buli politikis kvaldakval (reagireba kriminalur qmedebaze) (sigeli, 1990).
policiis zogierTma departamentma ver gaarTva Tavi Temis mobilizaciis
amocanas. garda amisa, SeSfoTebas iwvevs policielebis mier sisastikis gamovle
nis xarisxi, gansakuTrebiT umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. es sakiTxi sazogadoe
bis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca 1991 wlis martSi, mas Semdeg, rac moyvarulma
fotografma daafiqsira, Tu rogori sisastikiT gauswordnen los-anjelesis sa
patrulo policiis oficrebi afro-amerikuli warmoSobis mZRols, rodni kings.
oTxi oficeri udanaSaulod cnes kingis cemisaTvis. am gadawyevtilebas masob
rivi mRelvareba da saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva (ix. Tavi 20). umciresobaTa
araerTma jgufma (gansakuTrebiT ki Savkanianma mamakacebma) ganacxada, rom poli
cielebi xSirad Cadiodnen amgvar saqciels. 1995 wels gamarTulma o.j. simpso
nis samsamarTlo procesma, sadac saqmes TeTrkaniani gamomZiebeli iZiebda, na
Teli gaxada es tendencia. man ramdenimejer moixsenia Savkanianebi `nigerebad~
da waradgina yalbi samxilebi, raTa sasamarTlos braldeba daedasturebina. amave
dros, umciresobis bevrma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom policia ar iRebs yve
la zomas maTi Temebis dasacavad, rogorc los-anjelesis aqciebis dros moxda.
policiis mxardamWerebs ki magaliTad mohyavT qalaqebSi narkotikebTan da
kavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvis mkveTri zrda da acxadeben, rom kriminalebi
xSirad policielebze ukeT arian SeiaraRebulni. maTi azriT, policieloba gaci
lebiT saxifaTo profesiad iqca, ramac SeiZleba policiis oficrebs sastiki
qmedebis Cadenisaken ubiZgos. amis sapasuxod, zogierT adgilobriv departamen
tSi oficialur saswavlo kurss specialurad policielTaTvis daumates stres
Tan gamklavebis gakveTilebi da Camoayalibes moqalaqeTa saCivrebis gansaxilve
li sabWo, romlis mizania policiis im oficerTa gamovlena, romlebmac Caidines
aramarTebuli an wamqezebluri saqcieli. Tumca, policielebi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul Zalas warmoadgenen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Soris
dasmenis faqtebi Zalian iSviaTia.
mokled rom vTqvaT, policiis Zalebis gaZlierebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi unda Sefasdes ara mxolod fuladi TvalsazrisiT, aramed unda ukav
Sirdebodes mosaxleobis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebasac.
269
sociologia da sajaro debatebi
debatebi
analizi
270
Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni kanonieri mflobelis
kmayofileba 10000 msxverplad? 100 msxverplad?
an Tundac erT msxverplad?
271
da koleqcioneroba gadasinjvas unda daqvemdebareboda. dabolos, iaraRi Zalauflebis in
strumentia. mas aqtiurad iyeneben kriminalebi da gavleniani pirebi sakuTari gavlenis sxve
bze iZulebiT gavrcelebis mizniT. sxvebisaTvis is usafrTxoebis garantia danaSaulis maRali
maCveneblis fonze. Tumca, iaraRis kontrolis garSemo atexili debatebis kidev erT sagans
warmoadgens swori balansi mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs (rogorc individebs, aseve rogorc or
ganizebul jgufebs) Soris. unda ekavos Tu ara saxelmwifos monopolia Zalis yvela kanonier
gamovlinebasa da Zaladobaze (ris SemTxvevaSic, mxolod policielebsa da federalur agentebs
SeeZlebaT iaraRis gamoyeneba)? neba unda daerTos Tu ara Cveulebriv moqalaqes, gamoiyenos
iaraRi Tavdacvis mizniT? unda Camoayalibon Tu ara maT SeiaraRebuli jgufebi sakuTari in
teresebis dacvis mizniT (maSinac ki, rodesac maTi interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos
normebs)?
devid makdauelisa da alan lizotis (1993) mosazrebiT, sinamdvileSi debatebi imaze ki ar
aris aqcentirebuli, Tu ramdenad efeqturia kanoni iaraRze kontrolis Sesaxeb, aramed imaze,
Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovania: adamianebis ufleba, iqonion iaraRi Tu iaraRis kontrolis Sede
gad miRebuli koleqtiuri sargebeli. sociologias SeuZlia upasuxos, rom iaraRze gaZliere
buli kontroli xels Seuwyobs mkvelelobebis Semcirebas, magram ver upasuxebs makdauelisa da
lizotis kiTxvas: `Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni mflobelis legitimuri bedniereba 10.000 msxverp
lad? 100 msxverplad? an Tundac erT msxverplad?~ (1993. gv 320).
sasamarTloebi
272
Zaladobrivi danaSauli qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi
gaxsnili gauxsneli
damtyvevebeli sazogadoeba
273
sapirispiro mxares. dRes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSneba dapatimrebis
ufro maRali maCvenebeli, vidre es nebismier dasavlur qveyanaSia. amerikelebi
ufro mets xarjaven cixeebze, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze (foreri, 1994).
274
qali, romelmac qmari fulis gulisaTvis mokla? savaldebulo minimaluri sasje
lis principi xSirad arRvevs meore princips _ `dae sasjeli moergos danaSauls~.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac prokurori uars ambobs saqmis warmoebaze, xolo na
fici msajulebi bralis damtkicebaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini fiqroben, rom es
principi irRveva.
cxrili 6.3
1790
samudamo patimroba mekobreobisaTvis. aTi weli gemis meCeCze SegdebisaTvis
cru sinaTlis gamoyenebiT.
1888
eqvsi Tve portis xelosnis moqrTamisaTvis baltimorSi an niu-iorkSi.
1913
dapatimreba an jarima saqonelze fiqsirebuli fasebis dawesebisaTvis.
1934
aTi weli bankis gaZarcvis an qurdobisas Cadenili mkvlelobis an gatacebi
saTvis.
1965
samudamo patimroba prezidentis an aRmasrulebeli sabWos wevris mkvle
lobis mcdelobisaTvis.
1980-iani wlebi
sasjelis cvalebadi zomebi narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT Cadenili danaSau
lisaTvis (skolebis maxloblad narkotikebis realizaciis, iatakqveSa vaWrobaSi
monawileobis miRebis, 5 gramze meti kokainis flobis SemTxvevebis CaTvliT).
275
wyveten, Tu ra sasjeli Seefardeba damnaSaves. federaluri sasamarTlo centris
(kamineri, 1994) monacemebiT, im mopasuxeTa mxolod naxevars Seefardeba savalde
bulo minimaluri sasjeli, romlebsac potenciurad ekuTvnodaT is. ufro metic,
SavkanianTa 68 procents Seefarda savaldebulo minimaluri sasjelis zoma, maSin
rodesac laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebis 57%-ma da TeTrkanianebis mxolod
54%-ma miiRo savaldebulo minimaluri sasjeli imave danaSaulisaTvis.
gadaWedili cixeebi
276
daerT StatSi saxelmwifo sistemas nabrZanebi aqvs, Seamciros patimarTa nakadi
an gaaumjobesos ZiriTadi servisebi. naangariSevia, rom federaluri, saxelmwifo
da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi 30 miliard dolars daxarjaven koreqtivebisaTvis
1995 wels (26 miliardiT mets 1975 welTan SedarebiT), raTa gaumklavdnen pati
marTa mzard ricxvs (holmsi, 1994).
aferxebs Tu ara dapatimreba danaSaulis xdomilebas? auvnebelyofebs damna
Saveebs? axdens maT reabilitirebas? damsaxurebisamebr sjis damnaSaveebs? daka
veba niSnavs potenciuri damnaSaveebis SeCerebas, raTa maT ar Caidinon danaSauli,
an damnaSaveTa darwmunebas, rom maT aRar Caidinon danaSauli. ar arsebobs damam
tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom dakavebuli damnaSaveebis mzardi ricxvi an sasje
lis gamkacrebuli zoma amarTlebs dakavebis principebs. magaliTad, pensilvani
aSi registrirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma 6%-iT moimata 1985-1990 wlebSi, maSin
rodesac patimarTa raodenoba 117%-iT gaizarda. recidivizmis done miuTiTebs
imaze, rom realurad patimarTa Zalze mcire ricxvi daadga gamosworebis gzas:
mdedrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 68%-ze meti da mamrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 80 %-ze
meti ganmeorebiT ixdida sasjels (foreri, 1994). dapatimreba niSnavs damnaSavi
saTvis danaSaulis kvlav Cadenis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevas. magram, SeuZlebe
lia 4 milioni braldebulis cixeSi gamoketva. ufro metic, ar arsebobs mkafio
meqanizmi imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli damnaSavea sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis umetesoba Cadenilia ara ganmeorebiTi damnaSaveebis
mier, aramed im adamianebisa, romlebic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadiodnen da
naSauls (araZaladobrivs) qonebis winaaRmdeg (kamineri, 1994).
is, Tu ramdenad damsaxurebulad iReben sasjels damnaSaveebi, ufro moralur-
eTikuri sakiTxia da ara socilogiis gansjis Tema. magram kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
axalgazrda damnaSaveebze cixem SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios da
gamoiwvios maTi Serwyma iseT subkulturasTan, sadac msxverplad yofnis Tavidan
acilebis erTaderTi gza sxvebze Zaladobaa. cixem SesaZlebelia skolis funqciac
Seasrulos axalbedebisaTvis, romlebmac SeiZleba gamocdili damnaSaveebisagan
aiTvison danaSaulis Cadenis axali xerxebi.
sikvdiliT dasja
277
aris mxolod pirveli xarisxis mkvleloba `gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi~). Tvi
Ton procesic SedarebiT `humanuri~ xdeba (anu momakvdinebeli nivTierebis umt
kivneulo ineqcia eleqtroskamis nacvlad). (gostanco da uaiTi, 1994).
sazogadoeba yovelTvis uWerda mxars sikvdiliT dasjas (ix. sqema 6.7). amerikel
Ta 70% aRniSnavs, rom mxars uWers sikvidiliT dasjas. mxolod 30 %-ia sasjelis am
formis winaaRmdegi (elsuorsi da grosi, 1994). mxardamWerebis gancxadebiT, isini
mxars uWeren sikvdiliT dasjas, miuxedavad imisa, rom jerac ar aris damtkice
buli, moqmedebs Tu ara erTi damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja sxvebze SemaSineblad.
mowinaaRmdegebi ki amtkiceben, rom arasodes dauWeren mxars sasjelis am formas,
kidevac rom gaCndes misi efeqtianobisa da profilaqtikuri mizanSewonilebis dam
adasturebeli sabuTebi (sendisi da makgareli, 1995).
278
SurisZiebis survili. rogorc emil durkhaimi (1893/1985) ambobda, TviT dasjis
faqti aris kmayofilebis momgvreli. igi kanonmorCili moqalaqeebisaTvis so
cialur funqcias asrulebs. deviantebisa da kriminalebis dasja amyarebs so
cialur solidarobas da amtkicebs saerToO Rirebulebebs. sociologebi amtkice
ben, rom Cven vsjiT ara mxolod imitom, rom gamovasworoT `kriminalebi~, aramed
imisaTvisac, rom Cven TviTon gvaxsovdes sazogadoebis moraluri Rirebulebebi
sadmi erTgulebis mniSvneloba.
Sejameba
279
ganmavlobaSi. saxeldebis Teoria amtkicebs, rom socialurma sanqciebma
SesaZlebelia ukuSedegi aCvenos da gamoiwvios meoreuli deviantoba. pirve
ladi deviantoba SesaZlebelia aixsnas arasrulfasovani socializaciiT,
romelic Tavis mxriv araadekvatur TviTkontrols iwvevs.
8. danaSauli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli normis darRvevaa. yvela devianturi
qmedeba ar aris danaSauli (da yvela danaSauli ar aris devianturi qmedeba).
dRes arsebobs tendencia, romelic mimarTulia normebis kanonebad kodi
ficirebisaken.
9. gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikelebis rwmeniT, imata Zaladobrivma da
qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma. magram oficialuri statis
tika sapirispiros amtkicebs. mediis mcdeloba, gaamaxvilos sazogadoebis
yuradReba sensaciur danaSaulebze, araregistrirebuli danaSaulis maRali
maCvenebeli da `ucnobi damnaSavis~ mier Cadenili SemTxvevebis ricxvi sazoga
doebaSi SiSs iwvevs. Zaladobrivi da qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis
umetesoba Cadenilia axalgazrda mamakacebis mier, romelTa Soris Warbobs
qalaqSi macxovrebeli Savkaniani mozardebi da axalgazrdebi. danaSaulis Ca
denis asaki mcirdeba maSin, roca matulobs danaSaulis simZimis done.
10. e.w. umsxverplo danaSauli (prostitucia, narkotikebis ukanono gamo
yeneba) ayenebs moralurobis dakanonebis sakiTxs. organizebuli danaSau
lis meSveobiT xdeba ukanono saASualebebiT ukanono saqonlisa da servisebis
uzrunvelyofa an kanonieri saqonlisa da servisebis uzrunvelyofa ukanono
saSualebebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTrsayeloianTa mier Cadenili da kor
poraciuli danaSauli sazogadoebas ufro Zviri ujdeba, vidre quCaSi Cad
enili danaSauli, maT iSviaTad sjian mkacrad, gzavnian cixeSi an uwodeben
deviantebs.
11. danaSaulis kontrolis farTod rekomendebuli strategia gulisxmobs iara
Ris Sesaxeb kanonis gamkacrebas, quCebSi morige policielebis ricxvis zr
das da urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris. aseve
sasamarTloebze zewolas sasjelis gamkacrebis mizniT.
12. amJamindeli tendenciis Tanaxmad, sul ufro meti damnaSave igzavneba cixeSi
xangrZlivi droiT. `sami dartymis~ kanoni da sxva savaldebulo minimaluri
sasjeli SeiZleba iwvevdes danaSaulis ricxvis Semcirebas, magram mas Sesa
Zlebelia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebic mohyves (magaliTad, sasamarTloe
bis dabrkoleba). ar arsebobs imis myari sabuTi, rom dapatimreba efeqturad
asrulebs sxvebis daSinebis funqcias, mosaxleobaSi amcirebs potenciuri
kriminalebis ricxvs da kriminalebs gamosworebisaken ubiZgebs.
13. gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, amerikelebi regularulad uWeren mxars sikvdiliT
dasjas. Tumca, dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoaSkaravda, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravali uWers mxars zogadad sikvdiliT dasjas, isini xSirad ewinaaR
mdegebian mas konkretul SemTxvevebSi. adamianebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi. miuxedavad axa
li kanonisa, am sasjelis sisruleSi moyvanis SemTxvevebi mcirea.
280
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
281
devianturi kariera _ TandaTanobiT Serwyma deviantur cxovrebis wesTan da
deviantur subkulturasTan dakavSireba.
diferenciuli asociacia _ procesi, romliTac adamianebi socializdebian
jgufSi gabatonebul qcevaSi. Tu amgvari qceva devianturia, devianturoba
kulturulad gadaecema.
formaluri sanqciebi _ socialur normebsa da Rirebulebebze oficialuri ze
wola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT, romelsac axorcielebs iseTi oficialuri
organizaciebi, rogoricaa policiis departamenti, sasamarTloebi da cixeebi.
araformaluri sanqcia _ araoficialuri zewola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT,
rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, dacinva, gariyva, ukmayofileba (uaryofiTi sanqcie
bi) da, meore mxriv, mowoneba da Seqeba (dadebiTi sanqciebi).
inovacia _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs
kulturulad gamarTlebuli miznebis miRwevas devianturi saSualebebiT.
internalizacia _ procesi, romlis drosac kulturuli standartebi xdeba
adamianis piradi struqturis nawilebi.
saxeldebis Teoria _ Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi iZenen deviantur so
cialur identobas da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils, radganac sxvebi
mas deviantad aRiqvamen da aiZuleben, Tavi gariyulad igrZnos.
organizebuli danaSauli _ warmoadgens konspiraciul jgufs, romlis mizania
fuladi mogeba an Zalauflebis mopoveba, agreTve mcdeloba iyos xelSeuxe
beli SiSis danergviT da korufciiT. organizebuli danaSaulis priorite
tia ukanono saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa.
garigeba _ procesi danaSaulis aRiarebis, romlis drosac saolqo prokurori
sTavazobs eWvmitanils bralis Semsubuqebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi aRiarebs
danaSauls da uars ityvis sasamarTlo procesze.
pirveladi deviacia _ socialuri normebis sawyisi darRveva, rodesac ar aRin
iSneba amgvari qmedebis Cadenis motivi da ar xdeba adamianis daxasiaTeba.
amboxi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, axali
miznebis dasaxva da maTi miRweva axali saSualebebiT.
retritizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, kul
turis mier dasaxuli miznebisa da saSualebebis mitoveba.
ritualizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, saSua
lebebis brmad miyola. am dros umTavresi miznebi ukana planze gadaiwevs.
sanqciebi _ jildo socialuri normebis morCilebisaTvis da dasja maTi dar
RvevisaTvis.
meoreuli deviacia _ procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi Tavis Tavs gansaz
Rvraven deviantebad da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils.
socialuri kontroli _ sazogadoebis mcdeloba, marTos sakuTari Tavi; meqa
nizmi, romliTac xdeba socialuri normebis gaZliereba da maTi potenciuri
darRvevebis aRkveTa.
struqturuli rRveva _ Seusabamoba socialur molodinebs, kulturul mizneb
282
sa da am miznebis misaRwevad saWiro saSualebebs Soris.
umsxverplo danaSauli _ iseTi danaSauli (magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebi
da prostitucia), romelsac xSirad ar hyavs msxverpli (anu piri, romelic
dazaralda am qmedebis Sedegad).
Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi _ danaSauli, romelic gulisxmobs msxverplis wi
naaRmdeg fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebas, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavdasxma da
gaupatiureba.
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli _ danaSauli, romelic Cadenilia maRali statusis
mqone adamianebis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis periodSi.
283
284
nawili III
gansxvaveba da uTanasworoba
285
286
Tavi 7
klasi da stratifikacia
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
imigracia, rasa da socialuri mobiloba
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: usaxlkaroebi
287
288
m anhetenis centri miraJs waagavs cementis, foladisa da minis mbrwyinavi
koSkebiT, romlebic TiTqos wylidan amozrdilano. iqvea 1913 wels aSene
buli vulvorTis Senoba _ Tavis droze yvelaze maRali caTambjeni, Tavisi
neogoTikur stilSi gadawyvetili spiralebiT. am arqiteqturul saocrebebs So
ris Cakargula uolstriti _ amerkis SeerTebuli Statebisa da, zogis azriT,
msoflios finansuri centri.
manhetenidan fexiT 15-20 wuTis savalze mdebareobs soho _ erT dros ayvave
buli fabrikebisa da maRaziebis raioni, rkinis eleganturi fasadebiT. 1950-60-ian
wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrebma soho aRmoaCines da aqtiurad daiwyes misi aTviseba
maRali sxvenebisa da dabali fasebis gamo, es raioni, faqtobrivad, mitovebuli iyo.
1970-ian wlebSi sohoSi mravlad gaixsna sagamofeno darbazebis filialebi, rasac
didi maRaziebi da moduri restornebi mohyva. dRes soho manhetenis yvelaze mo
duri da Zviri nawilia. maRaziebma da restornebma nel-nela gandevna iq mcxovrebi
mxatvrebi. produqciis centri TandaTan moxmarebis centrad iqca. es aris adgili,
sadac elituri gemovneba yalibdeba.
zemoT, centraluri parkis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan iwyeba kidev erTi socia
luri samyaro: harlemi. uamravi Zveli SenobiT, jer kidev dasaxlebuli avariuli
saxlebiT, ficrebiT SeWedili sacxovreblebiTa da carieli miwis nakveTebiT _
es adgili mravali Ratakis TavSesafaria, romelTa umravlesoba laTino da afro-
amerikelebi arian. harlemis ZiriTadi quCebis Cayolebaze wvrili maRaziebi da
eklesiebia ganTavsebuli; patara daxlebSi sigaretiT, koka-koliT, CipsebiTa da
konservebiT vaWroben, Rvinoebis maRaziebSi gamyidvlebi da molareebi tyviagaum
tari SuSebis miRma sxedan. magram harlemis ZiriTad sayrdens quCis im wvrilmani
movaWreebis iatakqveSa ekonomika warmoadgens, romelic potenciur myidvels nax
mar tansacmels, iaffasian afrikul qandakebebs, xatebs, piratul Canawerebsa da
Semwvar sakvebsac ki sTavazobs. narkotikebi quCebSi iyideba, maTi momxmareblebi
mitovebul SenobebSi an bnel derefnebSi ewevian, an ikeTeben. alkohols pirdapir
boTlebidan svamen, xolo plastikuri baraTebi Canacvlebulia etapobrivi gadax
dis sistemiT.
uolstritis, harlemsa da sohos Sua mdebareobs manhetenis ZiriTadi sacxovre
beli kvartlebi. zemoTa istsaidi, romelic ganTqmulia mexuTe da parkis aveniuebis
eleganturi sacxovrebeli SenobebiT; medison aveniu dizainerebis maRaziebiT da
`muzeumebis mili~, sadac ZiriTad SeZlebuli protestanti anglo-saqsuri warmo
Sobis TeTrkanianebi saxloben. zemoTa vestsaidi, romelic linkonlis saxelobis
xelovnebis centridan iwyeba da kolumbiis universitetamde grZeldeba, amayobs
Tavisi mrafalferovnebiT. aq ganlagebuli sxvadasxva qveynis samzareuloebi,
gzispira kafeebi da specialuri maRaziebi saSualo fenis specialistebs, inteleq
tualebsa da xelovnebis sferos warmomadgenlebs emsaxureba.
TeTrkanianebi, romlebic uolstritze muSaoben, sohoSi sadiloben da albaT
zemoTa istsaidSi cxovroben, yvelanairad cdiloben Tavi aaridon harlems da 96-
e quCasac ki (`wesieri~ saxlebis bolo quCa). vestsaidelebi, romlebic meddebad
an eqimebad muSaoben harlemSi, daRamdebamde toveben am raions da centrisken
289
miiCqarian Teatris an baletis warmodgenaze dasaswrebad. miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogierTi saSualo klasis afro-amerikeli muSaobs uolstritze, harlemSi
macxovreblebis umetesobas TvaliTac ar unaxavs igi. `zemoTa~ macxovreblebis
azriT, centri anu `daunTauni~ ZiriTadad TeTrkanianTa samflobelodaa miCneu
li, sadac mCqefare finansur da sabazro kulturaSi Savkanianebi monawileobas ar
iReben (zukini, 1991).
niu-iorkis msgavsad, TiToeuli qalaqis wyoba da ganlageba warmoadgens sim
didris, Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis gamoxatulebas. zogi kvartali ZlierTa
da mdidarTa piradi samflobeloa feSenebeluri ofisebiTa da sacxovrebeli
saxlebiT, sufTa da keTilmowyobili quCebiT. sxva teritoriebi saSualo klasis
adamianebis sacxovrebelia _ adamianebisa, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian da arc
Raribebi. mcire da saSualo biznesi maTi mflobelisaTvis mxolod normaluri
cxovrebis da ara fufunebis saSualebaa. am or raions Soris gansxvaveba ara mar
to simdidresa da keTildReobaSia, aramed maTi macxovreblebis gemovnebaSic.
am TavSi ganxilulia socialuri peizaJis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli
niSani _ socialuri uTanasworoba. pirvel nawilSi axsnilia, Tu rogor aris
socialuri uTanasworoba Cveni socialuri struqturis nawili, rogor xdeba
misi SenarCuneba ZalauflebiT, rogor gamoixateba uTanasworoba kulturul
aspeqtebSi. meore nawili ganixilavs socialur qmedebas da socialur mobilobas,
an individis socialuri poziicis cvlilebis SesaZleblobas. Semdeg aRwerilia
struqturuli faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs siRatakes SeerTebul Stateb
Si. bolos ki SevexebiT im sakiTxs, aris Tu ara uTanasworoba ufro didi sistemis,
magaliTad, kapitalisturi ekonomikis Sedegi, Tu, ubralod, es aris zogi adamia
nis unari, moipovos upiratesoba sxva adamianebze.
290
1985). TiToeul doneze adamianebis socialuri statusi gansazRvravs imas, Tu
ramdenad miuwvdebaT maT xeli stratifikaciis sam ZiriTad ganzomilebaze. es
enia: simdidre (Semosavlebis CaTvliT), Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. bankiris
statusi maRalia samive ganzomilebaSi, xolo usaxlkaro adamianisa, Sesabamisad,
_ dabali. isec xdeba, rom adamians, romelsac maRali statusi aqvs erT ganzo
milebaSi, SeiZleba dabali hqondes danarCen orSi. magaliTad, saeklesio pirebs
SesaZlebelia hqondeT sakmarisi avtotriteti an dafaseba, magram maTi statusi
ar uzrunvelyofs maT ZalauflebiTa da simdidriT.
rodesac vambobT, rom socialuri stratifikacia institucionalizebulia,
vgulisxmobT, rom uTanasworobebi CaSenebulia socialur struqturaSi da SesaZ
lebelia Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. stratifikaciis sistema daxurulia im gage
biT, rom Zalian Znelia (an SeuZlebelia) poziciis Secvla ierarqiaSi. magaliTad,
aparteidis dros samxreT afrikis stratifikaciis sistema mWidrod iyo daxuru
li SavkanianebisaTvis. amasTan SedarebiT SeerTebuli Statebis stratifikaciis
sistema Riad iTvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom, oficialurad, adamianebs SeuZli
aT daikavon nebismieri pozicia, ise, rom yuradReba ar mieqces maT Tandayolil
maxasiaTeblebs (gamonakliss warmoadgens is, rom emigrantebs ar SeuZliaT, ken
Wi iyaron prezidentobaze). amerikuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, adamianis pozicia
ufro SeZenili (miRweuli) statusia (ix. Tavi 3). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pozi
cia warmoadgens TiToeuli individis Zalisxmevisa da warmatebis Sedegs. Tumca,
rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, es mainc klasobrivi sistemaa: mosaxleoba dayofilia
simdidris, avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT da individis mSoblebis pozi
cia saukeTeso prognozia imisa, Tu ra pozicias daikavebs maTi Svili.
socialuri stratifikacia ar xdeba SemTxveviT da ar efuZneba mxolod gan
sxvavebebs adamianebis SesaZleblobebs Soris. es aris sistematuri mowyoba, ro
melic erTi adamianis interesebze zemoT meoris interesebs ayenebs. jer ar yo
fila SemTxveva, rom romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas Tanaswori ufleba hqonoda,
Tumca uTanasworobis xarisxi da done Zalian cvalebadia sxvadasxva sazogadoe
baSi (lenski, lenski da nolani, 1991; sahlinsi, 1958). kalaharis udabnos binadar
senis tomSi, romlis wevrebi ZiriTadad nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas misdeven,
gansxvaveba simdidreSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs gansxvaveba
Zalauflebasa da avtoritetSi. aq gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas tomis uxuce
sebi iReben, mSoblebs aqvT Zalaufleba Svilebze da mamakacebs meti gavlena aqvT
qalebTan SedarebiT. maTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebidan da unarebidan gamomdi
nare, konkretul individebs SesaZlebelia ufro meti gavlena hqondeT, vidre sx
vebs, magram amave dros, maT SeiZleba ar hqondeT gavlena calkeul adamianebze,
rac ganpirobebulia maTi poziciiT an sakuTrebiT.
ufro did sazogadoebebSi stabilur ierarqias mTeli jgufi warmoadgens da
am ierarqiaSi dakavebuli poziciebi Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
amgvar ierarqiebs safuZvlad SeiZleba savsebiT gansxvavebuli faqtorebi edos
(smiTi, 1974, 1991). magaliTad, sulieri statusi da kulturuli avtoritetis sxva
wyaroebi SesaZlebelia materialur qonebaze metad fasobdes romelime sazoga
doebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTSi mahaTma gandis avtoriteti da Zalaufleba gaci
291
lebiT aRemateboda warmatebuli biznesmenebisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom gandi
ar gamoirCeoda simdidriT, atarebda ubralo samoss da ZiriTadad marxulobda.
cxadia, im faqtma, rom man siRaribe airCia, mniSvnelovanad Seuwyo xeli mis av
toritetsa da Zalauflebas. amas garda, induri sazogadoebis kastebad dayofis
tradiciuli sistema mniSvnelobas ufro sulier mxares aniWebda, vidre materi
alur simdidres. Tumca, sxva konteqstSi SesaZlebelia sulier simdidreze metad
fizikur siZlieres, simdidres, ganaTlebas an demokratiul arCevnebs miniWeboda
upiratesoba.
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul Stateb
Si) simdidresa da Semosavals gansakuTrebuli roli ukavia stratifikaciaSi.
es gansxvaveba ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi asaxulia terminSi socialuri klasi.
socialuri klasi aris im adamianebis jgufi, romlebsac erTnairi pozicia uka
viaT stratifikaciis sistemaSi, radganac isini erTnair poziciaze imyofebian
ekonomikis mxriv. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac amerikelebi saubroben `saSua
lo klasze~, maT mxedvelobaSi hyavT adamianebi, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian
da arc Raribebi. pozicia, romlebic adamianebs klasSi ukaviaT, gavlenas axdens
maTi cxovrebis uklebliv yvela aspeqtze – dawyebuli sacxovrebeli adgilidan,
ganaTlebis, profesiis, Semosavlebis, qorwinebisa da cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
CaTvliTac ki.
arc erTi sistema ar aris imdenad martivi, rom adamianebi iolad ergebodnen
erT an meore fenas. xSirad statusi aramdgradia. magaliTad, narkobaroni SeiZ
leba iyos warmoudgenlad mdidari, magram mainc ar iTvlebodes maRali klasis
wevrad. Cven vacnobierebT, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba momdinareobdes ara sim
didridan, aramed biurokratiis kontrolidan. Cven aseve vacnobierebT, rom ise
Ti kulturuli faqtori, rogoricaa rasizmi, SeiZleba zRudavdes adamianis av
toritetsa da Zalauflebas, miuxedavad misi qonebrivi mdgomareobisa.
292
rad mieniWaT Tanasworoba, Tumca uTanasworobis barieris damsxvrevas Taobebis
brZola dasWirda. dRes afro-amerikelebi da umciresobis sxva jgufebi, kvlav gani
cdian diskriminacias da TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT uares pirobebSi cxovrebas.
amerikuli kultura afasebs Tanasworobas da amasTan erTad legitimurad
scnobs Zalze uTanasworo klasobriv struqturas. dapirispireba idealebsa da
realobas Soris gardauvalia. amgvarad, amerikelebs ar moswonT mdidrebi, rom
lebic fiqroben, rom sxvebze ukeTesebi arian, magram amave dros igive amerikele
bi fiqroben, rom sulac ar aris cudi, iyo mdidari saqmosnis SviliSvili da mem
kvidreobiT miiRo is simdidre, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi ver gamoimuSavebdi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa umetesobas `sjera~ SesaZleblobebis Tanas
worobis ideisa, bevri maTgani ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams im saxelmwifo prog
ramebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miznad isaxavs amerikis sazogadoebis Tanasworobis
donis amaRlebas.
293
sakuTari qonebis did nawils memkvidreobas unda umadlodnen. maTi Semosavali
ZiriTadad investiciebidan modis. es faqtori ganasxvavebs maT saSualo da mu
SaTa klasis amerikelebisagan. gansxvavebebs saSualo da muSaTa klasebs Soris
ZiriTadad profesia/saqmianoba qmnis, kerZod: samsaxuris is tipebi, sadac muSao
ben adamianebi; ganaTlebis done, romelsac es samsaxurebi iTxovs; maTi saSualo
xelfasi da agreTve, ramdenad avtoritetulebi arian am fenis adamianebi samsa
xurebSi da ramdenad aqvT kontroli sxvebze.
cxrili 7.1
profesiebis CamonaTvali prestiJis maCveneblis
mixedviT aSS-Si
294
avtoriteti aris socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema da mowoneba, romliTac
ajildoeben adamianebs maTi Tvisebebis gamo, romelic faseulia sazogadoebi
saTvis (gudi, 1978). SeerTebul StatebSi profesiuli saqmianoba avtoritetis
ZiriTadi wyaroa. sociologebi Semdegnairad zomaven profesiebis avtoritets:
Tavdapirvelad isini sTxoven mosaxleobis arCeul kohortas, Seafason sxvada
sxva samsaxuris socialuri reputacia, amis Semdeg ki axdenen am Sefasebebis ska
lirebas qulebis mixedviT, sadac 0 yvelze dabali, xolo 100 yvelaze maRali qu
laa. amgvari gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi met-naklebad ucvlelia. rogorc 7.1. cxrili
gviCvenebs, amerikelebi yvelaze metad im profesiebs afaseben, romlebic Zalau
flebasTan da maRali donis profesiul unarebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, maRa
li avtoriteti yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs did Semosavals.
yvela am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, sociologma harold kerbom (1991, gv. 13-
14) amgvarad Seajama amerikuli klasobrivi struqtura:
maRali klasi Sedgeba im ojaxebisagan, romlebic did qonebas floben (msxvili
korporaciebis aqciebisa da uZravi qonebis CaTvliT). am adamianebs moepovebaT
avtoriteti da Zalaufleba swored maTi qonebrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare.
es adamianebi arian Zveli, damkvidrebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa
rokfelerebi, diuponebi, melonsebi da fordebi.
korporaciuli klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT didi bi
urokratiuli Zalaufleba (aRmsruleblebi da direqtorTa sabWos wevrebi) msx
vil korporaciebSi (da xSirad mTavrobaSic), oRond ar arian am korporaciebis
mflobelebi. arsebobs imis mtkicebulebebi, rom maRali klasi mcirdeba mniSvn
elobidan gamomdinare, maSin rodesac korporatiuli klasi izrdeba amave faqto
ris gaTvaliswinebiT.
saSualo klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic SedarebiT nakleb qonebas
floben, magram maTi profesiebi uzrunvelyofs saSualo an dabal Semosavlebs,
avtoritetsa da Zalauflebas. saSualo klasi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa zeda saSualo
klasad (eqimebi, iuristebi) da qveda saSualo klasad (ofisebSi momuSaveebi, mom
saxure personali).
muSaTa klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT mcire qoneba (an
saerTod ar gaaCniaT is) da maTi profesiac iZleva saSualo an dabal Semosavals,
avtoritets an mcire Zalauflebas (an saerTod aranair Zalauflebas). muSaTa
klasi ZiriTadad Sedgeba dRiuri muSebisagan (romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofian
kvalificiur da arakvalificiur muSebad) da yvelaze dabal poziciebze mo
muSave klerkebad.
dabali klasi moicavs im adamianebs, romlebsac saerTod ar gaaCniaT raime
saxis qoneba, xSirad arian umuSevrebi, ar gaaCniaT avtoriteti da Zalaufleba. es
ukve RaribTa fenaa.
ZiriTadad igive klasobrivi struqtura axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela ekonomi
kurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebas (rogorc industriuls, aseve postindus
triuls).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli klasobrivi sistema SedarebiT stabiluria,
is eqvemdebareba da ganicdis kidec cvlilebebs. kristofer leSi (1995) bolo
295
drois yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebad miiCnevs im elitis warmoqmnas, rom
lebic ZiriTadad informaciis manipulirebiTa da profesiuli gamocdilebiT
agrovebs qonebas. am axlad Camoyalibebuli elitis wevrebs cota ram akavSirebT
TemebTan, raionebTan an qveyanasTan. maTi qoneba dabandebulia globaluri
mniSvnelobis sawarmoebSi; isini aRweven damoukideblobas imiT, rom sakuTar
Svilebs aswavlian kerZo skolebSi, yiduloben gadaudebeli samedicino SemTx
vevebis dazRvevas, qiraoben pirad dacvas sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvel
sayofad... warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso kulturisa da garTobis qselis wevrebs
da Sedegad ufro meti saerTo aqvT honkongel an briuselel kolegebTan, vidre
sxva amerikelebTan.
federaluri mTavroba ar agrovebs monacemebs klasebze. mis mier moZiebuli
monacemebi ufro mosaxleobis fiqsirebuli procentis Semosavlebsa da qonebas
exeba, magaliTad, umdidresebi (an uRatakesebi) _ 1 procenti, 5 procenti an 20
procenti. Semosavlebsa da qonebaSi aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi zog SemTxvevaSi
mflobelis klass ar miewereba. am gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs cxovrebis etapic.
magaliTad, adamianebs 21-29 wlamde aqvT myari Semosavlebi, magram naklebi dag
rovili qoneba; maSin roca, pensionrebs, romlebsac ukve aqvT dagrovili qoneba
(manqana, saxli, investicia da sxva qoneba), SedarebiT naklebi stabiluri Semo
savali gaaCniaT. Tumca, gansxvaveba praqtikosi maswavlebelis an wyalgayvanilo
bis ostatis (romelic jer kidev ixdis saxlis safasurs) qonebasa da pensioneris
(romelsac ukve aqvs saxli) qonebas Soris imaze mcirea, vidre maswavlebelsa da
rokfelers Soris.
296
bis yvelaze mdidari 1 % flobs, 22-jer aRemateba darCenili 99 %-is kuTvnil
qonebas (oliveri da Sapiro, 1990). gansxvaveba kidev ufro didia im kapitalis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic Semosavlis generirebis potenciuri wyaroa. qveynis mo
saxleobis umdidres 1%-s aqvs produqtiuli simdidris 237-jer meti odenoba
erT sulze, vidre danarCen 99%-s. umdidresi 0.05% (daaxloebiT 430.000 ojaxi)
flobs qveynis korporatiuli aqciebis 40%-s. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ojaxebis erT
mesameds nulovani an uaryofiTi aqtivebi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi valebi
metia, vidre aqtivebi.
simdidris ganawilebis msgavsad, Semosavlis ganawilebac metad araTanabaria.
rogorc naCvenebia 7.1 sqemaSi, amerikelTa ojaxebis bolo erTi mexuTedis Semo
savali mTlianad qveynis Semosavalis 3.6%-ia (1993 weli), maSin rodesac yvelaze
maRali erTi mexuTedisaTvis igive maCvenebeli 48.2%-ia. amave wlis monacemebiT,
SeZlebuli ojaxebis yvelaze maRal _ 5%-ze (korporaciuli klasis wevrebis
umetesobis CaTvliT) modioda yvela Semosavlis 20%, anu oTxjer meti imaze, ra
sac isini miiRebdnen Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi (mosaxleo
bis bolodroindeli angariSi, 1995).
297
dolari). 2.5 milion mdidar amerikels imdenive Semosavali aqvs, ramdenic muSaTa
da dabali klasis 100 milion wevrs erTad.
nominaluri dolari
milioni dolari
inflaciiT Sesworebuli
mogebulebi wagebulebi
298
CaTvliT). reiganis dros gatarebulma sagadasaxado reformebma, romlebic ga
dasaxadebis Sekvecas iTvaliswinebda, saSualeba misca mdidrebs, kidev ufro meti
Semosavali qonodaT (da kidev ufro meti daezogaT). mosaxleobis is nawili, rome
lic saSualo erovnuli Semosavlis maCveneblis qvemoT imyofebian, mniSvnelovnad
dazaralda, rac nawilobriv ganapiroba samuSao adgilebis ricxvis Semcirebam
(sqema 7.3). saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis wevrebi iZulebulni iyvnen, damate
biT saaTebSi emuSavaT, an moeZebnaT samuSao ojaxis ufro meti wevrisaTvis, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT 1980 wlis sacxovrebeli standartebi.
299
socialuri mobiloba
300
rivi Sedegebi). magaliTad, maRaziis mflobels, romelic mTel samuSaos TviTon as
rulebda, saSualeba mieca, damxmare aeyvana da saqmianoba gaefarTovebina.
1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis bavSvebi, `aRzevebis iSviaTi da yvelaze
cocxali magaliTia, rac ki Statebis istoriaSi odesme yofila~ (niumeni, 1993,
gv. 56). amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze Savbnel periodSi dabadebul bavSvebs xSirad
uwevdaT skolis mitoveba da ojaxebis daxmareba. amas daemata meore msoflio
omi. miuxedavad amisa, am Taobam moaxerxa eTnikurad mravalferovani qalaqis ub
nebidan gamosvla da gareubnebSi gadanacvleba. GI programis (programa, romelic
veteranebs aTavisuflebda kolejis gadasaxadisagan) daxmarebiTa da saxelmwi
fos xelSewyobiT (romelic veteranebs dabalprocentiani ganvadebis saxlebiT
uzrunvelyofda da Tavdebad udgeboda maT), agreTve, meore msoflio omis Sem
dgom ayvavebuli ekonomikis saSualebiT, veteranebma Seqmnes saSualo klasis
ojaxis tipuri suraTi: deda, mama, ori Svili, sakuTari saxli, erTi an ori manqana
avtofarexSi, ojaxuri ardadegebi da imedi imisa, rom maTi Svilebis Sroma ufro
dafasdeba da ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebi eqnebaT. sakuTari gamocdilebidan ga
momdinare, mSoblebis am Taobas imedi hqonda, rom Tavdadeba da Tavdauzogavi mu
Saoba aucileblad dafasdeba. maTi cxovrebis standarti Surs iwvevda msoflioSi,
xolo maTi momavli uzrunvelyofili iyo: saxlebi, romlebic maT 1950-ian wlebSi
10.000-15.000 aSS dolarad SeiZines, 1970-ian wlebSi ukve ocjer Zvirad fasobda.
am Taobis mSoblebis Svilebi optimizmis periodSi aRizardnen. isini uyu
rebdnen saxls, ojaxsa da mSoblebis mier Seqmnil komfortul cxovrebas. wins
vla socialur kibeze maTi Tandayolili ufleba iyo. 1980-90-ian wlebSi, rodesac
aSS-is ekonomikis ganviTareba Seferxda da samuSao adgilebi Semcirda, es Taoba
moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare aRmasvlis saprispiro procesis
umTavresi gamomwvevi mizezi gaxldaT deinstitucionalizacia _ amerikuli eko
nomikis transformacia manufaqturidan servisze. deinstitucionalizaciis pro
cess Sedegebis mTeli wyeba mohyva. pirveli: daixura aTasobiT qarxana, an moxda
maTi gadaadgileba, an sulac sxva qveynebSi gadatana. amis Sedegad, milionobiT muSa
darCa samsaxurisa da Semosavlis gareSe. 1979-1984 wlebSi 11.5 milioni usamsaxurod
darCenili muSis naxevarma moZebna samsaxuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.
meore: maSin, rodesac momsaxurebis ekonomikis sainformacio seqtori
maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi vakansias sTavazobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
maRalkvalificiur TanamSromlebs, amgvari samsaxurebis umetesoba anazRaurebis
skalis bolo adgilebze aRmoCnda. saSualo klasidan CamoqveiTebuli uamravi muSa
(rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi), romlebic erT dros saaTSi 12, 15 da 20 dolars
gamoimuSavebdnen, iZulebulni gaxdnen, icxovron saaTSi gamomuSavebuli 4.50 do
lariT, romelsac maT, vTqvaT, hamburgerebis keTebaSi uxdian. aseTi dabalanazRa
urebadi samsaxurebis umetesoba savaraudod naxevarganakveTiani an droebiTia da
ar gulisxmobs raime saxis sargebels an daxmarebas (igulisxmeba sapensio sqemebi,
janmrTelobis dazRveva, anazRaurebadi Svebulebebi da a.S).
mesame: ekonomikuri cvlilebiT `TeTrsayeloiani~ muSakebic dazaraldnen.
1980-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aTiaTasobiT menejeri,
301
specialisti, profesionali, romlebsac Sesabamisi ganaTleba da gamocdileba
gaaCndaT, etapobrivad emsxverplnen Statebis Semcirebas msxvil korporaciebSi.
adgili hqonda srul ganakveTze momuSaveTa daTxovnas da Semdeg maT xelaxla ay
vanas, oRond naxevar ganakveTze, an nardobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. dRes
samuSaodan daTxovnili TeTrsayeloniani muSebi, savaraudod, ufro xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi rCebian samuSaos gareSe, vidre cisfersayeloiani muSebi
(niumeni, 1993).
bavSvebi, romlebic amerikuli ocnebis ideiT gaizardnen, momswreni xdebian,
Tu rogor qreba es ocneba Tvalsa da xels Sua. `1990-iani wlebi im periodisaken
gvabrunebs, rodesac keTildReoba Tandayolili iyo. is adamianebi, romlebsac
xeli miuwvdebaT ukeTes cxovrebaze, aseTebad ibadebian, xolo maTTvis, visac
dabadebidanve ar dahyva keTildReoba, Zalian Zneli iqneba saSualo klasTan mi
axloeba~ (niumeni, 1993, gv.218).
302
samxreTis pirobebi (gansakuTrebiT SavkanianebisaTvis) gacilebiT uaresi iyo, vidre central
uri samxreTi da aRmosavleT evropisa. amgvarad, CrdiloeTSi wamosuli Savkaniani migrantebi
minimumiTac kmayofildebodnen, rac maT aramomgebian poziciaSi ayenebda gamomuSavebisa da
sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT. isini aseve TeTrkaniani muSebis agresiis msxverplni xdebodnen,
romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom damsaqmeblebi Savkanian iaf muSaxels SromiT bazarze fasebis daw
evisaTvis iyenebdnen.
amgvarad, Savkanianma migrantebma Tavidanve cudad daiwyes. imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom
darCnen isini am mdgomareobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, libersons Tavisi axsna aqvs – es gaxlavT
mobilobis niSis koncefcia. rogorc is ambobs, xSirad hqonda adgili erTi romelime jgufis
Tavmoyras konkretul profesiaSi/saqmianobaSi: italielebi xdebodnen dalaqebi, Svedebi _
durglebi, berZnebi xsnidnen restornebs, rusebi vaWrobdnen bewveuliT da a.S. amgvari saqmi
anobebi emigrantebisaTvis winsvlis sawindari iyo. magram, `adgilis dakaveba~ emigrantTa
jgufebis mxolod mcire procentma SeZlo. TiToeuli evropuli jgufis SemTxvevaSi, konkre
tul saqmianobas maTi didi ricxvi mxolod ramodenime weli misdevda. aSS-is mTavrobis mier
dadgenilma SezRudvam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira emigrantebis nakadi evropidan da aziidan 1920-
ina da 1930-ian wlebSi, magram am faqtorma ver Seaferxa Savkaniani migrantebis nakadi samxreTi
dan. axalmosulebi, romlebmac veRar SeZles adgilis dakaveba, Seecadnen gaedevnaT ufro adre
Camosuli da SedarebiT warmatebuli evropeli emigrantebi amgvari adgilebidan, riTac gaa
Zlieres maT mimarT damkvidrebuli uaryofiTi stereotipebi da gamoiwvies dominanti klasis
guliswyroma. garda amisa, demografiuli balansis cvlilebasTan erTad, moxda TeTrkanianTa
damokidebulebis Secvlac, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Savkaniani emigrantebis ricxvis zrdam
xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva erovnebis TeTrkanianTa damokidebulebis gaumjobesebas.
amgvarad, libersonis mixedviT, rasizmi, romelic Tavidanve TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols,
kidev uro Zlevamosili gaxda sxva cvlilebebis daxmarebiT. mxolod rasizmiT ar SeiZleba aixs
nas evropeli emigrantebis maRali mobiloba. ekonomikuri konfliqti ufro mniSvnelovani iyo,
xolo rasa, ubralod, imdenad gamorCeuli niSani iyo, rom misi meSveobiT iolad xdeboda dis
kriminaciis gamarTleba.
wyaro: stenli libersoni “Rvezelis naWeri”. Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani emigrantebi 1880 wlidan (ka
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1980)
303
tuss, ZiriTadad imiT, rom is gavlenas axdens pirovnebis ganaTlebaze. miRwevebi
ganaTlebaSi, mecnierTa azriT, aris is meqanizmi, romelic ganapirobebs statu
sis erTi Taobidan meoreze gadacemas.
statusis miRwevis blausa da dunkanis modeli garkveulwilad gaamartives
uiliam h. seuelma da misma kolegebma (seueli da hauzeri, 1976). maT aRmoaCines,
rom ganaTleba da profesiuli miRweva ori tipis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
procesis Sedegia: erTi mxriv, procesebi, romlebic ganapirobeben adamianis
swrafvas statusisaken da gavlenas axdenen am swrafvaze, da meore mxriv, proces
ebi, romlebic gardaqmnian am miswrafebas axal statusad. mSoblebis klasi gavle
nas axdens bavSvis Semdgom miRwevebze, Tundac piradi magaliTidan gamomdinare.
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadamwyveti faqtori individis mier miRebuli ga
naTlebis xarisxi da donea.
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom statusis mopoveba efuZneba miRwevebs ganaTlebaSi, ga
momdinareobs sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ramdenime mosazrebidan: yvelaze
mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebaSi individebi konkuren
cias uweven erTmaneTs SedarebiT Ria ganaTlebisa da profesiis sistemaSi. Tumca,
sociologebma aRmoaCines isntituciuri an struqturuli wyobebi, romelebic ga
napirobebs arCevansa da qmedebas yovel etapze (kerkhofi, 1995). TviTon ganaTle
ba stratificirebulia. skolebi gansxvavdeba im saganmanaTleblo resursebis
mixedviT, romelsac mosaxleobas sTavazobs. magaliTad, qalaqSi mdebare skola
gansxvavdeba mdidari gareubnis skolisagan. skolebs SigniT studentebi da mo
swavleebi dajgufebulni arian `SesaZleblobebis~ mixedviT. rogorc wesi, Se
Zlebuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, maRali statusis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebi ufro
xSirad ukeTes skolebSi swavloben da dasawyisidanve iReben starts ukeTesi mo
mavlisaTvis.
SeerTebul StatebSi studentidan momuSavemde nabiji sakmaod swrafia. swav
lis damTavrebis Semdeg, yofili studentebi TviTon gankargaven sakuTar beds.
ufro metic _ garda specializebuli saswavleblebisa (iuridiuli, samedicino),
ganaTlebis sistema ar aris profesiaze orientirebuli. rac mniSvnelovania da
fasobs, esaa diplomi _ idealur SemTxvevaSi kolejis an prestiJuli skolis
diplomi. germaniaSi moswavleebs specialur profesiul kategorebad saSualo
skolebSive ajgufeben. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg es moswavleebi ramdenime
wlian programaSi iReben monawileobas, romelic miznad isaxavs samuSao gamoc
dilebisa da staJis miRebas. iaponiaSi arsebobs momaval damsaqmeblebTan SeTan
xmebis praqtika. isini skolebs vakansiebis sias ugzavnian, xolo es ukanasknelni
sakuTar kandidaturebs sTavazoben maT. SeerTebul StatebSi ki prestiJul sko
lebsa da pirad kavSirebs ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre skolebSi miR
weul warmatebas.
statusis mopovebis procesis ukeT gasagebad, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT im
SesaZleblobebis struqtura, romlis farglebSic SeiZleba hqondes adgili in
dividualur socialur qmedebas, profesiuli warmatebis TvalsazrisiT. 1950-
60-iani wlebis SesaZleblobebis struqturisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saSu
alebas aZlevda amerikelebs (magram ara yvela maTgans), miswrafeba warmatebad
304
gardaeqmna jer ganaTlebaSi, xolo Semdeg _ profesiis dauflebaSi, 1980-90-iani
wlebSi aseTi qmedeba sakmaod garTulda. istoriulad, siRaribisaken daSveba
droebiTi krizisi iyo amerikelebis umetesobisaTvis (dunkani, 1984w.). dRes ki es
procesi mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs.
Tu siRatakidan simdidremde aRzeveba amerikuli ocnebaa, gza simdidri
dan siRatakemde amerikuli koSmaria. mravali amerikeli miiCnevs, rom siRatake
Soreuli perspeqtiva da mxolod devianturi umciresobebis problemaa _ es aris
is, rac SeiZleba `maT~ daemarTos da `Cven~ (beini da elvudi, 1989w.). magram re
alurad, amerikelebis mxolod mcire ricxvs aqvs rezistentoba (Tandayolili)
siRaribisadmi.
c x r i l i 7.2
siRaribis zRvari ojaxebis wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT
1 9 9 3
ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba siRaribis zRvari
1 adamiani $ 7.363
2 adamiani 9.414
3 adamiani 11.522
4 adamiani 14.763
5 adamiani 17.449
6 adamiani 19.718
7 adamiani 22.383
305
odnav zemoT moxvdnen, SeiZleba Tavs Raribebad Tvlidnen, magram oficialurad
mxolod is ojaxebi iTvleba statistikurad Raribebad, romlebic am zRvars qve
moT arian.
siRaribis zRvaris garSemo mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs (beini
da elvudi, 1989). zogi kritikosis azriT, es zRvari metismetad maRalia, radgan
ar iTvaliswinebs daxmarebebsa da SeRavaTebs, rogorc fuladobrivs, aseve ara
fuladobrivs _ magaliTad, sakvebis kuponebs, skolis sadilebs, saxelmwifo
daxmarebasa da samedicino SeRavaTebs. zogierTi ki acxadebs, rom siRaribis
zRvari ar asaxavs gansxvavebebs fasebSi regionebis mixedviT: magaliTad, niu-
iorkSi cxovreba ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre misisipiSi. aseve, es maCvenebeli ar iTva
liswinebs mzard saojaxo xarjebs, magaliTad, Cvilis movlasTan dakavSirebul
damatebiT gasavals, an binis qiris matebas (beli, 1994; raglzi, 1990). ufro metic,
siRaribis zRvari erTad ganixilavs im adamianebs, romlebic droebiT kriziss
ganicdian da maT, vinc mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi siRaribeSi cxovrobs. ar
aris gansxvaveba sruliad upovarTa da im adamianebs Sorisac, romlebic gaWirve
biT, magram mainc axerxeben Tavis gatanas. miuxedavad am SezRudvebisa, siRaribis
zRvari jerjerobiT saukeTeso da yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli indeqsia.
1960 wels 39.5 milioni amerikeli _ qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis 20%-ze meti
_ aRmoCnda siRaribis zRvars miRma. Tavdapirvelad jon kenedis, xolo misi gar
dacvalebis Semdeg, lindon jeksonis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda programa
`omi siRaribes~, ris Sedegadac, siRaribis zRvars miRma mcxovrebi adamianebis
ricxvi samocian wlebSi Semcirda. 1969 wels man 24.1 milioni Seadgina (mosaxleo
bis 9.5 %).
18 wels qvemoT
sul
65 da zemoT
procenti
306
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1970-ian wlebSi saerTo ricxvi ramdenadme gaizarda da
1980 wlamde proporcia 10 procentis qvemoT iyo SenarCunebuli, 1980-ian wlebSi,
reiganisa da buSis prezidentobis dros, mdgomareoba gauaresda (sqema 7.4). 1993
wels 39.1 milioni amerikeli _ mTliani mosaxleobis 15.1% aRmoCnda siRaribis
zRvars miRma. Raribi ojaxebis wliuri Semosavali 5.960 aSS dolari _ gacilebiT
imaze naklebi iyo, vidre saxelmwifos mier naangariSevi Sesabamisi kvebisaTvis
saWiro Tanxa (mosaxleobis bolo angariSi, 1995).
dasaqmebuli Raribebi
307
leba anu amerikis ekonomikis saxecvlileba manufaqturidan servisamde, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT. is momuSaveebi, romlebmac dakarges samsaxuri da xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi dausaqmeblebi darCenen, gacilebiT dabalanazRaurebad
samsaxurebzec Tanxmdebian.
meore _ minimaluri xelfasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa, mkveTrad gaufa
surda (ix. sqema 7.5). dRevandeli minimaluri xelfasi rom 1968 wels yofiliyo, is
saaTSi 6.29 dolars Seadgenda, rac gacilebiT maRalia dRevandel 4.25 dolarze
saaTSi (purdumi, 1995). gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, minimaluri
xelfasis mqone dasaqmebulebis umravlesoba ara mozardebi, aramed mozrdilebi
arian, romelTa umetesobasac ojaxis rCena uwevs. 1994 wels muSis minimaluri
xelfasi orsulian ojaxze 780 dolariT naklebi, samsuliani ojaxisaTvis 2.890
dolariT naklebi da oTxsuliani ojaxisaTvis 6.121 dolariT naklebi iyo siRari
bis zRvrad dawesebul Tanxaze.
dolari 1991 w.
wlebi
308
keTildReoba: miTebi da faqtebi
309
sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturis anu sazogadoebis im jgufebis SedarebiT
stabiluri klasifikaciis meTodis meSveobiT, romelTac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
resursebi da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. meore _ ramdenadac araTanasworoba xels
uwyobs funqcionalur integracias, amave dros asaxavs elitis Zalauflebas, miaR
wion sakuTar miznebs sxvebis xarjze. mesame _ araTanasworoba ara mxolod mate
rialuri keTildReobisa da Zalauflebis `obieqtur~ doneebs ukavSirdeba, aramed
naklebad materialur cvladebsac, rogorebicaa prestiJi da morali.
klasobrivi struqtura
310
bi memkvidreobiT miiRebdnen bizness _ memkvidreobas warmoebis saSualebebze
_ da ara niWs, Sromisunarianobas, an pirovnuli Rirsebis nebismier sxva gamoxa
tulebas.
warsulSi socialuri klasebis Seswavla _ klasobrivi TviTSegneba _ aSS-Si
iyenebda gamokiTxvis meTods, raTa moeZebna kavSirebi adamianTa klasobriv TviT
Segnebas, damokidebulebasa da politikur mrwamssa Tu azrs Soris. Tanamedrove
sociologebma socialuri klasis koncefcias SesZines detalebi da niuansebi,
rogorc es marqsma aRwera kvlevis Sedegad (fantazia, 1995). Seron zukini (1991)
aRwers, Tu rogor gamoixateba araTanasworobis struqtura qalaqebis ubnobriv
mowyobaSi (am Tavis dasawyisSi manheteni aRwerilia). sxvadasxva zonaSi mcxovreb
ni iSviaTad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, cxovroben gansxvavebul pirobebSi da uya
libdebaT gamorCeuli esTetikuri Rirebulebebi da gemovneba. zogi sociologi
klasobriv gansxvavebulobas ganixilavs, rogorc gansxvavebul socialur da eko
nomikur gamocdilebebs, gamoxatuls sxvadasxva saxis ritualebis, Cveulebebisa
da tradiciebis evoluciaSi. sxvebi klasobriv dapirispirebaSi angariSs uweven
sxva niSnebs (eTnosi, Temi, socialuri moZraoba da sxv.). bevri Tanamedrove soci
ologi socialur klass moiazrebs procesad da ara fiqsirebul poziciad. rogor
xdeba, rom maRali wris qalbatonebi TavianT prestiJs umorCileben sazogadoe
bis im wevrebs, romlebic maTze dabal poziciaze dganan ojaxebis TvalsazrisiT?
muSakebSi, romlebic emsaxurebian maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs (TviTm
frinavis momsaxure personali, piradi mwrTvneli da sxv) axdenen Tu ara sakuTari
Tavis indentificirebas klientebTan, Tu ufro uZlierdebaT sakuTari daqvemde
barebulobis SegrZneba? risken ubiZgebs maT sakuTari arsebobis interpretacia
_ qmedebisa Tu umoqmedobisaken?
usaxlkaroebi
1 950-ian wlebSi sruliad gaqra `SantiTaunebi~ da Sasis rigebi, sadac Tavs iyridnen mTeli
qveynis miusafarni da Rarib-Ratakni. Uusaxlkaroba ukve problema aRar iyo. me-20 sauku
nis 70-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi usaxlkaroTa rixcvma uceb moimata.
dRes mawanwala usaxlkaroebi qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebisTvis bunebrivi movlenaa. usaxl
karoTa aRricxva problemuria, radgan isini `umisamarTod~ cxovroben. erT-erTi kvlevisas
TavSesafrebsa da sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Ramis mTevelTa ricxvi daiTvales da daadgines,
rom im TvisaTvis 350000 amerikeli usaxlkaro iyo (jenksi, 1994) Tumca es Zalian cvalebadi ci
fria. yovelwliurad minimum 1.2 milionamde mozardi xdeba usaxlkaro droebiT mainc.
usaxlkaroTa 3/4 mamakacia, aqedan 60% TeTrkaniani, 40% _ Savkaniani; maTgan TiTqmis yvela
dauojaxebelia da umravlesoba 37 wlamde asakisaa (Slei da rosi, 1992).
311
debatebi
ratom arian adamianebi usaxlkaroebi da saidan modian isini? aris Tu ara sazogadoeba
valdebuli, uzrunvelyos yvela moqalaqe saarsebo minimumiT, kerZod, TavSesafriT? sazoga
doebis nawili Tvlis, rom usaxlkaroebi arian im ekonomikuri sistemebis msxverplni, romelic
adamianebze maRla mogebas ayenebs da ar qmnis sakmaris samuSao adgilebs. miuTiTeben meryev
socialuri usafrTxoebis meryev qselzec, romelic ar icavs im adamianebs, romelTac ara aqvT
damoukideblad funqcionirebis saSualeba (sulierad avadmyofi adamiani), an didi regresi ga
nicades cxovrebaSi. Aisini ki, vinc uaryofiTad pasuxobs am kiTxvaze, Tavad usaxlkaroebs adana
Sauleben da maT `usaqmurTa~ morig jgufad Tvlian.
analizi
usaxlkaroba nawilobriv socialuri struqturis, socialuri mowyobis anareklia, ro
melic zRudavs an afarToebs cxovrebiseul Sansebsa da saSualebebs. me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebSi, rodesac sawarmoebSi Semcirda maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis ricxvi, ufro meti
xalxi gaxda iZulebuli, gadasuliyo dabalanazRaurebad momsaxurebis sferoSi da, Sesabamisad,
gaizarda konkurencia ubralo, dabalkvalificiur, fizikur momuSaveTa Soris. bevri adamiani
aRmoCnda umuSevari, magram ufro metad mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom TiTqmis arc erT maTgans ar
hqonda axlo momavalSi muSaobis perspeqtiva, anu iqca umuSevrad xangrZlivi vadiT. siRaribis
es mzardi maCvenebeli kidev ufro gaamwvava saxelmwifo daxmarebebis Semcirebam. amavdroulad
Semcirda dabalSemosavlian TavSesafarTa mowodebac (kozoli 1988). Senobebi mitovebul iqna
(an gadamwvari sadazRvevo fulisaTvis), zogi nageboba daingra, raTa momxdariyo urbanuli ga
naxleba, danarCeni gadakeTda saSualo da maRali klasis sacxovrebel adgilebad. 1973 da 1979
wlebs Soris SualedSi TveSi 200 dolarad dasaqiravebeli 900000-ze meti sacxovrebeli er
Teuli sruliad gaqra erovnuli bazridan (snou da andersoni 1992); gauCinarda daaxloebiT
1 milionamde sawoli sastumroebis erTkacian oTaxebSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
usaxlkaroebisTvis ukanasknel TavSesafars warmoadgenda, (levitasi 1990). mTavrobas araferi
gaukeTebia TavSesafrebis Semcirebis mzardi tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod. marTlac, reiganis
administraciam 75%-iT Seamcira dafinanseba dabalSemosavlian sacxovrebel binebze (lengi,
1989; erovnuli gansaxlebis samuSao jgufi, 1988)
am struqturulma faqtorebma didi uimedoba gamoiwvia. magram ara yvela qronikulad da
ukiduresad Raribi adamiani gaxda usaxlkaro. ra iwvevs gansxvavevbas adamianebis umweobis do
neebs Soris?
individualuri umweobis asaxsnelad Cven unda davakvirdeT socialur qmedebas an umoqme
dobas. bevri usaxlkaro adamiani itanjeba `dagrovili ubedurebebisagan~ anu problemebisagan,
romlebic SeiZleba maTi mizeziT iyos (an ar iyos) gamowveuli: qronikul umuSevrobas damate
buli sulieri avadmyofoba, susti fizikuri janmrTeloba, alkoholizmi, narkotikebi, krimi
naluri warsuli an ramdenime maTganis kombinacia (rosi, 1989). Tumca rTulia mizezisa da Sede
gis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.
yvela am problemas iwvevs zogi adamianis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze. usaxlkaroebs cnobis
moyvareobis dasakmayofilebeli sagnebiviT eqcevian, Tavs uflebas aZleven, daakvirdnen da
Seuracxyon. keTili nebis iSviaTma gamovlinebam SeiZleba Seamciros tkivili, magram stigma da
uimedoba ar mcirdeba. saerTo TavSesafrebsa da bufetebSi misuli moxaliseebic ki cdiloben,
usaxlkaroebTan SeinarCunon distancia. Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze _ swored
312
es aris ZiriTadi Seuracxyofa. is adamianebic ki, romlebic TiTqos TanaugrZnoben usaxlkaro
ebs, ar isurveben maT yofnas sakuTari saxlis axlomaxlo – aqedan, saidanac gaCnda fenomeni
NIMBY (`ara Cems ukana ezoSi~). axali TavSesafrebisa da bufetebis Senebis idea did winaaRm
degobas Sexvda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan. saagentoebi, romlebic adre cdilobdnen
usaxlkaroTa daxmarebas, amJamad aRarc ki cdiloben maTTvis mudmivi TavSesafrebisa Tu sa
muSao adgilis povnas, radganac aseTi arc arsebobs. isini ubralod cdiloben, usaxlkaroebi
uzurnvelyon gadaudebeli daxmarebiT. umweoebTan mudmivi urTierTobisas socialur muSakebs
uviTardebaT `TanagrZnobisagan gadaRliloba~. saboloo jamSi yvelaferi imiT mTavrdeba, rom
policias eZleva davaleba, Seamciros usaxlkaroTa gadaadgilebebi da rogorme sazogadoebis
Tvals moaSoros isini. erT-erTma policielma aRniSna, rom misi saqmea, usaxlkaroebi moqalaqe
Ta mzeras gaaridos (snou da andersoni, 1993).
adamianebi uecrad ar xdebian samudamod usaxlkaroebi; `usaxlkaroTa kariera~ viTarde
ba etapebad (snou da andersoni, 1993). erTi etapidan meoreSi gadasvla gardauvalia, TuUmca
damokidebulia individis qmedebasa da sxvebis reaqciaze. rodesac individi pirvelad aRmoCnde
ba quCaSi, is SeSinebuli da dezorientirebulia, ar icis saiT mibrundes, vis endos, an saerTod
rogor gadarCes. isini cdiloben, imoZraon damxmare saagentoebis mimarTulebiT (rogoricaa,
xsnis armia) da auxsnan maT sakuTari warsulis Sesaxeb. amiT isini cdiloben, moaxdinon sakuTari
Tavis gansxvavebulobis xazgasma usaxlkarosagan, da gadadgan konkretuli nabijebi situaci
idan Tavis dasaRwevad. usaxlkaros kariera SesaZlebelia aqve dasruldes, Tuki man moulodne
lad ipova stabiluri samuSao, an oTaxi megobarTan erTad. meore etapze gvxdebian `stedlere
bi~, romelTac ukve iswavles, TuU rogor gaitanon Tavi da ar eSiniaT sxva usaxlkaroebisa. isini
jer kidev saubroben quCisagan Tavis daRwevaze, magram maTi gegmebi bundovani da gaugebaria.
`autsaiderebs~ anu gariyulebs ukve sabolood aqvT gawyvetili kavSiri tradiciul sazoga
doebasTan. isini quCaSi gadarCenaze (da ara cxovrebaze) arian orientirebulni da gaTavisebuli
aqvT quCasTan identifikacia. aseTi adamianebi TavianT warsuls sxvis mier gavlili cxovrebis
gzad miiCneven.
aAdamianTa umravlesoba trotuarze CaZinebuli qalis danaxvisas ise iqceva, TiTqos
usaxlkaro mis gverdiT ar aris da mxolod sazogadoebis farglebs gareT arsebobs. garkveul
wilad usaxlkaroebi funqciurad mainc erwymian sazogadoebas. isini warmoadgenen iseTi orga
nizaciebis arsebobis mizezs da upirveles klienturas, rogoricaa xsnis armia da msgavsi orga
nziaciebi _ socialuri samsaxuris saagentoebi, TavSesafrebi, eklesiis bufetebi, narkotikisa
da alkoholizmis sareabilitacio programebi da sxva. garkveulwilad usaxlkaroTa gadaude
beli daxmarebis samsaxurebi TavisTavad ukve qmnian Tavisebur `industrias~.
gareSe pirisaTvis usaxlkaroTa cxovreba SeiZleba Zalian qaoturi, araorganizebuli da
uazro Candes, magram sinamdvileSi quCis cxovrebam Seqmna kultura Tu qvekultura sakuTari
moraluri kodeqsis, socialuri urTierTobebisa da identurobis niSniT (snou da anderso
ni, 1993). bevri usaxlkari Tavs irwmunebs, rom `is, rac warmavalia, momavalicaa~ da rom `ra
sac dasTes, imas moimki~. esaa samagieros gadaxdis norma, romelic karnaxobs maT, gainawilon
erTmaneTSi is mciredi, rac gaaCniaT, riTac kidev ufro ikvreba usaxlkaroTa sazogadoeba.
usaxlkaroebi, agreTve, xelmZRvaneloben pricipiT `me mivxedav Cems saqmes da sxvamac sakuTars
mixedos~. quCis urTierTobebi xasiaTdeba, erTi mxriv, swrafi da ioli gaSinaurebiT da, meore
mxriv, undoblobiTa da arastabilurobiT. orma adamianma SeiZleba erT wuTSi erTmaneTs Se
hficos samudamo Zmoba da meore wuTs orive Tavisi gziT wavides. usaxlkaroTa Soris arsebuli
aseTi moSvebuli socialuri urTierTobebi ganpirobebulia garemoTi. ramdenadac isini iSvia
Tad rCebian erTsa da imave adgilas, axlo urTierTobebi maTTvis ucxoa.
313
sakuTari Tavdajerebulobis gadasarCenad usaxlkaroebi xSirad acxadeben, axla raRac bedi
ar mwyalobso. bedis cneba maT aridebs pasuxismgeblobas, riTac itoveben SesaZleblobas, rom
bedi SeiZleba Seicvalos. bevri maTgani ixlarTeba tyuilebSi _ dawyebuli warsulis galamaze
biT, damTavrebuli wminda wylis gamogonebiT (magaliTad, male misaRebi zRapruli memkvidreobis
Sesaxeb). rogori istoriac unda hqondes TiToeul usaxlkaros, saboloo jamSi arc erTi maTgani ar
Rebulobs pasiurad im negatiur kliSes, romelsac maT sazogadoeba aniWebs. miuxedavad amisa, dau
wereli kanonis mixedviT, usaxlkaroebi arasodes aprotesteben erTmaneTis gamonagons.
saboloo jamSi uimedoba asaxavs ZiriTad urTierTobebs. korporaciebs unari SeswevT,
gadaaadgilon qarxnebi, maRaziebi, da samsaxurebi erTi qalaqidan meoreSi an qveynis gareT; uZ
ravi qonebis mmarTvelebs aqvT Zalaufleba, iyidon dabalrentiani saxlebi da aagon axali ufro
momgebiani struqturebi; adgilobriv xelisuflebas ufleba aqvs, miiRos kanoni, romelic krZa
lavs usaxlkaroTa quCaSi, tramvaisa da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Zils. aRmasruleblebi,
romlebic am kanonebs adgenen, sulac ar arian cudi adaminebi, ubralod maT aqvT Zalaufleba,
miaRwion TavianT miznebs, Tundac es sxvebis pirdapir Tu iribad dazaralebas niSnavdes.
Tumca SedarebiT uunaro, uimedo usaxlkaroebsac aqvT arCevani. bevri imitom ar midis
TavSesafarSi, rom acnobierebs, iq misvliT dakargavs avtonomiasa da individualurobas; amas
Tanave, misi azriT, es adgili bevrad ufro saSiSia, vidre quCaSi Zili.
funqciuri integracia
314
da muris Teoriis sxva aspeqtebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes (ix kerbo, 1991 gv.
129-134). magaliTad, aris ki amerikaSi yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebi
funqciurad marTlac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da moiTxovs Tu ara is ganaTlebaSi
yvelaze did investicias? unda SevTanxmdeT, rom eqimis profesia marTlac mniS
vnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis, am profesiis dauflebas esaWiroeba specialuri
niWi da gamocdileba. eqimTan SedarebiT, damlagebeli ar aris mniSvnelovani, arc
gansakuTrebuli niWi da gamocdileba esaWiroeba. amitom eqimebs ufro mets ux
dian, vidre damlageblebs. magram Tu am ukiduresobebs gavcdebiT, Teoria nakleb
mdgradi xdeba. gacilebiT meti ganaTleba da niWi esaWiroeba skolis maswavle
bels, vidre finansur menejers, magram maswavleblebs bevrad ufro dabali anaz
Raureba aqvT. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana dausruleblad SeiZleba.
devisi da muri ZiriTad yuradRebas imas uTmobdnen, Tu ramdenad funqciuria
motivacia sazogadoebisTvis mTlianobaSi, da mxedvelobidan gamorCaT is, Tu vin
iRebda sargebels araTanasworobis konkretuli struqturisagan. arc is gauT
valiswinebiaT, Tu ra xarisxiTaa es araTanasworoba aucilebeli, rom xalxma se
riozuli kiTxvis niSani ar dausvas am status kvos.
Zalaufleba
315
sistema, amis garda lobistebis mier miniWebuli privilegiebiTac sargebloben
(ufaso mgzavroba mdidrul kurortebze. da a.S)
veberis mizani iyo ara marto gansazRvra, Zalauflebisa, rogorc Semosavlisa
da simdidris wyarosi, aramed is, rom TavisTavad biurokratiac warmoadgens so
cialuri klasifikaciis wyaros. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi biz
nesis umetesobas marTaven ara maTi realuri mflobelebi, aramed profesionali
menejerebi. milionobiT kerZo pirs, sapensio fondsa Tu sxva korporaciebs aqvT
TavianTi wili IBM-Si, magram kompania TavisTavad warmoadgens biurokratiul
aparats, romelsac marTavs prezidenti, Tavmjdomare da a.S. maT kavSiri aqvT
umaRles saxelisuflo biurokratiasTan da amrigad, TavianTi gavlenis wyalo
biT qmnian klasobriv Zalauflebas (domhofi, 1993).
klasobrivi Zalauflebis magaliTia arCevnebic. rogorc sabolood Sedegi
dan Cans yvela amerikelic ar aris Tanasworuflebiani da ara aqvs Tanabari
ufleba reklamasa da arCevnebisaTvis aucilebel sxva aqsesuarze. marqsis erT-
erTi mimdevari antonio gramski (1971) amtkicebda, rom yuradReba unda gavamax
viloT kulturul Zalauflebaze. roca gvaswavlian, rom ZiriTadi yuradReba
unda davuTmoT gamdidrebas da ara socialuri sistemis gadasinjvas, da rom es
sistema aucilebelia, amiT gvaiZuleben, SeveguoT am sistemas, da Zalauflebas
gvarTmeven. `saxalxo kultura~ TiTqos yvelaze ufro popularuli sistemaa,
elitaruli kulturis sapirispirod, magram isic ki asaxavs da amkvidrebs kapi
talisturi sazogadoebis uTanasworobas, romelSic TiTqos yvelas aqvs dawinau
rebis ufleba magram sinamdvileSi cota Tu SeZlebs amas.
kultura
316
vnelovan wyarod. dResac ki warmatebuli da mdidari indoelebi dabali kaste
bidan dacinvis sagani xdebian maRal kastad miCneuli Raribi magram `wminda~
brahmanebis mier. amisagan gansxvavebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom miiCneva, TiTqos
amerikulma sazogadoebam mainc ver daaRwia Tavi rasobriv da genderul aspeqtSi
gansxvavebulobas, amerikelebis umravlesoba arCevs, xazi gausvas miRweul sta
tuss, romelic Sromisa da warmatebis Sedegia.
amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis sulieri siwminde naklebad prioritetuli
Rirebulebaa. amis sanacvlod amerikelebi xazs usvamen kulturul da socialur
faqtorebs, magaliTad, imas, Tu rogor gamoimuSaveben da xarjaven fuls, vin
iyvnen maTi winaprebi, vis icnoben da ramdenad warmatebulebi arian saqmianobaSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikelebisaTvis profesia prestiJis mTavari ganmsazR
vrelia. profesiebs ki afaseben misgan miRebuli sargeblobis mixedviT, da ara
gavlenisa Tu simdidris gamo.
prestiJi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis klasifikaciis sistemis mniSvnelovani
nawilia. eqimebi, iuristebi da universitetebis profesorebi TavianT profesiebs
prestiJulad miiCneven da imedi gaucruvdebaT, Tu maTi Svilebi biznes-kari
eras airCven. erTsa da imave profesiaSi ki adamianebi prestiJs met upiratesobas
aniWeben simdidresTan SedarebiT. Ees aris swored mTavari ganmasxvavebeli biz
nessa da profesiebs Soris. Bbiznesis SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba, diskebis
maRazia gaqvs Tu tansacmlis _ TiToeuli maTganis upiratesoba gamoixateba mis
mier miRebul mogebaSi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, kargi eqimi aris is, romelic ukeT
mkurnalobs pacients da ara is, romelic met fuls gamoimuSavebs. amas garda, Cven
miviCnevT, rom eqimi cudia, Tuki is ar umkurnalebs pacients, romelsac fuli ara
aqvs. magram aravin gamoTqvams sayvedurs gastronomze, Tu is ar mogyidiT bost
neuls maSin, rodesac Tqven fuli ara gaqvT.
frangi sociologi pier burdie (1984) miiCnevs, rom prestiJi mniSvnelovania
ara marto profesionalebisaTvis, aramed ierarqiis nebismier safexurze mdgomi
adamianisaTvis. burdies azriT, klasobrivi pozicia simdidresa da Zalaufle
basTan erTad damokidebulia `kulturul kapitalzec~, romelsac sargebloba
moaqvs individisaTvis Tavisi prestiJis gamo. magaliTad, kolejis diplomi Ta
visTavad arc warmoebis saSualebaa da arc Zalauflebis iaraRi, magram misi meS
veobiT SeiZleba moipovo simdidreca da Zalauflebac, Tuki is gexmareba kargi
samsaxuris povnaSi (burdie 1977). zogjer kulturuli kapitali efeqturia iq,
sadac fuli ar Wris. magaliTad, harvardis kursdamTavrebuls gza xsnili aqvs
iseT klubebSi, sadac milioners Sesvlis Sansic ar aqvs. kulturuli kapitali
iseve araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli, rogorc simdidre da Zalaufleba. yvela
amerikels ara qvs saSualeba harvardSi (an sxva romelime dafnis gvirgvinosan
kolejSi) miiRos ganaTleba. elitaruli kolejebis kursdamTavrebulebs ki xeli
miuwvdebaT iseT upiratesobebze, rogoricaa sazRvargareT swavlis ufleba, sa
patio sazogadoebis wevroba da a.S.
317
socialuri qmedeba
318
nesi, qiraoben sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs da did riskze midian, rodesac Svilebs
karg kolejebSi agzavnian (laiti, 1993w.).
funqcionaluri integraciis problemebze muSaobisas devisi da muri aqcents
akeTebdnen individualur qmedebebze. maTi azriT, sazogadoebis wevrebis motivi
reba muSaobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania da aRar tovebs adgils individualuri
kaprizebisTvis. Aaucileblad unda arsebobdes socialurad organizebuli gzebi,
raTa uzrunvelvyoT xalxis mier aucilebeli ganaTlebis miReba, saWiro samuSaos
Sesruleba da amiT araTanasworuflebianobis struqtura da akmayofilebs sakuTar
daniSnulebas. am Teoriis mixedviT, klasobrivi struqtura karnaxobs individebs,
imoqmedon ise, rom sazogadoebis struqturul intergacias xeli Seuwyon.
Tanamedrove sociologebi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian marqsis xedvas, rom ekonomi
kuri struqtura ganapirobebs klasobriv gansxvavebulobas. Tumca amavdroulad
isini aseve eyrdnobian vebers, romelic amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi gansxvavebu
loba ar aris dafuZnebuli mxolod simdidreze. kKlasobrivi Zalaufleba da kul
turuli Rirebulebebi aseve mniSvnelovania da ar SeiZleba Semcirdes maTi roli
ekonomikuri wyaroebiT. maSin, rodesac marqsi xazs usvamda, rom struqturuli
uTanasworoba warmoqmnis konfliqts, mravali Tanamedrove sociologi Tvlis,
rom igive uTanasworoba SeiZleba iyos motivaciis wyaro.
Sejameba
319
4. ojaxuri statusi amerikelebisTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saganmanaT
leblo miswrafebebisa da monapovrebis gansazRvraSi, Tumca, profesiul
statuss SesaZleblobaTa srtuqtura (skolidan dawyebuli) gansazRvravs.
5. siRaribis donem amerikaSi sagrZnoblad aiwia 1980-90-ian wlebSi. gavrcele
buli rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, RaribTa umravlesoba TeTrkaniania, bevri
maTgani ar Rebulobs keTildReobis daxmarebas da ar cxovrobs Sig qalaqeb
Si. yvelaze ufro Raribebi arian bavSvebi, Semdeg _ martoxela qalebi, rom
lebic sakuTar ojaxs marto uZRvebian.
6. umweoTa jgufSi yvelaze ufro swrafad mzardi jgufi momuSave adamianebis
jgufia _ eseni arian qalebi da mamakacebi, romelTa xelfasebic arasakma
risia sakvebis, TavSesafris, tansacmlis da sxva pirveli moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad.
7. SeerTebul StatebSi daxmarebas 14 milioni adamiani iRebs, maTi 2/3 bavSvia,
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani martoxela dedebis raodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria.
bevri qali saxelmwifosgan daxmarebas iRebs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mu
Saobs kidec.
8. komunaluri getoebis hipergetoebad transformirebam xeli Seuwyo Sua qa
laqis mosaxle afro-amerikelebis gaRaribebas. uilsoni amas miawers urba
nuli ekonomikis struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa (gansakuTrebiT `lurj
xalaTianTa~ samuSaobisa da gamyidvelis samsaxurebis Semcirebas, riTac
SesaZlebelia cxovrebisaTvis sakmarisi xelfasis miReba da ar saWiroebs
umaRles ganaTlebas) da getoSi mcxovrebi Raribebis socialur izolacias.
Tumca, es problemebi SeiZleba agreTve gamoiwvios rasobrivma diskrimina
ciam da socializaciam.
9. siRaribis socialuri axsna xazs usvams socialuri klasis struqturas, eli
tis Zalauflebasa da aramaterialuris (prestiJi da moraluri Rirebule
bebi), iseve, rogorc materialuris (simdidre da Zalaufleba) mniSvnelobas.
10. marqsi aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba dayofilia klasebad ekonomikur struq
turaSi adamianebis rolis mixedviT (warmoebasTan maTi damokidebulebis
mixedviT). devisi da muri xazs usvamdnen uTanasworobis rols funqciuri
integraciis xelSewyobis sakiTxSi. veberma wamoayena azri, rom klasobrivi
dayofa mravalganzomilebiani movlenaa, romelic warmoadgens simdidrisa
da Semosavlis, Zalauflebis (pirovnebis SesaZlebloba gavlena moaxdinos
sxvaTa qmedebaze), kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da prestiJis anarekls. yvela
es faqtori _ klasobrivi struqtura, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura _ qmnis socialuri qmedebis saSualebebsa da barierebs.
imsjeleT
320
uflebaze da devisi-muris damokidebuleba funqcionaluri integraciis
koncefciaze.
3. ra rols TamaSobs prestiJi socialuri klasificirebis sakiTxSi?
4. rogor qmnis amerikul klasobriv struqutras simdidre da Semosavali?
5. CamoTvaleT socialuri mobilobis ramdenime ZiriTadi winapiroba.
6. daaxasiaTeT amerikeli Raribi.
7. Tqveni azriT, riT SeiZleba aixsnas usaxlkaroTa mzardi ricxvi?
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
321
klasobrivi dayofis daxuruli sistema _ socialuri klasifikaciis sistema,
romelSic rTuli an SeuZlebelia socialur iererqiaSi aRmasvla. mas uwode
ben daxurul klasobriv sistemasac.
korporaciuli klasi _ im adamianebisagan Semdgari socialuri klasi, romel
Tac aqvT didi biurokratiuli Zalaufleba ZiriTad korporaciebSi (da
xelisuflebaSi) umetesad ara am korporaciebis sakuTrebis safuZvelze.
Semosavali _ is, rasac xalxi gamoimuSavebs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
dasaqmebis an investirebis gziT.
dabali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs xalxTa jgufs sakuTrebis ga
reSe, umeteswilad umuSevarni, romelTac ara aqvT Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
saSualo klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs adamianTa im jgufebs, rom
lebic floben SedarebiT mcire sakuTrebas, magram maTi saqmianoba uzrunvel
yofs maT saSualo SemosavliT, prestiJiTa da avtoritetiT. saSualo klasis
dayofa SesaZlebelia zeda da qveda saSualo qvejgufebad.
klasobrivi dayofis Ria sistema _ es is sistemaa, romelsac ar gaaCnia bevri wi
naaRmdegoba socialuri mobilobis TvalsazrisiT, poziciis mopoveba xdeba
Rirsebis safuZvelze da adamianis wodeba dakavSirebulia mis individualur
miRwevebze.
prestiJi _ socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema an dafaseba, romelic eniWeba ada
mians yvela im Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac sazogadoeba maRal Se
fasebas aZlevs.
socialuri klasi _ adamianebi, romlebic dganan socialuri klasifikaciis
sistemis erTsa da imave doneze.
socialuri mobiloba _ adamianTa gadaadgileba erTi socialuri poziciidan
meoreSi, zemoT an qvemoT.
klasobrivi dayofa _ sazogadoebis danawevreba adamianTa fenebad, romelTac
aqvT resursis araTanabari raodenoba.
struqturuli mobiloba _ sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi profesiebis rao
denobisa da saxeobebis cvlileba im mSromelTa raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi,
romelTac maTi Sesrulebis unari SeswevT.
maRali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian mdidari ojaxebi. didi qone
ba maT did Zalauflebasac aniWebs.
materialuri keTildReoba _ (simdidre) is, rasac xalxi flobs da SeuZlia mo
maval Taobebs gadasces.
muSaTa klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian Raribi adamianebi. isini yidian
TavianT Sromas Tavis gadasarCenad, samuSao aZlevs maT dabal Semosavals da
dabal prestiJs. muSaTa klasis adaminebs ar gaaCniaT aranairi avtoriteti.
322
Tavi 8
rasa da eTnosi
kulturuli mravalferovneba
. erovneba: emigranti . rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi
multikulturuli amerika
. afro-amerikelebi . laTino-amerikelebi
. mkvidri amerikelebi . aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
mtkice moqmedeba
323
324
C rdiloeT karolinis universitetSi arsebobs erTi Zveli tradicia: damam
Tavrebeli kursis studentebi universitets saCuqars utoveben. studen
tebma, romlebic 1987 wels amTavrebdnen universitets, cnobil skulptors Seuk
veTes qandakeba, romelic studentur cxovrebas asaxavda da romelic axladgaxsnili
biblioTekis win daidgmeboda. qandakeba 1990 wlis Semodgomaze dadges, rasac
dauyovnebliv mohyva protesti. qandakeba gamosaxavda studentTa jgufs, sadac
ori, aSkarad afro-amerikeli studenti eria. erT maTgans Tavze wigni edo da ise
inarCunebda wonasworobas, xolo meore, TiTis wverze kalaTburTis burTs atri
alebda. aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti sadad iyo Cacmuli da xelSi vio
lino ekava. mravali studentis azriT, qandakeba mxars uWerda rasobriv da eTni
kur stereotipebs. afro-amerikeli studentebi sportsmenebad (da aqedan
gamomdinare ara `seriozul~ studentebad) iyvnen warmodgenilni, romelTa fesve
bi `primitiuli~ kulturidan modioda (warmodgenili Savkaniani qaliT, romelsac
Tavze tvirTi adevs), xolo aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti uineteresosa
da ambiciuri adamianis STabeWdilebas tovebda. moqandakis mcdelobam, daeWira
rasobrivi da eTnikuri gansxvavebebis detalebi, sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo.
aRSfoTeba kidev ufro gaizarda, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom viRacas afro-
amerikeli studentis qandakeba waeqcia da burTi moepara. vandalebis dakaveba
dRemde ver moxerxda. aravin icis, vin Caidina es saqcieli _ TeTrkanianma ra
sistebma, romlebic ganawyenebulebi darCenen afro-amerikeli studentebis mox
vedriT am qandakebaSi, Tu afro-amerikelma studentebma, romlebmac amgvarad
gamoxates protesti stereotipis winaaRmdeg. saCivrebisa da ukmayofilebis tal
Ram universitetis administracia aiZula, qandakeba sxva, ufro naklebSesamCnev
adgilas (studenturi sacxovreblis teritoriaze) gadaetanaT.
arc 1987 wlis kursdamTavrebulebi, arc fakulteti da arc administracia
ar moeloda amgvar reaqcias. studentebma specialurad sTxoves moqandakes,
gaeTvaliswinebina universitetis multikulturuli imiji. rodesac moqandakes
sTxoven, warmoadginos sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebi SezRudul
sivrceSi, is gverds ver auvlis kulturul stereotipebs. aucilebeli araa, rom
stereotipebi yovelTvis uaryofiT datvirTvas atarebdes. sxva kolejebisa da
universitetebis msgavsad, CrdiloeT karolinis universiteti xels uwyobs, raTa
mwvrTnelebma moZebnon kalaTburTis varskvlavebi, romelTa didi nawili Savka
niania. universitets arsebobisaTvis sWirdeba Tanxebi, kalaTburTiT ki SeiZleba
am Tanxis nawilis gamomuSaveba da kursdamTavrebulebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxvebi
ufro met fuls gascemen universitetisaTvis, rodesac misi gundi igebs. sportu
li stipendiebi saSualebas aZlevs socialurad daucvel studnetebs eTnikuri
umciresobebis jgufebidan, iswavlon kolejSi, risi saSualebac maT ar eqnebo
daT stipendiebis gareSe. aravin, arc Savkaniani da arc TeTrkaniani, ar gamoTqvams
protests, rodesac gundi igebs. universiteti aseve daeZebs studentebs, romle
bic gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian maTematikaSi, bunebismetyvelebasa da musikaSi.
maTgan bevria aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli. aravin gamoTqvams protetsts maT
325
CaricxvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic eyrdnoba maRal Sefasebas. ufro metic,
bevri afro-amerikeli studenti amayobs sakuTari warmomavlobiT da, Sesabamis
ad, bevri aziuri warmoSobis studenti amayobs, rom isini ufro mowesrigebulebi
da organizebulebi arian, vidre maTi amerikeli Tanatolebi.
CrdiloeT karolinis univeristeti gamonaklisi ar aris. qandakebasTan dakav
Sirebuli incidenti erT-erTi gamovlinebaa im rasobrivi da eTnikuri dapirispi
rebis talRisa, romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi amerikis kolejebi da universitetebi
moicva. aseTi SemTxvevebi im faqtis gamoZaxilia, rom amerika, romelic eTniku
rad gansxvavdeba Tavisi sawyisisagan, axla ufro metad vidre odesme, warmoad
gens multikulturul sazogadoebas. rasobrivi da eTnikuri uTanasworoba Cveni
qveynis erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa. amave dros, kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba
warmoadgens amerikis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier mxaresa da Semoqmedebis wyaros.
kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs iyo `amerikeli~ (iseve, rogorc rasobrivi da eTnikuri
uTanasworobis mizezis dadgenis sakiTxi), dRemde ar aris gadaWrili.
es Tavi kulturuli mravalferovnebis wyaros ganxilviT iwyeba da Semdeg
aqcenti keTdeba emigrantebis mniSvnelobaze amerikis istoriaSi. amis Semdeg
gavarkvevT, Tu ra saxis damokidebuleba arsebobs sazogadoebaSi Tavisi kultu
riT gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris. es Zalauflebisa da socialuri struqturis
sakiTxia. bolos yuradRebas SevaCerebT oTx yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufze:
afro-amerikelebze, laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebze, mkvidr amerikelebsa da
aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebze da ganvixilavT, Tu ramdenad arian TiToeuli
jgufis wevrebi funqciurad gaerTianebulni amerikuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebSi. vimsjelebT agreTve socio-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Sedegebzec.
kulturuli mravalferovneba
erovneba: emigranti
326
saukuneSi pirveli dasaxlebebi Seqmnes, agreTve 600000-mde afrikeli monisa da im
espenelebisa da frangebis STamomavlebi, romlebic dasavleTisa da aRmosavle
Tis mimarTulebiT SeerTebuli Statebis gafarToebis Sedegad SeuerTdnen qvey
nis mosaxleobas.
amerikelebis umravlesoba emigrantTa oTxi ZiriTadi nakadis STamomavlebi
arian (mosaxleobis biuleteni, 1994). emigrantebis pirveli nakadi (1890-1820),
romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
periodSi dasaxlda qveyanaSi, ZiriTadad im ingliseli protestantebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTa umravlesoba religiur Tavisuflebas eZebda. meore nakadi
(1820-1860) im evropeli glexebisa da xelosnebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic indus
triulma revoluciam iZulebuli gaxda, arsebobis sxva saSualeba gamoenaxaT.
swored am periodSi gaixsna gza amerikis dasavleTisaken. emigrantTa es jgufi
5 milionamde germanelis, britanelis, irlandielisa (ZirTiadad kaTolikeebi)
da skandinavielisagan Sedgeboda. mesame nakadis (1880-1914) Semodineba SeerTe
buli Statebis samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi daiwyo da pirvel msoflio om
Tan erTad dasrulda. am nakadSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis 20 milionamde
macxovrebeli iyo, romelTa Soris mravlad iyvnen marTlmadidebeli qristianebi
an ebraelebi. am droisaTvis qveyanaSi ukve Zalas ikrebda industriuli revolu
cia. emigrantTa umetesoba aRmosavleT sanapiros ZiriTad qalaqebSi dasaxlda da
qarxnebSi daiwyo muSaoba. amave periodSi qveyanaSi Tavi moiyara SvidasiaTasamde
Cinelma, iaponelma da sxva aziuri warmoSobis emigrantma, romlebic rkinigzebze
da dasavleTis sanapiros qalaqebSi muSaobdnen. meoTxe nakadi jer kidev ar das
rulebula.
1914 wlis Semdeg emigraciis nakadi Sesustda nawilobriv gadatanili ori
msoflio omisa da didi depresiis gamo, xolo nawilobriv SeeTebuli Statebis gam
kacrebuli kanonis gamo emigrantebis Sesaxeb, romelmac daamkvidra kvotirebis
sistema, anu TiToeul qveyanas daudgina emigrantebis konkretuli ricxvi. zemo
xsenebuli kanonis SemoReba warmoadgenda amerikis kulturuli erTobis SenarCu
nebis mcdelobas, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom mxolod im adamianebs, romlebic
evropuli warmoSobis TeTrkanian amerikelebs Tavis msgavsad miaCndaT da rom
lebic iolad SeZlebdnen dominant amerikul kulturasTan Serwymas, eZleodaT
cxovrebis nebarTva.
1965 wels gauqmda kvotirebis sistema da Semovida axali, romelic upirate
sobas aniWebda im emigrantebs 1) romelTa ojaxis wevrebic ukve cxovrobdnen
StatebSi da 2) imaT, visac gaaCnda amerikul Sromis bazarze moTxovnadi unar-
Cvevebi da gamocdileba. Tumca, axalma kanonma ver SeZlo, bolomde daeRwia Tavi
kulturuli da politikuri mikerZoebisagan. pirvel rigSi, SemoRebuli iqna re
gionaluri kvotirebis sistema, romelic iTvaliswinebda emigrantebis Tanabari
raodenobis miRebas evropidan, aziidan, afrikidan da samxreT amerikidan. erTi
SexedviT, es politika sruliad samarTliania, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris.
magaliTad, amerika iRebs imdenive emigrants mWidrod dasaxlebuli aziidan, ram
densac patara evropidan.
327
meore rigSi upiratesoba eniWeba maT, visac axlo naTesavebi hyavT amerikaSi.
ojaxebis gaerTianeba keTilSobiluri saqmea, magram es moqmedebs im ojaxebis sasi
keTod, romlebic ukve cxovroben StatebSi da romelTa umravlesobac evropuli
warmomavlobisaa. Tumca, zogma araevropuli warmoSobis ojaxmac (magaliTad, in
doelebma da pakistanelebma) isargebla am sistemiT.
mesame rigSi, amerikis mTavroba emigraciis sakiTxs sagareo politikaSi iye
nebs. ltolvilebi, romlebic sakuTar qveynebSi politikur devnas gamoeqcnen, spe
cialuri pirobebiT sargebloben. Tumca, gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis unda
mieniWos ltolvilis statusi, seleqciur xasiaTs atarebs. 1980-ian wlebSi SeerTe
bulma Statebma miiRo im nikaraguelebis umetesoba, romlebic amtikicebdnen, rom
komunisti sandinistas (romelic Semdgomi gadayenebul iqna) mTavroba maT devnida.
magram, didi survili ar gamoumJRavnebia, mieRo emigrantebi nikaraguas mezobeli
el-salvadoridan, sadac msgavsi represiuli reJimi iyo gamefebuli. saqme is iyo,
rom el-salvadoris mTavroba, gansxvavebiT nikaraguisagan, Statebis mokavSires
warmoadgenda. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis damxobamde amerikis
moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvel yvela adamians avtomaturad eZleoda ltolvilis
statusi. Statebis mTavroba imave privilegiiT ar anebivrebda eTiopiis marqsis
tuli reJimidan Tavis daRwevis msurvelT, miuxedavad imisa, rom icoda maTi da
patimrebis, wamebis an mkvlelobis maRali riskis Sesaxeb sakuTar qveyanaSi.
328
1965 wlidan moyolebuli, emigrantTa ricxvi mkveTrad gaizarda (sqema 8.1).
1980-ian wlebSi daaxloebiT 10 milioni legaluri (da aralegaluri) emigranti
Semovida qveyanaSi, romelmac gadaaWarba manamde rekordad aRiarebul saukunis
pirvel dekadaSi dafiqsirebul 9 milions (frei da tilovi, 1995). axali emigran
tebi ramdenime kuTxiT gansxvavdebian ufro Zveli emigrantebisagan. maTi 80
procenti Camovida laTinuri amerikidan an aziidan, rac ganapirobebs maTi enisa
da tradiciebis mkveTr gansxvavebas evro-amerikelebis ZiriTad masasTan. isini
ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre mTeli amerikis mosaxleoba da, savaraudod,
hyavT (an axlo momavalSi eyolebaT) axalgazrda Svilebi. Tanac, mraval maTgans
umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli: 1993 wels miRebuli emigrantebis naxevar
ze meti, romlebic arCeul iqnen dasaqmebis upiratesobiT, iyvnen menejerebi da
administratorebi, an profesionalebi da teqnikuri eqspertebi. pirvelad is
toriaSi, emigrantebis mniSvnelovani ricxvi mzard konkurencias uwevs saSualo
fenis amerikelebs.
yvelaze gvian Casuli emigrantebi cvlian qveynis struqturas. maTi sami meoT
xedi mxolod 6 StatSia dasaxlebuli (kalifornia, niu-iorki, texasi, florida, niu-
jersi da ilinoisi) xolo erTi meoTxedi, rva yvelaze did metropolitanSi cxov
robs. es imas niSnavs, rom emigraciis gavlena, romelic aseve vrceldeba skolebis,
samedino servisisa da dasaqmebis mzard moTxovnaze, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria zogi
erT adgilas. emigraciis maRalma maCvenebelma gamoiwvia `TeTrkanianTa gadinebis~
axali forma (ix. Tavi 12. ganaTleba). 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, niu-iorkSi,
CikagoSi, los-anjelesSi, hiustonsa da feniqsiSi Casul 10 emigrantze 9 adgilob
rivi mcxovrebi modioda, romlebic tovebdnen am qalaqebs. amJamad, TeTrkanianebi
ubralod ki ar toveben qalaqebs da maT gareubnebSi gadadian sacxovreblad, isini
mTel regionebs toveben da ufro `TeTr~ adgilebSi – magaliTad, tampa-st. pe
terburgi, sietli, feniqsi, atlanta da las vegasi – saxldebian, romlebic gansa
kuTrebiT ar izidavs emigrantebs (frei da tilovi, 1995. gv. 44).
emigrantebis koncentraciisa da TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis gadinebis kombina
ciam warmoSva ori sxvadasxva eri (frei da tilovi, 1995). zogierT adgilebSi amerika
mkveTr cvlilebas ganicdis da rogorc kulturulad, aseve rasobrivad gansxvave
buli xdeba. es amerika warmoadgenlia portebiT – san franciskodan hiustonamde
dasavleTiT, bostonidan vaSingtonamde da maiamamde aRmosavleTiT _ amas damate
buli Cikago centralur dasavleTSi. `sxva~ amerika qveynis mTeli danarCeni nawi
lia, sadac emigrantTa ricxvi da Sesabamisad maTi gavlena Zalian mcirea.
329
aRarc diskriminacias ganicdian. zogierTma jgufma, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, rom
lebic ufro gvian Cavidnen amerikaSi (magaliTad samxreT-aRmosavleT qalaqebSi,
agreTve poulsa da CikagoSi mcxovrebi irlandielebi), sadac maT mimarT mkve
Trad mtrul damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen, ufro metad SeinarCunes erovneba.
ramdenime jgufi, gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis gan
mavlobaSi xdebian diskriminaciis msxverplni, gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamoirCe
vian TavianTi identobiT. eseni arian afro-amerikelebi, laTinuri da aziuri war
moSobis amerikelebi.
termini umciresobis jgufi aRniSnavs im adamianebs, romlebsac ar swyalo
ben da xSirad uweven diskriminacias. es termini gaCnda iq, sadac mosaxleobis
umetesobas saerTo kulturuli Rirebulebebi aqvs. isini Cagraven emigrantebs an
kontrols uweven im mosaxleobas, romelic `gansxvavdeba~ maTgan. Tumca, am gan
sxvavebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. zogierT SemTxvevaSi jgufi, romlis
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi izRudeba, ricxobrivad umravlesobas warmoad
gens. magaliTad, samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli reJimis pirobebSi, Savkanian
afrikelebs epyrobodnen rogorc umciresobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini mo
saxleobis 70 procents Seadgendnen. amerikaSi qalebi procentulad metni arian
_ isini mosaxleobis 52 procents Seadgenen, magram maT xSirad epyrobian rogor
umciresobas. qalebis Rirebulebebi da moTxovnebi xSirad `specialur intere
sebad~ iwodeba, xolo TeTrkaniani mamakacebis Rirebulebebi da moTxovnebi `sa
jaro interesad~ aRiqmeba (ix. Tavi 9) yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli kriteriumebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba adamianebis garkveuli kategoriisaTvis umcireso
bis statusis miniWeba, gaxlavT rasa da eTnikuroba.
330
sebobda (j. marksi, 1994). mraval StatSi moqmedebda kanoni, romelic krZalavda
Sereuli rasis warmomadgenlebis qorwinebas da STamomavlobis yolas (zogierTi
maTgani 1960 wlamdec ki moqmedebda). magram amave dros, saidumlos ar warmoadgen
da is, rom mravali monaTmflobeli etrfoda Savkanian qalebs da maTgan Svilebic
hyavdaT. rogor SeeZlo sasamarTlos gadawyvita, vin iyo Savkaniani? sayovelTao
pasuxi aseTi iyo: nebismieri piri, romelsac erTi romelime winapari mainc hyavda
afro-amerikeli (devisi, 1993). samxreTSi es gansazRvreba `erTi wveTis kanoniT~
iyo cnobili, rac imas niSnavda, rom sisxlis erTi wveTi gansazRvravda adamianis
Savkanianobas. yvelaferma aman, biologiurad sruliad absurduli daskvna gamo
iwvia: gamodioda, rom Savkaniani piris SvilTaSvili upirobod iTvleboda Savka
nianad da amave dros imisaTvis, rom adamiani TeTrkanianad ecnoT, Svidi Taobis
TeTrkaniani winaprebic ki ar kmaroda. ar arsebobda Sualeduri gamosavali, ada
miani an TeTrkaniani unda yofiliyo, an Savkaniani.
Tanamedrove genetika adasturebs, rom adamianebis dayofas rasebad samec
niero mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. biologiuri gansxvaveba adamianebis jgufebs Sig
niT ufro didia, vidre gansxvavebebi jgufebs Soris (j. marqsi, 1994). adamianebi
gansxvavdebian zomis, ferisa da agebulebis mixedviT. yvela jgufSi arsebobs
gamxdari da sruli adamiani, iseve rogorc gansxvavebulia sisxlis jgufi. is, rac
ganasxvavebs erT mosaxleobas meorisagan, aris konkretuli niSnebisa da genebis
mqone adamianTa proporcia. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis jiSebs Soris variacia
warmoadgens gradaciis da ara adamianebis konkretuli jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTe
beli mkafio genetikuri sazRvrebis Sedegs.
ideas rasebis gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb iyeneben politikosebi piradi Tavi
suflebis, samoqalaqo uflebebis, ganaTlebis, keTilmowyobis, samarTlisa da
Cveulebrivi pativiscemis SezRudvis mizniT. 250 welze meti SeerTebul StatebSi
dominirebda `rasobrivi diqtati~, Savkanianebi sistematurad idevnebodnen poli
tikidan da sxva socialuri institutebidan (omi da uinanti, 1994). cvlilebis miuxe
davad, es memkvidreoba jer kidev axdens gavlenas Cvens socialur struqturaze.
rasa socialur identobasac warmoadgens, romelsac Tanabar mniSvnelobas
aniWeben rogorc TeTrkanianebi, aseve Savkanianebic. garkveulwilad monobam Se
qmna `Savkanianis~ kategoria, an afro-amerikelisa imiT, rom aSantesa da ovimbun
dus, iurubasa da bankogos erTsa da imaved moiazrebda da Sesabamisad epyroboda.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi es jgufebi erTmaneTs (da agreTve TeTrkanian amerikeleb
sac) Seerwya. `isini qmnidnen axal kulturul stilsa da identobas sakuTari
amerikuli gamocdilebidan da afrikuli fesvebidan, isini TandaTanobiT yalib
debodnen axal adamianebad, rogorc fizikuri, aseve kulturuli TvalsazrisiT~
(devidi, 1993, gv. 29). identoba, romelic iZulebiTa da zizRiT yalibdeboda,
drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi siamayisa da erTgulebis, politikuri
mobilizaciisa da kulturuli miRwevebis safuZvlad iqca.
dRes adamianebs SeiZleba Ralati daswamon, Tu sakuTar afro-amerikul war
momavlobas pirvel adgilas ar daayeneben. Savkaniani amerikelebi, romlebic so
cializdebian, xvdebian an colad irTaven TeTrkanianebs, Tu ufro Zliers ara,
331
zustad igive winaaRmdegobas awydebian, rogorsac is TeTrkaniani amerikele
bi, romlebsac sxvadasxva rasis megobrebi da partniorebi hyavT. es aris erTi
mizezi, ratomac eZnelebaT TeTrkanian studentebs, gaugon Savkanian Tanato
lebs (blauneri, 1991). TeTrkaniani studentebi `rasobriv problemas~ xSirad
feris Secnobad moiazreben, xolo am problemis gadaWris gzad `daltonizmi~
(daavadeba, rodesac adamiani ferebs ver arCevs) esaxebaT. umetesoba miiCnevs,
rom rasobrivi dayofa amerikis istoriis nawilia, romelic amerikam unda daivi
wyos (da garkveuli doziT asec aris). Savkaniani studentebi xSirad ganixilaven
`rasobriv problemas,~ rogorc ZalTa gadanawilebis sakiTxs, romelic umniS
vnelovanes rols asrulebs ara marto amerikis istoriaSi, aramed maT yovel
dRiur gamocdilebaSic.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT rom vimsjeloT, rasa aRniSnavs adamianebis
im kategorias, romlebic sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamen, rogorc gansxvavebulebs Tan
dayolili biologiuri TvisebebiT da sxvebis mierac aseve aRiqmebian. rasa war
moadgens socialur da kulturul kategorias, im socialuri qmedebis nayofs,
romelmac Seqmna politikuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba da daamkvidra kul
turuli kategoriebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom rasobriv gansxvavebebs biologiuri
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, mravali adamiani miiCnevs, rom es mainc mniSvnelovania.
eTnikuri jgufi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs da aseve aRiqmebian sxvebis mier saerTo istoriisa da iseTi kulturuli max
asiaTeblebis gamziareblebad, rogoricaa ena, religia, ojaxuri tradiciebi da
sakvebi. magaliTad, laTinuri warmoSobis adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Savkanianebi,
TeTrkanianebi da wiTelkanianebi. is, rac aerTianebs am adamianebs, aris kultura
(romelic ar iTvaliswinebs kanis feris mniSvnelobas). termini eTnikuri jgufi aR
wers konkretul qveyanaSi mcxovreb qvejgufs, magaliTad, polonuri warmoSobis
amerikelebi, navahoebi, franguli warmoSobis kanadelebi da eTiopiuri warmoSo
bis ebraelebi. sociologi jon Selton ridi (1994) amtkicebs, rom `samxreTeli~
amerikaSi warmoadgens eTnikur jgufs, gamomdinare samxreTelebis kulturuli
Taviseburebebidan, rac ganasxvavebs maT danarCeni amerikelebisagan. is, Tu ram
denad iziareben erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi saerTo kulturul maxasiaTeb
lebs, naklebad mniSvnelovania imaze, rom maTi rwmeniT isini `gansxvavebulebi~
arian. eTnikuroba, iseve rogorc rasa, socialuri iarliyia.
rogor ganisazRvreba adamianebis jgufi, rasobrivad Tu eTnikurad, subieq
turia. germaniaSi da aRmosavleT evropaSi ebraelebi gansxvavebul rasad miiCne
vian. holokastis dros `erTi wveTis kanonis~ mixedviT adgendnen, vin iyo ebraeli
da, Sesabamisad, vin unda wasuliyo sikvdilis banakebSi. dRes SeerTebul StatebSi
ebraelebi SesaZloa moisazrebodnen eTnikur jgufad an gansxvavebuli religiis
mimdevrebad. anglo-amerikelebi xSirad moiazreben laTinuri warmoSobisa da
mkvidr amerikelebs sxva rasad. xolo laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebi fiqroben,
rom isini sxvadasxva eTnikuri da erovnuli jgufebis wevrebi arian (meqsikelebi,
kubelebi, puerto-rikoelebi, honduraselebi); Sesabamisad, indielebic fiqro
ben, rom snus, Cerokis, mohaukisa da hopis wevrebi arian.
332
eTnikuroba mniSvnelovania amerikelebisaTvis (uotersi, 1990). am qveyanaSi
cxovrebis wlebis miuxedavad, Zalzed cota adamiani asaxelebs sakuTar Tavs
mxolod `amerikelad~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris an
keta moicavs mraval variants. anketis mizania, zustad daadginos gamokiTx
ulTa identoba. pasuxi SeiZleba iyos `amerikeli~ da `ar vici~. 1990 wels gamok
iTxulTa mxolod eqvsma procentma moniSna `amerikeli~. evropuli warmoSobis
amerikelebisaTvis, eTnikuri identoba moqnilia, nebayoflobiTi da simboluri.
TeTrkanianebs SeuZliaT, amoirCion erT-erTi mSoblis an bebia-babuis identoba,
daamtkicon sxvadasxva eTnikuroba sxvadasxva situaciaSi (aqedan gamomdinareobs
gamoTqma: ` wminda patrikis dRes yvela irlandielia~). an gadainacvlon erTi
identurobidan meoreze cxovrebis sxvadasxva momentSi. afrikuli, laTinuri,
aziuri warmoSobisa da mkvidri amerikelebisaTvis, eTnikuri identoba mxolod
piradi arCevanis sakiTxi ar aris. es eTnikuri iarliyebi warmoadgens sxvebis mier
miweril statusebs (ix. Tavi 3), rac xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gan
sxvavebulia garegnoba TeTrkanianTa standartebisagan.
kolonializmi
333
ratesobis TandaTanobiT mopovebas. evropuli kolonializmi, romelic meTxuT
mete saukuneSi daiwyo, aris am movlenis pirveli magaliTi istoriaSi. evropelebi
marTavdnen samxreT naxevarsferos umetes nawils da albaT msoflios mosaxleo
bis naxevarsac. elita dros SesaniSnavad atarebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
monuri Sromis xarjze. tradiciuli politikuri sistemebi, miwebis aTviseba, war
moebis meTodebi da adgilobrivi kulturis sxva elementebi an ikrZaleboda, an
evropelTa moTxovnebs ergeboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawils
SeeZlo emuSava jariskacad, an mieRo ganaTleba da emuSava klerkad.
evropulma kolonializmma wvlili Seitana rasis Tanamedrove cnebis Camoya
libebaSi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom oficialur pirebs xSirad uwevdaT gaerCiaT
evropelebi (ganurCevlad konkretuli warmomavlobisa) adgilobrivi mosaxleo
bisagan (todorovi, 1994). amis Sedegad warmoSobili `feris xazi~ xels uwyobda
teritoriebis mitacebisa da ganZeulobis datacebis, eqspluataciis, damonebisa
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTeli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganadgurebis raciona
lizacias. evropuli koloniebis umetesobam damoukdeblobis mopoveba mxolod
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moaxerxa. Tumca arsebobs iseTi qveynebi,
magaliTad – aSS, avstralia, axali zelandia da samxreT afrika _ sadac koloniza
torebma moaxerxes kontrolis xelSi Cagdeba da axali eris Seqmna gamoacxades.
gadaadgileba (adgilmonacvleoba)
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, dampyrobeli jgufi ar kmayofildeba mxolod gaba
tonebiT da cdilobs Caanacvlos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. adgilmonacvleoba
xdeba umeteswilad iseT teritoriebze, romlebic ganTqmulni arian bunebrivi
resursebiTa da dampyrobeli jgufis samSoblosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli geo
grafiuli da klimaturi pirobebi gaaCniaT (libersoni, 1961, van den bergi, 1978).
adgilmonacvleobam SeiZleba SeiZinos iZulebiT relokaciis forma, atricia
(rodesac adgilobrivi jgufi TandaTanobis tovebs teritorias an iRupeba) an
eqspulcia. istoriis ganmavlobaSi adgilmonacvleobis mravali SemTxveva arse
bobs. prekolonialur afrikaSi, magaliTad, agresiulma Crdiloelma menaxireeb
ma aiZules monadireTa mcire zomis jgufebi daetovebinaT aRmosavleT afrikis
dablobebi da gadaenacvlaT iseT naklebad sasurvel adgilebSi, rogoricaa ka
laharis udabno.
adgilmonacvleobis sixSire da masStabi gaizarda evropuli kolonializmis
pirobebSi, risi naTeli magaliTia maT mier mkvidri amerikelebisadmi gamovleni
li damokidebuleba. indielebi miwas ar aRiqvamen iseT ramed, romlis yidva-gayid
vac SesaZlebelia, aqedan gamomdinare, evropelebis mosvlaSi veranairi problema
ver dainaxes. SemdgomSi, TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad, ga
Zlierda konkurencia miwaze da male indielebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen gadaenacv
laT misisipis dasavleTisaken. magram TeTrkanian mosaxleTa nakadi, romelTac
gacilebiT ufro daxvewili iaraRi gaaCndaT, agrZelebda maT kvaldakval svlas
334
(spenseri, 1980). TavianTi fermebisa da saqonlis ranCoebisaTvis, evropelebma
gaanadgures indielTa ZiriTadi saarsebo wyaro _ bufaloebi, xolo Semdeg Tan
daTanobiT gaanadgures indielebis soflebi da dasaxlebebi. sabolood, gadar
Cenili indielebi arakeTilmosurne rezervaciebSi Caketes. swored aseve, unda
iTqvas, rom evropelma kolonizatorebma iZulebuli gaxades adgilobrivi avs
tralieli (aborigenebi) da axalzelandiuri (maoris tomi) mosaxleoba mietove
bina mSobliuri adgilebi.
genocidi
335
holokasti or fazad mimdinareobda. pirvel fazaSi (1933 _ 1940), moxda
ebraelebis izolacia da maT aekrZalaT qristianebze qorwineba. ebraelebs Ca
moarTves germaniis moqalaqeoba, aukrZales profesiebis daufleba da moaxdines
maTi qonebis konfiskacia, aiZules isini ecxovraT getoebSi da etarebinaT davi
Tis varskvlavi amocnobis mizniT. Sors mimavali gegmebi, romlebic nacistebma
SeimuSaves, miznad isaxavda maT gaZevebas Soreul qveynebSi.
meore fazaSi (1941 _ 1945), iZulebiT migraciis politika, erT-erTi damRup
veli Zala aRmoCnda. meore msoflio omma ara mxolod arapraqtikuli gaxada de
portaciebi, aramed saSualeba misca eqstremist nacistebs esargeblaT sagange
bo mdgomareobiT da farulad emoqmedaT. germaniaSi, avstriasa da poloneTSi,
da nacistebis mier okupirebul ruseTSi, ebraelebs uyridnen Tavs, ketavdnen
uhaero furgonebSi da gadahyavdaT buxenvaldSi, daxauSi da sxva sakoncentra
cio banakebSi. daniSnulebis adgilze misvlisTanave, zogierT maTgans imwamsve
`saSxapeSi~ mierekebodnen, romelic gazis kamerisa da krematoriumis kombinacias
warmoadgenda. danarCenebs, cocxalmkvdar mdgomareobaSi myofebs, aiZulebdnen
monawileoba mieRoT erTmaneTis ganadgurebebSi. magaliTad, aTxrevinebdnen
jgufur saflavebs da ayrevinebdnen sakuTari TanamoZmeebis cxedrebs. arsebobs
tyveebis sastik samedicino eqsperimentebSi gamoyenebis mravali faqti. eqvsi
milioni kaci, qali da bavSvi daiRupa holokastis Sedegad. rodesac 1945 wels sa
koncentracio banakebi gaaTavisufles, am droisaTvis gadarCenilebi ukve mosia
rule ConCxebs hgavdnen, romlebsac adamianis araferi darCenodaT. dResac tur
istebi osvencimisa da sxva sakoncentracio banakebis daTvalierebisas xSirad
pouloben Zvlisa da kbilebis fragmentebs.
holokasti, werda zigmundt baumani, `zemoT swevs warsulis genocidis epizo
debs swored ise, rogorc Tanamedrove industriuli qarxnebis koSkebia aRmar
Tuli kotejebs zemoT, an ise rogorc Tanamedrove industriuli ferma, Tavisi
traqtorebiT, kombainebiTa da pesticidebiT gansxvavedeba glexis karmidamosa
gan~ (1991, gv. 89)
holokosti gaxlavT borotebis gamorCeulad Tanamedrove forma. evropel
ebraelebis mimarT xorcieldeboda diskriminacia. magram brbos Zaladoba, rogorc
wesi moklevadiania. kristalnaxti iyo erTaderTi rbeva holokostis periodSi,
rodesac RamiT germanelebma vandalurad daangries da gadawves ebraelTa saxlebi,
biznesebi da samlocveloebi. albaT asamde ebraeli gardaicvala. aseTi tempiT 6
milioni ebraelis ganadgurebas 200 weli dasWirdeboda (sabini da silveri, 1980).
holokasti damokidebulia iseT Tanamedrove institutebze, rogoricaa na
cionalizmi (rwmena imisa, rom erTi eTnikuri an kulturuli jgufisadmi kuT
vnileba iZleva yvela politikur uflebas), Tanamedrove teqnologiebi (rkinigza,
gazis kamerebi) da biurokratiuli organizaciebi. biurokratiuli organizacie
bi cvlis teqnikur efeqturobas moraluri pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT:
maRalCinosan oficialur pirebs, romlebic politikas qmnian, ar sWirdebaT,
rom Sedegebis mowmeebi gaxdnen, iseve rogorc xelqveiTs ar sWirdeba gaigos, Tu
ras fiqrobs misi ufrosi. naklebad eqstremalur situaciebSic ki, biurokratia
iwvevs socialuri qmedebis dehumanizacias. holokasti cvlis brbos mZvinvare
336
bas biurokratiiT, koleqtiuri risxviT, romelsac Tan axlavs xelisuflebisadmi
morCileba. ebraelTa ganadgureba gauxmaureblad moxda – is ar sargeblobda xalx
is mxardaWeriT. ubralod germanelma xalxma protestis gareSe miiRo es gadaw
yvetileba, iseve rogorc aliansis liderebma, romlebmac icodnen am tragediis
Sesaxeb, magram ar gauxmaurebiaT sasikvdilo banakebis arseboba Tavisi qveynebis
mosaxleobisaTvis.
holokasti Tanamedrove genocidis erTaderTi magaliTi araa. am formas moh
yva hutus mier tutsis ganadgureba ruandaSi da bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg
wamowyebuli `eTnikuri wmenda~ yofil iugoslaviaSi 1990-ian wlebSi. mxolod gan
sxvaveba isaa, rom sisastikis es bolo ori gamovlineba farTod Suqdeboda masme
diis saSualebebis mier.
monoba
zogierT SemTxvevebSi, Zalauflebis mqone jgufebs gaaCniaT ekonomikuri mo
tivacia; maTTvis umjobesia gamoiyenon sxvebis Sroma, vidre Tavidan moicilon
isini (adgilnacvaloba an genocidi). rasakvirvelia, nacistebis periodSi ger
manelebi iZulebiT iyenebdnen ebraelebs, rogorc samuSao Zalas. monoba war
moadgens morCilebis institucionalizebul sistemas, sadac `batoni~ flobs da
akontrolebs monebs, romlebic iZulebulni arian iSromon sakuTari nebis wi
naaRmdeg. monoba istoriis ganmavlobaSi ara erT sazogadoebaSi xdeboda, Zveli
saberZneTisa da romis CaTvliT.
Tumca moniT vaWroba, romlis drosac CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi mone
bi afrikidan SemohyavdaT, unikaluria garkveuli TvalsazrisiT. sxva drosa da
qveynebSi, mona, rogorc wesi, brZolis dros datyvevebuli mteri iyo – anu tyve.
evropelebma monobisagan biznesi Seqmnes, yidulobdnen ra afrikeli tomebis
mier datyvevebul mowinaaRmdeges, romlebsac isini axal samyaroSi gasayidad
amzadebdnen. monebze moTxovnis gazrdasTan erTad, evropelebma daiwyes fulis
gadaxda afrikeli tomebisaTvis, raTa maT specialurad komerciuli mogebis
mizniT, moewyoT Tavdasxmebi mezobel tomebze da SeepyroT adamianebi, romleb
sac Semdgom evropelebs miyididnen. afrikidan amerikaSi TiTqmis naxevari mil
ioni afrikeli iqna iZulebiT Camoyvanili. aq maT TeTrkanianebi sakuTrebad da
qonebad Tvlidnen da amgvaradve epyrobodnen. mravali afrikeli aseTive iZulebis
wesiT moxvda karibis zRvis qveynebSi, sadac, sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, gacilebiT
uaresi pirobebi iyo. afrikelTa ufro mcire ricxvi amave gziT moxvda samxreT
amerikasa da evropaSi.
monebiT vaWroba safuZvels iRebs plantaciuri ekonomikisagan, romelic
orientirebuli iyo iseT mosavalze, rogoricaa Saqari da bamba. Saqrisa da bambis
warmoeba yvelaze momgebiani iyo, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arsebobda arc
Tu ise gamocdili, magram samagierod iafi muSaxeli. zogierT adgilebSi, monebs
SedarebiT ukeT eqceodnen, rogorc Rirebul samuSao Zalas, magram umetes Sem
TxvevaSi, maT sastikad epyrobodnen. monebs ekrZalebodaT SeenarCunebinaT kav
Siri sakuTar kulturasTan, ojaxTan, sofelTan SesaZlo ajanyebebis prevenciis
337
mizniT. monobis gamarTlebas cdilobdnen im mosazrebiT, rom afrikelebi iyvnen
`CamorCenili~ da `bavSvuri~ arsebebi, romlebic ver SeZlebdnen im uflebebis gam
oyenebas, romlebic konstituciam mianiWa TeTrkanianebs. am sistemis umTavresi
Strixi iyo TvalnaTeli gansxvavebis Seqmna _ gadaulaxavi zRvari _ monebsa da
mosaxleobis danarCen nawils Soris. sxva periodebsa da sazogadoebebSi, monebs
SeeZloT moepovebinaT Tavisufleba Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da erTgulebis fasad.
SeerTebul StatebSi monoba uwyvet xasiaTs atarebda: igi gadadioda mSoblebidan
Svilebze. SesamCnevi fizikuri gansxvaveba da rasistuli ideologia kidev ufro
amyarebda institucionalizacias SeerTebul StatebSi.
segregacia
samoqalaqo omis Sedeg monoba gauqmda, magram mdidari TeTrkanianebi iolad
ver eguebodnen iafi muSaxelis dakargvas, xolo Raribi TeTrkanianebi _ gaTa
visuflebuli Savkanianebis konkurencias. dominantis statusis SesanarCuneb
lad, TeTrkanianebma axali sazRvrebi daaweses: moijareobam warmoSva sesxisa
da dabrunebis cikli, romelic aiZulebda gaTavisuflebul Sakvanianebs emuSa
vaT yofili mepatronis miwebze. SemoRebuli iqna `jim qrous~ kanoni, romelic
Savkanianebs xmis micemasa da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebiT sargeblobas
ukrZalavda. socialuri zewola gamoiyeneboda im Savkaniani liderebis dasajil
doveblad, romlebic sxvebs TanamSromlobisaken mouwodebdnen da im TeTrkani
ani liberalebis SesaCereblad, romlebic cdilobdnen waeqezebinaT Savkania
nebi, raTa am ukanasknelT moeTxovaT sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebi. rodesac
am procesis SeCereba SeuZlebeli gaxda, samxreTelma TeTrkanianebma Zalado
bas mimarTes (jvrebis dawva, gaZeveba, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba). dominirebis
strategia Seqmnili iyo imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuliyo ekonomikuri status-
kvo Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis aRrevisaTvis xelis SeSliT.
segregacia warmoadgens rasobrivi an eTnikuri jgufebis iZulebiT gancalke
vebas. igi institucionalizebuli diskriminaciis formaa, romelic socialuri
struqturis nawils warmoadgens. segregirebul sazogadoebaSi, dasaSvebia mxo
lod umniSvnelo kontaqti dominant jgufsa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri umcireso
bebis jgufebs Soris. tipur segregirebul sazogadoebaSi, umciresobis wevrebs
ar SeuZliaT icxovron im ubnebSi, iaron im skolebSi, iyvnen im klubebis wevrebi
da isargeblon im sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebiT (sastumroebi, restornebi,
tualetebi, wylis Sadrevnebic ki), sadac cxovroben, dadian, stumroben da riT
ac sargebloben dominanti jgufis warmomadgenlebi. segregacionistebs eSiniaT
Sereuli qorwinebebisa. segregacia, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens `elitis~ siwmin
dis SenarCunebis strategias.
SeerTebul StatebSi, segregacia gamarTlebuli iyo `gancalkevebuli magram
Tanaswori~-s principiT, rogorc es aRniSnulia 1896 Semdgar plesi fergiusonis
winaaRmdeg saqmeSi. Sakvkanianebs ganaTlebis miRebis igive ufleba qondaT, ro
gorc TeTrkanianebs, magram es ar niSnavda imas, rom maT igive skolebSi SeeZloT
338
siaruli, sadac TeTrkanianebi swavlobdnen. rogorc praqtikam cxadyo, gan
calkeveba ar niSnavda Tanasworobas.
samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli sistema, rasobrivi segregaciis kidev ufro
ukidurus formas warmoadgenda. am sistemas 1950-ian wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli
afrikaneli nacionalistebis _ holandieli mosaxleebis STamomavlebis _ mier,
romlebic samxreT afrikas Tavisad miiCnevdnen da sastikad ewinaaRmdegebod
nen rasobrivi aRrevis nebismier gamovlinebasa da formas. aparteiduli reJi
mis pirobebSi yvela piri dabadebisTanave warmoadgenda konkretuli rasobrivi
kategoriis wevrs (magaliTad, TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani afrikeli, indoeli, an fe
radkaniani, rac Sereul rasas gulisxmobda); uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi gani
sazRvreboda rasobrivi klasifikaciis safuZvelze; arCevnebSi monawileobis
miReba mxolod TeTrkanianebs SeeZloT. Savkanianebi warmoadgendnen `moqalaqe
ebs~, magram ara samxreT afrikisa, aramed maTi `miwa-wylisa~. araTeTrkanianebs
ekrZalebodaT ara marto miwis SeZena TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi, ar
amed am adgilebSi Sesvlac ki, Tu isini iq ar muSaobdnen. samuSao nebarTva droe
biT xasiaTs atarebda da muSebs ar SeeZloT ojaxebi mieyvanaT samsaxurTan axlos.
sxvadasxva dros, `Warbi~ muSaxeli iZulebiT gadaaadgiles sakuTar `miwawyalze~,
TeTrkanianTa qalaqebis gafarToebisa da ganviTarebis mizniT, miwasTan gaas
wores SavkanianTa dasaxlebebi. socialuri kavSiri TeTrebsa da Savebs Soris mka
crad ikrZaleboda.
winaaRmdegoba
adamianTa Zalzed mcirericxovani jgufi iRebs uTanasworo mopyrobas da Za
ladobas xalisiTa da pasiurad. rodesac protesti da brZola Zalzed saxifaToa,
maSin adamianebi mimarTaven iseT zomas, romelsac jeims skotma (1985, 1987) `sustTa
iaraRi~ uwoda. erTi strategia mdgomareobs konfrontaciisa da usiamovno inter
aqciis Tavidan acilebaSi `TviTsegregaciis~ (avtosegregacia) meSveobiT. maSinac
ki, rodesac ar arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli segregaciis iZuleba, umci
resobaTa jgufebma SesaZlebelia TviTon moindomon gancalkeveba (magaliTad,
Cinuri kvartlebi SeerTebuli Statebis qalaqebSi). avtosegregacia aZlierebs
mxardaWeris qsels da amyarebs eTnikur siamayes. meore strategia gaxlavT faruli
winaaRmdegoba. magaliTad, umciresobis jgufebi cdiloben rac SeiZleba naklebi
saqme gaakeTon. aqedan modis miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom umciresobebi `zarmacebi~ ari
an. maT agreTve SesaZlebelia mwyobridan gamoiyvanon qarxnis manqana-danadgarebi,
gaumxilon saidumloebebi dominanti jgufis konkurentebs da a.S.
Tumca, umciresobebi yovelTvis ar arian iseTi sustebi, rom mxolod farul
da arapirdapir winaaRmdegobas mimarTon. (skoti, 1987). magaliTad, indoeTSi,
mahaTma gandim SeimuSava da ganaviTara britanuli kolonialuri reJimis winaaR
mdeg mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis idea. ieso qristesa (romelsac gandi Tayvans
scemda) da induri kulturis gmirebis mibaZviT, gandi da misi TanamebrZolebi aw
yobdnen demonstraciebs da policiis moaxloebisas ar mimarTavdnen raime zomas
339
– ubralod Cerdebodnen. mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis miznebia: (1) socialuri in
teraqciis arsebuli formis mospoba ekonomikuri boikotis, samuSao sabotaJisa
da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT (mizanmimarTuli darRveva arsebuli
kolonialuri kanonebisa) da (2) policiis demoralizacia da maTi reputaciis
Selaxva sazogadoebis TvalSi. aTasobiT indoeli demonstranti daapatimres,
daasaxiCres da mokles, magram indoeTma TandaTanobiT SeZlo damoukideblobis
mopoveba swored mSvidobiani revoluciis gziT.
martin luTer kingi-umcrosi imave strategias iyenebda 1950-60-ian wlebSi
mimdinare amerikelTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobisas. samoqalaqo
uflebebis dacvis moZraoba nawilobriv meore msoflio omidan veteranebis da
brunebasTan erTad daiwyo. evropaSi, TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani jariskacebi
mxardamxar ibrZodnen `Tavisufali samyaros~ gadasarCenad; hitleris rasistu
li politika sayovelTaod dagmes da maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac. Tumca,
SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTSi dabrunebuli Savkaniani veteranebis uflebebi
uxeSad irRveoda. 1954 wels uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanilma gadaw
yvetilebam (brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad)
yvela skolis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb imedi gauCina Savkanian mosaxleobas, Tumca,
am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen samxreTis TeTrkaniani gubernatorebi, xolo
federalurma mTavrobam Tavis Sekaveba arCia. mosalodneli imedebis gacrueba da
sacxovrebeli pirobebis ucvleloba xSirad badebs protests (deisi, 1974w.).
samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraoba spontanurad daiwyo da gavrcel
da. SavkanianTa eklesiam, romelic samxreTSi erTaderT nebadarTul damoukide
bel instituts warmoadgenda, gadamwveti roli iTamaSa am moZraobis ganviTa
rebaSi, xeli Seuwyo ra liderebisa da sakomunikacio qselis Camoyalibebas da
`saerTo simbolikis~ SemuSavebas, romlebic Savkanianebis imedsa da SiSs gamo
xatavdnen (morisi, 1984). protestantebi segregacias upirispirdebodnen pirda
pir, magram ara Zaladobrivi gziT. isini mimarTavdnen ekonomikur boikots, mjdo
mare aqciebs, masobriv demonstraciebs da ubrZolvelad nebdebodnen masobriv
dapatimrebebs.
mSvidobiani protesti eyrdnoba dominanti jgufis im zogierTi wevris nebas,
romlebic aRiareben umciresobaTa jgufis mZime mdgomareobas da acnobiere
ben maTi moTxovnis samarTlianobas. am moZraobam imdens miaRwia, rom mravalma
TeTrkanianma uari Tqva mxari daeWira im saqmosnebisa da politikosebisaTvis,
romlebic segregacias marTebulad miiCnevdnen (am moZraobis ufro Rrma analizi
mocemulia meoce TavSi).
samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli sistemis mospoba garkveulwilad ganapiroba
msoflio sazogadoebis protestma da ekonomikurma boikotma da nawilobriv Za
ladobisa da sabotaJis SiSma samxreT afrikaSi. Savkaniani liderebisa da politi
kuri partiebis aRiarebiT, aseve, multirasobrivi arCevnebis daSvebiT, adgilo
brivi TeTrkanianebi Zlivs gadaurCnen SeiaraRebul ajanyebas.
ajanyeba mTeli Tavisi ganviTarebiT mosalodnelia maSin, rodesac socia
luri umciresoba ricxobriv umravlesobas warmoadgens. kenia da rodeziaSi (ax
landeli zimbabve), sadac Savkaniani mosaxleoba mkveTrad aRemateboda britanel
340
kolonistebs, SeiaraRebulma ajanyebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa damoukide
blobis mopovebaSi. saukeTesod SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvili britanuli armia
male gamoifita intensiuri brZolebisagan da mSvidobiani daregulirebis upers
peqtivobisagan, romelic maTi mxridan modioda. afrikis yofili koloniebis
umetesobam damoukidebloba SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebis gziT moipova.
mikerZoeba da diskriminacia
341
Saoben Tu ara iaponelebi da ebraelebi aseve gvian Ramemde? Tu es asea,
es mxolod da mxolod maT mier amerikuli standartebis ganadgurebasa
da maT ubadruk azrovnebaze miuTeTebs, romelic aiZulebs maT dabal
xelfasebze imuSaon da Tanac saSinel pirobebSi. aris Tu ara erTi, dom
inanti jgufis eibi gonieri, mSromeli da windaxeduli, maSin rodesac
meore, aradominanti jgufis eibi xarbi, kriJani da mewvrilmanea? pirve
li eibis mTeli damsaxureba imaSia, rom igi dominanti jgufis wevria da
aqedan gamomdinare, gonieri da brZenia, xolo imave saqcielisaTvis,
meore jgufis eibi eSmakia da Wkviani. (robert mertoni, 1957 gv.428)
TeTrkanian gadam
xdelebs ar surT
uw – niSnavs umciresobis wevrs, xolo
fulis flangva isrebi aRniSnavs uaryofiTi gavlenis
`araferze~ mimarTulebas
uw-s:
1. aqvs cudi janrmT
sxvebis eloba
uw arasrulfaso 2. sayidlebze dadis
vania warmatebis mosazrebiT
maRalfasian nak
xarisxidan lebad mimzidvel
gamomdinare maRaziebSi
3. cxovrobs cudad igi gamoimuSavebs muSaobs dabali
mowyobil saxlSi dabal Tanxas
4. meti Sansi aqvs donis samsaxurSi
uw-i ganicdis saku gaxdes danaSaulis
Tari Tavis mimarT msxverpli 5. ufro
undoblobasa da meti Sansi aqvs
sakuTari gaxdes danaSaulis
siZulvils mosazrebiT monawile
342
saxlebsa da siRatakeSi. cxovrebis es dabali standartebi aZlierebda rwmenas
imisa, rom Savkaniani amerikelebi arasrulfasovnebi iyvnen. ase axdenda gavlenas
es mcdari warmodgena (rasobrivi arasrulfasovnebis) qcevaze (SesaZleblobis
ararseboba), romelic, Tavis mxriv, adasturebda, rom es warmodgena simarTles
Seesabameba (ix. sqema 8. 2).
ganwyobis yvelaze ukiduresi gamovlinebaa rasizmi. es aris warmodgena imis Se
saxeb, rom rasa an eTnikuri jgufi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivad aRmatebuli an arasrul
fasovani. rasistebi miiCneven, rom siWkviane, zneoba da sxva mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi
Tandayolilia da Sesabamisad ucvleli. kolonialur periodSi, rasobrivi ideo
logia warmoadgenda dapyrobebis, damorCilebis, eqspluataciis da evropelebis
mier adgilobrivi mosaxleobebis sastiki damokidebulebis sayrdens. rasobrivi
ideologia aseve warmoadgenda rogorc oficialuri segregaciis, aseve araoficia
luri diskriminaciis gamamarTlebel saSualebas. dabolos, rasobrivi ideologia
warmoadgens mkveTri dayofisa da sazRvrebis gavlebis kidev erT safuZvels. ada
miani aris an TeTrkaniani an Savkaniani an arieli an sxva rasas miekuTvneba.
TeTrkaniani amerikelebi xSirad fiqroben, rom rasizmi individualuri feno
menia, romelic warmodgenilia radikaluri TeTrkaniani rasistebis frTis si
ZulviliT aRsavse ideebiTa da maTi Zaladobrivi socialuri qmedebebis mTeli
wyebiT. afro-amerikelebi ki, rasizms aRiqvamen ufro rogorc amerikuli sazoga
doebis socialuri struqturis nawils, romelic ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
tradiciebTan, rom winaswarganzraxuli diskriminaciis ararsebobis SemTxveva
Sic ki agrZelebs moqmedebas. araganzraxul diskriminacias xSirad instituciur
rasizmsac uwodeben. magaliTad, mZime periodis dros, mravali damqiravebeli
(samTavrobo moxeleebis CaTvliT) miyvnen `bolos ayvanili, pirveli daTxovni
lis~ princips, rac gulisxmobda naklebi samuSao gamocdilebis mqone persona
lis daTxovnas. es erTi SexedviT miukerZoebeli principi diskriminacias uwevs
afro-amerikelebs, romlebmac ver daagroves samuSao gamocdileba, gamomdinare
im faqtidan, rom maT warsulSi ar hqondaT muSaobis ufleba.
ganwyoba da stereotipebi ar aris mxolod elitisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
daqvemdebarebul jgufebsac gaaCniaT sakuTari ganwyobebi, xSirad sxva daqvem
debarebul jgufebTan, an im jgufebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac SeZles Tavi
daeRwiaT daqvemdebarebulobis statusisaTvis. afro-amerikelebis ganwyoba
ebraelebis mimarT amis erT-erTi magaliTia: kornel uesti (1994) ambobs, rom
Savi antisemitizmi efuZneba sam warmodgenas: pirveli _ Savkanianebi miiC
neven, rom ebraelebi sargebloben yvela im privilegiiT, rac miniWebuli aqvT
TeTrkanianebs amerikul sazogadoebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, wvlili SeaqvT
rasobriv uTanasworobaSi, meore _ mraval Savkanians ufro dadebiTi molodini
gaaCnia ebraelebis mimarT, vidre TeTrkanianTa sxva jgufebis mimarT. Tu gaviT
valiswinebT devnisa da ganadgurebis faqtors, isini miiCneven, rom orive jgufi
`bunebrivi mokavSireebi~ unda iyvnen. rodesac konservatori ebraelebi ewinaaR
mdegebian dadebiT diskriminacias, Savkanianebi ormagad imedgacruebulebi rCe
bian. mesame _ `SavkanianTa antisemitizmi warmoadgens erTi araprivilegirebuli
343
jgufis mier Surisa da wyenis erT-erT gamoxatulebas meore araprivilegirebuli
jgufis mimarT, romelmac Tavi daaRwia am statuss amerikul sazogadoebaSi~ (uest,
1994 gv. 112). ebraelebi im eTnikur jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romlebic sul ufro da
ufro miiweven win da ikaveben poziciebs akademiebSi, JurnalistikaSi, gasarTob
biznessa da sxva saqmianobebSi. imis magivrad, rom es warmateba ebraelTa Sromis
moyvareobas da miswrafebas miaweron, mravali Savkaniani miiCnevs, rom ebraelTa
es aRmavloba klanurobisa da favoritizmis Sedegia. garda amisa, masmediis saSu
alebebi aWarbeben SavkanianTa antisemitizmis dones da samagierod saTanadod ar
aSuqeben ETeTrkanianTa antisemitizms, gadaaqvT ra yuradReba Savkanianebisa da
ebrelebis mimarT institucionalizebuli diskriminaciidan.
asimilacia
344
amerikelebi aqtiurad zRudaven Savkaniani amerikelebis xelmisawvdomobas
dominanti kulturisadmi, magaliTad, akrZaluli iyo monebisaTvis wera-kiTxvis
swavleba. amave dros, isini xels uSlidnen monebs SeenarCunebinaT tradiciuli
Cveulebebi da kultura da fiqrobdnen, rom yvela afrikuli kultura erTmane
Tis msgavia da erTnairad `dabali~. bedis ironiiT, cecxlze Semodgmuli qoTnis
saukeTeso magaliTs afro-amerikuli kulturis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, ro
melic sxvadasxva gavlenis Tavmoyrisa da arevis Sedegia. magaliTad, Savkanianebma
afrikuli ritmebi da harmonia qristianul himnebsa da xalxur musikasTan daaka
vSires da iseTi mimdevrobebi Seqmnes, rogoricaa Tavdapirvelad bluzi da jazi,
Semdeg ki rok-en-roli da repi. afro-amerikelebs wvlili miuZRviT agreTve teq
nologiebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela amerikels ar gauziarebia cecxlze Semodgmuli
qoTnis idea. meoce saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, anglo-saqsonuri elita
axalmosuli emigrantebisagan eloda, rom isini aiTvisebdnen maT Cveulebebsa da
Rirebulebebs. jon quinsi adamsma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba mecxramete saukunis
es ganwyoba:
345
da kulturis aTvisebas. brZola arsebobisaTvis iRebs respeqtabelurobisaTvis,
ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebisaTvis, maRalanazRaurebadi da prestiJuli sam
saxurebisaTvis brZolis saxes. es aris sastiki brZola, magram TandaTanobiT eT
nikuri jgufis ufro meti wevri miiwevs win, ukeTesi cxovrebisaken da am gzaze
TandaTanobiT kargavs sakuTari kulturis naSTebs. am etapze ukve xdeba qorwine
ba sxvadasxva jgufis waromadgenlebs Soris. asimilacia dasrulebulia.
magram yvela jgufs ar eZleva saSualeba asimilirdes dominant jgufTan, risi
naTeli magaliTicaa afro-amerikelebis SemTxveva, da yvela jgufs ar surs mona
wileoba miiRos asimilaciis procesSi. laTinuri da aziuri warmoSobis amerike
lebi, iseve, rogorc mkvidri amerikelebi, aqtiurad ibrZvian sakuTari kultur
isa da tradiciebis SesanarCuneblad. axlo warsulSi mravalma amerikelma dainaxa,
rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi Zlierebis wyaroa da saWiroa ara maTi gaqroba da
gaTqvefa, aramed SenarCuneba da dacva.
pluralizmi da multikulturalizmi
(kulturuli mravalferovneba)
346
yvela jgufis monawileobasa da wvlils ufro mozrdili, heterogenuri kultu
ris warmoqmnis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli mravalferovneba poziti
ursa da sasurvel movlenas niSnavs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, gagebisa da interaqciis
axali formebi damokidebulia ara marto erTgvarobasa da damyolobaze, aramed
gansxvavebebisadmi pativiscemaze. ganaTleba saSualebas aZlevs sxvadasxva eT
nikur jgufebs ufro meti iswavlon erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. adamianebs eniWebaT Ta
visufleba Tavad airCion kulturuli identobebi nacvlad imisa, rom iZulebiT
gaerTiandnen sxvebis mier arCeul kategoriebSi (aronovici, 1992; k. teilori,
1995; uarneri, 1992).
multikulturalizmi ufro metia, vidre ubralod recepti jgufTa Soris
gaumjobesebuli urTierTobebis. igi agreTve warmoadgens socialuri urTier
Tobebis mzardad multikulturuli bunebis aRiarebas ufro internacionalur,
globalurad gaerTianebul samyaroSi (li, 1991). multikulturalizms mxardam
Werebi SeerTebul StatebSic gamouCndnen, magram is ar aris yvelgan miRebuli
da mowonebuli. erTni ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWeben asimilacias erT, ufro
erTgvar (homogenur) amerikul kulturaSi, romelsac safuZvlad inglisuri ena
udevs. meoreni ki, Savkaniani nacionalistebis garkveuli nawilis CaTvliT, aqti
urad uWeren mxars ufro mkveTr gancalkevebas avtonomiis sxvadasxva eTnikuri
da rasobrivi jgufebisaTvis.
347
debatebi iarliyebTan dakavSirebiT identobis politiks nawilia. magaliTad,
martin luTer kingi sakuTar Tavs `negros~, anu zangs uwodeboda (espanuri sityvi
dan `Savi~, romelic maSin ufro zrdilobianad iTvleboda, vidre inglisuri sityva
`Black~), romelsac samxreTelebi `nigrad~ (an ufro uaryof epiTetad -`nigerad~)
gamoTqvamdnen. samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZolis ufro gvian etapze, `negro~
Secvala `Savkanianma~ (rogorc SavkanianTa siamaye an SavkanianTa Zalaufleba).
dResdReobiT, mravali Savkaniani amjobinebs afro-amerikels, romelic yuradRebas
amaxvilebs ara imdenad kanis ferze, ramdenadac kulturul memkvidreobaze. war
sulSi, TeTkaniani amerikelebi feradkanians uwodebdnen afrikuli warmomavlobis
yvela adamians. dRes bevri Savkaniani, an afro-amerikeli iyenebs frazas `feris
adamianebi~, raTa gamoarCion isini yvela ara TeTrkanian da araevropeli warmoSo
bis xalxisagan, romlebic kolonizaciis an monobis msxverplni gaxdnen.
jgufebisadmi mikerebuli iarliyebi naklebad eqvemdebareba gemovnebasa
stils. isini ufro aRniSnavs, vin arian adamianebi da rogor unda movepyraT maT.
amerikis skolebis umetesobaSi, dRes bavSvebi swavloben ara marto monobaze, ara
med maTi mSoblebis Taobisagan gansxvavebiT, ecnobian informacias im wvlilis
Sesaxeb, romelic gamoCenilma afro-amerikelma mecnierebma da xelovnebis moR
vaweebma gaiRes qveynisaTvis. ufrosi Taobis adamianebs, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
bevrs arafers aswavlidnen afro-amerikuli kulturis Sesaxeb. dRes bevri adami
ani Savkanianebs mxolod dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi xvdeba an axal ambebSi
igebs informacias maT Sesaxeb da aqedan, gamomdinare, maT xSirad siRaribesTan,
danaSaulTan, araregistrirebul qorwinebebTan da socialur daxmarebebTan aka
vSirebs. uaryofiTi imijis wyalobiT, policiam SesaZleblia daapatimros da da
kiTxos Savkaniani, romelic mdidari TeTrkanianebis ubanSi atarebs manqanas. dapa
timrebis mizezi SeiZleba mxolod misi kanis feri iyos.
africentrizmis (romelic xandaxan `afrocentrizmad~ moixsenieba) aRmas
vla warmoadgens ufro meti pativiscemisa da legitimurobis mopovebis mcdelo
bas (sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemis CaTvliT). africentrizmi amtkicebs, rom
saWiroa msoflio istoriis gadasinjva afro-centristuli da ara evrocentris
tuli gadasaxedidan, radgan evropuli kulturis didi nawili saTaves egvipitu
ri da sxva afrikuli civilizaciebidan iRebs (erli, 1995). Tanamedrove Savkanian
sazogadoebaSi, Savkanian muslimanTa lideri malkom eqsi, romelic avrcelebda
separatizmis ideas da amtkicebda, rom SavkanianTa istoria – es aris gza sia
mayemde, xSirad ufro popularulia, vidre martin luTer kingi, romelic qris
tianul principebze dayrdnobiT integraciisaken mouwodebda adamianebs.
amerikuli gamocdileba TiTqmis Seuqcevadad axdens identobebis gadakeTe
bas. Cinelma emigrantebma SeiZleba erT mSvenier dRes aRmoaCinon, rom maT aziuri
warmoSobis amerikelebad ixsenieben iaponelebTan, koreelebTan, vietnamelebTan
da sxva emigrantebTan erTad, romlebic kulturulad sxvadasxva jgufs warmoad
genen, laparakoben sxvadasxva enaze da aRiareben sxvadasxva religias. musliman
bengalelebs da pakistanelebs SesaZloa aseve mouwioT erT jgufSi gaerTiane
ba hindus tomis indoelebTan erTad (espiritu, 1996). zog situaciaSi, magali
Tad, kolejis studentur sacxovreblebSi, pan-eTnikuri iarliyebi SesaZloa
348
sasargebloc ki gamodges jgufis identurobisa gansazRvrisas da jgufuri or
ganizaciebis da aqtivobebis wyarod iqces, romelTa mizania kulturuli Tav
dacvis zomebis miReba. magram sxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT pirad da ojaxur
cxovrebaSi, farTo identoba, rogoricaa `aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli~ sru
liad moklebulia mniSvnelobas. Cinelebi savaraudod ufro erTmaneTze qorwin
debian, vidre iaponelebsa da koreelebze, indoelebic Tavissave eTnikuri jgu
fis wevrebze qorwindebian da Zalze iSviaTad _ indonezielebsa da Cinelebze da
a.S. cxadia, TiTouli jgufis wevrebi savaraudod ufro araaziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebze qorwindebian, vidre azielebze, romlebsac sxvadasxva erovnuli
da lingvisturi fesvebi aqvT (virki, 1995).
identobis politika aseve gulisxmobs brZolas jgufis wevrebis Sorisac,
romlebic SeiZleba ar daeTanxmon erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor ufro up
riania sakuTari Tavis warmoCena. magaliTad, zogierTi afro-amerikeli mimar
Tavs tradiciul simbolikas da upiratesobas aniWebs myvirala ferebis kintes
tanisamoss. organizacia `islamis xalxi~ (Savkaniani muslimanebi) mxars uWers
Zlier, separatistul identobas, romelsac bevri afro-amerikeli ar aRiarebs,
magram arseboben iseTebic, vinc amas enTuziazmiT uWers mxars. zog maTgans mos
wons emigrantebis ricxvis zrda afrikidan da karibis zRvis qveynebidan, zogi ki,
piriqiT, ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams.
es sakiTxebi garTulebulia mravlobiTi, erTmaneTis gadamfaravi identobe
biT. magaliTad, bevri Savkaniani qali miiCnevs, rom qalTa moZraoba gamiznulia
TeTrkaniani, saSualo fenis qalebisaTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare amjobineben, rom
Savkanianis identoba qalis identobaze win daayenon. cxadia, arseboben adamian
ebi, romlebic feminizms rasobriv Ralatad miiCneven, xolo arian iseTebic, mag
aliTad, mwerali bel huksi (1993) romlebic miiCnevs, rom SavkanianTa identobis
zogierTi imiji mikerZoebulia da Savkaniani mamakacebis sasargeblod muSaobs.
xolo sociologi patricia hil kolinzi (1991) amtkicebs, rom arsebobs Savkani
anTa identurobis konkretulad feministuri gageba. arc huks da arc kolinzs ar
surT arCevani gaakeTon Savkanianobasa da feminizms Soris.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro da ufro mravalferovani xdeba kulturu
li da eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT da am procesTan erTad, sul ufro da ufro met
adamians uCndeba is sindromi, romelsac sociologma v.e.b. diubuam (1903) `ormagi
Semecneba~ uwoda. es termini ori identobis tarebas gulisxmobda. es ori idento
ba potenciur konfliqtSi imyofeboda erTmaneTTan, ise, rogorc es `amerikelisa~
da `Savkanianis~ SemTxvevaSi iyo. diubuam aseve aRwera is daZabuloba, romelic
mohyveba imis gancdas, rom rasac adamiani fiqrobs sakuTar Tavze da rogoradac
aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavdebodes sxvisi TvaliT danaxu
lisagan. mecnieri fiqrobda, rom am situaciaSi gamosavals warmoadgenda ara erTi
romelime identobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, aramed orives Serwyma Semoq
medebiTi gziT. (ixileT Tavi 1). es sakiTxi ZiriTadi problema gaxda ara mxolod
calkeuli amerikelisaTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebasTvisac.
349
multikulturuli amerika
350
bebuli. maTi SesaZleblobebica da problemebic gansxvavebulia da xSirad uCn
debaT SegrZneba, rom erTmaneTis konkurentebi arian.
afro-amerikelebi
351
miuxedavad amisa, afro-amerikelebma SeZles, ganeviTarebinaT unikaluri sub
kultura, romelic gadarCenisa da brZolis safuZvlad iqca. monobis dasrulebam
safuZveli Cauyara xangrZliv brZolas Tanabari uflebebis mosapoveblad. amave
dros, Savkanianebi da maTi ojaxebi TviTdamkvidrebisTvisac ibrZodnen da xSirad
inacvlebdnen samxreTis soflebidan CrdiloeTis qalaqebSi. afro-amerikelebma
monawileoba miiRes da sakuTari wvlili Seitanes amerikis istoriis yvelaze mniS
vnelovan movlenebSi. brZola TanasworobisaTvis gaerTianda samoqalaqo ufle
bebis moZraobasTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi moipova, rac kanon
mdeblobaSi cvlilebebis SetaniT gamoixata. Tumca, afro-amerikelebma male
aRmoaCines, rom kanonebSi Setanili cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo. TeTrkanianebs ar
surdaT sakuTari privilegiebis daTmoba da, aqedan gamomdinare, integraciis mxar
dasaWerad Seqmnil programebs, xSirad sapirispiro Sedegebi mohyveboda xolme.
352
c x r i l i 8.1
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani mamakacebis, qalebisa da ojaxebis
Semosavlebi da gamomuSavebuli Tanxebi
TeETrkaniani Savkaniani
wyaro: endriu hekeri, ori eri: Savi da TeTri, dayofili, mtruli, araTanaswori (balantini,
niu-iorki, 1992, gv.100)
c x r i l i 8.2
Savkaniani mamakacebisa da qalebis ganaTleba da Semosavlebi
wyaro: endriu hekeri, ori eri: Savi da TeTri, dayofili, mtruli, araTanaswori (balan
tini, niu-iorki, 1992, gv.101)
353
imave Tanamdebobaze momuSave Savkanianebisagan, romelTa Semosavalic 10000 aSS
dolars Seadgens weliwadSi (roberisi, 1995). ufro metic, Savkanian iuristTa da
mecnierTa erTi mesamedi saxelmwifo struqturebSi muSaobs. SeiaraRebuli Za
lebis xuTi wevridan erTi Savkaniania (es maCvenebeli orjer aRemateba Savkanian
Ta da TeTrkanianTa proporcias samoqalaqo ekonomikaSi). daaxloebiT igive pro
porciaa safosto servisebsa da qalaqis saagentoebs Soris. biujetis Semcireba
gansakuTrebul dartymas ayenebs saSualo fenis Savkanian warmomadgenlebs.
Savkaniani saSualo fenis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad gaizarda siRatakeSi
mcxovrebi Savkanianebis ricxvic, ramac kidev ufro gaafarTova ufskruli saSua
lo klassa da Rarib Savkanianebs Soris. siRatakis maCvenebeli Savkanian mosaxleo
bas Soris samjer aRemateboda TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis maCvenebels, romelic
ucvleli iyo ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi. yvela droSi, Savkaniani mosaxleobis
umuSevrobis done yovelTvis orjer ufro maRali iyo. SavkanianTa umravlesobas
ar gaaCnia regularuli samsaxuri da es problema dRes ufro simwvaviT gamoirCe
va, vidre odesme 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiidan moyolebuli (hekeri, 1992;
statistikuri amonaridebi, 1995). Savkanian bavSvebs oTxjer ufro maRali Sansi
aqvT gaizardon siRatakeSi, vidre TeTrkanian bavSvebs _ rac gamowveulia imiT,
rom Savkanian bavSvebs, savaraudod, ufro xSirad zrdian mxolod dedebi. ufro
metic _ afro-amerikeli Raribebi ufro Raribebi arian, vidre TeTrkaniani Ra
ribebi, isini ufro xSirad rCebian siRatakeSi ZiriTadad iseT raionebSi, sadac
maRalia siRatakisa da danaSaulis done (o’hara, 1991). (ix. msjeloba getoebSi
gamefebul siRatakeze, Tavi 7).
sacxovrebeli segregacia TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris arsebuli um
Tavresi socio-ekonomikuri napralis umTavresi mizezia.
dasaxleba erTaderTi sferoa, sadac yvelaze naklebi progresi SeiniSneba
integraciis TvalsazrisiT. 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli segregaciis done,
faqtobrivad ar Secvlila (mesei da dentoni, 1992). 9 milioni Savkanianidan daax
loebiT 20% cxovrobs srul rasobriv izolaciaSi, ZiriTadad, qalaqebis Sua
nawilSi. ufro metic, rasobrivi izolacia aseve aqtualuria gareubnebSic (mesei
da egersi, 1990). laTino-amerikelebisa da aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebisaTvis
mdgomareoba icvleba maT mier mkvidri macxovreblebis statusis miRebasa da so
cio-ekonomikuri donis gaumjobesebasTan erTad. afro-amerikelebisaTvis seg
regacia kvlav mwvave problemad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni xania maTi
ojaxebi metropoliebSi cxovroben da ra Seadgens maTi ojaxebis Semosavals.
rezidentul segregacias Sors mimavali Sedegebi aqvs: is gavlenas axdens
skolebze, sadac bavSvebi dadian, rogorc bavSvebis aseve maTi mSoblebis megobre
bze, maTTvis xelmisawvdom samsaxurebze, jandacvasa da sxva gadaudebel servise
bze, danaSaulis riskze da sakvebisa da sxva SenaZenis xarisxzec ki. rezidentul
segregacias SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos ganwyobazec, romelic xSirad faruli
xasiaTisaa.
gamokiTxvvebis Sedegebis mixedviT, TeTrkaniani amerikelebis umetesoba
fiqrobs, rom martin luTer kingis ocneba rasobrivi Tanasworobis damkvidreba
354
ze axda (uileri, 1993). gamokiTxuli TeTrkanianebis sami meoTxedi fiqrobs, rom
dRes Savkanianebs zustad iseTive Sansi aqvT, miiRon nebismieri saxis samsaxuri,
rogoric TeTrkanianebs, da rom Savkanianebi aWarbeben, rodesac maT mimarT dis
kriminaciis doneze saubroben. TiTqmis yvela TeTrkanianma ganacxada, rom isini
mxars uWeren integracias da Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, magram bevri maTgani am pi
robebis Sesrulebas im siZneelebs ukavSirebs, rac arasamarTlian privilegiebs
(afirmatiuli aqti), Zaladobas, aralegitimurobas, Savkanianebs Soris samuSao
eTikis dabal dones da TeTrebis mimarT SavkanianTa ganwyobas exeba (bakaniki,
1995). zogadi mesiji ase JRers: `me ar var cudad ganwyobili, magram....~
afro-amerikelebs sxvagvari mosazreba aqvT (uileri, 1993). Savkanianebis
umetesoba (70%) ar fiqrobs, rom maT ar gaaCniaT Tanabari SesaZlebloba, mi
iRon samsaxuri kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad da samsaxurebSi arsebuli rasobrivi
uTanasworoba, Semosavlebi da sacxovrebeli adgilebi diskriminaciis Sedegs
warmoadgens. rogorc erT-erTma misisipelma Savkanianma aRniSna: `arsebobs
winsvlis saSualebebi. unda iaro skolaSi da bejiTad imuSao. Tu Savkaniani xar,
ubralod ufro bevri muSaoba mogiwevs, rasac cota meti dro dasWirdeba. sul
esaa~ (bakaniki, 1995, gv. 84). sxvebi ase optimisturad ar arian ganwyobilni: erT-
erTi gamokiTxvis monawile SavkanianTa naxevarma aRniSna, rom amerikeli eri or
sazogadoebas qmnis: Savs da TeTrs, gancalkevebulsa da araTanabars.
mtkice moqmedeba
t ermini `afirmatiuli qmedeba~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1961 wels prezident jon kenedis mier
xelmoweril brZanebaSi, romelic avalebda federalur kontraqtorebs, daekmayofilebi
naT ganmcxadeblebi samuSao adgilebiT da muSaobis periodSi maT saTanadod mopyrobodnen,
ganurCevlad anazRaurebisa, rwmenisa, ferisa an erovnebisa. (Researcher, 1995 wlis 28 aprili).
pozitiuri diskriminaciis mizani iyo ara mxolod diskriminaciis aRkveTa, aramed integraciis
xelSewyoba da umciresobebis kompensireba maTze ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciisaTvis. am
politikam safuZveli Cauyara programebs, romelTa mizani iyo gansazRvrul vadebSi umcireso
bebis dasaqmeba, maTTvis socialuri upiratesobis miniWeba da kvotis daweseba im umciresobebis
mflobelobaSi arsebuli firmebisaTvis, romelTa garkveuli nawili xdeboda mTavrobis kon
traqtori. dasawyisidanve afirmatiulma qmedebam azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.
355
debatebi
analizi
356
izrdeba. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom oponentebi arian adamianebi, romlebmac Tavis Tavze iwvnies
pozitiuri diskriminaciis Sedegi, magram es ase aris (m. teilori, 1995). cxadia, rac ufro xSiri
kontaqti aqvT TeTrkanianebs SavkanianebTan, miT ufro dauWeren mxars isini pozitiur dis
kriminacias. opozicias gverdSi udganan Savkaniani profesionalebi, mecnierebi, menejerebi da
studentebi, romlebic warmatebulni arian da fiqroben, rom afirmatiuli aqti Savkanian pro
fesionalTa stigmatizebas uwyobs xels, radganac sazogadoeba fiqrobs, rom maT warmatebas
ara sakuTari SromiTa da niWiT miaRwies, aramed rasobriv niadagze miniWebuli privilegiebiT.
magaliTad, ielis iurisprudenciis profesori, stiven karteri (1991) wers, rom pozitiuri dis
kriminaciis Sedegad kidev ufro gaizarda rasobrivi dayofa _ TeTrkanianTa mier Seqmnili
stereotipi SavkanianTa dabali SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
uTanxmoebis mniSvnelovani nawili Cveni kulturidan momdinareobs. adamianebs moswonT,
roca sazogadoebas meritokratuls uwodeben, sadac Tavdauzogavi Sroma da niWiereba saTa
nadod fasdeba. amave dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanasworobas _ yvelas aqvs Tanabari
SesaZlebloba, gamoavlinos sakuTari niWi da unari warmatebis misaRwevad. meritokratiis mx
ardamWerebi yuradRebas amaxvileben individualur uflebebze, gansxvavebiT Tanasworobis
damcvelTagan, romlebic jgufur Sedegebs aniWeben met upiratesobas.
magram meritokratiisa da Tanasworobis realur cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba arasrulfasov
nad xdeba. pirvelive Sexvedrisas Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqceva adamianis rasa, sqesi, asaki,
Cacmuloba, mimzidveloba da a.S. Sesabamisad, qebas imsaxurebs meritokratiis cneba, magram Cveni
sazogadoeba yovelTvis amJRavnebda pozitiur diskriminacias garkveuli jgufebis mimarT. abi
turientTa ganacxadebis miRebisas kolejebi da universitetebi karga xania yuradRebas aqceven
axalgazrdebis warmomavlobas (gansakuTrebiT imas, arian Tu ara isini amave kolejis an univer
sitetis kursdamTavrebulebis Svilebi), sacxovreblis geografiul mdebareobas (CrdiloeT
dakota bostonis winaaRmdeg). ramdeni TeTrkaniani mamakaci grZnobs Tavs `msxverplad~ rodesac
misi kolejis an universitetis gundi Sexvedras igebs? arasodes gamovxatavT protests, rode
sac samoqalaqo samsaxurebis veteranebis Sroma fasdeba (ar aqvs mniSvneloba, oTaxSi iSromes
maT Tu brZolis velze iomes). rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebi da rogorc individebi, upirate
sobas vaniWebT garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs, magram upiratesoba, romelsac rasobrivi
safuZveli aqvs, aRvivebs socialur daZabulobas da ganawyenebas.
samarTlianoba ar aris erTaderTi faqtori. samsaxurSi miRebisa da dawinaurebis politika
funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli ekonomikasTan. pozitiuri diskrimnaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi miiC
neven, rom diskriminaciis es tipi disfunqciuria, radgan man SeiZleba daaqveiTos ganaTlebasa
da profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebis miRwevis standartebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ziani mia
yenos ekonomikas. momxreebi ki amtkiceben, rom afirmatiuli aqti funqciuria, radgan is saSu
alebas aZlevs adamianebs, gamoavlinon unar-Cvevebi, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
garda amisa, is saSualebas aZlevs rogorc studentebs, aseve dasaqmebul adamianebs, moipovon
gamocdileba da gaxdnen konkurentunarianebi saerTaSoriso bazarze. amiT isini, xels Seuwyo
ben saarsebo standartebisa da warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis zrdas umciresobaTa sa- zoga
doebebSi.
pozitiuri diskriminaciis garSemo mimdinare yvelaze mZafri debatebi Zalauflebas exeba.
400 wlis ganmavlobaSi TeTrkaniani amerikelebi sakuTar Zalauflebas Savkanianebis eqsplua
taciis, maTi Rirsebis Selaxvisa da maTi identobis uaryofisaTvis iyenebdnen. samoqalaqo
uflebebis dacvis moZraobam Secvala Zalauflebis ganawileba. am moZraobis warmateba gana
piroba SavkanianTa erTsulovnebam. isini erTad idgnen sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad, gansx
vavebiT TeTrkanianTagan, romlebsac ar aerTianebdaT erTi idea – bevri maTgani uTanagrZnob
da Savkanianebis brZolas. federalurma mTavrobam Zalaufleba gamoiyena da sajaro skolebi
357
gaaerTiana, xolo mogvianebiT amave Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT daiwyo pozitiuri diskrimina
ciis ganxorcieleba, rasac dasawyisSi mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, magram samoqalaqo
uflebebis legalizaciis procesTan erTad, mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia. 1960-ian wlebSi
ekonomikis gafarToebis procesSi, sakmarisze meti samuSao adgilebis gamo, afirmatiuli aqti
SedarebiT iolad misaRwevi iyo. 1990-ian wlebSi, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis pirobebSi,
adamianebi ufro zrunaven sakuTar perspeqtivaze da naklebad nerviuloben umciresobebis an
imigrantebis gamo, ris Sedegadac, pozitiuri diskriminaciis garSemo atexili debatebi kidev
ufro gamZafrda.
1990-ian wlebSi kvlav moxda pozitiuri diskriminaciis politizireba, radgan yvelas (ara
marto TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs, aramed profesiul asociaciebs, SromiT gaerTianebebsa
da politikosebs) surs, gaimyaros poziciebi. garda amisa, am sakiTxis garSemo mimdinare de
batebs erTgvari `politikuri sargebeli~ moaqvs _ mas yuradReba gadaaqvs saerTaSoriso ba
zris simZlavreebsa da aSS-s ekonomikaze, romlebic mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi agdeben mo
muSaveebs da amcireben maT molodinebs.
laTino-amerikelebi
laTino-amerikelebi anu espanurad molaparake amerikelebi sididiT meore
umciresobis jgufs warmoadgenen. sul mcire 22.8 milioni laTino-amerikeli le
galurad cxovrobs StatebSi, sxvebi emigrantebi arian, romlebsac legalurad
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro sruli dokumentacia ar gaaCniaT (aSS-s mosaxleobis aR
weris biuro, 1994°). gamomdinare iqidan, rom emigraciis done maRalia da amJamad
amerikaSi axalgazrda da didi ojaxebi cxovroben, laTino-amerikelTa ricxvi
swrafad izrdeba. Tu ase gagrZelda, isini afro-amerikelebsac Camoitoveben ukan
(statistikuri amonaridi, 1995).
laTino-amerikelTa mravalferovneba
358
meqsikaSi mosaxleobis zrdas Tan mohyva dasaqmebis dabali done da socialuri
mdgomareobis gauareseba. ukeTesi momavlis povnisa da StatebSi myofi naTe
savebis daxmarebis imediT, uamravi meqsikeli emigranti cdilobs StatebSi Camos
vlas. ra saocaric unda iyos, isini gverds uvlian fermebiTa da ranCoebiT mdidar
samxreT-aRmosavleTs da qalaqebSi eZeben samsaxurebs mSeneblobasa da warmoeba
Si. meqsikelebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian diskriminaciisa da Zaladobisa
gan, radgan deportaciisa eSiniaT. garda amisa, adgilobrivi TeTrkanianebi maT,
rogorc iaf muSaxels, xelfasebis daqveiTebas miaweren. interesTa konfliqtis
erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo kaliforniaSi miRebuli kanoni, romelic aralega
lebs ganaTlebis miRebasa da sazogadoebrivi servisebiT sargeblobas ukrZalavs.
SeerTebul Statebs puerto-riko samarTavad 1898 wels gadaeca, romelsac
manamde koloniis statusiT 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagebda. 1917 wels puerto-
rikos macxovreblebs amerikis moqalaqeoba mieniWaT, xolo 1952 wlidan kunZu
li erT-erTi Stati gaxda. koloniad yofnis periodSi kunZulze patara fermebi
plantaciebiT Canacvlda, sadac mogvianebiT industrializaciis programa dai
wyo. magram am programam ver SeZlo moecva kunZulis mzardi mosaxleoba. sahaero
mimosvlam gaaiola moZraoba da meore msoflio omis Semdeg kunZulis mosaxleo
bis TiTqmis mesamedma niu-iorks miaSura samuSaos saZebnelad. puerto-rikoelebi
gansakuTrebuli emigrantebi arian: gamomdinare iqidan, rom kunZuli amerikis
erT-erTi Statia, maT mimosvlisaTvis vizebi ar sWirdebaT da, garda amisa, samSob
losTan siaxlovis gamo, maT SeuZliaT xSirad iaron iq an samudamod dabrundnen.
kuburi warmoSobis amerikelebis umetesoba StatebSi politikuri ltol
vilebis statusiT Camovida. maT Tavi daaRwies fidel kastros komunistur diq
tats. dRes kubelebi maiamis yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnikur umciresobas
warmoadgenen, romlebsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT qalaqis biznesis ganvi
Tarebasa da politikis warmoebaSi. kubelebma daadastures, rom isini politiku
rad yvelaze aqtiurni arian laTino-amerikel emigrantebs Soris. kubelebi ibrZ
vian, raTa amerikam izolaciaSi moaqcios kastros reJimi. maT aseve gamoiCines
Tavi, rogorc finansurad warmatebulma jgufma.
identobis sakiTxebi
359
rasa moiazreba, rogorc kontinuumi TeTrkanianidan indielamde, romelic mra
val variacias gulisxmobs. aSS-Si ki, adamiani an TeTria an indieli, TeTrkaniani
an Savkaniani. amis Sedegad, laTino-amerikelebi ikaveben gaurkvevel pozicias eT
nikuri da rasobriv umciresobebs Soris. erTi da imave erovnebis sxvadasxva ada
miani SeiZleba aRiqmebodes TeTrkanianadac (ZiriTadad espanuri warmoSobisani),
da TiTqmis Savkanianad (es umTavresad exeba induri an afrikuli warmoSobis ada
mianebs).
c x r i l i 8.3
profesiuli dasaqmebis maCvenebeli laTino-amerikuli
warmoSobisa da sqesis mixedviT, saSualo wliuri maCveneblebi, 1993w.
laTino- aralaTino-
amerikeli amerikeli
360
Ta saSualo wliuri Semosavali TeTrkanianTa wliuri Semosavlis sam-meoTxeds
Seadgens. saSualod, aralaTino-amerikelis mier gamomuSavebul 1 dolarze la
Tino-amerikelebis mier gamomuSavebuli 63 centi modis (ix. sqema 8.5). miuxedavad
imisa, rom am umuSevrobisa da siRatakis maCveneblebi bolo xanebSi odnav gaum
jobesda, maTi mdgomareoba gacilebiT CamorCeba TeTrkaniani amerikelebis mdgo
mareobas. 1993 wlis monacemebiT, laTino-amerikelTa 29 procenti cxovrobda siR
aribis zRvars miRma (gansxvavebiT aralaTino-amerikeli warmoSobis ETeTrkanianTa
9.6%-gan) (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994w.).
im ojaxTa procentuli maCvenebeli, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 10.000 aSS dolarze naklebia
361
mkvidri amerikelebi
362
yvetilebebiT xSirad wagebulebi rCebodnen (ietmani, 1992w.). maT mdgomareobas
kargad aRwers termini `Sida kolonizacia~ (snipi, 1992w.).
zogadi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mkvidri indielebi male unda gadaSenebuliyvnen.
monadireebsa da meTevzeebs xels uwyobdnen fermerebad CamoyalibebaSi, bavS
vebs agzavnidnen skola-internatebSi, sadac maT ukrZlavdnen mSobliur enaze
laparaks. 1950-ian wlebSi iwyeba terminaciis politika, romelic miznad isaxav
da mkvidri mosaxleobis waxalisebas _ sacxovreblad qalaqebSi gadasuliyvnen
da, aseve maTi miwebis specialuri statusis gauqmebas. amiT, evro-amerikelebma
viTomda bolo mouRes `indielTa problemas~.
Tumca, raoden gasakviric unda iyos, mkvidrma amerikelebma SeZles gaer
Tianeba da, amave dros, tomobrivi identobebis SenarCuneba. pan-indiuri moZrao
ba dResac yvavis da sul ufro da ufro ikrebs Zalas (snipi, 1992w.).
mkvidr amerikelTa raodenoba, romelic nela, magram stabilurad izrde
boda, 1950-1990 wlebSi xuTjer gaizarda da 2 milions miaRwia (eSbaxi, 1995). es
maCvenebeli nawilobriv gamowveulia Sobadobis ricxvis matebiTa da sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis zrdiT. saqme imaSia, rom mkvidri amerikelebis identobasTan daka
vSirebuli stigmis SesustebasTan erTad, bevrma indiuri an Sereuli warmoSobis
amerikelma gaamJRavna sakuTari warmomavloba.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, indielTa tomebis warmomadgenlebma sasamarT
loSi sarCeli Seitanes da moiTxoves darRveuli xelSekrulebebis aRdgena. amis
Sedegad, sius toms 122.5 mln aSS dolari gadaeca mitacebuli `Savi mTebis~ kom
pensaciis saxiT, xolo Puget Sound- is garSemo mcxovrebma tomebma miiRes ufle
ba, isargeblon am tbebSi daWerili oragulis 50%-iT, rasac isini meTevzeobasa
da agrokulturis ganviTarebas axmaren. yvelze did xmaursa da ukmayofilebas
iwvevs indielTa teritoriaze gaSenebuli kazinoebisa da sxva gasarTobi biznesis
mzardi raodenoba. saqme imaSia, rom kanoni ar krZlavs indielTa teritoriebze
azartuli TamaSebiT garTobas. es faqti garSemo mcxovrebi sazogadoebis ukmay
ofilebas iwvevs ara marto azartuli TamaSebis, aramed Sedegebis gamo (mag. pros
titucia), romelic am saqmianobas axlavs xolme Tan.
dRes 2.23 milioni mkvidri amerikeli iTvleba qveyanaSi mcxovreb yvelaze Ra
rib umciresobaTa jgufs Soris. ganaTlebis, Semosavlebis, dasaqmebisa da janmr
Telobis mxriv, mkvidri amerikelebi CamorCebian ara marto zogadad amerikelebs,
aramed umciresobaTa yvela jgufs (ix. sqema 8.6). mkvidr amerikelebze ubeduri
SemTxvevebis, mkvlelobis, TviTmkvlelobis, RviZlis daavadebebis, gripis, pnev
moniisa da diabetis maRali maCvenebeli modis (zemoT CamoTvlilTagan yvela
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos alkoholis Warbi moxmarebiT) da maTi sicocxlis xan
grZlivoba saerTo erovnul maCvenebelze 10 wliT naklebia (ietmani, 1992w.).
363
mkvidri sikvdilobis maCvenebeli
amerikelebi, asakis mixedviT
eskimosebi da yvela
aleutebi rasa
ojaxis wevrebis
avtosagzao
saSualo ricxvi 4.6 3.8
SemTxveva
ojaxis Semosavalis
mediana $13.700 $19.900 yvela sxva
SemTxvevebi
ojaxis saSualo
Semosavali $16.500 $23.100 RviZlis qronikuli
daavadebebi
Semosavali da cirozi
erT sulze $3.600 $7.300
diabeti
siRatakis zRvars
miRma mcxovrebTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 28.2% 12.2% pnevmonia
da gripi
umaRlesi skolis
kursdamTavrebulTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 65.5% 75.2% mkvleloba
kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 9.3% 20.3%
mkvidri amerikelebi
TviTmkvleloba
umuSevarTa procentuli
yvela rasa
maCvenebeli 13.3% 6.5%
tuberkulozi
maCvenebeli 100.000-Tvis
364
bis maCveneblis zrdis Semdeg, TeTrkanianmebma zurgi Seaqcies Cinelebs. linCis
wesiT gasamarTleba, saxlebis gadawva da devnis sxva formebi CinelTa mimarT, im
dros iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda. 1882 wels SemoRebuli iqna kanoni, romelic
Cinelebs ukrZlavda miwis SeZenas da srulfasovani moqalaqis statusis miRebas.
Cinelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, gancalkevebiT dasaxlebuliyvnen erTad (Cinuri
kvartlebi) (vongi, 1982w.). 1965 wlis saemigracio kanonis SemoRebis Semdeg ameri
kaSi Camosuli Cinelebis raodenobam gadaaWarba Cinuri emigraciis 80 wlis gan
mavlobaSi Semosuli Cineli emigrantebis ricxvs. dRes 1.6 milioni Cinuri warmo
Sobis amerikelisagan ori mesamedi taivanidan da honkongidan emigrirebulebis
STamomavlebi arian.
iaponelma emigrantebma aSS-Si Camosvla 1870-ian wlebSi daiwyes. axalmo
sulebma gaxsnes bostneulisa da yvavilebis maRaziebi da xeli mihyves sxva wvr
ili biznesis warmoebasac. 1924 wels Sewyda emigrantebis miReba aRmosavleT
aziidan. iaponiis mier perl-harborze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis gamo, aSS-is
xelisuflebam Suri sakuTar qveyanaSi mcxovreb iaponelebze iZia. qveynis siRrme
Si mcxovrebi 120000-ze meti iaponeli (maT Soris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
70000 moqalaqec) dasavleTis sanapiroze specialurad SemoRobil da dacul
`relokaciis centrebSi~ moaTavses. TeTrkanianebma ki maTi miwebi miitaces da
maTi biznesic xelSi Caigdes. mxolod 1988 wels moubodiSa senatma oficialu
rad iaponelebs adamianis uflebebis darRvevisaTvis da TiToeul im iaponuri
warmoSobis amerikels gadasca 20000 dolaris odenobis kompensacia, romlebic
datyvevebulebi iyvnen omis dros.
dResdReobiT SeiniSneba iaponeli emigrantebis ricxvis kleba, rac gan
pirobebuli unda iyos iaponiis ekonomikis swrafi winsvliTa da, Sesabamisad,
iaponelebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebis SeTavazebiT samSobloSive. dRes aSS-Si
mcxovrebi 847000 iaponuri warmoSobis amerikeli emigrantTa mesame an meoTxe
Taobas warmoadgens. isini yvelaze ukeT asimilirebuli eTnikuri jgufia.
azieli emigrantebis yvelaze didi ricxvi dRes filipinebidan modis. Semdeg
modis korea, vietnami da indoeTi (gardneri, 1992w.).
kulturuli mravalferovneba
365
c x r i l i 8.4
arCeuli klasisa da adgilobrivi jgufebis E
eTnikuri ganawileba, procentebSi
iaponeli 62 62 8 3
Cineli 21 25 30 34
filipineli 12 8 27 19
koreeli 3 2 15 19
vietnameli 0 0 10 17
wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, mosaxleobis aRwera, 1990w; anketis nimuSi (aSS-is
mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, vaSingtonis olqi).
366
saSualo fenas. Tu azielebma moaxerxes winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, ratom ver
axerxeben amas sxvebi (Savkanianebi da laTino-amerikelebi)?
azielebis warmatebam daadastura amerikuli ocnebis ganxorcielebis Sesa
Zlebloba mondomebiT, Tavdauzogavi muSaobiTa da discipliniT (suZuki, 1995w.).
Tumca am movlenas sxva axsnac SeiZleba moeZebnos: azielTa Rirebulebebi, rac
gamoixateba morCilebaSi, simSvidesa da damyolobaSi, warmoadgens mtrul ga
remosTan adaptaciis erT-erT saSualebas (Cani, 1995w.). aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebisaTvis ganaTlebas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs, rac SeiZleba
maTi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT iqnes axsnili. Tavdapirvelad azielebs iS
viaTad iyvandnen samsaxurSi TeTrkaniani damsaqmeblebi da, aqedan gamomdinare,
ganaTleba socialuri mobilobis miRwevis erTaderT saSualebad rCeboda (siu da
okazaki, 1995). ufro metic, amerikul skolebSi, aziuri warmoSobis studentebs
xSirad ar aZlevdnen saSualebas, monawileoba mieRoT klasgareSe aqtivobebSi,
rac damatebiT stimuls aZlevda maT. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis te
qnikuri seqtoris aRmavlobam warmoSva moTxovna kvalificiur kadrze (ZiriTa
dad, teqnikur-samecniero sferoebSi). aqedan gamomdinare, aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebma isargebles struqturuli mobilobiT (dasaqmebis struqturis cv
lileba).
pozitiuri stereotipebic ki SeiZleba saSiSi aRmoCndes (kristali, 1989w.).
mosazreba, rom aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs TviTon SeuZliaT warmatebis miR
weva, xSir SemTxvevaSi umciresobisTvis Seqmnili specialuri programebidan maTi
amoRebis safuZveli gaxda, ris Sedegadac azielebi daxmarebas ver iReben. stereo
tipi maTi warmatebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia sxva eTnikuri jgufebis ganawyenebis
safuZveli gaxdes, rogorc es koreelebis mimarT 1992 wels los-anjelesis gamos
vlebisas moxda (ix. Tavi 20). dabolos, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs warmateba
iseT seriozul fasad daujdaT, rogoricaa gadaWarbebuli damyoloba, gaZliere
buli kontroli, zewola warmatebis misaRwevad da dakarguli identoba (Cani,
1995w.). zog SemTxvevaSi, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi SeiZleba ganxilul iyvnen
asimilaciis msxverplad. maTTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs iseTi sazogadoebrivi
molodinis Camoyalibebis saSiSroeba, romelTa mixedviTac yvela danarCen jgufs
moeTxoveba aseTive moqceva, warmatebisadmi aseTive swrafva da misi miRweva ise
Tive saSualebebiT, rogoriTac amas aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebma miaRwies.
Sejameba
367
3. rasa da eTnikuroba socialuri konstruqtebia. rasa aris is mosaxleoba,
romelic Tavis Tavs aRiqvams gansxvavebuli, Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebis
mqoned (aseTebadve aRiqmebian isini sxva adamianebis mier). eTnikuroba aris
socialuri identifikacia, romelic efuZneba jgufis kulturul maxasiaTeb
lebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom rasis cnebas Zalian mcire biologiuri mniSvnelo
ba gaaCnia da eTnikuroba xSirad moqnilia, orive maTgani gamoiyeneba politi
kur instrumentad. maT SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon socialur identobaze.
4. eTnikuri politika aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme exeba iseT kul
turul kontaqts, sadac monawileobs adamianTa is raodenoba, romlebsac
garSemomyofebi jgufis wevrebad aRiqvamen. zogjer erTi jgufi axorcielebs
politikur da ekonomikur sabotaJs meoris winaaRmdeg, rogorc kolonia
lizmis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, erTi, ufro Zlieri jgufi imo
nebs, devnis an acalkevebs ufro sust jgufs. ukidures SemTxvevebSi, Zlieri
jgufebi cdiloben, masobrivad gaanadguron susti jgufis wevrebi (geno
cidi). adamianTa mxolod Zalian mcire raodenoba egueba diskriminacias da
Zaladobas udrtvinvelad. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba miiRos avtosegregaciis,
faruli aqciebis, sajaro protestisa da SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis formebi.
5. umciresobebis formaluri SezRudvebis gauqmeba ar niSnavs avtomaturad
Tanasworobis damkvidrebas. ganwyoba aris uaryofiTi an dadebiTi damokide
buleba adamianTa garkveuli jgufis mimarT, romelic efuZneba realur da
warmosaxviT socialur maxasiaTeblebs. ganwyoba, romelic ar gulisxmobs
mxolod pirad mosazrebas, dakavSirebulia kulturul normebsa da Rire
bulebebTan. diskriminacia socialuri qmedebaa, romelic emyareba savarau
do gansxvavebebs jgufebs Soris.
6. jgufTa Soris damokidebuleba ar midis konfliqtamde. akomodaciis forma
moicavs integracias (Tavisuflad aRrevas), asimilacias (umravlesobis mier
umciresobis STanTqma), pluralizms (gansxvavebuli identobebis SenarCu
neba) da multikulturalizms (kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis SenarCuneba da
pativiscema).
7. kulturulad da eTnikurad gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi identurobis sa
kiTxi politikur xasiaTs iRebs. iarliyebma, romlebsac miaweren erT rome
lime jgufs, SesaZlebelia gavlena iqonios am jgufis wevrebis gamocdile
basa da SesaZleblobebze.
8. umciresobebs Soris emigrantebis maCvenebelisa da Sobadobis maCvenebelis
zrdidan gamomdinare, amerikis saxe TandaTan icvleba. jgufTa Soris har
moniuli damokidebuleba dRes StatebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
odesme. magram rasobrivi da eTnikuri Tanasworobisaken mimarTuli mcdelo
bebi mxolod nawilobriv warmatebuli aRmoCnda.
9. afro-amerikelebi qmnian yvelaze did umciresobaTa jgufs qveyanaSi. maT
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, isini kvlav mniSvnelovnad CamorCebian TeTrkanianebs Se
mosavlis, ganaTlebisa da sxva sakiTxebis mxriv. saSualo fenis Savkanianebis
368
ricxvis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba getoebSi gamefebuli siRaribis done.
miuxedavad gamocdilebisa da ganaTlebisa, Savkanianebi gacilebiT naklebs
gamoimuSaveben, vidre TeTrkanianebi. ufro metic, rezidentuli segregacia
(romelic gavlenas axdens ganaTlebaze, samuSaoTa qselze da a.S) iZulebuls
xdis saSualo da dabali fenebis afro-amerikelebs, miatovon qalaqebi da
SeizRudon mxolod interrasobrivi kontaqtebiT, rac xels uwyobs ganwyo
bis warmoqmnas.
10. laTino-amerikelebma, SesaZloa, mokle xanSi ricxobrivad afro-amerikelebs
gauswron. laTino-amerikelebs saziaro aqvT ena, religia da Cveulebebi, rac
ganapirobebs maT gaerTianebas garkveul donemde. Tumca, meqsikelebs, kube
lebsa da sxvebs gansxvavebuli identobebi aqvT. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis
garda, laTino-amerikelebs ganaTlebis ufro dabali done aqvT. maT Soris
maRalia umuSevrobis maCvenebeli da siRatakis done.
11. mkvidri amerikelebi warmoadgnen umciresobis yvelaze Rarib jgufs SeerTe
bul StatebSi. erTxans mravali adamiani fiqrobda, rom indielebi TandaTan
asimilirdebodnen an Caikargebodnen ZiriTad masaSi. amis nacvlad, mkvidrma
amerikelebma SeinarCunes tradicia da amJamad garkveul winsvlas miaRwies
mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis, tomuri wesebis SenarCunebisa da ekonomikis
TvalsazrisiT.
12. aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi xasiaTdebian gamravlebis yvelaze swrafi
tempiTa da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT. gamomdinare eTnikurobidan da
samSobloSi maTi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, zogma maTganma
StatebSic SeinarCuna warmateba, magram maT Soris arian iseTebic, romlebsac
jer kidev uwevT brZola arsebobisaTvis. dRes aziuri warmoSobis amerikele
bi `samagaliTo umciresobad~ xasiaTdeba, rac maT moTminebasa da gamZleobas
gamoxatavs.
imsjeleT
369
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
370
integracia _ daubrkolebeli interaqcia da kontaqti sxvadasxva rasobriv da
eTnikur jgufebs Soris. zogjer iwodeba `socialur~ integraciadac, raTa
ganvasxvavoT funqciuri integraciisagan.
umciresobis jgufebi _ adamianebi, romlebic gamoirCevian maT mimarT araTanas
wori mopyrobiT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic cxovroben da romlebic sakuTar
Tavs diskriminaciis msxverplad miiCneven.
multikulturalizmi _ midgoma pluralur sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisadmi, ro
melic adamianebs mouwodebs, pativi scen erTmaneTs da im maxasiaTeblebs,
rac ganasxvavebs calkeul jgufebs. es mosazreba gansxvavdeba pluralizmis
sxva formebisagan, radgan gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs interaqciasa da
jgufebs Soris Tanasworobaze.
pluralizmi _ sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis Tanaarseboba ise,
rom TiToeuli maTgani inarCunebs sakuTar kulturul identobas da so
cialur qsels erTsa da imave ekonomikur da politikur sistemaSi monawile
obis paralelurad.
ganwyoba (prejudice) _ kategoriuli winaswarganwyoba adamianebis mimarT (ro
gorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri), romelic efuZneba realur an warmosax
viT maxasiaTeblebs.
rasa _ adamianTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic sakuTar Tavebs genetikurad gansx
vavebulad miiCneven (da aseve miiCnevian sxvebis mierac).
rasizmi _ doqtrina, rom rasebi arian biologiurad aRmatebulni an arasrul
fasovanni.
segregacia _ jgufebs Soris kontaqtis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli tradiciuli
SezRudva an akrZalva rasis, eTnikurobis, sqesisa da asakis kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT.
monoba _ institucionalizebuli sistema, romelSic `batons~ aqvs sruli ufle
ba, mis sakuTrebaSi myof monebs iZulebiT Seasrulebinos samuSao.
stereotipebi _ fiqsirebuli, gamartivebuli an damaxinjebuli ganzogadebebi,
romelic dakavSirebulia socialur jgufTan da mis wevrebTan da gaziare
bulia kulturul konteqstSi.
371
372
Tavi 9
sqesi da genderi
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: profesiuli segregaciis
erovnebaTaSorisi formebis axsna
373
374
safrTxeSi yofna brZolas ar niSnavs. roca gesvrian an Tundac gklaven,
arc es aris brZola. brZola niSnavs mowinaaRmdegis moZebnas, mokvlas an
Sepyrobas. brZola mokvlas niSnavs da qalebs amis gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT!
Aaucilebelia Zala da amtanoba, amitom qalebs es ubralod ar ZaluZT.
SeiZleba Zvelmodurad CamTvaloT, magram Cemi azriT, qalis buneba ar
aZlevs mas amis saSualebas. qalebi sicocxles aZleven, ufrTxildebian,
zrunaven sicocxleze. isini ar arTmeven sicocxles. (generali robert
h. barou, citata niu-iork TaimsSi, 1991w. 21 ivlisi, gv.3)
375
msxverpli gaxda teilhukis konvenciis dros las vegasSi. gamoZiebam gamoavlina,
rom es farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. Sedegad ramdenime admirali gadadga,
zogma ki samsaxuri Seicvala.
bolo wlebSi qalebma samxedro samsaxurSi seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies.
1933 wlidan maT moipoves sabrZolo misiebze frenis ufleba; sahaero Zalebis
mdivani qalia. 1994 wlidan qalebma daikaves TiTqmis 260 000 posti, romelic ma
namde maTTvis miuwvdomeli iyo (Tavdacvis departamentis memorandumi. 1994w. 13
ianvari). 1995 wels aSS samxedro akademiaSi, vest pointSi, pirvelad gamocxadda
qali klasis yvelaze warCinebul mowafed. is sam programaSi iyo yvelaze warmate
buli – samxedroSi, akademiursa da fizikurSi (niu-oirk Taimsi, 1994w. 4 ivnisi).
sabavSvo baRebi samxedro bazebis nawilad iqca. eqvsi leitenantidan erTi qalia.
Tumca sabrZolo SezRudvebi karierul winsvlas xels uSlis: 30 polkovnikidan
mxolod erTia qali da 407 generlidan mxolod erTia qali (moskosi, 1990). maRali
samxedro Cinis mopoveba uSualod aris damokidebuli brZolis velze miRweul
warmatebebze. sociologiuri terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, qalebisTvis brZoleb
Si monawileobis akrZalvis mizani maTive usafrTxoebaa, magram sinamdvileSi ki es
akrZalva miznad isaxavs qalebis karierul winsvlaSi xelis SeSlas.
genderi ufro metia, vidre biologia. es aris socialurad konstruirebuli
gansxavavebebisa da Sefasebebis krebuli, romelic Zalauflebasa da kulturas
asaxavs ise, rogorc socialur funqcias. samxedro samsaxuris magaliTi genderis
sociologiisaTvis eqstremaluri magaliTia, magram es sakiTxi cxovrebis yvela
socialur sferos exeba. genderuli gansxvavebebi socialuri struqturis erT-
erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da am gansxavebebis SenarCuneba ZaliT
xdeba. yvela ZiriTadi koncefcia miesadageba sqessa da genders, magram sam maT
gans Semdgom msjelobebSi ZiriTad adgils davuTmobT.
376
nebismieri sazogadoeba iyenebs genders, rogorc princips, romlis mixedvi
Tac aris gadanawilebuli movaleobebi da jildoebi socialuri cxovrebaSi qali
sa da mamakacis rolebad. tansacmlidan dawyebuli _ karieris arCeviT damTavre
buli, qalebi da mamakacebi gansxvavebulebi unda iyvnen. istoriulad qalebi da
mamakacebi iTvlebodnen ara marto gansxvavebulebad, aramed araTanasworebad.
TiTqmis yvela droSi da yvela adgilas is samuSao, gasarTobi, mosazreba, tradi
cia da Rirsebac ki, romelic qalisaTvis ufro tradiciuli iyo, naklebad Ri
rebulad iTvleboda imasTan SedarebiT, rasac mamakacebi akeTebdnen. amgvarad,
racionaluroba (rac mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad moiazreba) ufro
dadebiT Tvisebad iTvleba, vidre emociuroba (qaluri Tviseba), mudmivi Sejibri
(mamakacuri Tviseba) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sxvaze zrunva (qaluri); fulis
Sovna (tradiciuli mamakacis roli) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre bavSvebis movla
(jer kidev, ZiriTadad, qalis movaleoba). TiTqmis yovelTvis kacebi ufro didi
ZalauflebiT, simdidriTa da privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, vidre qalebi. es
asea Tanamedrove dasavlur samyaroSic, miuxedavad socialuri cvlilebebisa.
genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba universaluri movlenaa. bevri fiqrobs,
rom mizezi, ris gamoc genderuli araTanabaruflebianoba aseTi gavrcelebulia,
biologiaa, romelic gansazRvravs Cvens fiqsirebul, ,,ZiriTad” identobas.
biologia bedisweraa?
377
da kingi, 1984w. aseve ix. haidi, 1981w. Sermani, 1978w. tavrisi da uedi, 1984w.). amas
Tavis tvinis kvlevebic adasturebs (Siavici, et.al 1995w. uitelsoni, 1992w. uit
naubi 1991w.). mecnirebma didi xnis win icodnen, rom qalisa da mamakacis tvini
mcired gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. qalebs ufro patara tvini aqvT, magram meti
neironebi aqvT da ufro farTo xidi tvinis or nawils Soris. amiT SeiZleba aixs
nas maTi midrekileba enebisadmi da ukeTesi intuicia. tvinis stimulacia aCvenebs,
rom kacebis tvinis im nawilSi, romelic moqmedebas marTavs, meti aqtiurobaa, rac
gansakuTrebiT agresiaSi gamoixateba, qalis tvini ki ufro aqtiuria im nawilSi,
romelic pasuxs rTul emociur gamoxatulebaze agebs.
es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom biologia marTavs tvins. realurad jer kidev
dasadgenia gansxvavebebi axalSobil vaJebsa da gogonebs Soris. amas emateba isic,
rom gogonebsa da biWebs Tavidanve gansxvavebulad eqcevian. es niSnavs, rom go
gonebisa da biWebis nervuli sistema yoveldRiuri socialuri urTierTobis
fonze gansxvavebulad yalibdeba. gansxvaveba naklebad igrZnoba mowifulobis
asakamde, Semdeg seqsualuri mowifuloba da socialuri normebi sagZnob gansx
vavebebs warmoSobs. mozard gogonebs xSirad aqvT dabali TviTSefaseba. skolis
maRal klasebSi gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis samyaros Soris ukve sagrZno
bia (riCmondi-aboti, 1992w.). biologiuri faqtori garkveul rols TamaSobs am
procesSi, magram kulturuli aspeqti imdenad Warbobs, rom biologiuri faqto
ris gavlenis gamoyofa Zalian rTulia. rogorc mexuTe TavSi vnaxeT, buneba da
aRzrda ganuyoflad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT biologiur gan
sxvavebebze saubrisas, aris is, rom erTi sqesis adamianebis saqcielSi ufro meti
gansxvaveba SeimCneva, vidre sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebSi (bleieri 1984w. haidi
1984w. Torni 1993w.). SemTxveviTi principiT SerCeulma qalma SesaZloa bevrad
ukeT Seasrulos `mamakacuri~ saqme, vidre zogierTma kacma da piriqiT. rogorc
ukve aRiniSna bevr situaciaSi orive sqesis saqcieli erTmaneTs emTxveva. es
sakiTxi, rogorc wesi ikargeba im kvlevebSi, romlebic gogonebsa da biWebs, qa
lebsa da mamakacebs ajgufebs. am SemTxvevaSi, imaze msjeloba, rom ama Tu im sqesis
warmomadgenels ukeT SeuZlia garkveuli saqmianobis Sesruleba, azrs kargavs.
individualuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa treiningi, xasiaTi, motivacia SeiZleba
bevrad ufro relevanturi iyos.
fsiqologiur gansxvavebebsac ki ar aqvs wminda boilogiuri axsna. mamakaci
sportsmenebi ufro swrafad darbian da maRla xtebian, vidre maTi qali kolegebi,
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amerikuli kultura, (iseve rogorc bevri sxva)
am mxriv, bevrad ufro met motivacias uqmnis da, SesaZloa, zewolasac ki axor
cielebs biWebze, aRar gagvikvirdeba, rom isini ukeTes Sedegs aRweven. Tumca,
qali da kaci Cempionebis raodenoba erTmaneTs dauxlovda, radgan qalebi bevrad
ufro aqtiurebi gaxdnen ukanaskneli sami aTeuli wlis manZilze. (doili, 1985w.
jordani, 1983w.).
kulturuli konteqsti didwilad gansazRvravs qalis fizikur SesaZleblo
bebs. sazogadoebebSi, romelSic ZiriTadad soflis meurneobas misdeven da qale
bi mindorSi muSaoben, SedarebiT Zlierebic arian. aseve kultura gansazRvravs
378
imas, Tu ras aRviqvamT Cven fizikur Zalad. magaliTad, adamianebis umravlesobas
normalurad eCveneba, roca qals 15-kilogramiani bavSvi sasursaTo maRaziaSi mi
hyavs, magram Tu igive qali maRaziidan 5-kilogramiani CanTiT gamodis, mas exmare
bian (festermakeri, uesti da cimermani, 1991w.). amgvarad, kulturuli cvlileba,
individualuri qmedeba da kulturuli konteqsti _ yvela es faqtori moqmedebs
im nedl masalaze, rasac biologia gvaZlevs.
qalSi mxolod biologiuri faqtoris xazgasma ,,esencialisturi” poziciaa, ro
melic qalis arss mis reproduqciul organoebSi an sxva fizikur TvisebebSi xedavs.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, genderis mravalferovnebis aRniSvna, imaze msjeloba, Tu ro
gor gansazRvravs garemo qalad Tu kacad yofnas, `konstruqtivistur” midgomas
niSnavs. qalebs Soris msgavsebis xazgasma biologiis safuZvelze solidarobis
Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. Aman SeiZleba aseve arastabiluroba gamoiwvios. Ffemi
nistebi dayofilebi iyvnen esencializmisa da konstruqtivizmis mixedviT (fasi,
1989w. batleri, 1990w.). sociologebis umravlesoba nawilobriv mainc konstruq
tivistia (ix. Tavi 4 socializaciis Sesaxeb). Tumca isini aRiareben, rom socialuri
konstruqcia ver Secvlis kulturul kategoriebs an personalur Tvisebebs (kal
houni, 1994w.). marTlac, zogierTi Teoretikosi gvafrTxilebs, rom kulturulma
konstruqciebma iseve SeiZleba aqcion genderi gansazRvrul faqtorad, rogorc
biologiis bediswerad miCnevam. rogorc judiT batleri (1990w.) aRniSnavs, aseT
SemTxvevebSi biologia ki ara, aramed kultura xdeba bediswera (gv.8).
kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebebi
379
tCambuliSi, qalebsa da maT rolze Cveni warmodgenebi Tavdayira dadga. qalebi
iyvnen ZiriTadad sakvebis mompoveblebi, iparsavdnen Tavs, ar atarebdnen aranair
samkauls. kacebs ufro metad aRelvebdaT silamaze mTel dRes kopwiaobasa da
WoraobaSi atarebdnen.
mids SedarebiT eqtremaluri pozicia ekava genderis socialur konsruqcia
sTan dakavSirebiT. is werda: bevri Tviseba, Tu yvela ara, romelsac qalurs an ma
makacurs uwodeben, iseve naklebad aris dakavSirebuli sqesTan, rogorc tansac
meli, manerebi an Tavsaburavi, rasac sazogadoeba drois garkveul monakveTSi ama
Tu im sqess miawers. gadamwyvet rols aq sazogadoeba asrulebs (CafezSi, 1970w.
gv.260). arc erT sociologs ar sjera, rom biologia aris mTlianad ganmsazRvre
li genderuli rolebisa. bevri Tvlis, rom sxvadasxva kulturebs gacilebiT
ufro meti aqvs saerTo am TvalsazrisiT, vidre es midma aRwera.
rogorc adre vaxseneT, TiTqmis yvela sazogadoeba ufro afasebs im Tvise
basa da saqmeebs, romelic mamakacis damaxasiaTeblad iTvleba (Cafez, 1984w.). midi
(1928-1968w.w.) wers, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor aris saqme gadanawilebuli,
kacis saqme ufro mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, qalis saqme ki ufro rutinulia. maga
liTad, inglisSi samrewvelo revoluciamde rTva qalis saqmed iTvleboda da
qsova _ kacis, qsovaSi ufro mets ixdidnen. roca sarTveli manqana gamoigones,
mamakacebma masze pretenzia gamoacxades, radgan ganviTarebuli teqnologiebi
TavianT privilegiad miaCdaT, Tanac manqaniT momuSaveebs mets uxdidnen, vidre
xeliT mrTvelebs. roca es saqmianoba nel-nela naklebad saWiro gaxda masSi,
ufro meti qali maSin CaerTo. (pinCbeki, 193; tompsoni, 1968).
sxvadasxva kulturebis Sedareba cxadyofs mravalferovnebas, sxvadasxva
kulturebi sxvadasxva raRaceebs miiCneven qalisa da kacis maxasiaTeblebad. ar
arsebobs kacuris erTi gansazRvreba (fasi, 1989w.), magram yvela sazogadoeba an
sxvavebs qalursa da mamakacurs. istoriulad kacebi dominirebdnen, radgan fizi
kurad ufro Zlierebi iyvnen _ es biologiuri gansxvavebaa. rac ufro didxans
grZeldeboda es dominanturi mdgomareba, miT ufro meti saSualeba hqonda kacs
da ufro izrdeboda araTanabaruflebianoba. kacebis dominanturoba socialuri
struqturis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda, rasac kulturuli normebi da Rirebule
bebic uwyobs xels iseve, rogorc fizikuri Zala an Zalaufleba.
380
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian bevri qali muSaobs da bevri samuSao adgili, ro
melic adre mamakacebis saqmianobad Tvleboda, qalebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gax
da, is socialuri moTxovnebi da genderuli rolebi, romlebic 50-ian wlebSi Camo
yalibda, dResac idealurad iTvleba. genderuli rolebi aris garkveuli qceva,
damokidebuleba, movaleobebi da privilegiebi, romelTac sazogadoeba TiToeul
sqess miawers. genderuli rolebi sakmaod adre iCenen Tavs gogonebisa da biWebis
TamaSebSi. biWebi ufro agresiul TamaSebs irCeven da saTamaSo moedans TiTqmis
mTlianad ikaveben, gogonebi ufro pasiurad TamaSoben, magaliTad, TojinebiT an
Tokze xtunaven (Torne, 1993w.). genderuli rolebi efuZneba genderuli stereo
tipebis krebuls, romlis sawinaaRmdegod gamodian sociologebi da qalTa moZ
raobis wevrebic (riCmond aboti, 1992w.; golomboki da fivuSi, 1994w.).
genderuli stereotipebi gamartivebulia, magram mkacrad dadgenilia da kul
turuli, gaZlierebulia Sexedulebebi qalisa da mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. isini xels uwyoben genderuli rolebis SenarCunebas imis xazgas
miT, Tu romeli saqmianoba Tu movaleobaa qalisa Tu mamakacisaTvis ,,bunebrivad”
damaxasiaTebeli. 1990 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom aTidan TiTqmis
eqvsi respodenti ambobda _ qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT gansxvavebuli pirovnuli
Tvisebebi, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi. cxrili 9.1 aCvenebs gansxvavebul maxasi
aTeblebs, romlebsac amerikelebi miaweren sxvadasxva sqess.
cxrili 9.1
ramdenad gansxvavebulad Tvlian sqesebs
qalebi da mamakacebi
381
15 qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba
jami kacebi qalebi
wyaro: linda destefano da daiane kolasanto, `1975 welTan SedarebiT dRevandel amerikel
mamakacTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom ukeTesi seqsi aqvs~ 1990 w. TeEbervali gv. 29.
382
gamoxataven stress, magaliTad, gabrazebiT. mirovskim da rosma (1995w.) gaiTva
liswines es SesaZlebloba, rodesac stresis SeswavliT iyvnen dakavebulebi, ro
melic sevdaSi, gaRizianebaSi, arakeTilganwyobasa da tkivilSi gamoixateboda.
maT daadgines, rom qalebi aranakleb xSirad gamoxataven sibrazes stresis Sede
gad. aseve daadgines, rom qalebi daaxloebiT 30%-iT ufro xSirad arian stresis
msxveplni, vidre kacebi. es ar niSnavs, rom kacis roli amerikaSi stresisgan Tavi
sufalia. araadekvaturobis SiSi da warumatebloba kacebisaTvis stresis mTa
vari wyaroa. kacebi iZulebulebi arian yovelTvis aCvenon, rom arian Zlierebi da
mamacebi. genderuli stereotipebi xels uSlis kacebs, gamoxaton siTbo da sinaze
TavianT colebTan da SvilebTan an orive sqesis megobrebTan. kacs moeTxoveba,
rom iyos mkacri da mudmivad aCvenos sakuTari upiratesoba, amis dadastureba mas
xSirad agresiuli qceviT, zogjer ZaladobiTac ki uwevs. kacis roli Tavs iCens
janmTelobis sakiTxSic. Kkacis cxovrebis saSualo xangZlivoba rva wliT nakle
bia, vidre qalis da kacebi ufro xSirad xdebian gulis Setevis, stresTan dakav
Sirebuli daavadebebis da alkoholizmis msxverplni (ix.Tavi14).
orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi xSirad gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas tradiciu
li genderuli rolebiT, Tumca es rolebi ar icvleba. kacebis umravlesoba isev
irCevs tradiciulad mamakacur saqmianobas; qalebis umravlesoba isev uvlis
saxls da bavSvebs maSinac ki, roca srul ganakveTze muSaobs. Mmagram, aRniSnavs
patricia hil kolinsi (1991), _ Cvens xasiaTs sxvadasxva identoba gansazRravs,
maT Soris sqesi, rasa, socialuri fena, religia da seqsualuri orientacia – es
yvelaferi mainc gansxvavebebs gulisxmobs. Mmokled, Cvens gansxvavebebsac ki aqvT
gansxvavebebi.
383
qalebi ufro xSirad sapirispiro pasuxisken ixrebian, amave dros bevr detalur
SekiTxvas svamen da zogjer gvTavazoben gamosavals, romelic SekiTxvaSi mocemu
li ar aris (magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes programa, romliTac moxda
wamlebis darigeba gaWirvebuli adaminebisTvis). qalebis pasuxebi ganpirobebulia
konkretuli konteqstiT, urTierTobiT, sxvaze zrunvis ideiT da ara zogadi mo
sazrebebiT samarTlianobasa da Tanabaruflebianobaze. kolbergi Tavdapirvelad
am gansxvavebas ganixilavda cudisa da kargis dapirispirebis kuTxiT, man daaskvna,
rom kacebi moralurad ufro maRla idgnen. Tumca, sagulisxmoa karol giliganis
(1987w.) naTqvami, rom mzrunvelobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetileba aranakleb Ri
rebulia, vidre samarTlianobaze. erT situacias ori mxare sxvadasxvagvarad uy
urebs sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
benhabibi (1986w.) moralur xedvaSi arsebul gansxvavebebs jorj herberts
midis sociologiur TeoriasTan akavSirebs. moralur konteqstSi am dros ga
nixileba `viRac sxva~ anu es niSnavs zogadad viRacaze fiqrs da ara konkretul
adamianze. ganzogadebuli magaliTebi mniSvnelovania adamianTa uflebebis
konteqstSi. ra xdeba maSin, roca saqme Seexeba konkretul pirovnebas? Tu Cven
vifiqrebT, zogadad adamianze, _ aRniSnaven benhabibi da giligani, _ mxedve
lobidan gamogvrCeba socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi elementi, rogoricaa Tana
grZnoba da sxvaze zrunva. meore TvalsazrisiT, `konkretuli sxva~ anu konkre
tuli adamianis konkretuli situaciis danaxva, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
istoriiTa da unikalurobiT (imis xasgasma Tu ra gangvasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan)
ufro saWiroebebisken ixreba, vidre uflebebisken. moraluri principebi, rom
lebsac am poziciamde mivyavarT, aris pasuxismgeblobis, urTierTobis da sxvaze
zrunvis SegrZneba. rogorc giligani da benhabibi amboben, gansxvaveba naklebad
aris ganviTarebis problema, saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebul, magram erTnairad Rire
bul or mosazrebasTan, genderi seriozul rols TamaSobs TiToeulis azrovnebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
Rirebulebebis sakiTxis Kkidev erTma kvlevam, sagrZnobi gansxvaveba warmo
aCina amerikel mozardebs Soris. ana beuteli da margaret marini (1995w.) iyeneben
kiTxvarebs, romlebic skolis damamTavrebeli klasis moswavleebma Seavses 1977-
dan 1991 wlamde, mizani maTi Rirebulebebisadmi damokidebulebis, Sedarebis un
aris, meterializmis da cxovrebis azris Ziebis SesaZleblobis Sefaseba iyo. aR
moCnda, rom qalebi amJRavneben bevrad met pasuxismgeblobasa da mzrunvelobas,
naklebad afaseben materializmsa da konkurencias da fiqroben, rom cxovrebis
azris povna mniSvnelovania. es gansxvavebebi Tavs Semdegac iCenen, maSinac ki,
roca qalebi imave sferoSi cdiloben karieris gakeTebas, romelSic kacebi.
cxadia, rom zogierTi gansxvaveba biologiis Sedegia, danarCeni ki kulturis.
Znelia sazRvris gavleba, nawilobriv imitom, rom biologia da kultura ikveTeba
yvela individualur SemTxvevaSi da maTi mTlianad gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia.
Aaseve aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod imitom, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi kulturu
li konstruqciiT aris gamowveuli, maTi Secvla advilia. isini SeiZleba Zalian
Rrmad iyo gamjdari pirovnebebSic da kulturaSic.
384
feministuri Tvalsazrisis Teoria
genderuli araTanasworuflebianobis
formebi
genderuli rolebi axla bevrad ufro gaxsnilia, vidre Tundac erTi TaobiT
adre iyo. dRes qalebi bevrad ufro meti TanasworobiT sargebloben, vidre maTi
dedebi an bebiebi. Tumca uTanasworoba arsebobs da es exeba yvelas, qalebsac da
kacebsac.
385
zogierTi uTanasworoba modis jer kidev im droidan, roca qalebs ar hqondaT
SesaZlebloba, kacebis msgavsi ganaTleba mieRoT. magaliTad, 1993 wels univer
siteti damTavrebuli hqonda qalebis 19, xolo kacebis _ 25%-s. es gansxvaveba
Seivso axali studentebiT da 1993 wels 55% studentebisa iyo qali (10 wliT adre
iyo 44% ). Tumca Tanabari ganaTleba samuSao adgilas Tanabar gadanawilebas ar
niSnavs: 1992 wels universitetis kursdamTavrebuli qali weliwadSi daaxloebiT
30394$-s gamoimuSavebda, kaci ki _ 41406$-s (aSS Sromis departamenti).
386
samsaxurebSi momuSave qalebis raodenoba TiTqmis utoldeba kacebisas, gansa
kuTrebiT skandinaviur qveynebSi. yvelaze mcire gasxvaveba yofil komunistur
da socialistur qveynebSi gamovlinda, sadac ideologiuri tradicia ambobs,
rom yvela janmrTeli adamiani unda muSaobdes. genderuli gansxvavebebi saqmeSi
monawileobis TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan gvexmareba davadgi
noT qalisa da mamakacis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da gansxvaveba siRaribis do
neSi. 1991 wels aSS-Si qalebis 30% ufro Raribi iyo, vidre kacebi.
rogor gamoiyureba samuSao adgili im qalebisaTvis, romlebic ukve muSao
ben? is, rogorc wesi, araadekvaturad aris mowyobili saxlSic da sazRvagare
Tac, miuxedavad Secvlili damokidebulebisa da ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gaCe
nili SesaZleblobebisa. problemebs Soris, romlebsac qalebi awydebian, aris:
samuSaos gayofa kacisa da qalis saqmed, Sualedebi xelfasebis gadaxdas Soris,
Seferxebuli dawinaureba, genderuli mikerZoeba da devna samsaxurSi. amasTanave,
qalebi saxlSi `meore cvlaSi~ muSaoben. (kacebis Zalian mcire nawili imave prob
lemebs awydeba).
aSS-s sensus biuro aRricxavs, ramdeni qali da ramdeni kaci muSaobs 500 met sx
vadasxva sferoSi. es monacemebi 1990 wliT TariRdeba (raskini da padaviCi, 1994w.).
387
li iyo mamakacebisaTvis da damqiravebels mamakaci TanamSromlebis nakleboba
afiqrebda. zogierT SemTxevevaSi mamakacuri sferoebi mTlianad qaluri gaxda,
magaliTad, bankis TanamSromlebi da telefonis operatorebi qalebi arian. roca
es xdeba, segregaciis indeqsi zemoT iwevs. zogierTi qali erTi sferodan meoreSi
moZraobs, Tumca mainc ufro xSirad qalur sferoSi rCeba.
c x r i l i 9.2
dasaqmeba
388
naklebs gamoimuSavebs, vidre skolis diplomis mqone mamakaci. umciresobis war
momadgeneli qalebi orjer ufro wamgebian poziciaze arian: saSualod Savkaniani
qali srul ganakveTian samuSaoze imaze mets ar iRebs, vidre TeTrkanianebi, rom
lebmac skolis damTavreba ver SeZles (rodi, 1990 w).
389
re anomaliebi. zogierT `progresul~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic egalitarianizms
usvams xazs (mag. skandinaviuri qveynebi), ufro maRalia okupaciuri segregaciis
done, vidre ufro tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, rogoricaa iaponia, italia da sa
berZneTi (Carlzi, 1992w.) (ix. kvlevebis meTodebis tabula).
kvlevis meTodebi
390
pirveladi monacemebis Sejerebis Semdeg Carlzma gadawyvita xarisxis maCvenebeli Seeqmna,
raTa gamoeTvala saerTo sqesTa profesiuli Skala TiToeuli QqveynisaTvis eqvs profesiul
kategoriaze dayrdnobiT. igi agreTve unda darwmunebuliyo, rom sqesTa segregaciis gansaz
Rvraze gavlenas ar moaxdenda qalTa samuSao Zala da profesiuli srtuqtura.
Carlzs axla xelT hqonda monacemebi, romelic miuTiTebda sxvaobas ocdaxuT sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi profesiuli segregaciis mxriv. misi Semdegi mizani iyo daedgina sxvaoba am qveynebs
Soris, rasac miaRwiaYkidec sajarod xelmisawvdom erovnul, Tu saerTaSoriso wyaroebze dayrd
nobiT, aman saSualeba misca, daedgina mniSvnelovani socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
maxasiaTebeli TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. Carlzma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo momsa
xurebis seqtors, damqiravebelTa klasis sidides, qalTa samuSao kontigents, nayofierebas,
sqesTa Tanasworobas, korporaciulobis dones, samuSao bazris zrdas da modernizacias. Sem
deg man mimarTa statistikuri analizis princips, raTa daedgina am damoukidebeli faqtorebis
gavlena profesiul segregaciaze. mTavari faqtori SromiTi SesaZleblobis anu xelmisawvdomi
samuSao adgilebis struqtura aRmoCnda.
mRebavi
socialuri muSaki
mefrinveleobis gaumjobesebis
specialisti
momsaxurebis specialisti
policielTa momzadebis
direqtori
meddebis direqtori
saremonto samuSaoebis
muSaki
administraciuli mdivani
Tviuri xelfasi
391
me fuli ar mqonda, qalis xelfasi ki Tavis Sesanaxad sakmarisi ar iyo.
vxedavdi, rom kacebi gacilebiT met fuls Soulobdnen. gadavwyvite,
kaci gavmxdariyavi. es martivi iyo. ubralod, kacis samosi gadavicvi da
kaciviT muSaoba daviwye. am gziT gvariani Tanxis mogroveba SevZeli,
amitom ukan aRar damixevia.
392
Kkidev erTi argumenti SedarebiTi gadaxdis sawinaaRmdegod aris is, rom es
SeiZleba metad xarjiani aRmoCndes damqiravebelTaTvis, 2-dan 150 miliardis
farglebSi. Tumca damqiraveblebi, vinc ukve praqtikaSi danerga es principi,
aRniSnaven, rom es Tanxebi gadaWarbebulia da rom gadasaxadi aRwevs saSualo
amerikeli damqiraveblis sagadasaxado uwyisis mxolod 5-10 procents. am prin
cipma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos gadasaxadis gadaxdasac, radgan igi xels uwyobs qal
Ta da maTi ojaxebis siRaribidan amoyvanas.
SedarebiTi Rirebulebis programa danergilia mTeli avstraliis ekonomiki
sa da onrtarios provinciisaTvis, kanadis federaluri mTavrobis, 20 amerikuli
saxelmwifo erTeulisaTvis da didi raodenobiT municipaluri da kerZo seqto
ris biznesisaTvis. jerjerobiT arc erTi programis cxadi Sedegi ar aris saxeze.
Tumca am mxriv aRsaniSnavia minosetas magaliTi. QqalTa da mamakacTa Sefardeba
aq gaizarda 72-dan 81%-mde. D samuSao jarima, dawesebuli umetesad qalTa samuS
aosaTvis, Semcirda 21-dan 3%-mde. Ees yvelaferi moxerxda mamakacTa xelfasebis
SenarCunebis xarjze.
winsvlis barierebi
393
miuxedavad progresisa, qalebi mainc bevr winaaaRmdegobas awydebian. dawi
naureba, ZiriTadad, mentoris an sponsoris saSualebiT xorcieldeba, romelic
sasargeblo rCeviT uzrnvelyofs.N nacnoboba da saWiro kontaqtebi ki samuSaos
Sesaxeb informaciis moZiebaSi exmarebaT. magram Tu es xdeba mamakacebiT dakom
pleqtebul koleqtivSi, maSin am rols kacebi irgeben da qalebi arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme.
bevri qali miiCnevs, rom am winaaRmdegobis mizezi SeiZleba iyos e.w Mommy
Track. bevri korporacia dRes cdilobs daexmaros qalebs ojaxuri da samsaxure
brivi movaleobebis dabalansebaSi mosaxerxebeli samuSao saaTebis SeTavazebiT.
Tumca roca saqme dawinaurebamde miva, momuSave dedebis sakiTxi umal eWvqveS
dgeba. radgan momuSave dedebs ar undaT an ubralod ar SeuZlaiT ofisSi yovel
dRiurad15 saaTi gaataron. maT naklebad eZlevaT Sansi daamtkicon, rom SeuZli
aT dedobisa da mmarTveli Tanamdebobis SeTavseba. aseT situaciaSi bevri qali
ubralod nebdeba. Ggamokvlevam aCvena, rom biznes skolis dasrulebis Semdeg qa
lebis 20% mxolod diasaxlisobiT kmayofildeba.
bevri kompania cdilobs daamtkicos genderuli neitralitetis politika da
qalebis mcire ricxvs maRal, mmarTvelobiT postze niSnavs. Tumca qalTa umete
soba aqac uCivis stress, socialur izolacias da genderuli rolebiT ganawile
bul movaleobebs (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Sexvedrebis dros mokled monaxazis
gakeTeba) kanteri am problemas martiv axsnas uZebnis: misi azriT, am uTanasworo
bis mizezi aris qalTa umciresobaSi yofna. problemis martivi gadaWris gza,
ubralod, qalTa raodenobis zrda iqneboda. jenis ionderi ki miiCnevs, rom prob
lema qalTa umciresobiT ki ar aris gamowveulia, ramed maTi ricxobrivi zrdiT,
rac safrTxes uqmnis umravlesobas. rac ufro prestiJulia samuSao, miT ufro
maRalanazRaurebadia is, amitomac kacebs sruliadac ar siamovnebT qalis SemoW
ra am sferoSi. Kkidev erTi problema am poziciaze momuSave qalebisa aris is, rom
maT ara mxolod sakuTari kompetenturobis damtkiceba uwevT, aramed TavianTi
sqesis gadalaxva da mamakacebis gundSi Cawera, rogorc erT-erTi imaTgani.
gamokvlevam, ganicdian Tu ara kacebi imaves, rasac qalebi, Tu aRmoCndebian Qqa
lTa koleqtivSi, uaryofiTi pasuxi aCvena, radgan qalis sfero da saqme naklebad
prestiJulia, vidre mamakacisa. kacebs iolad SeuZliaT dawinaureba. aRmoCnda,
rom tipuri qaluri samsaxurebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorebicaa meddis, daw
yebiTi skolis maswavleblis, biblioTekaris, socialuri muSakis, mamakacebi sak
maod samarTlian mopyrobas imsaxurebdnen samsaxurSi miRebisa Tu dawinaurebis
mxriv da bevri maTgani imaze Sorsac ki wavida, vidre gegmavda. mamakacebi aRiS
navdnen, rom maT Uufrosebic (mamakacebi) da TanamSromlebic kargad epyrobodnen.
zogierTi Tanamdeboba mamakacebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo, radgan am
poziciebze qalebs specialuri programebis Tanaxmad eqskluziuri ufleba hqon
daT miniWebuli.
erT-erTi kvleva mieZRvna mamakacis rols eqTnis profesiaSi. am kvlevam aCve
na ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi mamakacisa da Qqalis saqmisadmi midgomaSi. mamakacebis
SegrZnebebi sruliad gansxvavdeboda Qqalebis SegrZnebebisgan. isini grZnobdnen
damatebiT fsiqologiur wnexs da dominanturi jgufidan izolacias. TumcaRa
394
am SegrZnebebs aranairi obieqturi safuZveli ar hqonda. mamakaci eqTnebi Za
lian kargad arTmevdnen Tavs dakisrebul movaleobas. rac Seexeba izolacias,
es mxolod MmaTi fantaziis nayofi iyo, radgan amgvari diferenciaciiT mamakac
eqTnebis surdaT TavianTi statusis gamyareba. sinamdvileSi amgvari qmedeba ma
makacebs arc sWirdebodaT, radgan eqimebi da pacientebi nebismieri samuSaos Ses
rulebis dros maT ufro endobodnen, vidre qalebs. metic, mamakaci eqTnebisagan
samedicino Tu teqnikur daxmarebas ufro xSirad iTxovdnen, vidre pacientebis
movlas. xelmZRvanelebi mamakac eqTnebs ufro iSviaTad aZlevdnen SeniSvnebs,
aniWebdnen ufro met Tavisuflebas TavianTi samuSao grafikis dagegmvaSi da ur
Cevdnen kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, raTa dawinaurebuliyvnen ufro maRalanazRa
urebad poziciebze.…
395
maRal Tanamdebobaze myofi piris mxridan arasasurvel seqsualur yuradRebas.
seqsualurma diskriminaciam SeiZleba miiRos uwmawuri xumrobebis forma, rac
qalebs arasasurvel situaciaSi ayenebs. Uukidures SemTxvevaSi ki es SeiZleba seq
sualur ZaladobaSic gadaizardos. situacia ufro seriozul saxes iRebs, roca
qalis uari SeTavazebul intimur urTierTobaze dawinaurebaze uaris Tqmis an
Tundac sxva saxis sadamsjelo mopyrobis sababi xdeba.
seqsualur diskriminacias ganmartaven rogorc zogad seqsualur saubars an
moqmedebas, romelic samuSao adgilze mtruli garemos Camoyalibebas uwyobs
xels. erT-erTma kvlevam, romelic miznad isaxavda seqsualuri diskriminaciis
Seswavlas samxedro sferoSi, daamtkica, rom samsaxurSi arsebuli atmosfero
ganapirobebda individebis diskriminacias. es imas niSnavs, rom im samsaxurebSi,
sadac seqsualuri saubari SemaSfoTebel garemos qmnida, qalTa 80% seqsualuri
diskrimianciis msxverpli gaxda. meore mxriv, iseT samsaxurebSi, sadac seqsua
lur saubars aSkara saxe ar eZleoda, qalTa mxolod 5% waawyda seqsualur dis
kriminacias.
EaRniSnuli problema amerikis sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca 1991
wels, roca senatma moismina larens tomasis umaRles sasamarTloSi daniSvnis
ambavi. mosmenis dros anita hilma, samarTlis profesorma, tomass seqsuaulur
diskriminaciaSi dasdo brali. Aana amtkicebda, rom rodesac is tomasis kolega
iyo, mamakaci daJinebiT moiTxovda masTan Sexvedras. Mmas Semdeg, rac anam uari
uTxra, mouxda Seuracxmyofeli seqsualuri braldebebis moTmena. tomasma uaryo
wayenebuli braldebebi da mainc gaxda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle.
sruli simarTlis dadgena SeuZlebelia, magram skandaluri am SemTxvevaSi is
iyo, rom senatis sasamarTlo komitetis yvela mamakacma wevrma ignorireba gauke
Ta seqsualuri Zaladobis muxliT wayenebul braldebas. MmaT agreTve uari ga
nacxades tomasis pirad cxovrebaze gamoZiebis Catarebaze, maSin roca qalis pi
radi cxovrebis gamomzeureba arad Caagdes. sabolood ki komitetma veto daado
eqspertizis gakeTebas, rasac SesaZloa hilis qmedeba gaemarTlebina kidec.
Hhil-tomasis epizodi kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba so
ciologiur cnebebs amgvari analizis dros. maSinac ki, roca saqme braldebebis
uaryofas exeba, Zalaufleba mamakacebis xelTaa. am konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gasakviri araa is faqti, rom qalebi braldebas arasodes ar ayeneben pirvelebi. N
nebismier SemTxvevaSi amerikuli sazogadoeba seqsualuri diskriminaciis
problemas araseriozulad aRiqvams, radgan miCneulia, rom `biWebi yovelTvis
biWebad darCebian~. genderuli TvasazrisiT tomasis saqmis mosmenisas senatis
socialuri struqtura daubalansebeli iyo, radgan 100 senatoridan 98 mama
kaci iyo. funqcionalur integracias qalebisTvis sargebloba ar moaqvs, radgan
saCivrebis mosmenis procedurebi gaWianurebulia. ufro metic, funqcionaluri
kavSiri skolas, samsaxursa da sxvadasxva samsaxurebs Soris ganapirobebs imas,
rom zogjer qalebi ar riskaven xma amoiRon Zaladobis windaaRmdeg Tu am qmede
biT isini mniSvnelovan rekomendaciebs an sponsoris mxardaWeras dakargaven.
sabolood, tomasis saqmis mosmenam qalebs moqmedebisken ubiZga: maT gadawy
vites, rac SeiZleba meti qali aerCiaT Tanamdebobebze.
396
@meore cvla
c x r i l i 9.3
momuSave qalebisa da mamakacebis mier saSinao saqmeebze
daxarjuli saSualo dro 1987-1988 wlebSi
saojaxo saqme
qalebis saqme
saWmlis momzadeba
TefSebis darecxva da alageba
saxlis dalageba
recxva, uTooba da tansacmlis dakemsva
mamakacebis saqme
gare samuSaoebi an SesakeTebeli samuSaoebi
(Rebva, saojaxo nivTebis SekeTeba da a.S)
manqanebis movla da remonti
neitraluri saqme
sayidlebze siaruli
(bostneuli, sxvadasxva sakvebi)
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da Sesabamisi
qviTrebis mowesrigeba/Senaxva
ojaxis wevrebis manqaniT tareba samsaxurSi,
skolaSi da sxv.
sul
respondentTa raodenoba
397
goricaa bavSvebis gamokveba, dabana. mamakacebs ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sZi
navT da ufro meti dro aqvT televizoris sayureblad da gasarTobad.
hoCSildi varaudobs, rom qalebi `meore cvlaze@~ xmas ar imaRleben, imitom
rom maTTvis qorwinebas, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvagvari datvirTva aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, qalebi gacilebiT naklebs gamoimuSaveben, vidre mamakacebi, amitom
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT qorwineba MqalisaTvis ufro momgebiania. dResdReo
biT saqorwino kavSiri ufro nakleb stabiluri xdeba da ganqorwinebas qalisTvis
ufro meti ekonomikuri ziani moaqvs, vidre mamakacisTvis.
`meore cvlis~ fenomenis arseboba gamowveulia kulturuli faqtorebiTac.
rodesac orive sqesis studentebi aRweren TavianT momaval ojaxur cxovrebas,
isini xelmZRvaneloben tradiciuli genderuli modeliT. kiTxvaze, Tu visi sam
saxuria ufro mniSvnelovani, pasuxi calsaxaa _ qmris. orive sqesis warmomadgen
lebi miiCneven, rom bavSis movla qalis movaleoba. Qqalic da mamakacic gegmavs
karieris Seqmnas, TumcaRa maTi damokidebuleba samsaxurisadmi Tvisobrivad gan
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. mamakaci studentebi TavianT momavals xedaven rogorc
miRwevebis uwyvet jaWvs. umetesobam icis, ra gza unda airCios cxovrebaSi da ro
gor miaRwios sawadels. isini mzad arian imuSaon mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
raTa ojaxi arCinon. karierasTan dakavSirebuli gegmebi ki ufro bundovania. maT
survili aqvT imuSaon, magram ar gamoricxaven, rom maT karieras, SesaZloa, wer
tili daesvas Tu amas obieqturi saWiroeba moiTxovs (ojaxi da bavSvebi).
zogadad, amerikuli samuSao adgili ar aris idealuri im adamianebisTvis,
visac surs Tanabari wili Seitanos ojaxis biujetSi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, zogi
erTi kompaniebi daojaxebul qalebs ufro moqnil samuSao grafiks sTvazoben,
Tumca es ukanaskneli AaSkarad uaryofiTad moqmedebs qalis momaval karieraze.
kompaniebi ar uzrunvelyofen bavSvis movlis specialur programebs, radgan iTv
leba, rom baSvebis movla qalis pirdapiri movaleobaa da man es samsaxursac unda
SeuTavsos. mamakacebi ki mxolod drodadro SeiZleba Caenacvlon maT.
Aarsebobs alternativac. magaliTad, SvedeTSi MmTavrobis mier dawesebulia
bavSvTa movlis saxalxo DdRe. Tu mSoblebi gadawyveten am dRes TavianT Svileb
Tan saxlSi darCnen maT garantirebuli aqvT 18 Tviani Svebuleba, socialuri
usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebi.MM mTavroba agreTve avaldebulebs damsaqmebel kom
paniebs, damatebiTi dro gamouyon mSoblebs avadmyofi bavSvis mosavlelad. Sesa
Zlebelia agreTve naxevar ganakveTze muSaoba im mSoblebisTvis, visi Svilebic
skolamdeli asakisani arian. Tumca aqve unda AaRvniSnoT, rom SvedeTSi Zalian cota
kaci Tu sargeblobs mamisaTvis gankuTvnili SvebulebiT da isini, vinc gadaw
yveten gamoiyenon igi, dacinvis obieqtebi xdebian TavianTi meuRleebis mxridan.
genderuli politika
didi xnis manZilze politika mamakacis samyarod miiCneoda. gavrcelebuli
stereotipebis mixedviT, qalebs ar amoZravebT Zalauflebisken Zlieri swrafva,
rac esoden mniSvnelovania politikisaTvis, isini metismetad @faqizebi arian
saimisod, rom xelebi ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi gaisvaron. 1920 wlamde qalebs
398
arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebac ki ar hqondaT. meoce saukunis meore naxevar
Si milionobiT qali moxalised muSaobda sxvadasxva politikuri partiebisa Tu
politikuri kandidatebis ofisebSi. politikur Tanamdebobaze arc erTi qali ar
iyo nominirebuli, rom araferi vTqvaT imaze, rom qalebs ar hqondaT Sansi das
wrebodnen kuluarul sxdomebs, sadac namdvili biznesgarigebebi ideboda.
samocdaaTian wlebSi dawyebulma qalTa moZraobam Secvala maTi roli ameri
kis politikaSi. gaizarda arCevnebSi monawile qalebis ricxvi, ufro da ufro
meti qali iyrida kenWs da imarjvebda kidec. UmaTma raodenobam umaRles maCvene
bels 1990 wels miaRwia (ix. cxrili 9.4).
mniSvnelovania, rom arCevnebSi qalTa da mamakacTa warmateba Tanabari iyo,
radgan genderulma faqtorma xmis micemis dros gadamwyveti roli ar iTamaSa.
dResdReobiT qalebi sakmarisi raodenobiT ar arian warmodgenili saxelmwifo
Tu adgilobriv struqturebSi, amis mizezi ar aris is, rom qalebi ver imarjveben.
es mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom qalebi naklebad monawileoben arCevnebSi.
c x r i l i 9.4
qalebi arCeviT Tanamdebobebze,
SerCeuli samsaxurebi, 1975-1995 wlebi
399
ratom ar gvxvdebian qalebi amgvari tipis Tanamdebobebze? amas Semdegi faq
torebi ganapirobeben: vertikaluri da horizontaluari segregacia niSnavs imas,
rom qalebs ufro naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli resursebze, aseve maT mamakacebze
naklebi statusi da Zalaufleba aqvT. ganaTlebac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs:
msoflioSi qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebi Sansi eZlevaT
normaluri ganaTlebis misaRebad. zogadad ki, ganaTleba ufro fasobs, vidre ga
mocdileba. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens afrikuli qveyana _ ritrea. 1992
wels xelisuflebaSi mosulma mTavrobam MmTeli rigi samTavrobo Tanamdebobebis
dasakaveblad ganaTlebis specialuri standartebi SeimuSava. amgvari politi
kis gatarebis Sedegad samTavrobo seqtorSi momuSave qalebma TavianTi samuS
ao dakarges (maT Soris iseTi samsaxurebic, romelTac uSualo Sexeba hqondaT
qalebis an bavSvebis keTildReobasTan). Mqalebis nacvlad aRniSnuli Tanamde
bobebi daikaves mamakacebma, romelTac sazRvargareT miRebuli hqondaT forma
luri ganaTleba, magram naklebi praqtikuli gamocdileba gaaCndaT. kulturuli
faqtorebi xSirad gansazRraven qalis adgils politikaSi. Mmsgavsi kulturuli
stereotipebi praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs. zogierT sazogadoebaSi,
umetesad muslimanur qveynebSi, religiuri Sexedulebebi qals aiZulebs Semoi
farglos mxolod saojaxo saqmianobiT. ase rom, qalTa roli politikaSi gan
isazRvreba Zalauflebis qona-arqoniT. P politika Zalauflebis gamoyenebaa da
sazogadoebis umetes sferoSi mamakacebs ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvT.
Sejameba
D1. debatebi Temaze, unda miiRon Tu ara monawileoba qalma jariskacebma sa
brZolo manevrebSi, naTlad warmoaCens im dilemas, rasac qalsa da mamakacs
Soris msgavseba da gansxvaveba hqvia.
sociologebi ganasxvaveben biologiur sqess da genders (xalxis warmodgenaH
mamakacur da qalur maxasiaTeblebze). genderi socialuri warmonaqmnia da
ar SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom qali da mamakaci gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebiT
ibadebian.
@2. biologia gansazRvravs adamianur qcevas, qmnis sqesTa Soris fsiqologiur
gansxvavebas da adgens, Tu ra roli ekisreba personas reproduqciaSi.
magram biologia ver xsnis im Teziss, rom qali da mamakaci sapirisiro cne
bebia. Catarebuli kvleva amtkicebs, rom sqesTa Soris ufro meti saerToa,
vidre gansxvaveba. sapirispiro sqesis Sedareba iseT farTo diapazons ar
iZleva, rogorc is, rom erTi da imave sqesSi SesaZlebelia ufro mraval
ferovani variantebis gamoyofa.
3. sxvadasxva kulturaTa kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom orives _ qalsac da
mamakacsac, xelewifebaT rigi pasuxismgeblobisa da saqmianobebis Tanabrad
Sesruleba. Tumca, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoebaSi ganasxvaveben qalisa
da mamakacis samuSaos da upiratesobas aniWeben ukanasknels. G
4. genderuli roli es aris kulturuli wamodgena imaze, Tu rogor unda
fiqrobdes, iqceodes an ras unda grZnobdes qali da mamakaci. Ggenderuli
400
rolebi dafuZnebulia stereotipul sapirispiro sqesTa Soris gansxvave
baze. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri qceva icvleba drosTan erTad, gen
deruli stereotipebi warmoSoben konfliqts qalisa da mamakacis rolebze.
5. zogierTi genderuli sxvaoba marTlac rom realuria da ar SeiZleba maTi
ugulvebelyofa. magaliTad, qalebs mamakacebisgan gansxvavebuli midgoma
aqvT moralisadmi. Mmamakaci samarTlianobis da Tanasworuflebianobis cne
bebze ufro ganzogadebulad msjelobs, maSin, roca qali upiratesobas ani
Webs konkretul magaliTs. gansxvavebaa agreTve RirebulebebSic. zogadad,
qalebs ufro kargad SeuZliaT TanagrZnobis gamoxatva, isini naklebad mate
rialistebi arian da ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben cxovrebis arsSi Cawv
domas. is faqti, rom qalebs mamakacebisgan gansxvavebuli gamocdileba aqvT,
zogierTi feministisTvis imis safuZveli gaxda, rom sociologia feministu
ri TvalTaxedviT Seeswavla.
Q 6. ukanasknel wlebSi momuSave qalTa ricxvi gaizarda, magram genderuli UuTa
nasworoba kvlav vlindeba. qalebs kvlav uxdebaT dakavdnen e.w. qaluri samu
SaoTi, sadac gacilebiT dabali anazRaurebaa. Mmcdeloba, rom Semcirdes
genderuli UuTanasworoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom xelfasi dgindeba imis
mixedviT, Tu ra unar-CvevebTan, ZalisxmevasTan, pasuxismgeblobasTan da
riskTan aris dakavSirebuli mocemuli samuSao.
G7. genderul uTanasworobas ganapirobebs qalebis koncentracia e.w. dabali
rangis samuSaobze da mamakacebis koncentracia maRali rangis samsaxurebSi.
ATu qals dawinaureba surs, igi uTuod awydeba uxilav bariers. magram im Sem
TxvevaSi Tu mas maRali Tanamdeboba uWiravs, maSin qali damatebiTi wnexis
qveS imyofeba, rom araferi vTqvaT socialur izolaciaze da qalis rolis
stereotipze. MgansxvavebiT qalebisgan, mamakacebi naklebad Tu aRmoCndebian
aseT situaciaSi.
8. mamakacis Zalaufleba samsaxurSi ganapirobs genderul mikerZoebas, gansa
kuTrebiT im SemTxvvaSi, Tu qals tradiciulad surs mamakacis Tanamdebobis
dakaveba. genderuli mikerZoebis yvelaze maxinji gamovlinebaa seqsualuri
diskriminacia.
9. Mmiuxedavad imisa, Tu ra tipis samuSaos asrulebs qali, mas yovelTvis uw
evs saSinao saqmeebis mogvareba. jerjerobiT ucvleli rCeba sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba qalis rolisadmi saSinao saqmianobaSi.
Q10. dRes qalebi ufro aqtiurad arian Cabmuli amerikis politikaSi. Tumca maT
maRali da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebi ar ukaviAAaT. es tendencia vrcel
deba msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaze.
imsjeleT
401
3
M . moiyvaneT magaliTebi qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebebze sxvadasxva kulturidan.
4. imsjeleT genderuli rolisa da stereotipebis urTieTzegavlenaze.
5. ganixileT genderuli stratifikaciis mdgomareoba samuSao adgilze.
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
402
Tavi 10
Taobebi da mosaxleobis
dabereba
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
daberebis politika da konfliqti TaobaTa Soris
403
404
d Res sidnei kartoni ormocdaxuTi wlis gaxda, magram dabadebis dRes ar
zeimobs, piriqiT, wuxs Tavisi axalgazrdobis ganuxorcielebeli ocnebebis
gamo. 1972 wels, kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg, sidnei darwmunebuli iyo, rom 45
wlis asakisTvis yvela dasaxul mizans miaRwevda, magram axla misTvis sruliad na
Telia, rom darCenili cxovrebac ki ar eyofa sakuTari molodinebis gasamarTle
blad. mas da mis meuRles, lusis, sami wlis gogona kendali hyavT da male meore
Svilic eyolebaT. kolejSi swavlis gadasaxadi astronomiul cifrs rom aRwevda,
dResac valad adevs. lusis qvrivi mama alcSeimeriT aris avad da ocdaoTxi saaTis
ganmavlobaSi meddis meTvalyureoba sWirdeba. momvlelis xarjebis dafarvac
sidneis da lusis uwevT. rogorc eqimebi amboben, moxucs sxva mxriv Zlieri orga
nizmi aqvs da 100 wlamde icxovrebs. sidneisa da lusis aseve tvirTad awevT bankis
25 wliani sesxi, prestiJul ubanSi saxlis SesaZenad rom aiRes. amas kidev maRali
saprocento gadasaxadebi emateba maTi kuTvnili ori manqanisaTvis. TiTqos CamoT
vlili finansuri problemebi sakmarisi ar iyo, erT dRes samsaxurSi misul sidneis
`siurprizi~ daxvda _ gancxadebebis dafas TanamSromlebi Semohxveodnen. dafaze
300 kacis sia iyo gamokruli, romlebic kompaniis `restruqturizacias~ Seewirnen.
darCenil TanamSromlebs ki xelfasis momatebaze arc unda eocnebaT. siaSi moxved
rili aTi kaci swored sidneis ganyofilebis TanamSromeli iyo. aqedan ors muSa
obis erTi wliT meti staJi hqonda, vidre sidneis. rogorc Cans, menejmenti maRalx
elfasiani kadrebis gaSvebas cdilobda da sidnei amjerad gadarCa. SemdegSi ki
SeiZleba aRar gaumarTlos. (polani da levini, 1992 gv.29-30).
sidneis ambis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sociologiuri aspeqti imaSi mdgo
mareobs, rom marto mas ar awuxebs yofiTi problemebi. TiTqmis imave problemebis
winaSe dgas misi Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli, romlebic qveyanaSi meore msoflio
omis Semdeg, swrafi ganviTarebis procesebis dros daibadnen (grehemi, 1995w.). es
problemebi nawilobriv aSS-is sazogadoebis asakobrivi struqturidan iRebs sa
Taves. aRniSnuli aspeqti socialuri struqturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ele
mentia da asakobriv jgufebSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis garkveul raodenobas
moicavs. sidnei daibada maSin, rodesac qveyanaSi uamravi axalSobili gaCnda. im
periodSi dabadebulebs omisSemdgomi `beibibumerebis Taoba~ ewoda. 1946-1964
wlebs Soris Cvens mosaxleobas daaxloebiT 76 milioni bavSvi daemata. axali Tao
bis es rekorduli ricxvi dRemde aisaxeba TiToeulis cxovrebaze: ganaTlebaze,
samuSao adgilebis raodenobasa da xelfasebze.
`beibibumerebis~ cxovrebaze gavlena iqonia konkretulma istoriulma da
kulturulma movlenebmac da mimdinareobebmac, romlis gavla maT sakuTari
cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSi uwevdaT.
cxovrebis kursSi sociologebi gulisxmoben sxvadasxva asakobriv etaps
dabadebidan sikvdilamde (elderi, 1987 w. o’randi da krekeri, 1990 w.). adamia
nis cxovreba iyofa etapebad: mcirewlovnoba, bavSvoba, mozardoba; adreuli,
saSualo da gviani zrdasruloba da moxucebuloba. kulturuli ajanyebebiT
ganTqmulma 1960-ianma wlebma sul sxva gavlena iqonia imdroindel mozardebze,
405
vidre 1930-iani wlebis `didi depresiis~ wlebma. aseve, adreuli zrdasruloba
cinikuri `voTergeiTis~ periodSi sul sxva rames niSnavda, vidre adreuli zrda
sruloba meore msoflio omis patriotul eraSi. is, Tu vin xar da ra xdeba Sens
irgvliv, im istoriuli zegavlenebis nawilobrivi produqtebia, romlebic uSua
lod aisaxeba Taobaze da wiTel zolad gasdevs Seni cxovrebis yvela etaps.
mocemuli Tavis pirvel nawilSi Tanamedrove amerikeli `beibibumerebisa~ da
sxva Taobebis Sesaxeb giambobT. ganvixilavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens sazogadeobis
asakobrivi struqtura adamianebis cxovrebaze da winsvlis Sansebze; istoriul
movlenaTa mimdinareoba rogor axdens adamianuri SesaZleblobebis formirebas
adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva safexurze; rogor ayalibebs TiToeuli Taoba
im sazogadoebas, romelSic TviTon cxovrobs. daviwyebT imiT, rom erTmaneTs
SevadarebT `beibibumerebisa~ da `didi depresiis~ Taobebs. Semdeg ganvixilavT
im sam ZiriTad koncefcias, romlebic adamianis cxovrebis kursis Seswavlisas
gamoikveTa: (1) asaks, (2) asakobrivi zrdis safexurebsa da (3) gardamaval etapebs
asakobriv safexurebs Soris. TiToeuli maTgani ara marto biologiuri, aramed
kulturuli movlenacaa. Tqven dainaxavT `cxovrebis kurss~, rogorc dinamiur
process, romelic icvleba ara marto erTi etapidan meore etapze gadasvlisas,
aramed erTi kulturidan meore kulturaze gadasvlis drosac.
meore nawilSi ganvixilavT `cxovrebis kursis~ oTx mniSvnelovan etaps _
bavSvobas, mozardobas, zrdasrulobasa da moxucebulobas. vnaxavT, rasTan aris
yoveli es etapi dakavSirebuli aSS-Si. bolos, gavakeTebT daskvnebs, SevaCerebT
ra Cvens mzeras `WaRara~ mosaxleobaze, anu ufrosi asakis adamianebis SedarebiT
yvelaze did nawilze, maT Soris moxucebulobas miRweul adamianebze, romlebic
arcTu cotani arian qveyanaSi. is, Tu ras niSnavs aRniSnuli Taoba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania 21-e saukunisTvis.
asakobrivi gansxvavebebi da
cxovrebiseuli Sansebi
406
raodenobis adgilze moxvedris Sansi. omis dros ara marto skolebis kursdam
TavrebulTa raodenoba iyo mcire, 1960-ian wlebis kursdamTavrebulebTan Se
darebiT, aramed bevrs, samxedro samsaxuris gamo, kolejSi Cabarebis gadadeba
mouwia. aqedan gamomdinare, konkursi dabali iyo da Sesabamisad, elitarul sas
wavleblebSi studentTa moxvedrac ufro advili.
TiToeul TaobaSi bevri faqtori axdens gavlenas pirovnebis cxovrebiseul
Sansebze; imaze, Tu romeli Taobis warmomadgeneli xar, didad aris damokidebu
li, iqnebi maRalanazRaurebad Tu dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi, iqnebi mdidari
Tu Raribi, socialur kibeze gadaadgildebi Tu statikurad erT adgilze dar
Cebi. aRniSnuli faqtis demonstrireba naTlad SeiZleba ori Taobis erTmaneTTan
SedarebiT. eseni arian `didi depresiisa~ da `beibibumerebis~ Taobebi.
407
es Taoba `didi depresiis~ Sedegad gaCenil sirTuleebs depresiis gareSe gaum
klavda. maT far-xmali ki ar dayares, piriqiT, pozitiurad miudgnen sakiTxebs da
amitom bevrs muSaobdnen.
aRniSnulma aspeqtebma `didi depresiis~ Svilebis cxovrebis momdevno eta
pebze mniSvnelovani kvali datova. mamakacebis umetesobas e.w. `saxelobo krista
lizacia~ daemarTa, anu isini darCnen im xelobis amara, riTac uwevdaT adreul
asakSi Tavis rCena. isini, ZiriTadad, Raribi ojaxebidan iyvnen. maTi interesebis,
xedvebis da survilebis sfero Seviwrovda da koncentrirda e.w. `stabilur~
saqmianobaze. SesaZloa es iyo reaqcia im gaWirvebaze, rac maT mozardobis asak
Si ganicades. elderis mier gamokiTxuli mamakacebis umetesoba, isinic ki, vinc
mozardobisas ar ganicdida ukidures siRaribes, zrdasrulobis asakSic muSao
baze orientirebuli adamianebi iyvnen. maTi umTavresi Rirebuleba Sromis Sede
gad miRebuli miRwevebi, ojaxi, Svilebi da mSoblis vali iyo (elderi, modeli da
parke, 1993 w.w.).
elderis mier gamokvleuli qalebis damokidebulebebs Soris upiratesoba qa
lis tradiciul ojaxur vals eniWeba, rac, ZiriTadad, Svilis aRzrdas da ojaxis
movlas gulisxmobs. es movlena gansakuTrebiT maT Soris SeimCneva, vinc war
moSobiT Raribi ojaxidanaa. maT Soris aseve SeimCneoda ojaxis adre Seqmnis da
Svilebis gamo samsaxurze uaris Tqmis tendencia (gansakuTrebiT, pirveli Svilis
gaCenis Semdeg). rogorc Cans, am qalebisTvis ojaxze fokusireba iyo erTgvari
gza, Tavi daeRwiaT bavSvobaSi `didi depresiis~ Sedegad maTTvis da maTi ojaxis
wevrebisTvis miyenebuli `fsiqologiuri tramvebisgan~.
Tumca am kategoriis qalebis mier ojaxze koncentrirebis mizezi, Sesa
Zloa, maTi Taobis simciriTac iyos gamowveuli (eisterlini, Seferi da maku
noviCi, 1993w.). mamakacebisTvis SedarebiT advili iyo samsaxuris povna, gansa
kuTrebiT, meore msoflio omis da mis Semdgom periodSi, roca aSS-is ekonomika
gansakuTrebiT swrafad ganviTarda. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba izrdeboda da
muSaxelis nakleboba iyo. muSaxelis mozidvis mizniT izrdeboda xelfasebis moc
uloba. mamakacis SemosavliT Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mTeli ojaxis rCena. aqedan
gamomdinare, qorwinebaSi myof qalebs Tavis rCenis mizniT muSaoba ar sWirdebo
daT da SeeZloT mTeli Tavisi energia ojaxisTvis daeTmoT. swored isini gaxdnen
SemdegSi `beibibumerebis~ Taobis mSoblebi.
elderis saintereso dakvirvebas warmoadgens isic, rom `didi depresiis~ Tao
bis Tineijerebma dramatulad gansxvavebuli zegavlena ganicades, maTTan Seda
rebiT, vinc imave periodSi mcirewlovani iyo. 1928-1929 w.w. dabadebulebTan Se
darebiT (romlebic `didi depresiis~ periodSi Zalian patarebi iyvnen), 1920-1921
w.w. dros dabadebulebi (romlebic `didi depresiis~ dros Tineijerebi iyvnen)
ufro mizanmimarTulni da sakuTar momavalSi darwmunebuli adamianebi arian.
zogadad rom vTqvaT, maT ufro mets miaRwies zrdasrulobis asakSi, vidre 8-9
wliT gvian dabadebulma adamianebma. aRmoCnda, rom `didi depresiis~ periodma
ufro negatiuri gavlena iqonia maTze, vinc maSin mcirewlovani iyo, vidre maTze,
vinc maSin mozrdilobis asakSi iyo. amis mizezi SesaZloa is aris, rom am asakis
`kohortam~ mcirewlovnebis asaki 1920-ian wlebSi (qveynis aRmavlobis) gaatara da
408
`did depresias~ ise uyurebda, rogorc droebiT movlenas, radgan sxva, ukeTesi
cxovrebac enaxa. im faqtma, rom swavlasTan erTad, ojaxis finansuri mxardaWe
ris mizniT, muSaobac uwevdaT, maT is Tviseba SesZina, rac SedarebiT axalgazrda
Taobas aklda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, am konkretuli Taobis warmomadgenlebis gan
viTareba da formireba aSkarad imis mixedviT moxda, rasac mas istoria uqadda
(elderi, modeli da parke, 1993 w.).
`beibibumerebis~ Taoba
409
koloniuri xanidan dRemde axalSobilTa maCvenebeli aSS-Si mniSvnelovnad
klebulobs. am tendenciaSi erTaderT did gamonakliss adgili hqonda _ 1946 wl
idan dawyebuli da Semdeg, roca bavSvebis uprecedento raodenoba gaCnda. soci
ologebma Tavdapirvelad CaTvales, rom wyvilebi ubralod `dakargul dros in
azRaurebdnen~, radgan maT omis dros Svilebis yola ar SeeZloT. `axalSobilTa
bumi~ daaxloebiT or aTeul wels gagrZelda, xolo 1964 wels am maCvenebelma isev
kleba daiwyo. aSS-is mosaxleobas, drois am periodSi, 76 milioni bavSvi daemata.
iqidan moyolebuli aRniSnuli `kohortis~ moculoba kidev ufro gaizarda imi
graciis fonze da maTma ricxvma 80 milions miaRwia, rac aSS-is mosaxleobis erT
mesameds udris. `beibibumerebis~ wina da momdevno Taoba ricxobrivad bevrad
ufro naklebia, isini aSS-is mosaxleobis struqturaSi swored piTonis sxeulSi
gamoberili nawilis miRma darCenil adgilebs gvanan (ix. sqema 10.1). asakis mate
basTan dakavSirebiT, `beibibumerebis~ Taobis gamosaxuleba cxrilze piTonis sx
eulSi gadaadgilebas emsgavseba. gadaadgileba iwyeba Cvilobidan, gadadis bavS
vobis asakSi, Semdeg mozrdilobis, zrdasrulobis sxvadasxva etapis, dabolos,
moxucebulobis asakSi. am gamoberili nawilis gamosaxulebam asakobriv struq
turaze 50 wlis asakobriv zRvars miaRwia. am Taobis bavSvoba daemTxva eizen
haueris `aRmavlobis~ periods, kosmosSi pirveli xomaldis gaSvebas da civ oms.
maTi mozardobis asaki kenedis mkvlelobiT daiwyo da vietnamis omiT damTavrda,
xolo maTi adreuli zrdasrulobis asaki daemTxva niqsonis `voTergeiTis~ eras.
am periodSi bevri axalgazrda urbanisti profesionali `iufi~ Camoyalibda.
dRes sityva `axalgazrda~ nel-nela CamoSorda termins `iufi~, radgan 1996 wels
`axalSobilTa bumis~ Taobis pirveli warmomadgenlebi ukve 50 wlis asaks miuax
lovdnen.
rogorc `didi depresiis~ Svilebis Taobis mimoxilvisas aRvniSneT, individis
cxovrebis formireba im movlenebis zegavleniT xdeba, romlebic misi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan etapebze iCens Tavs (rilei, 1987w.). individis formirebaze gavlenas
axdens Semdegi aspeqtebic: qalia Tu mamakaci, mdidaria Tu Raribi, amerikelia Tu
Cineli da a.S. am aspeqtebze Cven Semdeg TavebSi visaubrebT. ganvixiloT, ra gavle
na moaxdina `beibibumerebis~ Taobaze maT axalgazrdobaSi momxdarma movlenebma,
magaliTad, gareubnebis ganviTarebam. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi
pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc gareubnebSi dasaxldnen. es faqti, Sesabamisad, dakavSire
bulia movlenebTan, rogoric aris savaWro `molebis~ gaxsnisa da `mimwodeblis~
servisis mania. aRniSuli Taoba omis Semdgomi ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis pe
riodSi gaizarda. maTi mSoblebi umetesad optimisturad uyurebdnen momavals.
axali teqnologiebi TiTqos usazRvro SesaZleblobebs qmnida. `beibibumerebis~
Taobis warmomadgenlebs Tavi gansakuTrebulebad da yovelive saukeTesos memkvi
dred miaCndaT. magram, roca adreuli zrdasrulobis asaks miaRwies, saeWvo warmo
Sobis vietnamis omi gaRvivda. gasakviri ar aris, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis war
momadgenlebi omis winaaRmdeg saprotesto aqciebSi CaerTvnen. amdenad, mTel rig
istoriul movlenebs, rogoric iyo gareubnebis ganviTareba, ekonomikuri aRmav
loba, arapopularul omSi aSS-is CarTva _ adgili swored `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze hqonda, rac ganasxvavebda maT sxva Taobebisgan.
410
yvelafris miuxedavad, `beibibumerebis~ Taoba ar aris Tavisi drois pasiuri
produqti. Tavis mxriv, maTi wyalobiTac icvleboda movlenaTa mimdinareoba da
xandaxan dramatuladac. imis gamo, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba bevrad meti iyo
raodenobrivad Tavis winamorbed da Semdgom Taobaze, Tavis mxriv, zrdis yvela
etapze socialuri cvlilebebis mizezi xdeboda. 1940-iani wlebis bolos da 1950-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi maTi wyalobiT gaivso samSobiaro saxlebi da baga-baRebi,
ramac Seqmna doqtor spokisa da doqtor suisis fenomeni; 1950-iani wlebis bo
los da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaivso dawyebiTi skolebis da Semdeg saSualo
skolebis saklaso oTaxebi. Semdeg TandaTan daicala dabali safexuris saswavlo
dawesebulebebi, radgan `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi nel-nela mo
zardobis da adreuli zrdasrulobis asakobriv safexurze gadavidnen.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobam uzarmazari gavlena iqonia bazarzec. magaliTad, ma
Sin, roca misi warmomadgenlebi Tineijerobis asakSi iyvnen, iyideboda rokmusi
kis uamravi diski da cximovani gamonayaris sawinaaRmdego saxis gamwmendi uamravi
malamo. 21-e saukuneSi ki, roca `beibibumerebis~ Taoba pensiaze gadis, Zalian
swrafad izrdeba moTxovnileba binebsa da saxlebze aSS-is samxreT da samxreT-
dasavleT nawilSi (e.w. `mzis sartyelSi~).
istoriis yovel etapze am Taobis gavlenis wili maTive cxovrebiseuli wins
vlis Sansebze uzarmazaria. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia socialuri mdgomareobis
Skalaze maTi gadaadgilebis maCveneblebis sidideebi (socialur ierarqiaSi maTi
gadaadgilebis maCveneblebi).
riCard isterlinis (1987) mixedviT, mravalricxovani Taobis wevroba indivi
dis piradi SesaZleblobebis Sesustebas niSnavs, radgan am Taobis warmomadgen
lebi, faqtobrivad yvelaferSi uwevdnen erTmaneTs konkurencias. zemoT ganvixi
leT harvardis magaliTi. ra Tqma unda, ufro advilia universitetSi moxvedra,
rodesac konkursantTa raodenoba mcirea (rodesac kursdamTavrebulTa raode
nobaa mcire, radgan maTi umetesoba omSia gawveuli), vidre maSin, roca sazoga
doeba savsea iseTi axalgazrdebiT, romelTac umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba surT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas samsaxuris Sovnasa da dawinaurebazec _ rac ufro metia
ama Tu im postze moxvedris msurveli, miT naklebia TiToeulis Sansi.
sterlinis Teorias imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens ricxovnoba da
konkurencia cxovrebiseul Sansebze, naklic aqvs. igi saTanadod ar afasebs Sesa
Zleblobebis masStabebs, romelsac `beibibumerebis~ Taoba qmnis. Sevida Tu ara
es Taoba adreuli zrdasrulobis asakSi, kolejebisa da universitetebis raode
noba gaizarda, raTa dakmayofilebuliyo umaRlesi saswavleblebze gazrdili
moTxovnebi. mas Semdeg, rac am Taobis warmomadgenlebma swavla daamTavres da
Camoyalibdnen mSromel zrdasrulebad, Sesabamisad, gaizarda momxmareblebis
da myidvelTa raodenoba. Sedegad gaizarda Sesyidvebis moculoba da moTxovna
produqtebis gazrdil raodenobaze; gafarTovda da ganviTarda ekonomika da
Seiqmna ufro meti samuSao adgili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `beibibumerebis~
Taoba socialur fonze iqca im Zalad, romliTac sargeblobs sazogadoebis da
narCeni nawili. cxovrebiseuli ciklis yvela etapze isini mediis yuradRebis
da socialuri movlenebis centrSi iyvnen: jer rogorc gareubneli bavSvebi,
411
mere rogorc `vudstokis~ Taobis kolejis studentebi, romlebic saprotesto
aqciebs marTavdnen; dabolos, rogorc Suaxnis asaks miRweuli zrdasrulebi. maT
Secvales qveynis mTeli socialuri struqtura; metnaklebad, Seiqmnes keTil
dReoba TavisTvis da amiT SedarebiT Seamcires konkurencia Tavisive Taobis war
momadgenlebs Soris.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebis individualurma qmedebebmac (mag
aliTad, ekonomikur keTildReobaze Sexedulebis Secvlam) moaxdina gavlena maT
cxovrebiseul Sansebze (buveri da devita, 1991w. isterlini, Seferi da makunoviCi,
1993w.). magaliTad, maTi mSoblebis Taobisgan gansxvavebiT `beibibumerebis~ Tao
bis warmomadgnlebis umetesobam uari Tqva qorwinebaze, an qorwindebodnen gvian
asakSi. msgavsi gadawyvetileba, uari Tqvan an gvian aiRon Tavis Tavze saojaxo
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba, maT finansuri resursebis akumu
lirebis saSualebas aZlevda. maT, Tavis mSoblebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebis gaCena
gvian asakSic daiwyes. qorwinebis da Svilis gaCenis dagvianeba saSualebas aZlevs
`beibibumerebis~ Taobas, ganamtkicos sakuTari finansuri mdgomareoba, raTa sa
Tanadod moemzados mSoblis rolisa da ojaxuri movaleobebisTvis. mSoblebTan
SedarebiT cota Svili `beibibumerebis~ Taobas, finansuri TvalsazrisiT, did
SeRavaTs aZlevda. ori Svilis yola maTTvis normad iqca maSin, roca is ojaxebi,
sadac TviTon cxovrobdnen, sul mcire, samSviliani iyo. amave dros, dRes am Tao
baSi ufro meti qali muSaobs, vidre maTi mSoblebis TaobaSi, rac wyvilebs aseve
ukeTes ekonomikur mdgomareobas uqmnis.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis cxovrebis ekonomikuri foni, ra Tqma unda, sul var
debiT mofenili ar aris, razec mocemuli Tavis dasawyisSi naambobi sidnei qartonis
cxovrebis ambavic metyvelebs. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs
ufro meti da Tavdadebuli muSaoba uwevT, raTa cxovrebis sasurvel dones miaRwion
vidre maT mSoblebs uwevdaT. bevri maTgani uCivis Tavisufali drois simcires da
samsaxurebriv stress (brauzi, 1995 w.). maTi mSoblebis Taoba mxolod ojaxis mamis
Semosavalze cxovrobda da Tavs komfortulad grZnobda, beibibumerebis Taobas
ki miaCnia, rom ojaxis sarCenad sul mcire ori adamianis Semosavalia saWiro. maTi
Semosavlis didi nawili miaqvs binebis da saxlebis spiralurad gazrdil fasebs, ra
mac 1980 wels piks miaRwia, radgan am Taobis sul ufro met da met warmomadgenels
uwevda sacxovrebeli farTis mosapoveblad SejibrSi CarTva; saWiroa bavSvis momv
lelebisTvis fulis gadaxda, radgan orive mSobeli muSaobs; SvilebisTvis umaR
lesi ganaTlebis misaRebad sakmaod didi Tanxis dafarva; asakovan mSoblebze zrun
va, radgan `beibibumerebis~ Taobis mSoblebi maT wina Taobebze ufro xangrZlivad
cxovroben (buvieri da de vita, 1991w. aSS aRweris biuro, 1995w.).
faqtia, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis nebismieri asakobrivi kohortis winaSe
ufro meti problema idga, vidre maTi wina Taobis winaSe. pirobebis gauaresebis
faqtis winaSe yofna sul ufro metad uwevT `beibibumerebis~ Taobis im warmomad
genlebs, vinc Semosavlis kibeze yvelaze qvemoT dgas, anu maT, visac Sromis ba
zarze `advilad cvlian~ xolme. `beibibumerebis~ periodis rac ufro gviandel
safexurze gaCnda adamiani, miT ufro naklebi aqvs winsvlis Sansi da sxvebTan Se
darebiT kidev ufro Raribebi arian (brauni, 1995w.).
412
yvelaze uares mdgomareobaSi uSualod `beibibumerebis~ periodis damTavrebi
sas dabadebulebi arian. esterlinis Teoriis sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom isini
ufro ganwirulebi arian siRaribisTvis (brauni, 1995w.). amis mizezi ki SesaZloa,
is iyos, rom maT mouwevT konkurencia gauwion `beibibumerebis~ Taobis im warmo
madgenlebs, romlebsac jer ar miuRweviaT sapensio asakisTvis da muSaoben. amis
mizezia aseve isic, rom aSS-is ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi gavlenas axdens Sromis
bazris moTxovnilebebsa da qveyanaSi arsebuli samsaxurebis struqturebze. ma
Ralkvalificiur muSakebze moTxovna aRar aris iseTi, rogoric 1970-ian wlebsa da
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo. 1972-1986 wlebSi aRmasrulebeli, administraci
uli da samenejmento postebis raodenoba 74%-iT gaizarda, 1986-2000 wlebisTvis
ki mosalodneli iyo maTi mxolod 29%-iT zrda (silvestri da lukaseviCi, 1987w.).
yovelive amis gamo ki, beibibumerebis momdevno Taobas daebloka dawinaurebis Sansi
(krimovski da krauzi, 1992w.). winsvlis Sansis dablokva ki ZiriTadad saSualo kla
sis statusze airekla da didi sirTuleebis pirispir daayena isini. SedarebisTvis,
1959 wlamde dabadebulTaA 60%-ma 30 wlis asakamde saSualo klasis statuss miaRwia,
maSin, roca 1959 wlis Semdeg dabadebulTa amave asakis mxolod 42%-ma miaRwia imave
statuss (dunkani da smidingi, citatebi bradSeidan, 1995w.). faqtobrivad, winsv
lis Sansis dablokva problemaa, rogorc `beibibumerebis~ momdeno TaobisTvis, ise
beibibumerebis periodis bolo wlebSi dabadebulTaTvisac.
da mainc, socialuri SesaZleblobebis klebis tendenciis miuxedavad, `bei
bibumerebis~ Taoba finansurad bevrad uzrunvelyofili iyo, vidre maTi mSo
blebi maTi cxovrebis kursis igive safexurze, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis qalebmac daiwyes muSaoba da Tanac ojaxis wevrebi ra
odenobac Semcirda. `beibibumerebis~ ojaxebis TiToeul wevrze saSualod Semo
savlis wili ori mesamediT metia, vidre maT bavSvobaSi iyo (isterlini, Seferi da
makunoviCi, 1993w.). mSoblebTan SedarebiT, `beibibumerebis~ Taobas meti kapitali
aqvs _ maTi aqtivi aWarbebs vals. marTalia, proporciulad, Tavis mSoblebTan
SedarebiT, cotas aqvs sakuTari saxli, magram maT ufro meti danazogi da qoneba
aqvT, vidre bankebis vali (isterlini, Seferi da makunoviCi, 1993w.). ese igi, sid
nei kartonis problema nawilobriv, SesaZloa, winsvlis usazRvro horizontebisa
da SesaZleblobebis molodinSi veZioT. ararealisturi molodinis qona beibibu
merebis Taobas TiTqos tradiciad eqca.
cxadia, es saubrebi `beibibumerebis~ Taobaze Zalian ganzogadebulia. ra Tqma
unda, am Taobidan uklebliv yvelas ar hqonda ararealisturi molodini an saxe
lis moxveWis fuWi survili. yvela erTmaneTs ar hgavda. paul laionsi (1994w.) Ta
vis wignSi `66-ianis klasi: aSS-is gareubnebis mcxovrebni~ aRwers beibibumerebis
Taobis bevr iseT warmomadgenels, romlebmac zrdasrulobis asaks ukve 60-iani
wlebis bolos miaRwies: isini ar monawileobdnen omis winaaRmdeg gamarTul an
adamianis uflebebis damcvel demonstraciebSi; ar eweodnen marixuanas da ar ata
rebdnen eqsperimentebs narkotikebTan mimarTebaSi; ar icvamdnen hipebiviT; maTi
umetesoba droulad daojaxda; maTTvis ucxo iyo 1960-iani wlebisTvis damaxa
siaTebeli radikalizmi da janyi da mxolod Soridan adevnebdnen Tvals mas.
pirvelma sociologma karl manheimma, romelic Taobebis gavlenis Zalas ikvlev
413
da, aRiara, rom Taobis warmomadgenlebis Zlierad gamovlenilma saerTo niSneb
ma SeiZleba SeniRbos Sinagani gansxvavebebi. man erTsa da imave TaobaSi Semavali
jgufebis mimarT, romlebic erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sexed
ulebebi aqvT da saerTo istoriul gamocdilebas gansxvavebulad udgebian, gamoi
yena termini Taobis struqturuli dajgufeba (volfi, 1993w.). Taobis sxvadasxva
struqturuli dajgufebis Seqmnis safuZveli SeiZleba yofiliyo konkretuli
asaki, sqesi, warmoSobis socialuri klasi, eTnikuri warmoSoba da sxv. zemoaRniS
nuli koncefcia Zalze mniSvnelovania da yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom is
Taobis erT monoliTad aRqmis tendencias ewinaaRmdegeba.
414
neven Tavisufali drostarebis xanad. maT visac Sromis unari gaaCniaT, moeTxove
baT saTemo an sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebis doneze Tavisi codna da gamocdileba
sxvebs gadascen (ikelsi, 1992w.).
moxucebuloba, Sua xnis asaki an axalgazrdoba kalendriT ar ganisazRvreba
(klauseni, 1986w.). cxovrebis es safexurebi socialur konteqstSi kulturis Ta
viseburebebiT ganisazRvreba. asaki, rogorc kulturuli konstruqcia, romelsac
Tan garkveuli molodinebi axlavs, gzas ukafavs adamians, raTa erTi socialuri
rolidan da statusidan meoreze gadavides (miiRos is ufleba-movaleobebi, ro
melic cxovrebis gzaze unda ataros). amerikelebSi asaki gviani mozardobis peri
odidan adreul zrdasrulobis periodamde miCneulia `Sesaferis~ asakad skolis
dasamTavreblad, mSoblebis saxlis dasatoveblad da muSaobis dasawyebad. 60
wlis asakidan moyolebuli ki, isini pensiaze gadian. yvela sazogadoebaSi erT
gvari `ganrigi~ arsebobs, romelia `normaluri~ asaki qorwinebisTvis, Svilebis,
an SviliSvilebis yolisTvis da sxv. es ganrigebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
Seicvalos. magaliTad, 1950-iani wlebis bolos Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad
gairkva, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis 90% mamakacis qorwinebisTvis Sesaferis
asakad miiCnevda 20-dan 25 wlamde periods. 1970-iani wlebis bolos es maCvenebeli
42%-mde Semcirda. imave kvlevis Sedegad, umravlesobis mier qalis qorwinebisT
vis Sesaferis asakad miCneuli iyo 19-24 weli. es mosazreba ori aTeuli wlis Sem
deg Seicvala da gamokiTxulTa mxolod 46% miiCnevda, rom qali adreul asakSi
unda gaTxovdes (rozenfildi da starki, 1987w.). normebis aseTi cvlis gamo, ada
mianebi rTulad iReben gadawyvetilebas sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan eta
pebTan dakavSirebiT, radgan ver pouloben aRniSnul `ganrigSi~ sakuTar adgils
(niugarteni da nougarteni, 1987w.).
asaki exmareba adamiansac rolebis Secvlasa da erTi statusidan meoreSi ga
dasvlaSi da exmareba sazogadoebasac resursebis (fuli, Zalaufleba da prestiJi)
gadanawilebaSi (o’randi da krekeri, 1990w.). magaliTad, asakovani `beibibumerebis~
warmomadgenlebi 21-e saukuneSi politikur asparezze did garRvevas warmoqmnian,
radgan ricxvobrivadac metni iqnebian da qonebis didi nawilic maT xelSi iqneba
akumulirebuli. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom isini usaTuod isargebleben presti
JiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, sadac sociologiuri da teqnologiuri cvlile
bebi Zalian swraf tempSi mimdinareobs, asakovan adamianebs Zvelmodurad miiCneven,
xolo maT codnas moZvelebulad. amis sapirispirod, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi
asaki ufro prestiJulia, radgan isedac mciredi odenobiT darCenili adamianebis
gamocdileba da codna bevrad ufro sasargeblod miaCniaT (foneri, 1993w.).
adamianebis asakis mixedviT socialur kategoriebad klasificirebis process
asakobrivi rangireba ewodeba. asakobrivi rangireba farTod gavrcelebuli mid
gomaa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, Tumca es yovelTvis ase ar iyo. asakisa da asa
kobrivi sxvaobebis mniSvnelobam pirvelad me-19 saukunis bolos iCina Tavi da me-
20 saukuneSi damkvidrda (Cudakovi, 1989w.). adamianis qcevis da sazogadoebrivi
institutebis organizebaSi asakobriv rangirebas 1850 wlamde iseTi mniSvneloba
ar hqonda, rogoric dRes aqvs.
415
aviRoT ganaTleba. 1870 wlamde skolebSi swavlebis procesi asakobrivi ran
gis mixedviT ar iyo dayofili. gakveTilze yvela asakis bavSvi erTad ijda. 14
wlis mozardi da 20 wlis zrdasruli adamianebi gverdigverd isxdnen harvardisa
da ielis universitetebSi. studentebisTvis ar iyo gansazRvruli zusti asaki,
rodis unda Sesuliyvnen an daemTavrebinaT saswavlebeli. 1804 wels CrdiloeT
karolinas `Capel hilis~ universitetis axali prezidenti sul 24 wlis iyo, anu
zog studentze bevrad ufro axalgazrda. saganmanTleblo sistemaSi ar xdeboda
moswavleTa gadanawileba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. dRes, am mxriv, sapiris
piro mdgomareobaa, skolebSi erTi asakis bavSvebi erT klasSi sxedan da ganaTle
basac Sesabamisi programiT iReben. zusti asakobrivi rangirebis aucilebloba
nel-nela qreba kolejebsa da universitetebSi.
socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi xelisuflebis CarTvam xeli Seuwyo
cxovrebis kursis standartizacias asakobriv qronologiaze dayrdnobiT (gile
mardi da reini, 1993w.). saxelmwifo kanoni, romelic savaldebulod acxadebs
swavlis dawyebas 6 wlis asakSi, Sedegad gvaZlevs imas, rom saklaso oTaxebi savsea
erTi da igive wels dabadebuli bavSvebiT. es asakobrivi kohorta Semdeg erTad
izrdeba ganaTlebis sistemis yvela safexurze, isini erTad amTavreben skolas,
Sedian kolejebsa da universitetebSi da karieris Seqmnasac TiTqmis erTad iwye
ben. ormoci wlis Semdeg ki, daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi, isini erTad
mimarTaven socialuri uzrunvelyofis dawesebulebebs Sesaferisi SeRavaTebis
misaRebad da samsaxuridan gadadgomis (pensiaze gasvlis) Taobaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni sazogadoeba asakobrivad sakmarisad rangirebu
lia, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romlebic kidev ufro mkacrad rangirebulia. maga
liTad, aRmosavleT afrikis pastoralur masais tomSi mamakacis mxolod oTx
asakobriv rangs cnoben: biWi, meomari, adreuli asakovani mamakaci da ufrosi asa
kovani mamakaci. TiToeul asakobriv rangs Tavisi mkacrad gansazRvruli ufle
ba-movaleobebi aqvs: biWebi mSoblebis gankargulebaSi arian da maTi movaleoba
ojaxis saqonlis mwyemsvaa. meomrebi, 15 wlidan 30 wlamde mamakacebi, romelTac
`moranebs~ uwodeben, ucoloebi arian da calke soflebSi cxovroben asakovani ma
makacebis Temis zedamxedvelobis qveS; adreul asakovan mamakacebs (30-45 wlisa)
ufleba aqvT, hyavdeT coli, saqoneli da Seqmnan sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgili.
45 wlis an ufro asakovani mamakacebis movaleoba ki marTva da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis mogvarebaa. am sazogadoebaSi 30 wlis mamakaci, raoden brZenic ar
unda iyos, politikuri lideri ver gaxdeba, xolo 45 wlis mamakaci, rac ar unda
janmrTeli da Zlieri iyos, meomari ver gaxdeba. masais tomis mamakacebisTvis
funqciebis ganawileba mxolod asakis mixedviT xdeba (bernardi, 1955w. ole sai
toti da bekviTi, 1980w. spenseri, 1988w.).
umetes Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi asaki statusis, rolebisa da resursebis
ganawilebisas mxolod erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos. faqtobrivad,
amerikeli sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi Zalian zRudavs asakobrivi ran
girebis faqtoris gamoyenebas uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis miniWebaSi. ukano
nobad iTvleba asakobrivi SezRudvebi dasaqmebisa da keTilmowyobis sakiTxebSi.
Tumca asakze dayrdnobili negatiuri stereotipi (ageism) sazogadoebaSi mainc
416
arsebobs (batleri, 1989w). asakovani amerikelebi xSirad xdebian asakobrivi dis
kriminaciis msxverplni, radgan axalgazrdad yofna ukeTesi Sansia keTilmow
yobisTvis. amitom qveynis moqalaqeebi uamrav Tanxas xarjaven, raTa medicinis
CareviT axalgazrduli ieri SeinarCunon (saxis plastikuri operaciebi, zed
meti wonisgan gaTavisufleba da sxv.). rodesac telewamyvani kargavs samsaxurs
naoWebis da WaRara Tmis gamo, amas swored asakobriv diskriminaciamde mivyavarT,
rac niSnavs ama Tu im pirisTvis uflebebze, SesaZleblobebsa da resursebze ua
ris Tqmas misi asakis gamo (levini da levini, 1980w.).
gardamavali etapebi:
daberebis procesi
417
gogonebisTvis gankuTvnili ceremonia kidev ufro sastiki da araadamianuri
iyo. qalebis e.w. `windacveTa~ genetaliebis gakveTasa da klitoris amokveTas iT
valiswinebda (dRemde tardeba msgavsi ritualebi). gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg qa
lebs aTxovebdnen.
masais tomSi erTi asakobrivi safexuridan meoreze gadasvla dRemde fizikur
tkivilTan aris dakavSirebuli (gansakuTrebiT gogonebisTvis), rac amerikeli
sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia. amerikelTa mRelvarebas iwvevs is, rom garkveul
asakobriv zRvarze, rogorc wesi, biWebi Zaladobis zegavlenis qveS moqcevis sa
SiSroebis winaSe dgebian, rasac SeiZleba adgili hqondes ezoSi fexburTis Tama
Sisas atexili Cxubis drosac da quCaSi saqmeebis garCevisas iaraRis trialis
drosac. gaurkveveli warmoSobis formalur ceremoniebs amerikaSic aqvs adgi
li. ganvixiloT e.w. `debiutantebis~ (`maRal sazogadoebaSi~ Sesvlis msurvelTa)
texasuri mejlisi, sadac milionebad Rirebul Zvirfas tansacmelSi gamowyobili
adamianebi yvavilebiT mofenil fiandazebze limuzinebiT Semodian, raTa mona
wileoba miiRon ceremoniaSi, romelic sakmaod ucnauri elementebisgan Sedgeba:
418
aRniSnaven am asakis biWebis dabadebis dReebs e.w. `barmicuvas~ ceremoniiT. sau
kuneebs gamovlili es rituali aSkarad miuTiTebs sxvadasxva kulturis mier axal
asakobriv safexurebze gadasvlis ritualisadmi erTgulebaze.
dRes xalxi TiTqos cdilobs `ar CamorCes~ cxovrebas da axal asakobriv sta
tusze droulad gadavides, magram, meore mxriv, bolo wlebSi adamianebi toveben
garkveul gardamaval etapebs asakobriv safexurebs Soris. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom kolejis damTavrebis `Sesaferis~ asakad 21-22 welia miCneuli, garkveu
li socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad (ganqorwinebis maRali procenti, qalTa sa
muSao bazarze CarTvis gazrdili maCvenebeli, umuSevrobis done) ufrosi asakis
zrdasrulebma kolejebSi da universitetebSi Sesvla `aratradiciul~ asakSi dai
wyes. es tendencia Tu gagrZelda, amerikuli kolejis damamTavrebeli ceremonia
aRar iqneba asakobrivad gansazRvruli ise, rogorc es axlo warsulSi xdeboda.
aseve moqnili gaxda samsaxuridan pensiaze gasvlis asakic. bolo wlebSi,
msoflios dasavleT nawilSi mosamsaxure xalxi bevrad adre gadis pensiaze, vid
re maT asakobrivi niSniT ekuTvniT. magaliTad, pensiaze zogjer 55 wlis asakSi
gadian. mimdinare periodSi naklebad aris standartizebuli sapensio asaki asa
kobrivi qronologiiT. es ufro samsaxurebis struqturul faqtorebze, samuSao
adgilebis raodenobaze, individis pirad mdgomareobaze da mis mier cxovrebis
kursis arCevazea damokidebuli (gilemardi da reini, 1993w.).
rogorc xedavT, socialuri struqturis ori aspeqtis Tanmimdevroba dair
Rva. pensiaze gasvlis saSualo asaki dasavleTSi zogan 55 wlamde Semcirda, zogan
ki, piriqiT, 70 wlamde gaizarda. sapensio asakad miCneulma da cxovrebis kursSi
erTi etapidan meore etapze gadasasvlelad miCneulma asakma (65 weli) xuT-xuTi
wliT aqeT-iqiT gadaiwia. igive moxda sxva mniSvnelovan gardamaval asakobriv
etapebzec: magaliTad, gaizarda pirveli Svilis yolis asaki da gafarTovda Svi
lis yolis asakobrivi diapazoni, gaizarda asakovani qalebis raodenobac (daax
loebiT 40 wlis asakSi), romlebic Svilebs pirvelad aCenen; gaizarda Tineijeri
dedebis raodenobac. mokled rom vTqvaT, asakobriv safexurebze gardamaval
etapebze matulobs araerTgvarovneba da sul ufro rTuldeba maTi erTmaneTis
gan gamijvna (jorji, 1993w.).
asakobrivi safexurebi
419
vavebul funqciebs. kunis tomis warmomadgenlebi mudam Tavis SvilebTan erTad
cxovroben da moxucebulobis gamo Sromaze uars arasodes amboben. amerikelebi
ki, maTgan gansxvavebiT, miCveulebi arian TavianTi cxovreba garkveul fazebad,
socialuri problemebis seriebis mixedviT dayon. mocemuli Tavis bolos gan
vixilavT amerikeli sazogadoebisTvis miRebul asakobriv safexurebs: bavSvobas,
mozardobas, zrdasrulobasa da moxucebulobas. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes,
rom es oTxi safexuri socialur aspeqtebze agebul cnebebs warmoadgens.
wyaro: A. Review, by Eric H. Ericson, by permission of W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copy-
right@1982 by Rikan Enterprises, Ltd
420
adamianebi yovel safexurs Taviseburad, pozitiurad an negatiurad udgebian da
maT midgomaze bevrad aris damokidebuli is, Tu rogor gaarTmevs is Tavs dar
Cenil cxovrebas. zigmund froidis fsiqoanalizis gavleniT, eriqsonis Teoria
mkveTrad fsiqologiuria. Tumca, misi Teoriis sociologiasTan mimarTebaSi
ganxilvac SeiZleba, Tu sakiTxs ase davsvamT: riT gansxvavdeba TiToeuli asako
brivi safexuris Tanxvedri problemebi im adamianebis problemebisagan, romle
bic sxvadasxva istoriul an kulturul konteqstSi cxovroben, an maTTvis, vinc
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan rasobrivad, sqesobrivad an klasobrivad? aseT Sem
TxvevaSi eriqsonis Teoria saSualebas mogvcems, ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT im gansx
vavebul gamocdilebebs, romlebsac adamianebi cxovrebis kursis TiToeul safex
urze iZenen. saubars TiToeuli safexuris ganxilviT daviwyebT. gamovkveTavT
eriqsonis mier aRweril ZiriTad problemebs, ganvixilavT im adamianebis so
ciologiur kvlevas faqtiur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze, romlebic Cveni
konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrebi arian da romelTa gamocdilebac warsulTan
an sxva kulturebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
bavSvoba
eriqsonis TeoriaSi bavSvebis problema is aris, rom isini sxvebze arian
damokidebuli, amitom maTi ganviTareba ZiriTadad agebulia gamocdilebaze
`ndoba Tu undobloba~. bavSvebi, romlebsac siyvaruliT da zrunviT zrdian,
sxva adamianebisadmi ndobiT arian ganwyobili da samyaros usafrTxod miiCneven.
xolo maTTvis, viszec saTanadod ar zrunaven, samyaro gamoucnobia da isini un
doblobas gamoxataven sxvebis mimarT. erT-erTi barieris gadalaxva, eriqsonis
Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebs fexis adgmis asakSi uwevT anu maSin, roca cdiloben
cotaodeni damoukidebloba moipovon. aseT periodSi ganviTareba eyrdnoba ga
mocdilebas `avtonomia Tu sircxvilisa da sakuTar TavSi eWvis Separvis grZno
ba~. isini, visac damoukideblad moZraobis saSualebas aZleven, martiv amocanebs
TviTonve asruleben da TviTdajerebulobis jansaR SegrZnebas iZenen; xolo maT,
vis avtonomiasac laxaven, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi eWvi eparebaT da rcxveniaT
sakuTari qcevis gamo. oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi (roca kidev ufro meti damoukide
blobis mcdeloba aqvT), bavSvebis ganviTareba eyrdnoba gamocdilebas `inicia
tiva Tu danaSaulis grZnoba~. am asakSi bavSvebi kontaqtSi Sedian TanatolebTan
da cdiloben sakuTar Tavze kidev erTi pasuxismgebloba _ saojaxo saqmeebSi
daxmareba _ aiRon. Tu mSoblebi an ojaxis sxva wevrebi am mxriv maT mxardaWeras
ucxadeben, bavSevebi sakuTar Tavs saWirod miiCneven, xolo Tu maT iniciativebs
uariT pasuxoben an dascinian, uviTardebaT danaSaulis grZnoba. saskolo asakSi
ki bavSvebs uwevT uamravi problemis gadalaxva, raTa SeiZinon unarebi, miiRon
axali informacia da SeZlon ojaxze ufro did socialur wresTan urTierToba.
am periodSi maTi ganviTareba igeba gamocdilebaze: `sibejiTe Tu arasrulfa
sovnebis grZnoba~, rac niSnavs imas, rom an sakuTari Tavis rwmena uviTardebaT
da advilad xsnian maT winaSe mdgom axal-axal amocanebs an, piriqiT, uCndebaT
grZnoba, rom maT sxvaze naklebi SeuZliaT.
421
eriqsonis mixedviT, bavSvis fsiqologiuri amocana iniciativis ganviTarebaa.
cocva, sirbili da xtunva mxolod TamaSi ar aris _ bavSvis Zalisxmevaa, Seamow
mos da daamtkicos sakuTari SesaZleblobebi.
eriqsonis Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvoba gansakuTrebuli da mniSvnelovani
etapia adamianis cxovrebaSi; periodi, rodesac adamianebs mniSvnelovani prob
lemebis gadalaxva uwevT, raTa ganiviTaron usafrTxoebis da kompetenturobis
grZnoba. eriqsonis azriT, bavSvebma unda miiRon siyvaruli, mxardaWera da gageba,
raTa zemoaRniSnul miznebs warmatebiT miaRwion. samwuxarod, amas yvela ojaxi
ver axerxebs. cxovrebis kursSi bavSvobis etapisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo
bis miniWeba SedarebiT gviandeli movlenaa. Sua saukuneebSi garkveuli social
uri klasebidan bavSvebi iZulebulebi iyvnen adridanve SeesrulebinaT zrdasru
lis roli (Sorteri, 1975w.). im periodSi bavSvebisTvis naklebad xelmisawvdomi
iyo e.w. bednieri bavSvobis damaxasiaTebeli simRera, cekva, sabavSvo moTxrobebis
kiTxva an rame sxva gasarTobebi. idea, rom bavSvebi unda iyvnen sasurvelni, ga
naTlebulni, daculni da zrdasrulTa cxovrebis zogi mkacri realobisgan dis
tancirebulni, TandaTan SemoiWra me-18 saukunis maRali klasis ojaxebSi, Tumca
momdevno erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi es ucxo iyo dabali da saSualo klasis war
momadgenlebisTvis. is ki ara, me-20 saukunis mijnaze, aSS-Si 10-15 wlis bavSvebis
18,2% jer kidev muSaobda ojaxis daxmarebis mizniT. aqedan maTi ori mesamedi
sakmaod mZime eqspluatacias ganicdida qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi muSaobiT (faifi,
1989w.). 1870-ian wlebSi (roca bavSvis Sromis gamoyeneba iseT qarxnebSi, sadac
mZime samuSaoebi sruldeboda, jer kidev misaRebi iyo) da 1930-ian wlebSi (roca
bavSvis Sromis gamoyeneba ukve ukanonod da amoralurad iTvleboda) bavSvobis
cnebis kulturuli konteqsti xelmeored da fundamenturad gadafasda. bavSvebi
aRar ganixilebodnen sasargeblo ekonomikur kapitalad (maTi Sromisunariano
bisa da xelfasis mixedviT), isini ojaxis sasurvel, Seufasebel wevrebad iqcnen
(zelizeri, 1985w.). gadafasebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi axali teqnologiebis Se
mosvla gaxda, romelmac gamoaTavisufla bavSvebi e.w. dabalkvalificiuri samuS
aodan. 1920-ian e.w. ayvavebis wlebSi, mSoblebi ukve sakmarisad gamoimuSavebdnen
xelfass da SeeZloT SvilebisTvis skolaSi siarulis neba miecaT. aseTma ekonomi
kurma cvlilebebma sazogadoeba ufro sentimentaluri gaxada bavSvebis mimarT.
mdidrebis ojaxebSi bavSvebs ukve miiCnevdnen angelozebad da fiqrobdnen, rom
isini imsaxurebdnen ukeTes, dacul samyaroSi cxovrebas.
am sentimentalurma idealebma TandaTan dakarga amaRlebuloba. samyaro,
romelSic bavSvebi cxovroben, SeiZleba iseTi daculi aRar iyos (niustadteri,
1993w.). bevri socialuri mkvlevari gvafrTxilebs bavSvobis mniSvnelobis da
kninebis Sesaxeb (postmani, 1982w. suranski, 1982w. vini, 1984w.). isini miuTiTeben
bavSvebis iseT qcevebze, romlebic, wesiT, zrdasrul asakSi unda axasiaTebdeT
maT. magaliTad, seqsualuri aqtivoba, alkoholis an narkotikis miReba, Zalado
bis xilva an Tanamonawileoba. am tendenciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mediis mier
gavrcelebuli informacia, romlebzec uwin mxolod zrdasrulebs miuwvdebo
daT xeli (postmeni, 1982w.). postmeni televizias ganixilavs rogorc `farTod
xelmisawvdom teqnologias~, rac imas niSnavs, rom nebismier mayurebels, asakis
422
miuxedavad, SeuZlia uyuros yvelafers, rasac is gadmoscems _ seqss, Zaladobas,
narkotikis moxmarebas da zrdasrulTa cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebs.
zogi socialuri mkvlevari Zalze SeSfoTebulia bavSvobis mniSvnelobis dak
ninebiT. isini SiSoben imis gamo, rom bavSvebi ase Cqaroben zrdasrulobaSi gadas
vlas, isini gamotoveben ara marto patar-patara bavSvur siamovnebebs, aramed cu
dad moemzadebian cxovrebis momdevno safexurisTvis. mkvlevarebis meore nawili
ar eTanxmeba am azrs da ambobs, rom Secdoma iqneba bavSvebis izolireba zrdas
rulTa cxovrebis sirTuleebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis problemebisgan. isini
miesalmebian bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnil iseT filmebs, satelevizio gadacemebsa
da literaturul nawarmoebebs, romlebic maT daexmareba swori gadawyvetile
bebis miRebaSi im problemebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTanac Sexvedra zrdasrul
cxovrebaSi maT usaTuod mouwevT. maT aseve swamT, rom `daculi bavSvoba~ _ gar
Toba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobebi ver moargebs maT Tanamedrove ojaxuri
cxovrebis realobebs. ganqorwinebis mateba iseT ojaxSi, sadac orive mSobeli
muSaobs, Tanamedrove bavSvs aiZulebs ufro srafad momwifdes, vidre 1950-ian
wlebSi mcxovrebi misi Tanatoli.
savaraudod, kamaTi bavSvobis Tanamedrove gagebis Sesaxeb kidev didxans
gagrZeldeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom dRevandel aSS-Si bavSvebs bevr
iseT gamocdilebasTan uwevT Sexeba, romelTa ganzogadeba Znelia. Znelia aseTi
gansxvavebuli kulturuli matareblebis, religiuri mimdinareobis, ekonomi
kuri statusis da ojaxuri struqturebis mqone heterogenul sazogadoebas erTi
saukeTeso meTodi an recepti gamouwero bavSvebis aRsazrdelad.
mozardoba
423
melic maSindel muSaxels gaaCnda, aRar iyo sakmarisi samuSao bazris dasakmayo
fileblad. Sesaferisi ganaTlebis miReba fufunebis nacvlad aucilebeli piroba
gaxda. zrdasrulobaSi gadasvlas winapiroba gauCnda ganaTlebis saxiT. axalgazr
debs moeTxovebodaT skolis damTavreba da kolejSi Cabareba. mogvianebiT, 1930-
iani wlebis `didi depresiis~ periodSi, umaRles skolaSi swavlis gagrZelebis
kidev erTi mizezi gaCnda: srulganakveTiani samuSao adgilebis mosapoveblad Se
qmnili umuSevarTa rigebis gantvirTvis mizniT, mozardebs iq dgomis sanacvlod
skolebSi swavlas urCevdnen. amdenad 1900-1956 wlebs Soris kursdamTavrebulTa
proporcia aSS-Si 6,3%-dan 62,5%-mde gaizarda.
mozardis cneba sabolood 1940-1950-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, roca am asakis
moswavleebi skolebSi TiTqos calke gamoeyvnen danarCenebs, rogorc `mozardTa
sazogadoeba~ da Tavisi gemovnebiT da standartebiT Tineijerebis subkultu
rad Camoyalibdnen (kolemani, 1961w.). aRniSnuli subkultura metwilad meore
msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis Sedegad mopovebuli keTildReobis produqti
iyo, rac mTeli rigi socialuri cvlilebebis da rolebis gadanawilebis fonze
Seiqmna. magaliTad, Tineijerebis umetesobas maSin SeeZlo manqana SeeZina, rac
imis saSualebas aZlevda, rom paemanze mSoblebis Tvalwin aRar evlo. Sedegad,
gaizarda Tineijerebis seqsualuri aqtivobac.
aris imis niSnebi, rom mozardis asaki nel-nela mcirdeba. magaliTad e.w. `bobi-
soqserebi,~ romlebsac 1940-ian wlebSi frenk sinatras koncertebze gulyra
emarTebodaT, daaxloebiT 15-18 wlis iyvnen; e.w. `Tiiniboperebi~, romlebic 1960-
ian wlebSi P`biTlzebs~ aRmerTebdnen, 12-14 wlisani iyvnen. paemanze siarulis da
kosmetikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis asakma 15-16 wlis asakidan 11-12 wlamde
daiwia (niugarteni da niugarteni, 1987w.).
pirveli sqesobrivi kavSiris saSualo asakic mcirdeba (gelmani, 1990w. zemani,
1990w.). 1988 wels mozardi gogonebis 80%-s da biWebis 86%-s 19 wlamde asakSi
hqonda miRebuli sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebis gamocdileba. maT Soris sak
maod bevrs bevrad ufro adre (gogonebis daaxloebi 25 %-s da biWebis 33%-s 15
wlis asakamde) dauwyia aqtiuri sqesobrivi cxovreba. zusti asakis gamokveTa
aqac Zneli aRmoCnda, radgan sqesobrivi kavSiris dawyebis asaki sxvadasxvaa. Tine
ijeris seqsualuri aqtivoba damokidebulia bevr faqtorze, maT Soris mis fizi
kur mowifulobaze, mSoblebis seqsualur midrekilebebze, sakiTxisadmi ojaxis
damokidebulebaze, religiur damokidebulebaze, ojaxis socioekonomikur mdgo
maroebaze (umamo ojaxebSi gogonebs midrekileba aqvT adreuli sqesobrivi kav
Sirisken), megobrebis da Tanaklaselebis garemoze (flaneri, rouvi, da galei,
1993w. adri da bili, 1987w. diblasio da benda, 1994w.).
zrdasruloba
424
vandeli monacemebiT, bevri kolejdamTavrebuli sacxovreblad cota xniT mainc
ubrundeba mSoblebis ojaxs. Tvrametidan ocdaoTxwlamde qalebisa da mamakacebis
daaxloebiT 68.3% dRes mSoblebTan an naTesavebTan cxovrobs. aqedan 40%-s mi
tovebuli hqonda ojaxi da Tavidan miubrunda mas (riCi, 1990w.). amdenad, dRes zr
dasruli adamianebi urTierTgamomricxavi mesijis pirispir dganan. erTi mxriv,
bevri kulturuli faqtori aiZulebs maT ufro swrafad gaizardon da, meore
mxriv, saTanado pirobebis nakleboba (ar aris sakmarisi samuSao adgilebi, xeli
ar miuwvdeba sacxovrebel farTze da Sesamabisad Znelia partnioris povna) ar
aZlevs maT saSualebas, 22-27 wlis asakSi icxovron zrdasruli adamianis cxovre
biT. Sedegad, mozardebis asaki orive mxridan gaizarda (iani, 1989w.). bavSvebi bev
rad adre Sedian mozardobis asakSi da SedarebiT didxans rCebian am statusSi.
mozardobis vadis gaxangrZliveba individualuria. mizezebis speqtri kv
lav farToa. erT-erTma kvlevam 1960-iani wlebis kursdamTavrebulebi 1980-iani
wlebis kursdamTavrebulebs Seadara, raTa gaezoma maTi zrdasrulobis asa
kis miRwevis zRvari. amisaTvis man sami cxovrebiseuli movlena gamoiyena: swav
lis damTavrebis asaki, qorwinebis asaki da pirveli Svilis yolis asaki (buCmani,
1989w.). 1960-iani wlebis kohortis warmomadgenlebis 23.4%-ma, skolis damTavre
bidan oTx weliwadSi samive cxovrebiseuli movlenis gavla moaxerxa, maSin roca
es 1980-ian wlebis kohortis mxolod 11.0%-ma SeZlo. xolo gviandeli kohortis
TiTqmis mesameds 80-iani wlebis bolosTvisac ki ar hqonda gavlili am samidan
Tundac erTi romelime movlena. zrdasrulobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebis
Tanmimdevrobasa da periodebs Soris drois moculobis gazrda imaze metyvelebs,
rom moxda im asakobriv safexurebs Soris gardamavali etapebis zogadi `destan
dartizacia~.
zrdasrulobaze gardamaval etapebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis miuxeda
vad, 20-dan 30 wlamde asakis adamianebi erTi da imave amocanebis winaSe dganan. erik
eriqsoni (1950, 1982) mTavar amocanad partnioris gamonaxvas xedavda, rasTanac
adamianebs adreuli zrdasrulobis asakSi uwevT Sexeba da rasac, eriqsonis azriT,
safuZvlad udevs gamocdileba `sqesobrivi kavSiri Tu izolacia~. axalgazrda zr
dasruls aqvs moTxovnileba Tavisi identoba nawilobriv sxva adamianis identobas
daukavSiros megobruli urTierTobebis, siyvarulis, qorwinebis, bavSvebis gaCe
nisa da gazrdis gziT. Tumca bevrs uWirs amasTan dakavSirebiT pasuxismgeblobis
Tavis Tavze aReba, radgan eSinia Tavisuflebis dakargvis. amitom didxans izoli
rebuli da marto rCeba. daniel levinsonma (1978) mamakacebis cxovrebis kursis
sistematuri kvlevis pionerma, zemoaRniSnul problemas daumata kidev erTi _
adreuli zrdasruli asakis mamakacis cxovrebaSi sakuTari niSis moZebnis amocana.
(ix. sqema 10.3). 20-22 wlis mamakacebi iwyeben qorwinebaSi, saqmianobaSi, sacxovrebe
li adgilis SerCevaSi arCevanis gakeTebas. es arCevani gansazRvravs mis adgils zr
dasrulTa cxovrebaSi. 30 wlis asakidan es arCevani ufro met seriozulobas iZens.
arCevani eqsperimenti aRar aris, aramed `ufro realuria~. 35 wels gadacilebuli
mamakacisTvis dgeba ojaxis dafuZnebisa da `Ruzis CaSvebis~ dro da iwyeba arCeul
saqmianobaSi dawinaurebisTvis zrunvis periodi.
425
gviandeli gardamavali zrdasruloba
adreuli zrdasruloba
ojaxisaTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmna
bavSvoba da mozardoba
426
xurze gardamaval asakad iTvleba 40-45 weli, Tumca, sxvebis azriT, am asakma
SeiZleba aseve gadaiwios aqeT-iqiT (velant, 1977w.). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Suax
nis asakSi adamianebs mouwevT cxovrebis kursis bolo periodisTvis momzadeba.
Sua xnis asaki, romelic cnobilia `Sua xnis mamakacis krizisis~ periodad, levin
sonis mier gamokvleuli mamakacebis 70-80%-is mier miCneulia fsiqologiuri
tkivilebis periodad. darCenili cxovrebis xelaxali gacnobierebis gamo, isini
xSirad eWvqveS ayeneben ganvlil karieras da ojaxur mdgomareobas. `ra vuqeni
Cems cxovrebas? ra miviRe an ra miveci Cems cols, Svilebs, megobrebs, Cems Tavs
an sxvebs? (gv.60). zogisTvis, sidnei kartonis msgavsad (Tavis dasawyisSi naambobi
moTxrobis gmiri), mtanjvelia imis aRqma, rom axalgazrdobis ocnebebi ganuxor
cielebeli darCa.
mamakacebi, romlebic kmayofilni arian ganvlili cxovrebiT, Suaxnis asaks
cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTad saintereso periodad miiCneven; TavianT TavSi dar
wmunebulebi arian da sxvebisadmi erTgulebas iCenen. Suaxnis asaks amgvari qa
lebisTvisac meti TviTdajerebuloba moaqvs (muri, 1987w.). am asakis adamianebs
euflebaT grZnoba, rom qveynisTvis da momavlisTvis bevri gaakeTes samsaxur
Sic da ojaxSic. erik eriqsonma amas `produqtiulobis~ grZnoba uwoda. qalebs,
miuxedavad imisa, gaikeTes Tu ara maT samsaxureobrivi kariera an eweodnen Tu
ara sazogadoebriv aqtiurobas, es grZnoba yvela SemTxvevaSi gaaCniaT, radgan
maT ojaxebSi mainc aRizarda momavali Taoba (louvenTali, Terneri da Ciriboga,
1975w.). mamakacebisTvisac, ojaxs gareT gaweuli muSaoba igivea, rac qalebisTvis
_ ojaxi. Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvelas ar uCndeba grZnoba. eriqsonma am
problemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxi ase daayena: `produqtiuloba Tu stagnacia~.
is, vinc miiCnevs, rom maTi TviTrealizacia warmatebulad mimdinareobs, produq
tiulebi arian, xolo isini, romlebic ase ar Tvlian, stagnaciaSi imyofebian da
mowyenili arian.
eriqsonis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovrebis kursis etapebi univer
salur problemebzea centrirebuli, `produqtiuloba~ da TviTrealizacia
fufunebaa, romelsac vxvdebiT mxolod iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlis wevrebs
arsebobisTvis yoveldRiuri brZola ar uwevT. cxovrebis kursis Tanmxlebi mov
lenebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan Taobebis cvlis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis sazoga
doebasTan gvaqvs saqme. TaobaTa cvlasTan dakavSirebiT zrdasruli asakis ada
mianebis rolebis cvla aSkaraa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi: qorwineba, mSoblis
vali, ojaxi da samsaxuri Suaxnis amerikelebisTvis dRes sxva rames niSnavs, vi
dre es yvelaferi maTi mSoblebisTvis da bebia-babuebisTvis niSnavda imave asakSi.
30-40 wlis adamianebi dRes ufro xSirad ganqorwindebian, ufro xSirad icvlian
samsaxurs da sacxovrebel adgils, vidre maTi winamorbedebi. swrafi teqnolo
giuri cvlilebebis da mudmivi siaxleebis pirobebSi gazrdili Taobis Rireb
ulebebTan yvelaze bolo da saukeTeso modelis Zieba `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
warmomadgenlebis gonebis mdgomareoba iqca, Tumca mudmivi cvlilebebisadmi
midrekileba dakavSirebulia erTi asakobrivi jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebul
konkurenciasTanac. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTi da
imave dawesebulebaSi dawinaurebis perspeqtiva Zalze sadavoa da mdored mimdi
427
nareobs _ SezRuduli raodenobis maRalanazRaurebad adgilebze mosaxvedrad
didi konkursebis warmatebiT gavlaa saWiro. amitomac arian isini iZulebulebi,
kompaniidan kompaniaSi imogzauron, raTa rogorme karieris kibis zeda safex
urze moxvdnen. msgavsma TaobaTa brZolebma Secvales zrdasrulobis asakis mniS
vnelovani aspeqtebi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom 21-e saukuneSi SevdivarT, SesaZloa,
moxucebulobis asakis aspeqtebic Seicvalos.
xandazmuloba
428
da daecnen sulierad. afxazebisTvis moxucebulobis asaki cxovrebis kursis Ri
rebul nawilad aris miCneuli da, Cveulebriv, imedgacruebasa da uimedobaSi ar
vardebian.
marTalia, amerikel moxucebs albaT arasodes eqnebaT moxuci afxazebis
msgavsi pativiscemis SegrZneba, magram aris rwmena, rom im droisTvis, roca
`beibibumerebis~ Taoba am asakobriv safexurze gadava, damokidebuleba mox
ucTa asakisadmi ufro metad pozitiuri gaxdeba. 2011-2029 wlebSi es Taoba, ro
melic daaxloebiT 80 milions Seadgens, maTi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan etaps, 65
wlis asaks miaRwevs. mosaxleobaSi amdeni asakovani adamianis arseboba maTdami
damokidebulebis sakiTxebSi saTanado cvlilebebs moiTxovs. marTalia, 21-e sa
ukuneSi naoWebi modaSi ar iqneba, magram axalgazrda Taobis gandideba Taname
drove sazogadoebaSi TandaTan albaT Sesustdeba da Seicvleba im RonisZiebebiT,
romlebic asakovani adamianebisadmi ukeTesi damokidebulebas iTvaliswinebs.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis Zalaufleba da mopovebuli qoneba moxmardeba asakovani
adamianebis kulturuli aRqmis gaumjobesebas (rukzeri, 1995w.). am etapze aSS-is
sazogadoebis asakovani adamianebis cxovrebis realoba bevrad ufro poziti
uria, vidre bevr axalgazrdas warmoudgenia.
96 wlis eTel niqsoni jer isev mxned gamoiyureba. is pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg ka
liforniis erT-erT sofelSi cxovrobs. TviTon dadis maRaziebSi, saxlsac TviTon
alagebs, manqanasac marTavs da Tavisi ori vaJis, xuTi SviliSvilisa da eqvsi Svil
TaSvilis sanaxavadac marto midis. `Ramis Sous~ ekranze gamoCenis Semdeg misis niq
soni dRis sensaciad iqca _ daingra stereotipi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi asakis qalebi
saWiroeben momvlelebs, damokidebulni arian TavianT Svilebze an uaryofilni da
ganwirulni iZulebulebi xdebian, martoobaSi gaataron darCenili cxovreba.
SesaZloa, misis niqsoni gamonaklisia, rom TiTqmis 100 wels miRweuli jer
isev energiulia, magram is mainc ar aris erTaderTi. aSS-is mosaxleobis daaxloe
biT 3.6 milioni 85 wels gadacilebuli adamianidan bevri dRemde damoukideblad
cxovrobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi umravlesoba Raribia da socialuri dax
marebis garda sxva Semosavali ar aqvs. sakuTar SvilebTan mxolod 11% cxovrobs.
is miTic, rom moxucebi Svilebis xarjze cxovroben, arasworia. erT-erTi gamo
kiTxvis Sedegad dadginda, rom amerikeli moxucebis kmayofaze myofi Svilebis
raodenoba 4-jer metia, vidre im Svilebis raodenoba, vis kmayofazec maTi mSob
lebi arian; meore kvlevam ki aCvena, rom Taobebs Soris finansuri daxmareba TiTq
mis calmxrivia (hogano, egebini da klogi, 1993w). moxucebis mxolod 1%-s surs
sakuTar SvilebTan cxovreba (horni da miari, 1987w.). eWvi ar aris, rom mSoblebis
`mitoveba~ asocirebuli unda iyos axalgazrdebis ojaxuri bednierebis maCveneb
lis matebasTan (vaiTi da edvardsi, 1990w.). aseTi tendencia ar niSnavs imas, rom mo
xucebi mokveTili unda iyvnen Tavisi Svilebisgan. isini urTierToben SvilebTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sors cxovroben maTgan; orive mxare kmayofilia amgvari
cxovrebiT.
429
moxucebulTa marto cxovrebis tendencia albaT gagrZeldeba, radgan bei
bibumerebis Taoba ukve uaxlovdeba sapensio asaks (makunoviCi, isterlini, Se
feri da kriminsi, 1995w.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom am Taobas kidev ufro cota
Svili hyavs, vidre maT wina Taobas hyavda, Sansi, rom isini sakuTar SvilebTan
icxovreben, kidev ufro naklebia. zogi sociologi am tendencias uaryofiTad
afasebs (esterlini, Seferi da manukoviCi, 1993w.). Tumca Tu mas ganvixilavT,
rogorc damoukidebel cxovrebas, rasac amerikelebi aniWeben upiratesobas, ma
Sin ise negatiuri aRar gamoCndeba, rogorc amas zogi sociologi aRiqvams. Sesa
Zloa, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobam gaWirvebis Jams inanos kidec, meti Svili rom
ar gaaCina. pozitiurad Tu vimsjelebT, gaWirvebis Jams Svilebi iwyeben zrunvas
TavianT moxucebul mSoblebze da saTanado zomebsac iReben (silversteinin,
1995w.). ra Tqma unda, Cvens sazogadoebaSi arseboben mitovebuli da uaryofili
moxucebic. TavisTavad cxadia, uZluri moxucis movlis aucileblobis simZimiT
gamowveuli stresi xSirad aqcevs maT `zedmet~ tvirTad, rac mSoblebTan yofnis
survils aqveiTebs (olsoni, 1994w.). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aseTi SemTxvevebi iS
viaTia da msgavs mdgomareobaSi moxucebulTa mxolod 4% imyofeba. esec ar iyos,
dauZlurebul moxucebze aSS-Si ojaxis wevrebis kompensaciebis gareSec zru
naven (oldo da fridmani, 1994w.).
meore mizezi, ris gamoc moxucebulTa marto cxovrebas ar miiCneven proble
mad, megobrebis faqtoria. isini erTmaneTs did socialur mxardaWeras ucxade
ben. amerikel moxucebulTa umetesoba did dros uTmobs TanatolebTan megobro
bas. erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT, gamokiTxuli moxucebis TiTqmis naxevarma 11-dan
40-mde megobari daasaxela, visac daxmarebisTvis nebismier dros mimarTavda (qva
dano, 1986w.). aRniSnuli urTierToba yovelmxrivia. magaliTad, erTs SeuZlia da
narCenebi manqaniT eklesiaSi waiyvanos; meore _ namcxvars gamoacxobs an wvnians
moumzadebs maT, visTvisac es aucilebelia; mesame wignebs waukiTxavs mxedvelo
badaqveiTebul megobrebs. Tavis tolebs moxucebi ufro sando megobrebad miiC
neven, vidre sxva, ufro axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebs an sulac sakuTar
Svilebs (ficjeraldi, 1986w.).
tolebTan urTierTobis Sedegad amerikelebs Tavi martosulad aRar miaC
niaT, maT Soris daqvrivebulebsac, ganqorwinebulebsac da dauqorwineblebsac.
erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT gamokiTxuli 65 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis 88%
aRniSnavs, rom maTTvis martooba problema ar aris (raseli, 1989w.). saintereso
dakvirvebaa, rom martooba ara imdenad dacilebis da ojaxidan gamoyofis Sede
gia, ramdenadac adamianis im molodinebis, rasac isini gverdiT myofebisgan
moiTxoven. im gansakuTrebulad individualur sazogadoebebSi, sadac ar aqvT
adamianTa did jgufSi cxovrebis molodini, marto cxovreba sulac ar niSnavs
martoobis SegrZnebas. martoobis gancda ufro damaxasiaTebelia im sazogadoe
bebisTvis, sadac aseTi molodinebi maRalia, xolo SesaZleblobebi ki mcire (jila
da jokela, 1990w.).
bevri amerikeli moxuci sxva TanatolebTan urTierTobas axerxebs pensio
nerTa anu gadamdgari adamianebis gaerTianebebSi gaerTianebiT, sadac maTi socia
lizacia bevrad ufro advilad xdeba (jonsoni da troli, 1994w.). am gaerTianebeb
430
Si adamiani bevrad ufro aqtiuri socialuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs, maT Soris, zogi
_ sqesobrivad aqtiuri cxovrebiTac (makarti, 1989w.). pensionerTa gaerTianebebis
cxovrebis stils garkveuli upiratesobac aqvs. kvlevebis umetesoba adasturebs,
rom maTSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi bevrad ufro janmrTelebi arian da didxans
cxovroben, vidre sxva pirobebSi macxovrebeli moxucebi (qvadano, 1986w.).
pensionerTa gaerTianebebSi adamianebi, maTi klasobrivi socialuri warmomav
lobis miuxedavad, aqtiurad urTierToben. magaliTad, kaliforniaSi dabalSemo
savliani moxucebulebisTvis aSenebul sacxovrebel kompleqsSi macxovreblebis
Seswavlis Sedegad, arli hoCaildma (1978w.) aRmoaCina, rom iq macxovrebelma 43-
ma moxucma Seqmna mkvidri gaerTianeba, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTze zrunavd
nen. ramdenime TveSi `merilis korTis~ mcxovreblebma saerTo, gasarTob oTaxSi
yavis manqana daamontaJes da daiwyes sxvadasxva tipis jgufuri RonisZiebebis:
boulingis ligis Sexvedrebis, dilis seminarebis, bibliis SemswavlelTa klasis,
yovelTviuri dabadebis dRis wveulebebisadmi miZRvnili lanCebis, sadilebis,
cekvebis, kartis TamaSis, RirsSesaniSnaobebis dasaTvaliereblad avtoturebis
organizeba; maT bendic ki Seqmnes, romelic maTive tolebs arTobda axlomaxlo
moxucebulTa TavSesafrebSi. gaerTianebis wevrebi pasiur moxucebs arwmuneben,
monawileoba miiRon am RonisZiebebSi. xolo maT, visac susti janmrTelobis gamo
ar SeuZliaT Senobidan an oTaxidan gasvla, megobrebi rig-rigobiT stumroben
da exmarebian saWiro nivTebis an produqtebis SeZenaSi, saWmlis momzadebaSi,
sarecxis garecxvaSi da sxva.
marTalia, ufro keTilmowyobil moxucebulTa saxlebis macxovrebelTa in
teresebi da RonisZiebebi gansxvavdeba `meril qorTis~ wevrebis RonisZiebebisgan,
magram maT socializaciis TvalsazrisiT bevri saerTo aqvT. floridas `san-siTi
Si~ magaliTad, Tavs iyrian gadamdgari Tanamdebobis pirebi da yofili profesio
nalebi, socialuri aqtivobebi ZiriTadad moicavs golfis TamaSs, ZviradRirebul
kulturul movlenebs, xelovnebis nimuSebis Segrovebas da samoqalaqo aqtivo
bebs. `san-siTis~ macxovreblebi amayoben imiT, rom maTi ganrigi datvirTulia
da, frensis ficjeraldis lozungis Tanaxmad, `qalaqs pensiaze gasasvlelad ar
scalia~ (ficjeraldi, 1986w.). `beibibumerebis~ didi Taobis janmrTeli da aqti
uri warmomadgenlebisTvis, romlebic 15-20 wlis Semdeg moxucebulobis asaks mi
aRweven, socialuri aqtivobebis gagrZelebis mizniT gadamdgarTa gaerTianebebis
modeli albaT ufro misaRebi iqneba da farTod gavrceldeba 21-e saukuneSi.
431
nilTa naxevarze meti 65 wlis asakSi qvrivdeba. imave periodSi xuT qalze mxolod
erTi mamakaci kargavs meuRles (klauseni, 1986w.). statistikis mixedviT, 65 wlis
zemoT asakis mamakacebis 75% da imave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 40% cxovrobs
meuRlesTan erTad (aSS-is SeerTebuli Statebis aRweris biuro, 1998w.).
daqvriveba sxvadasxvagvari gamocdilebaa qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis. ra
tomRac mamakacebi ufro Znelad eguebian meuRlis dakargvas, TiTqos isini ara
marto cols, aramed ojaxis mxardaWeris mTel sistemas kargaveno, romelsac Ta
vis kuTvnilebad miiCnevdnen. 60-70 wlis mamakacebi dgebian faqtis winaSe, rom maT
ar ician saWmlis momzadeba, Tavis movla da ganicdian fizikur sisustes, radgan
ar iReben sakmaris sakvebsa da kaloriebs. daqvrivebuli mamakacebi kargaven Segr
Znebas, rom isini damoukidebelni da sazrianebi arian. maT ar sCveviaT daxmarebis
Txovna da amitom mas verc iReben naTesavebisgan an megobrebisgan. maT naklebad
aqvT ganviTarebuli socializaciis unari, radgan tradiciulad `direqtoris~
rols socialur sakiTxebSi _ mezoblebTan da naTesavebTan urTierTobas _
cols andoben xolme. gasakviri ar aris, rom 65 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebis
TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevebi qvrivebSi ufro xSiria.
zemoT aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom qalebisTvis daqvrivebis faqtTan Seg
ueba Zneli ar aris. isini cxovrebis partniors kargaven, romelTanac pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg TiTqmis yovel wuTs erTad atareben. pensioneri wyvilebi yvel
gan ganuyrelad erTad dadian, rogorc erTi mTliani erTeuli. meore naxevris
gardacvaleba SeiZleba arsebobis saSualebis dakargvis tolfasi gaxdes. qvrivi
qalebi kargaven aseve meuRleebis pensiebs anu maT ekonomikur usafrTxoebas
safrTxe emuqreba, miTumetes, Tu qalebi mTeli cxovreba diasaxlisebi arian da
amis gamo pensias ar iReben. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare albaT gasagebia, Tu
ratom aqvT daqvrivebul moxuc amerikel qalebs bevrad naklebi Semosavali, vid
re maTive asakis im qalebs, vinc ganqorwinda an arasdros daqorwinebula (SCvenki,
1992). es aseve xsnis, Tu ratom aris 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis qvrivebis siRari
bis done oTxjer ufro maRali (21%) qorwinebaSi myofi imave asakis mamakacebis
siRaribis donesTan SedarebiT (5%) (holcekeni da smidingi 1994w.).
imis miuxedavad, rom moxuc qvriv qalebs xSirad xelaxla qorwineba surT, qv
rivebs Soris qorwinebis gadawyvetilebis miReba mamakacebis prerogativaa. amas
Tavisi demografiuli da kulturuli mizezebi gaaCnia. 10.5 milioni 65 wels ga
dacilebuli daqvrivebuli amerikelidan 1992 wels daaxloebiT 82% qalia da 18%
kaci (saluteri, 1992w.), rac imas niSnavs, rom am asakis yovel 100 qvriv qalze amave
asakis 22 mamakaci modis, da imis gamo, rom asakovan kacebs SedarebiT axalgazr
da qalze qorwinebis saSualeba aqvT, maT partniors kidev ufro farTo arCevani
aqvT, xolo maTi asakis qvriv qalebs ki _ naklebi. Sedegad, am asakis mamakacebs
xelaxla qorwinebis 8-jer meti Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs (horni da miari, 1987w.).
saintereso dakvirvebaa, rom socialuri statusi xelaxal qorwinebaze sapirisp
iro gavlenas axdens qalebisa da mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi _ rac ufro ganaTle
bulia qali da maRali Semosavali aqvs, miT naklebia imis Sansi, rom is meored
gaTxovdeba, rac mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba.
432
samuSao da pensiaze gasvla
433
`san-siTis~ macxovreblebTan kvlevis SedegebiT, rom uamravi saSualo da maRali
klasis pensioneri mamakaci pensiaze gasvlas ar nanobda.
434
momadgenels mouwevs pensiaze uaris Tqma da Sromis bazarze xelmeored CarTva.
amerikeli pensionerebis erTma mesamedma, faqtobrivad, ukve daiwyo xelmeored
muSaoba, Tundac droebiT. 21-e saukunis pirvel naxevarSi im asakovan amerike
lebs, visac muSaobis survili eqneba, udavod meti SesaZleblobebi elodebaT saa
misod (heivardi, hardi da lui 1994w.).
ekonomikuri garemoebebi
435
rom eTnikurad gansxvavebuli asakovani adamianebis raodenoba matulobs (mosa
lodnelia, rom 2050 wlisTvis gaormagdeba araTeTrkaniani moxucebulebis ra
odenoba), siRaribis sixSire am asakobriv jgufSi kvlav moimatebs.
samedicino xarjebi tvirTad awevs bevr asakovan adamians, maT Soris araRa
ribebsac. moxuci amerikelebis Semosavlis didi nawili swored am mimarTulebiT
ixarjeba. 1960-ian wlebSi asakovani adamianebi Tavisi Semosavlis 6%-ze naklebs
xarjavdnen janmrTelobaze. 30 wlis Semdeg es maCvenebeli 18%-mde gaizarda da
momavalSi kidev ufro zemoT aiwevs (aSS-is kongresi, warmomadgenelTa palatis
angariSi, 1990w.). marTalia, samedicino daxmarebis programebi faraven moxucTa
hospitalizaciisa da sxva samedicino daxmarebisTvis saWiro xarjebs, magram mom
vlelebisa da ZiZebis daqiravebisTvis saWiro Tanxebis gadaxda maT Tavad uwevT
(margolisi, 1990w.), rac soliduri Tanxaa asakovani adamianebisTvis. unda gaviT
valiswinoT, rom dRes yovelive zemoaRniSnulis fasebi bevrad ufro maRalia
da asakovani adamianebi bevrad nakleb Tanxas zogaven, vidre amas maTi mSoblebis
Taoba axerxebda cxovrebis kursis imave safexurze (nazari, 1995w.).
grZelvadiani tendenciebi
436
amerikeli sazogadoebis gaWaRaravebis gamomwvevi ori ZiriTadi mizezi ar
sebobs. jer erTi, me-20 saukuneSi gaizarda adamianebis cxovrebis xangrZlivoba.
1900-ian wlebSi dabadebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi saSualod 47 wlamde cxov
robdnen, xolo qalebi _ 49 wlamde. dRes mamakacebi saSualod 72 wlamde cxov
roben, xolo qalebi _ 80 wlamde. cxovrebis xangrZlivobis gazrda zogadad
cxovrebis donis standartebis gaumjobesebis Sedegia (swori kveba da higiena).
mosaxleobis `gaWaRaravebis~ meore mizezi `beibibumerebis~ Taobis moculo
baa, romelic TandaTan asakSi Sedis. miuxedavad imisa, rom asakobrivma medianam
1900 wlidan dRemde aSS-Si zemoT aiwia, am tendenciaSi erTi gamonaklisi mainc
arsebobs. im aTwleulebSi, roca `beibibumerebisa~ da misi momdevno Taoba gaCnda,
asakobrivi mediana daRmavlobis gzaze idga. 1950-iani wlebis maCvenebeli 30.2
wlis asaki 1960-ian wlebSi 29.4 wlamde Camovida, xolo 1970 wels _ 27.9 wlamde
(amis Semdeg mediana mudmivad izrdeboda). saintereso dakvirvebaa, rom asakob
rivi medianas es moklevadiani ukusvla daemTxva periods, roca gaizarda im
amerikelebis raodenoba, romlebmac miaRwies an gadaabijes 65 wels. anu medianas
qvemoT daweva iman gamoiwvia, rom `beibibumerebis~ periodSi gaCenilma axalgazr
da Taobam raodenobrivad bevrad gadaaWarba SedarebiT mcire moculobis asako
briv kohortas, romelic im periodSi 60-70 wlis xdeboda. axla ki beibibumerebis
Taoba miiwevs `gaWaRaravebis~ asakisken, xolo misi momdevno Taobis warmomadgen
lebis kohortis zoma bevrad pataraa. amdenad, momdevno naxevari saukunis ganma
vlobaSi amerikeli mosaxleobis dabereba gardauvalia.
ra cvlilebebs unda elodon amerikelebi socialur cxovrebaSi asakobriv
struqturis daberebasTan dakavSirebiT? im gardauvali momentis miRwevisas (21-
e saukunis dasawyisSi), rasac `beibibumerebis~ Taobis moxucebulobaSi gardama
vli etapi hqvia, bevrad meti pensioneri gveyoleba, xolo momuSave zrdasruli
adamianebis raodenoba bevrad naklebi iqneba. Sedegad 21-e saukuneSi qveyanaSi
muSaxelis deficiti gaCndeba; Semcirdeba produqtis warmoebac da momsaxureo
bac; muSaoba mouwevT asakovan adamianebsac, razec zemoTac visaubreT. savarau
doa, rom mTel sazogadoebas finansuri presi daawveba. `axalSobilTa Taobis~
warmomadgenlebs gauWirdebaT pensiaze gasvla, vinaidan ar eqnebaT saTanado da
nazogi (kongresis kvartaluri angariSi, 1993w.). xolo imis gamo, rom am Taobis
warmomadgenlebs dResdReobiT isedac uWirT danazogis gakeTeba, maT pensiaze
gasvlis Semdegac mouwevT izrunon pensiaze dasamatebeli xelfasis miRebaze.
aris imis SesaZleblobac, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba pensionerTa dax
marebis programebis (janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis) arseboba.
im droisTvis, rodesac `beibibumerebis~ Taobas pensiaze gasvla mouwevs, saa
miso saxsrebi, SesaZloa, Zalze Semcirdes. federaluri biujetis didi nawili
dasWirdeba am didi moculobis asakobrivi kohortis uzrunvelyofas. iqidan ga
momdinare, rom mosamsaxure adamianebis koeficienti sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba,
pensionerebTan SedarebiT, Semcirdeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa
raodenobac (habibi, 1990w.). mosalodneli mzardi disbalansi momsaxure adamian
ebsa da pensionerTa raodenobas Soris aSkaraa. 1945 wels erTi adamianis social
urad uzrunvelyofisTvis 35 mosamsaxure muSaobda. 1985 wlisTvis es proporcia
437
ukve aseTi iyo _ sami erTze. msgavsi disbalansi, TavisTavad cxadia, momavalSi
cxare socialur debatebs gamoiwvevs samTavrobo socialuri daxmarebebis zoma
sa da formaze (ix.socialuri da sajaro debatebis nawili).
ekonomikur kriziss, albaT, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebis maRali fase
bic daemateba. Tu momavalSi cxovrebis xangrZlioba miRweuli iqneba maRali sa
medicino teqnologiebSi Cadebuli uzarmazari investiciebiT, erTi mxriv, mi
viRebT sazogadoebas, romlis didi nawili asakovan mosaxleobas warmoadgens,
xolo, meore mxriv, miviRebT sazogadoebas, romlis resursebis didi nawili asa
kovani adamianebis sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi ixarjeba (kalahani, 1987w.). Seicv
leba samedicino praqtikac. bevri eqimi Tavis gamocdilebas mimarTavs asakovani
adamianebis janmrTelobis problemebis mogvarebisken, imitom rom swored am sa
medicino mimarTulebaze iqneba gazrdili moTxovna. aseve ayvavdeba industriis
is saxeebi, romlebic gaTvlili iqneba asakovani adamianebis moTxovnilebebis ba
zarze, rac dakavSirebulia pensionerTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dasaxlebebTan,
moxucebulTa TavSesafrebTan, gamasajansaRebel saSualebebTan. savaraudod,
`beibibumerebis~ Taoba Secvlis Cvens damokidebulebas sikvdilis mimarT. Sesa
Zloa, sikvdilTan Sexvedra maTTvis SedarebiT advilic gaxdes.
b eibibumerebis Taobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic dRes Sua xnis asaks aRweven, Tavisi Se
mosavlis did nawils moxucebulTa socialuri dacvisa da janmrTelobis dacvisTvis
gankuTvnil gadasaxadebSi ixdian. 1960 wlidan dRemde maqsimaluri wliuri gadasaxadi am mimar
TulebiT daaxloebiT 3000%-iT gaizarda. iyo 300 dolari da gaxda 9000. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba
am gadasaxadebis gamarTlebas xedavs imaSi, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdoba Semdeg maTTvis gan
kuTvnil socialur da janmrTelobis dacvis gadasaxads gadaixdis. faqti ki is aris, rom, Sesa
Zloa, es daSveba mcdari aRmoCndes. axalgazrda Taobam, SesaZloa, ver gaakeTos igive, rac
`beibibumerebis~ Taobam SeZlo dRevandel moxucebulTa socialuri dacvisTvis.
debatebi
zemoT aRniSnuli daSvebis mizezi is ki ar aris, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdebi uars ityvian
moxucebulTa socialuri dacvis gadasaxadebze. ubralod, maT es SeiZleba veRar moaxerxon.
problema raodenobaSia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba Zalian didia, maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
ki bevrad meti, vidre maTi winamorbedebisa, amitom momdevno, moculobiT mcire Taobis mier
gadaxdili Tanxebi ver gawvdeba maTi socialuri dacvisTvis saWiro fondebs. ukeTes SemTxveva
Si, dRevandel axalgazrda Taobas, Tavisi Semosavlis meoTxedis gadaxda mouwevT am fondebSi.
uares SemTxvevaSi, moxucebulTa socialuri dacvis gadasaxadebma, SesaZloa, maTi Semosavlis
40% moicvas (longmeni, 1987w.). bolo varianti, albaT bevrad ufro realisturia im SemTxveva
Si, Tu axalgazrda Taoba naklebad mobiluri da naklebad Semosavliani iqneba. amis mizezi ki,
SesaZloa, is gaxdes, rom bavSvebs ar aqvT saTanado ganaTlebis miRebis da iseTi ganviTarebis
saSualeba, rogoric maT mSoblebs hqondaT. SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom ar iyos sakmarisi samuSao
adgili da isini TviTon aRmoCndnen socialur daxmarebaze damokidebulni.
438
`beibibumerebi~ am daSvebas usamarTlobas uwodeben. isini fiqroben, rom maT gadasaxadebis
mZime tvirTi atares da amitom imsaxureben saTanado socialuri daxmarebis miRebas moxuce
bulobaSi. bolos da bolos, isini arc ise mdidrebi arian, rom uari Tqvan socialur daxmare
baze. dRevandel ekonomikur pirobebSi sul ufro Zneldeba danazogebis gakeTeba da kerZo
sapensio dazRvevis programebisTvis fulis gadadeba (kongresis kvartaluri angariSi, 1993w.).
gadasaxadebi, kreditebi, Svilis ganaTlebis safasuri _ erTad sakmaod did Tanxas Sedgens da
moxucebulobis asakisTvis Tanxis gadadeba faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba
miiCnevs, rom garantirebuli socialuri dacva maTi damsaxurebuli uflebaa. Tu vinme xelyofs
am uflebas, am Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaerTiandebian da maT moTxovnebs politikuri xasiaTi
miecema, rac TaobaTa Soris politikuri konfliqtis sagani gaxdeba.
analizi
439
romelsac SiSiT Sehyurebdnen, aramed cxovrebis sasiamovno periodi unda gamxdariyo, rom
lis dros asakovani xalxi imiT dakavdeboda, rasac muSaobis periodSi ver axerxebda (longmani
1987w.). swored am mizans unda momsaxureboda saxelmwifo fondebi. zogi mkvlevari aRniSnavs,
rom rac ufro daberdeba amerikeli eri, moxucebis daxmarebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis qan
qara koleqtiuri xedvidan TandaTan individualuri xedvisken gadaixreba da moxucebs sakuTar
Tavze zrunva Tavad mouwevT. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom Taobebs Soris uTanasworobis ar
sebobis SegrZneba gaCndeba, radgan is, rasac dRevandeli moxucebi iReben, albaT dRevandel zr
dasrulebsa da axalgazrdebs im doziT aRar ergebaT moxucebulobis asakSi (bengstoni, 1993w.).
is, Tu rogor ganviTardeba TaobaTa Soris urTierToba, ubralo Zalauflebis sakiTx
ia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba raodenobiT metia da daaxloebiT mosaxleobis mesameds Sead
gens. amerikel pensionerTa asociacia (AARP) dRes aSS-Si erT-erTi Zlieri politikuri or
ganizaciaa. is lobirebas uwevs pensionerebs, uzrunvelyofs informaciiT da organizebas
ukeTebs lgotebis instituts pensionerTaTvis. politikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis did nawils
asakovani adamianebi warmoadgenen. arCevnebis dros maTi monawileoba bevrad metia axalgaz
rdebTan SedarebiT. maT xmas didi Zala aqvs. isini bevrad xSirad eswrebian partiis sxdomebs da
did finansur mxardaWeras uweven TavianT kandidatebs.
miuxedavad Tavisi raodenobisa, politikuri aqtivobisa da Zaluflebisa, `beibibumerebis~
Taobis warmomadgenlebis mdgomareoba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg mainc Sors iqneba dRevandeli
pensionerebis mdgomareobidan. maT mainc dasWirdebaT momdevno, momuSave Taobis mxridan
mxardaWera. erT-erTma kvlevam uCvena, rom mxardaWeris mopovebis SesaZlebloba swored iseT
pluralistur demokratiul qveynebSia, rogoric aSS-ia, sadac gansxvavebuli interesis mqone
jgufebi erTmaneTTan Sejibrs undebian da naklebad erTiandebian koaliciebSi Zalauflebis
ganawilebis mizniT. igive axasiaTebT yvela im qveyanas, sadac `memarcxene~ politikuri par
tiebis naklebobaa da sadac politikuri partia socialuri klasebis ideaze ar agebs programas
(pampeli, 1994w.). aseT sazogadoebebSi da, maT Soris, aSS-Si, saxelmwifo fondebidan asakovani
adamianebi ufro iReben daxmarebas, vidre axalgazrdebi.
pensionerTaTvis gankuTvnil nebismier programas, romelsac sazogadoeba iRebs, koleqti
uri socialuri aqtis forma aqvs. amitom TaobaTa Soris brZola namdvil bataliad gadaiqceva,
roca saqme koleqtiur aqciebsa da dafinansebis sakiTxebs Seexeba. rogori arCevanis winaSec
ar unda dadgnen pensionerebi, maTi is nawili, romelic Sromisunariani iqneba da sazogadoebis
sxva aspeqtebTan integrireba SeuZLlia, albaT muSaobas amjobinebs. daxmarebis is programebi,
romlebic SenarCundeba im droisTvis, SesatyvisobaSi unda movidnen kulturul Rirebule
bebTan da damokidebulebebTan. Tu pensionerebi bevrad ufro privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndebian, vidre sxva adamianebi, TavisTavad cxadia, gaWirdeba maTTvis gansazRvruli
fondebis finansuri mxardaWera (bengstoni, 1993w.). ra azri eqneba dabali xelfasebidan dabali
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas saxelmwifo fondebSi, Tu ki es moculoba ar eyofa pensionerebis uz
runvelyofas?! socialuri `Sesabamisobis~ problema gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos TaobaTa So
ris kamaTis dros, romelsac 21-e saukuneSi eqneba adgili.
wyaro: jefri kolmani da devid kolci: `How Long Does It Take for New Retirees to Recover the Value
of Their Social Security Taxes?~.kongresis kvleviTi momsaxureba, 1986 wlis 21 ianvari. angariSi # 86-10
EPW. cxrili 1. gv.11.
440
Rrmad moxucebulebi
441
Sejameba
442
5. mozardobis asaki sakuTar TavTan kiTxvebis dasmis da eqsperimentebis asa
kia, radgan Tineijerebi cdiloben sakuTari Tavis identificirebas da imis
dadgenas, Tu ras warmoadgenen. cxovrebis es etapi mniSvnelovan safexurad
1940-1950-ian wlebSi aRiares, roca skolebSi moxda axalgazrda Taobis seg
regacia da Sedegad Camoyalibda Tineijerebis subkultura gamokveTili Ta
visi gemovnebiTa da standartebiT.
6. zrdasruloba moicavs mTel rig cvlilebebs da axal problemebs adamia
nis cxovrebaSi. Sua xnis asaki, anu e.w `krizisi~, bevri kacisa da zogierTi
qalisTvis Rirebulebebis xelaxal gadafasebas iwvevs da maT winaSe dgeba
sakiTxi, ganaxorcieles Tu ara maT mier dasaxuli miznebi da realurad risi
gakeTeba SeuZliaT darCenili cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
7. Tanamedrove amerikeli sazogadoeba ufro axalgazrdebzea koncentrire
buli da amitom negatiuri miTebis simravle asakSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT
SeimCneva. kvlevebis Sedegebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom moxucebi cxovrebas sulac
ar atareben martoobasa da sasowarkveTilebaSi. maTi umetesoba sakuTar Tavs
uzrunvelyofs da socialurad aqtiuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani
ukve qvrivia (umetesad qalebi). isic miTia, rom amerikeli moxucebi Raribe
bi da Svilebze damokidebulni arian. moxucebulTa siRaribis done mxolod
bolo ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda. moxucebulTa umravlesoba kmayo
filebas gamoxatavs pensiaze gasvlis Semdgom cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
8. Cveni sazogadoebis asakobrivi struqtura icvleba. axlo momavalSi bevrad
meti asakovani adamiani gveyoleba, vidre axalgazrda. amerikeli sazogadoe
bis `gaWaRaraveba~ gamowveulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gazrdiT da Soba
dobis donis SemcirebiT. amas isic emateba, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba iwyebs
Suaxnis asakSi Sesvlas. maTi moxucebulobis asakSi SesvlasTan erTad daiwye
ba periodi, romelic amerikel sazogadoebaze did gavlenas moaxdens.
9. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gazrda iwvevs ara marto sazogadoebis `gaWaRa
ravebas~, aramed Rrma moxucebulTa raodenobis gazrdasac. yvelaze mzardi
Taoba amerikel sazogadoebaSi Rrma moxucebi iqnebian (85 wlis da ufrosi
asakis adamianebi). maT Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad, moxucebi
bevrad damoukideblebi da janmrTelebi arian.
imsjeleT
443
4. aRwereT bavSvoba, mozardoba da zrdasruloba, rogorc cxovrebis kursis
safexurebi amerikel sazogadoebaSi.
5. CamoTvaleT da gaaqarwyleT moxucebulobis asakTan dakavSirebuli miTebi
6. ra socialuri movlenebi iwvevs amerikeli sazogadoebis `gaWaRaravebas~ da
ra cvlilebebs unda velodoT, Tu es procesi 21-e saukuneSic gagrZeldeba?
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
444
melic erTi da imave istoriuli movlenis monawileebi arian, magram erTmane
Tisgan gansxvavebuli midgoma da damokidebuleba aqvT.
identireba _ adamianisTvis imis SegrZneba, Tu vin aris da saiT midis. es SegrZne
ba moicavs warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis erTian SegrZnebas.
cxovrebis kursi _ adamianis cxovrebis (dabadebidan sikvdilamde) safexurebis
socialurad gansazRvruli Tanmimdevroba.
asakobrivi gardamavlobisadmi miZRvnili ritualebi _ saxalxo sazeimo cere
moniebi, romlebic adamianis erTi asakobrivi statusidan meoreze gadasvlas
eZRvneba.
gardamavali statusi _ statusi, romelic icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. asaki
gardamavali statusia, radgan adamianebi periodulad gadadian erTi asakob
rivi kategoriidan meoreSi.
445
446
nawili IV
socialuri institutebi
447
448
Tavi 11
ojaxi
`mkvidri~ ojaxi
. tradiciuli ideali . Tanamedrove realoba
qorwineba da ganqorwineba
. gadawyvetileba – visze daqorwinde?
. gadawyvetileba – rodis daqorwinde?
. gadawyvetileba ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb
Zaladoba ojaxSi
. bavSvze Zaladoba . meuRleze Zaladoba
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
Tineijerebis fexmZimoba – rogor moviqceT?
449
450
1 994 wlis Semodgomaze mTeli aSS adevnebda Tvals ori patara biWunas gata
cebis ambavs. sainformacio gamoSvebebi dilas Tu saRamos uCvenebdnen oc
dasami wlis suzan smiTs, gatacebuli bavSvebis dedas, romelic qmris, devidis
xels iyo CaWidebuli da tiriliT emudareboda gamtaceblebs, uvneblad dae
brunebinaT misi 3 wlis maikli da 1 wlis aleqsi. am gansacdelSi maT yvela amerike
li mSobeli uTanagrZnobda. mSoblisTvis Svilis ZaliT warTmevam da maTi sicocx
lis riskis qveS yofnam yvela daafiqra ojaxis Temaze. mTeli aSS aRaSfoTa
gamtaceblebis saqcielma.
albaT, warmogidgeniaT, rogor aRSfoTdebodnen amerikelebi, roca gaiges,
rom sinamdvileSi dedam mokla Svilebi, mere Segnebulad moityua da ararsebul
gamtaceblebs dasdo brali Svilebis gatacebaSi. misma saqcielma adamianebis rw
mena ojaxuri Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, rac deda-Svilis urTierTobas, mSoblebis
mier Svilis dacvas, usafrTxo keris qonas, gvaris gagrZelebas gulisxmobda,
mTlianad Searyia. xalxis reaqcia imdenad sastiki iyo, rom samxreT karolinas
Statis qalaq iunionSi, sadac siuzan smiTi cxovrobda, sasamarTlos bralmde
blebma misive aRiarebis safuZvelze, misTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana
moiTxoves.
danaSaulis gamokveTis Semdeg, sasamarTloze braldebis mxarem suzan smiTi
daaxasiaTa, rogorc cbieri da boroti adamiani, romelmac Tavisi Svilebi mxo
lod sayvareli mamakacis gulismosagebad daaxrCo, im mamakacisa, romelmac igi
uaryo, radgan uTxra, rom mas ar undoda am qalis Svilebis mama gamxdariyo. dacvis
mxarem ki sxvagvari suraTi daxata. maT aRniSnes, rom am qalis ojaxuri cxovreba
disfunqciuri gaxda. jer kidev 15 wlisa maminacvalma gaaupatiura, mogvianebiT
qmari gaeyara, bolos ki, sayvarelma uaryo. yovelive aman imedgacruebul da sa
sowarkveTil qals saSinelebis Cadenisken ubiZga. suzanis megobrebi, romlebic
mowmis rolSi gamodiodnen, amtkicebdnen, rom mas, Tavisi arastabiluri ojaxuri
mdgomareobis miuxedavad, Tavisi Svilebi Zalian uyvarda da mzrunveli deda iyo
(niu-iork Taimsi, 9 ivlisi, 1995 w. gv. 8).
sabolood, suzan smiTi sasikvdilo ganaCens gadaurCa. is axla samudamo
patimrobaSia. Tumca amerikelebis SegnebaSi misi saqme jer kidev ar aris daxu
ruli. yvela Caafiqra im azrma, Tu ratom ingreva ojaxuri kavSiri ase umowya
lod. marTalia, es konkretuli SemTxveva gansakuTrebulia, magram gazeTebi xom
yoveldRe aSuqeben bavSvebze Zaladobisa da colebis cemis faqtebs. ra aris es
_ ojaxuri cxovrebis krizisi Tu garkveuli `bneli mxare~, romelic maSin iCens
xolme Tavs, roca mZafri emociebi adamians aiZulebs sikeTis nacvlad boroteba
Caidinos; ramdenad daSorda ojaxuri cxovrebis realobebi im miTebs, romlisac
Cven ase gvjeroda?
ojaxi, albaT, yvelaze Rirebuli socialuri institutia, magram es institu
ti, bolodroindeli kulturuli cvlilebebisa da ojaxis zogi tradiciuli fun
qciebis dakargvis gamo, didi problemis winaSe dgas. dRes bevri amerikeli ibrZ
vis ojaxuri cxovrebis simtkicis ideis gadarCenisTvis; bavSvebze Zaladobisa da
ojaxuri konfliqtebis aRkveTisTvis; ganqorwinebis raodenobis SemcirebisTvis;
451
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvTa uflebebis dacvisTvis; Svilis mikuTvnebis
SemTxvevaSi martoxela mamis pasuxismgeblobis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebisTvis.
yvelaferi keTdeba imisTvis, raTa suzan smiTis saqme erTaderTi gamonaklisi
iyos, magram SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom uflebebis xelyofis, konfliqtebisa
da ojaxis wevrebze Zaladobis SemTxvevebma imata.
mocemul TavSi visaubrebT ojaxis funqciasa da struqturaze: riT gansxvav
deba ojaxuri struqturebi erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva kulturaSi, periodsa da sx
vadasxva sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, ojaxis miRebul formad miCneulia tradici
uli `mkvidri~ ojaxi. aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT misi alternatiuli formebic;
yuradRebas mivapyrobT qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas, Tu rogor gadavwyvitoT
visze da rodis viqorwinoT an viqorwinoT Tu ara saerTod. visaubrebT imazec,
Tu ra gvaiZulebs ganqorwinebas da ra Sedegebi mohyveba mas; ganvixilavT oja
xuri Zaladobis sakiTxs, kerZod, Zaladobas colebsa da bavSvebze, gavlenas Za
lauflebrivi struqturis ojaxur urTierTobebze; ganvixilavT ojaxis momaval
perspeqtivas, ganvixilavT kulturul konfliqtebs, romlebic TandaTan iCens
Tavs iseve, rogorc gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi ojaxur urTierTobebze.
ojaxis funqciebi
452
axali Taobis gazrdis saWiroeba: ojaxis Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari miza
nia bavSvebis gaCena da gazrda (socializacia). bavSvebi sazogadoebis
`axalwveulebi~ arian. maT unda iswavlon kulturis elementebi, rac maT
socialur cxovrebaSi kompetenturi monawileobisTvis dasWirdebaT.
ojaxi aseTi swavlebis pirdapiri arenaa.
bavSvebisa da unarSezRudulebis movlis da dacvis saWiroeba: bavSvebi Tavi
anT mSoblebze arian damokidebuli zrunvis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienisa da
TavSesafris TvalsazrisiT. zog unarSezRudul adamians zrdasruloba
Sic sWirdeba movla, rasac swored misi ojaxis wevrebi uzrunvelyofen.
socialuri statusis mopovebis saWiroeba: sazogadoebis struqtura
socialuri rolebisa da statusebis CaxlarTuli qselia. adamianebs
sWirdebaT rogorme am statusebs Soris moxvdnen da hqondeT ama Tu
im rolis Sesrulebis motivacia. aSS-isa da sxva sazogadoebebSi, sadac
socialur mobilobas da Tanabar SesaZleblobebs qadageben, adamianis
statusi bevrad aris damokidebuli ojaxze, maT erovnul, eTnikur, ra
sobriv, religiur, klasobriv da sacxovrebel adgilTan identurobis
TvalsazrisiT.
453
bare sofelSia dasaxlebuli. rac ufro mdidaria mamakaci da met brin
jis mindors flobs, miT ufro meti colis yola SeuZlia. pirveli anu
ufrosi coli, romelsac `did cols~ uwodeben, saukeTeso da Semosav
lian mindorTan cxovrobs. mamakaci ZiriTadad masTan cxovrobs, sxve
bTan ki stumrad dadis xolme, roca danarCen mindvrebs moinaxulebs
xolme (kotaki, 1991w.).
himalais mTebis ZirSi, dasavleT nawilSi mcxovreb tomSi Zmebs saerTo
coli hyavT. jer ufrosi Zma qorwindeba da mere danarCeni Zmebi ufro
si Zmis colis e.w. Tanaqmrebi xdebian. isini yvelani erTad erT ojaxad
cxovroben. bavSvebi, romelic am qals uCndeba, yvela biZas `mamas~ uwo
deben. Zmebs, rogorc erTian jgufs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, ufleba aqvT
kidev erTi coli moiyvanon. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvela `qmari~ iziarebs yve
la `cols~.
454
gafarToebuli ojaxebis klasifikacia sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis faqto
ris mixedviT xdeba. e.w. `patrilokalur~ struqturas miekuTvnebian axaldaqor
winebuli wyvilebi, romlebic qmris ojaxTan cxovroben: daqorwinebuli vaJebi
rCebian mSoblebTan, xolo gogonebi gaTxovebisas midian ojaxidan; e.w. `matri
lokalur~ struqturas miekuTvnebian isini, romlebic, piriqiT, colis ojax
Tan cxovroben, anu vaJebi qorwinebis Semdeg toveben mSoblebis saxls, xolo qa
liSvilebi _ rCebian; im struqturas, sadac axaldaqorwinebuli wyvili calke,
mSoblebis gareSe saxldeba da sakuTar `mkvidr~ ojaxs afuZnebs, `neolokaluri~
struqtura ewodeba.
ojaxis struqturis kategorizaciis kidev erTi kriteriumia naTesauri xazis
gagrZelebis wesi. amerikelTa Svilebi orive mSoblis naTesaur xazs agrZeleben
da memkvidreobis miReba orive maTganisgan SeuZliaT. aseT ojaxur struqturas
`ormxrivi naTesauri xazis~ mqone struqtura ewodeba. 250 sxvadasxva sazogadoe
bis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom maTi 30% swored aseT struqturas miekuT
vneba (mardoki, 1949w.). 40% naTesaur xazs mamis xaziT agrZelebs, 20% ki _ dedis
mxridan. bunebrivia, rom `patrilokalur~ struqturaSi naTesauri xazi mamis
mxridan gadadis, `matrilokalurSi~ ki _ dedis mxridan.
kidev erTi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxuri struqturis kategori
zacia xdeba, mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu vin sargeblobs avtoritetiT ojaxSi. avto
ritets SeiZleba flobdes mamakaci (`patriarqaluri~ struqtura) an qali (`ma
triarqaluri~ struqtura). avtoritets SeiZleba aseve Tanabrad flobdes qalic
da kacic (`egalitaruli~ struqtura). istoriulad, upiratesoba patriarqalur
struqturas eniWeboda iseT sazogadoebebSi, rogoric iyo Zveli berZnebis, ro
maelebis, ebraelebis da bevri sxv. amazonel amorZalebze legendebis arsebobis
miuxedavad, sruli matriarqati arc erT sazogadoebaSi ar yofila norma. qalis
avtoriteti sxvadasxva ojaxSi sxvadasxvagvaria, damokidebulia pirovnebaze da
col-qmars Soris arsebul urTierTobebze. `egalitaruli~ urTierTobebi ufro
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
ojaxur struqturebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa iseT did sazogadoebebSi,
rogoric aSS-Sia. amerikuli ojaxebis naxevarze bevrad naklebma SeinarCuna
`mkvidri~ da `mTliani~ ojaxis saxe. ganqorwinebebis matebasTan erTad, imata
Sereuli ojaxebis raodenobam (maminacvliT, dedinacvliT, geriT, naxevrZmebiT
an naxevardebiT). ojaxuri struqturebi erTmaneTisgan eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. aziuri da laTinoamerikuli ojaxebis siaSi naklebia
ganqorwinebulTa procentuli maCvenebeli. afro-amerikeli bavSvebis raode
noba, romlebic martoxela mSoblebTan an gafarToebul ojaxebSi izrdebian,
TeTrkanian bavSvebis raodenobasTan SedarebiT metia (raglsi, 1994w.). TeTrkanian
martoxela mSobelTan SedarebiT, feradkanianebi naklebad qorwindebian meored.
afroamerikul ojaxebSi ojaxs, ZiriTadad, dedebi uZRvebian. SedarebiT gvian im
igrirebuli da sxva, dabali klasis ojaxebi mravalwevriania, vidre didi xnis win
imigrirebuli da saSualo klasis ojaxebi.
455
ojaxuri struqturebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba TviTon kulturebs Sig
niTac da kulturebs Sorisac. xandaxan kanonzomierebac icvlis saxes. indoeT
Si ojaxuri struqtura TandaTan Seicvala, radgan induri sazogadoebis didi
brZolis Sedegad, TandaTan gaizarda qalTa uflebebi. magaliTad, qalebs miecaT
ufleba moiTxovon ganqorwineba, aikrZala qvrivi qalebis gardacvlili qmrebi
sTvis danTebul koconze Tavis dawvis ceremoniac... dasavleT afrikaSi piriqiT
moxda: kolonializmisgan Tavis daRwevisa da damoukideblobis mopovebis Sede
gad miRebuli kanonmdeblobiT tradiciuli matriarqaluri struqtura Seicva
la da qalebi iseTi TanasworuflebinobiT veRar sargebloben, rogorc manamde.
es gamoiwvia evropuli modelis Sesabamisi kanonebis safuZvelze ojaxis sakuTre
baze mamakacis uflebebis gazrdam.
wyaro: aSS aRweris biuro; aSS statistikuri monacemebi. vaSingtoni aSS 1994w.).
456
`mkvidri~ ojaxi
tradiciuli ideali
457
amerikul ojaxs awevs, didi xania arsebobs. amerikelebi Tavad ver Tanxmdebian Te
maze, Tu romelia upiratesi ojaxuri struqtura. 1993 wels Catarebuli galapis
kvlevis mizani iyo pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ xom ar ajobebs sazogadoebisTvis, rom ma
makacma imuSaos da qalma ojaxuri saqmeebi akeTos? 26% daeTanxma am mosazrebas,
xolo 37% kategoriulad ar daeTanxma. danarCenebis azri TiTqmis orad gaiyo da
naxevari SedarebiT pozitiurad, naxevari ki negatiurad iyo ganwyobili. mniSv
nelovani umravlesoba mxars uWerda, qalebis muSaobas miuxedavad imisa, hqonda
Tu ara qmars maRali anazRaureba (galapis yovelTviuri gamokiTxva).
Tanamedrove realoba
umuSevari diasaxlisi Zalian iSviaTi movlena xdeba aSS-Si. 1948 wels gaTxo
vili amerikeli qalebis mxolod 22% muSaobda. dRes es raodenoba 63%-mde gaiz
arda. dRes 25 wlidan 42 wlamde asakis gaTxovili qalebis 73% da saskolo asakis
bavSvebis dedebis 72% muSaobs (aSS Sromis departamenti, 1994w.).
rodesac me-20 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi milionobiT daojaxebulma qalma muS
aoba daiwyo, maT wilad dabalanazRaurebadi da dabal statusiani samsaxurebi:
mimtanis, gamyidvelis, bankis operatoris da sxva Tanamdeboba SexvdaT. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom am samsaxurebis wyalobiT maTi ojaxis biujeti gaizarda, karieraSi
winsvlis perspeqtiva maT ar hqondaT. ojaxSi qalis samsaxuri rangiT mainc ma
makacis samsaxuris qvemoT idga. es realoba iyo ara marto e.w. `TeTrsayeloian~
anu maRalanazRaurebadi da maRalstatusiani samsaxuris mqone mamakacebis
ojaxebisTvis (advokatebi, biznesmenebi da sxv), aramed im ojaxebisTvisac, sadac
mamakacebs e.w. `lurjsayeloiani~ samsaxuri hqondaT. mamakacebs yovelTvis met
anazRaurebas, usafrTxoebis garantiebs da dawinaurebis Sansebs sTavazobdnen,
vidre qalebs. dResdReobiT iseTma ojaxebma, sadac orive wevri (mSobeli) muS
aobs kidev ufro imata, radgan dRes mamakacsac da qalsac, Tanabrad aqvs dawinau
rebis SesaZlebloba.
im ojaxebs, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs, meti Semosavali aqvs, magram sxva
problemebis winaSe uwevs dgoma. magaliTad, ojaxSi, sadac erT-erT wevrs axal
da ukeTes samsaxurebriv SesaZleblobas sTavazoben sxva qalaqSi, bavSvis movlis
458
sakiTxi da ojaxis wevrebis cal-calke cxovrebis perspeqtiva TavisTavad prob
lematuri xdeba. dRes mamakacebis ojaxuri movaleobebi gaizarda da qalebisa
Semcirda, magram mainc aris garkveuli uTanasworoba. rogorc wesi, qalebs sam
saxurSi srul ganakveTze muSaobis mere, ojaxSi, `meore cvlaSi~ uwevT muSaoba
(hoCSildi, 1989w.). erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom sam wlamde asakis bavS
vebis dedebi, romlebsac samsaxuri aqvT, bavSvis movlisTvis gaweuli Sromis gaT
valiswinebiT, kviraSi daaxloebiT 90 saaTs muSaoben (skari da vainbergi, 1986w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qmarmac da colmac icis, rom ojaxuri pasuxismgeblobebis
uTanasworod ganawileba usamarTlobaa, dResdReobiT qalebi ufro ganixilaven
am sakiTxs ojaxur problemad, vidre mamakacebi (burisi, 1991w.).
ojaxebs, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs, mcirewlovani SvilebisTvis momv
lelebi sWirdebaT, rasac maTi Semosavlis sakmaod didi nawili eTmoba (frankeli,
1991w.). dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs bavSvis movlaSi mSoblebi, naTesavebi an mego
brebi exmarebian. maRalSemosavlian mSoblebs saSualeba aqvT Svilebi specialur
dawesebulebaSi, sabavSvo baRSi ataron (angariSi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, 1990w.).
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis naxevarze meti dRes skolamdeli aRzrdis dawe
sebulebebSi dahyavT. (skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s socialuri
komisia, 1993w.). msoflios masStabiT tendencia aseTia: skolamdeli aRzrdis
dawebulebebSi oTx wlamde asakis bavSvebis 65% (niu-iorkidan), 80% (beijingi
dan), 95% (tokiodan) dadis (tobini, vu da davidsoni, 1989w.).
zog mSobels skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebaSi bavSvis tareba moswons
ara imdenad movlis, aramed bavSvisTvis garkveuli gamocdilebis micemis Tval
sazrisiT. skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebis saqmianobis xarisxi dRes gan
isazRvreba higienuri pirobebiT, aRmzrdelobiTi aqtivobebiT, romelsac aRmz
rdelebi sTavazoben bavSvebs da a.S. kvlevis, Tu romeli jobia, ojaxSi miRebuli
Tu skolamdel dawesebulebaSi miRebuli aRzrda, Sedegi ar aris sakmarisad dama
jerebeli. maRalkvalificiuri skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebi, SesaZloa,
sasargeblo da metad Rirebuli iyos im bavSvebisTvis, romlebic dediserTebi
arian an romelTa ojaxuri mdgomareoba ar aris maincdamainc saxarbielo. da
balkvalificiuri analogiuri dawesebulebebi, SesaZloa, zians uqaddes bavSvis
aRzrdas da mis socialur qcevas momavalSi, miT umetes, Tu bavSvs iq Zalian ad
reul asakSi miiyvanen da iq yofna mas kviraSi 20 sT-ze metxans uwevs (skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s socialuri komisia, 1993w.).
problemebi saukeTeso skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebsac aqvs, magali
Tad, SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom momvleli ar Seesabamebodes Tavis Tanamdebobas an
bavSvma avadmyofobis gamo xSirad ver iaros iq. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac bavS
visa da mSoblis ardadegebi da Svebuleba ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. am dros dedebs
uwevT samsaxuris gacdena da SvilTan erTad saxlSi darCena, rac dedis karieras
xels uSlis da mamakacTan SedarebiT mas naklebad elodeba winsvla samsaxurSi
(blau da robinsi, 1989w. klermani da libovici, 1990w.). ufro metic, zog SemTx
vevaSi, bevri Sromis, stresisa da pasuxismgeblobis konfliqtis Sedegad zaral
deba deda-Svilis urTierToba (skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s
socialuri komisia, 1993w.).
459
ojaxebi, sadac ramdenime Taoba erTad cxovrobs
460
Rrmad moxucebuli mSoblebi, romlebsac xSirad Seryeuli janmrTeloba
aqvT, garkveul tvirTad awvebian zrdasrulebs. maT `sendviCis~ Taobas uwode
ben, radgan ormagi presis qveS arian _ erTi mxriv, Svilebisa da, meore mxriv,
mSoblebis mxridan. ubralo WeSmaritebaa, rom am Sua, e.w. alyaSemortymuli Tao
bis keTildReoba zaraldeba ormagi pasuxismgeblobebis gamo. Tumca e.w. grZivi
(longituduri) kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom Taobebis mimarT ormagi
pasuxismgebloba mxolod minimalur gavlenas axdens zrdasruli Svilebis mdgo
mareobaze da rom `sendviCis~ Taobis problemebi SesaZloa miTi aRmoCndes (lu
mizi da buTi, 1995w.).
samwuxarod, yvela moxuci rodia Svilebis yuradRebiT ganebivrebuli. Ta
namedrove sazogadoebaSi bevria asakovani adamianebis mimarT ojaxis wevrebis
sastiki mopyrobis SemTxvevebi. aSS-is kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis asa
kovani adamianebis mdgomareobis Semswavleli komisiis (1990w.) mier warmoebuli
kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom yovel wels daaxloebiT 1,5 milioni moxucis (anu
yovel ocSi erTis) uflebebi irRveva. SemTxvevebi, romlebic gamokvleuli ar
aris, aRniSnul raodenobas kidev ufro gazrdis. moxucebis uflebebis darRveva
Si igulisxmeba fizikuri Seuracxyofa (seqsualuri Zaladobis CaTvliT), udieri
damokidebuleba (uaris Tqma mis kvebaze, wamlebiT da sxva nivTebiT uzrunvelyo
faze), an fsiqologiuri Zaladoba (daSineba imiT, rom miatoveben).
moxucebulTa orive kategoriis (visac sastikad an piriqiT, kargad epyrobian)
mdgomareobis Seswavlis Sedegad (pilmeri, 1986w.), aRmoCnda, rom sastiki mopyro
bis mizezi zrdasruli Svilebis mSoblis movlis saWiroebiT gamowveuli stresi
naklebad iyo. mTavari gansxvaveba am ori kategoriis ojaxebs Soris is iyo, rom
isini, vinc sastikad epyrobodnen moxucebs, umetesad damokidebuli iyvnen maTi
mSoblebis finansur Semosavalze da sxv. moZaladeebi swored maSin eqceodnen
sastikad Tavis mSoblebs, rodesac maTgan sWirdebodaT raRac da ara maSin, roca
mSoblebs sWirdebodaT rame. moxucebze moZaladeTa ori mesamedi an alkoholiki
iyo an gonebrivad SezRuduli. ar yofila SemTxveva, rom piriqiT yofiliyo anu
moxucebs gamoeCinaT sisastike Svilebis mimarT; miT umetes ar yofila SemTxveva,
rom finansuri mdgomareoba gamxdariyo maTi Zaladobis mizezi. kvlevam aCvena,
rom moxucebze Zaladobis riskis qveS yofnis faqtori damokidebulia maTi mzru
nvelis Tvisebebze.
Sereuli ojaxebi
461
bergi, 1994w.). amerikelebSi mxolod sisxliT naTesaoba an qorwineba ar niSnavs na
Tesaobas. urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, regularuli zrunva, daxmarebis gaweva
da miReba _ ai, am gzebiT yalibdeba naTesaoba, rac TavisTavad advili amocana ar
aris. Sereul ojaxebSi naTesuri urTierToba yalibdeba ojaxis axal wevrebs So
ris dedis an mamis mxridan. sityva step-parent frangul enaSi (beau-parent) igives
niSnavs, rac parent-in-law.
mTavari mizezi, Tu ratom aris Zneli naTesaobis cnebis sabolood Camoyali
beba, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xelaxali qorwinebisas, romelic ganqorwinebas mos
devs, e.w. `nacvali~ mSobeli ar ikavebs aravis adgils. xSir SemTxvevaSi Svilebi
agrZeleben urTierTobas Tavis biologiur mSoblebTan, ase rom, dedinacvlis an
maminacvlis roli yovelTvis ar aris Tavidanve garkveuli (Svebeli, faini da re
neri 1991w.). xSirad dedinacvlebs da maminaclebs gadametebuli molodini aqvT
imisa, rom maSinve Seucvlian bavSvebs namdvil dedas an mamas; rom sapasuxo siyva
ruls an morCilebas da pativiscemas miiReben maTgan. amas xandaxan wlebi sWirde
ba (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w.). Wkviani dedinacvali da maminacvali Seegueba
im azrs, rom maT SezRuduli uflebebi aqvT bavSvebze (gerebze) da moTminebiT
daelodeba im dros, roca maTTan urTierToba ufro ganumtkicdeba.
arsebobs ramdenime faqtori, rasac SeuZlia bavSvebsa da e.w. `nacval~ mSob
lebs Soris urTierTobis swrafad mowesrigeba (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w.).
erT-erTi faqtoria bavSvis (geris) asaki. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis bevrad
advilia imis dajereba, rom dedinacvali an maminacvali misi `namdvili~ mSobe
lia. kidev ufro aadvilebs saqmes is faqtori, Tu biologiuri mSobeli iSviaTad
Cndeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori ki mdgomareobs urTierTobebis xarisxSi
e.w. `nacval~ mSoblebsa da biologiur mSoblebs Soris. Tu isini erTmaneTSi karg
urTierTobas Camoayalibeben da saerTo koncefciebs gamoimuSaveben bavSvis da
ojaxis mimarT, maT bevrad ufro warmatebuli ojaxebi CamouyalibdebaT. samwu
xarod, ar arsebobs zogadad miRebuli normebi am mimarTulebiT.
maminacvlebs ufro uadvildebaT urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba gerebTan,
vidre dedinaclebs. es ukanasknelni iSviaTad cxovroben gerebTan erTad. `mami
nacvali... xSirad avsebs vakuums, romelic biologiurma mamam datova. dedi
nacvals ki piriqiT, unda rogorme moergos im adgils, romelic biologiur dedas
ekava (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w. gv 371).
rac SeexebaT bavSvebs, isini xSirad ganicdian dedinacvlis an maminacvlis e.w.
SemoWras maT cxovrebaSi da maTTaAn daaxloebis mcdelobas. garda amisa, mSob
lis xelmeored qorwineba maT ukargavs biologiuri mSoblebis Serigebis imeds.
mozardebs gansakuTrebiT uWirT ojaxSi axali wevris miReba maSin, roca Tavad
cdiloben TviTdamkvidrebas an ibrZvian damoukideblobisTvis. SeiZleba moxdes
isic, rom ojaxis axal wevrebsa da biologiur Svilebs Soris gaimarTos brZola
konkretuli ojaxis biologiuri mSoblis yuradRebis misapyrobad an mosapoveb
lad. maSinac ki, rodesac urTierTobebi kargad yalibdeba, bavSvebs euflebaT
grZnoba, TiTqos isini Ralatoben biologiur mSobels. situacias aseve arTu
lebs isic, rom arseboben kidev naxevar da-Zmebi, axali bebiebi, babuebi da sxv.
romlebTanac bavSvebs aseve uwevT Sejibri an brZola.
462
martoxela mSoblebi
463
Sao saaTis aReba, axali socialuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da amave dros
Tavis Svilze zrunva.
bevri ram dauweriaT qalaqis getoebSi macxovrebel martoxela Savkanian dedeb
ze. e.w. `matrifokaluri~ (dedaze fokusirebuli) ojaxebi Sedgeba dedisgan, masze
damokidebuli Svilebisgan, maT Soris erTi an ori zrdasruli qaliSvilisgan da
maTi Svilebisgan. SesaZloa, maT kidev bebia da deida daematoT. aseTi ojaxebis cen
traluri figura ojaxis dedaa, romelsac sxva zrdasruli qalebi exmarebian. zogi
mkvlevaris azriT, SavkanianTa dasaxlebebSi Sekruli, `mkvidri~ ojaxebis naklebo
ba an ararseboba ojaxis, rogorc cnebis rRvevis niSania (edlemani, 1987w.).
mkvlevarTa oponentebi ki fiqroben, rom `matrifokaluri~ ojaxebi poziti
uri movlenaa im pirobebSi, roca mamakacebi ar zrunaven maTi ojaxis wevrebze.
mamakacebs iqneb sulac ar undaT Tavidan airidon msgavsi pasuxismgeblobebi.
ubralod, umuSevrobisa da dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi garbian, raTa Tavisi
warumateblobis pirispir ar darCnen. (teilori, Ceters, Takeri da luisi, 1990w.).
marTalia, martoxela mSoblebis umravlesoba dedebi arian (1993 wlisTvis
maTi raodenoba 7 milions Seadgenda), magram martoxela mamebis raodenobac (vi
sac aRebuli aqvT Svilebze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba), sagrZnoblad gaizarda (1.32
mln. dRevandeli monacemebiT) (angariSi mimdinare mosaxleobaze, 1993w.). amis erT-
erTi mizezi, isaa, rom sqesebs Soris rolebis ganawilebaSi garkveuli liberalizmi
SeimCneva da mamebi sul ufro aqtiurad erevian Svilebis aRzrdaSi. garda amisa, Ta
namedrove mamebs surT gansxvavdebodnen Tavisi mamebisgan, romlebic samsaxurze
iyvnen koncentrirebulni da SvilebTan urTierToba naklebad hqondaT. dabolos,
ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb kanonSi Setanilma cvlilebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom gan
qorwinebis Semdeg meurveoba orive mSobels da xandaxan marto mamasac miakuTvnon.
martoxela mamebze warmoebuli erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
mTavari problema, rasac isini awydebian martoxela dedebis msgavsad, aris samsa
xuris da bavSvis movlis SeTavseba. (grifi 1985w.). bevr maTgans mouwia arCevanis
gakeTeba samsaxursa da Svils Soris. rac ufro meti iyo Svilebis raodenoba an
rac ufro mcirewlovani iyo Svili da rac ufro mouwyobeli kariera hqonda ma
mas, miT meti iyo problema. aseT SemTxvevebSi mamebs samsaxuris xarjze uwevdaT
ojaxuri movaleobis Sesruleba. 1,136 gamokiTxulidan 66%-ma samsaxuri Seicvla,
xolo 43%-ma _ dakarga.
im bavSvebis raodenoba, romlebic martoxela mSoblis ojaxebSi izrdebian,
uzarmazaria. (bumpasi da sviti, 1989w.). maT Soris _ 1970 welsa da 1984 wlebs
Soris dabadebuli bavSvebis naxevari. aqedan 80% afro-amerikeli bavSvia. aseTi
bavSvebis mSoblebis mxolod 36% qmnis sul meored ojaxs.
martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi gazrda, iqneba es TeTrkanianebis Tu Savkanianebis
ojaxi, yovelTvis problemebTan aris asocirebuli. aseT ojaxSi gazrdili bavS
vebi meti riskis winaSe dganan, rom maTi swavlis done skolaSi dabali iqneba, sam
saxurSi ki _ dabali anazRaureba mieRoT; maT, SesaZloa, SedarebiT adre Seqmnan
ojaxi, adre gaaCinon Svili da adre ganqorwindnen; aseve xdeba isic, rom isini Se
darebiT iolad erTvebian danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi, xdebian alkoholikebi an
narkomanebi. (pitmani, 1993w.).
464
mizezisa da Sedegis gansazRvra, ra Tqma unda, rTulia, magram erTi ram faq
tia, rom martoxela mSoblebis ojaxebis problema ufro siRaribesTan aris
dakavSirebuli, vidre TviTon ojaxis struqturasTan. rodesac mkvlevarebma
erTmaneTs erTi da imave standartebiT macxovrebeli ojaxebi Seadares, Zalian
mizeruli aRmoCnda gansxvaveba erTmSoblian da ormSoblian ojaxebs Soris (Tum
ca gansxvaveba arsebobs). sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra SemTxvevas unda mivakuTnoT mar
toxela mSobelTa ojaxebis problemebis umetesoba, ganqorwinebas Tu ardaqor
winebas, Tu im winapirobebs, rac ganqorwinebas an ardaqorwinebas uZRoda win.
dabolos, gasarkvevia, TviTon martoxela mSoblobaa Zneli, Tu ubralod, marto
xela mSoblebi dganan ufro meti problemis winaSe, vidre ormSobliani ojaxebi?
am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad marsi gringlasma da marSa vainraubma (1995w.) erTmaneTs
Seadares TeTrkaniani, saSualo klasis, saSualo asakis qalbatonebisgan Semdgari
martoxela dedebis jgufi da qorwinebaSi myofi imave fenisa da asakis dedebis
jgufi. maT ainteresebdaT, baSvebze ra gavlenas axdenda (an axdenda Tu ara saer
Tod gavlenas) martoxela dedis garemoSi gazrda. skolamdel asakSi da dawyebi
Ti skolis periodSi yvelaferi rigze iyo, magram problemebma Tavi iCines wina
mozardobis da mozardobis periodSi. martoxela mSoblis ojaxebSi aRzrdilebs
ufro meti problema hqondaT swavlaSi, yofaqcevasa da socialuri statusis mop
ovebaSi. mkvlevarebma aseTi Sedegebi dedobriv stress da socialuri daxmarebis
naklebobas daukavSires. amdenad, gringlasma da vainreubma sazogadoebas Ses
Tavazes _ martoxela mSobelTa mdgomareobis Seswavlisas, sakiTxi sxvagvarad
dasvan da kiTxva `sakmarisia Tu ara erTi mSobeli?~ Secvalon kiTxviT _ `ra sWir
deba martoxela mSobels, rom igi warmatebuli iyos?~
465
Tineijeri mSoblebis Tema aqtiuri socialuri debatebis sagania, radgan maT Zalian mcire
arCevani aqvT da saWiroeben daxmarebas saxelmwifos mxridan, radgan dganan saSiSroebis winaSe,
maTi bavSvi, SesaZloa, disfunqciuri iyos skolaSi an saxlSi.
debatebi
analizi
466
dgas didi arCevani, rom ifiqron, ra jobia maTTvis, dedoba Tu swavlis gagrZeleba. kultura
TavisTavad ayalibebs socialur struqturebs da ojaxis esa Tu is formac ama Tu im jgufisTvis
bevrad misaRebi xdeba. SesaZloa, TeTrkaniani politikosebi SavkanianebSi TineijerTa fexmZi
mobis matebaSi krizisis niSans xedaven, magram Savkaniani mosaxleoba amas ganixilavs, rogorc
bolo 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli monobisgan, diskriminaciisgan da ekonomikuri disloka
ciisgan gaTavisuflebas.
funqciur urTierTobebsac didi wvlili miuZRvis aRniSnul sakiTxSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Rar
ib ubnebsa da migdebul soflebSi Tineijeri dedebi ver xedevan kavSirs maT ganaTlebasa da samuSao
perspeqtivebs Soris, vinaidan mcirea muSaobis SesaZlebloba. bevri Tineijeri deda sakuTar dede
bze, qal naTesavebze da saxelmwifosgan mcire daxmarebazea damokidebuli, rac sxvadasxva fun
qciur damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, zemoaRniSnuli damokidebulebebi
disfunqciuria, radgan igi Tineijeri dedebisTvis iZulebiTaa Tavsmoxveuli(igulisxmeba urba
nuli gareubnebis da migdebuli soflebis Tanmxlebi mZime socialuri pirobebi anu siRaribe).
Tineijeri gogona xdeba Tineijeri deda rigi moqmedebebis (da umoqmedobebis) Sedegad. jer
adgili aqvs sqesobrivi kavSiris aqts, ris Sedegadac igi fexmZimdeba da risi mizezic, xSir SemTx
vevaSi, fexmZimobis kontrolis saSualebebze uaris Tqmaa. amas mohyveba pirveli gadawyvetileba,
ar Sewydes fexmZimoba; da meore gadawyvetileba, rom ar unda daqorwindes. yvela es moqmedeba
didad aris ganpirobebuli zemoTxsenebuli struqturuli da kulturuli pirobebiT.
aRniSnul qmedebebs xSirad safuZvlad udevs iseTi faqtori, rogoric aris Zalafuleba
(zegavlena). bevri Tineijeri gogonasTvis, ganasakuTrebiT maTTvis, visac momavlis didi pers
peqtiva ar esaxebaT, bavSvis gaCena Zalauflebis mopovebis erTgvari saSualebaa anu bavSvis sa
SualebiT Tineijerebi sakuTari cxovrebis kontrolis uflebas, zrdasruli adamianis statuss
iqmnian. gogonebi xSirad fiqroben, rom amiT isini moipoveben Zalauflebas bavSvis mamazec, rac
xSirad ase ar xdeba. biWebi ufro xSirad axerxeben pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebas. Tumca
Svilis gaCena biWebisTvisac Zalauflebis niSania. isinic Tavs zrdasrulad grZnoben, uCndebaT
sakuTari potenciis srulyofis SegrZneba da kvalis datovebis aRqmis SesaZlebloba. maT Sexe
dulebebze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia saxelmwifosac (igulisxmeba saxelmwifo daxmarebis
programebis saSualebebiT am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli kontrolis gaweva).
aRniSnuli analizi gvkarnaxobs, ra unda gakeTdes am mimarTulebiT: Tineijerebs unda
SevTavazoT meti alternativa, raTa icodnen, ras dakargaven adreuli fexmZimobis da Svilis
yolis SemTxvevaSi. Tu Tineijeri darwmundeba, rom ganaTleba mas siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis
saSualebas miscems, igi naklebad ifiqrebs skolis mitovebasa da saxelmwofi daxmarebis imedad
bavSvis gazrdaze. studenturi sesxebi da samsaxurze orientirebuli satreningo programebi
erT-erTi konkretuli gzaa am mimarTulebiT. ojaxis dagegmvis momsaxureba saSualebas miscems
maT akontrolon fexmZimoba da Sobadoba. yovelive es ki bevrad ukeTesi gzaa mdgomareobis ga
mosasworeblad, vidre Rirebulebebisadmi damokidebulebze zogadi kamaTi (plotniki, 1993w.)
467
patara ojaxebi
qorwineba da ganqorwineba
468
individebic xedaven masSi sargeblobas. mas Tan axlavs partnioruli kavSirebi
da stabiluri urTierTobebi; is aseve aiolebs zogi adamianis cxovrebiseul
problemebs. magaliTad, qorwineba did rols TamaSobs alkoholis da sigaretis
moxmarebis Semcirebis saqmeSi; zrdis Semosavlis wyaros; dabolos, qorwinebaSi
myofi adamianebi, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro didxans cxovroben (lilardi da vai
ti, 1995w.). daqorwinebuli mamakacebi am sargeblobas maleve iReben, xolo qalebi
_ TandaTan, roca qorwineba ZalaSi Sedis da rodesac isini Sesabamis finansur
keTildReobas aRweven. pirvel qorwinebaSi piradi upiratesobis srulyofilad
mopovebis mcdeloba xSirad bevr sazogadoebaSi ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. gan
qorwineba gamowveulia socialuri sakiTxebiTac.
garigebiT qorwineba
ase aRwers Soba naraiani sakuTar garigebiT qorwinebas indiel kacTan (niu-
iork Taimsi, 4 maisi 1995w. gv. g1). Sobas (indiel gogonas), romelmac amerikuli
koleji daamTavra, egona rom amerikuli individualisturi sistemis nawili gax
da. surda vinme, araindieli Sehyvareboda da mas gayoloda colad. hyavda kidec
Seyvarebuli, magram masTan naTesauri kavSiri ver daamyara. mere, roca mSobleb
ma SesTavazes `Sesaferisi~ mewyvilis moZebna, igi daTanxmda. jer horoskopiT
SearCies potenciuri meuRle Tavisive religiaSi, rasasa da socialur klasSi.
Semdeg Sobas mSoblebi Sexvdnen misi momavali meuRlis mSoblebs. bolo nabiji
ukve wyvilze iyo damokidebuli. xanmokle Sexvedrebis Semdeg, Soba daTanxmda
469
momavali meuRlis winadadebas, colad gahyoloda mas. pirveli ori weli `kargad
gacnobas~ moundnen da mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo wyvilma erTmaneTis Seyvareba.
Sobas warmatebuli, garigebiT qorwineba ar aris mxolod bednieri SemTxveva.
garigebiT qorwineba warmatebulia (xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba da naklebi gan
qorwineba) bevr qveyanaSi: iranSi aseTi warmatebuli qorwineba 90%-s Seadgens,
indoeTSi _ 95%-s, es maCvenebeli bruklinis ebraul dasaxlebaSic maRalia, ase
vea TurqeTsa da avRaneTSi. (niu-iork Taimsi, 4 maisi 1995w. gv. 8). zemoaRniSnul
sazogadoebebSi garigebiT qorwineba mTeli rigi mizezebis gamoa miRebuli. iseT
sazogadoebebSi, sadac axaldaqorwinebulebi e.w. gafarToebuli ojaxis nawili
xdebodnen, ojaxi did imeds amyarebda SerCeul kandidatze. mas unda gaeziare
bina ojaxis mosazrebebi, Tu ra sjobs da ra aris ukeTesi maTTvis. garda amisa,
mas unda moepovebina sakuTari wona am ojaxSi. aseT situaciaSi emociaze agebulma
urTierTobebma, SesaZloa, damangreveli Sedegebi gamoiRos, saSiSroeba Seuqmnas
ojaxis simtkices da ojaxis wevrebis urTierTobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, bevr aseT
sazogadoebaSi qorwinebis dros wyvilis mSoblebi erTmaneTs garkveul qonebas
sTavazoben (mziTevs an patarZlis gamosasyids), raTa orive ojaxs hqondes mtkice
gadawyvetileba ojaxis SenarCunebis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT. garigebiT
qorwineba axasiaTebs im sazogadoebebs, sadac asakovani adamianebi floben mi
webs an sxva resursebs, romelzec misi momavali Taobaa damokidebuli da sadac
ufrosebs axalgazrdebze ufro meti gavlena aqvT, vidre es dasavlur sazogadoe
bebSia miRebuli, sadac adamianebi Tavad irCeven sakuTari karieris gzas.
arc aSS-Si qorwindebian yovelTvis sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT. mSoblebi
iribad, xandaxan SefarviT, magram mainc cdiloben garkveuli zegavlena iqonion
Svilebis arCevanze, magaliTad, samezoblos, skolis, eklesiis SerCevis gziT; an
iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebiT, rogoric aris `rogor Wams~ `ra acvia~, `CvenTvis Sesa
ferisi~ an `Seuferebeli~. am faqtorebis saSualebiT isini gansazRvraven im ada
mianebis tips, romelTanac Svilebma unda iurTierTon, imegobron an iaron pae
manze. magaliTad, amerikeli ebraelebi Svilebs garigebiT ar aqorwineben, magram
mkacrad adevneben Tvals, rom maT Svilebs mxolod ebralebTan hqondeT urTi
erToba da eTnikuri identoba ar dakargon.
siyvaruliT qorwineba
470
dan. amave dros, damoukideblad cxovreba saSualebas aZlevs Seyvarebul wyvils,
gaxdnen mxolod erTmaneTze damokidebuli. romantiuli siyvaruli bevrad ufro
sando motivia imisTvis, rom mxolod valdebulebebis grZnoba ki ara, urTierT
mxardaWerac iswavlos.
romantiul siyvaruls, rogorc qorwinebis safuZvels, Tavisi limitic ga
aCnia. is, garkveulwilad, kofliqtSi Sedis ojaxuri cxovrebis yoveldRiur
moTxovnebTan. romantiuli siyvaruli ufro yvavis, roca igi aRmocenebulia mis
teriaze, Sors yofnaze, gamoucnob situaciebze, xolo yoveldRiuri ojaxuri
cxovreba Sors aris misteriisgan. qorwineba ufro bizneskavSiria, partnioruli
urTierToba agebulia kompromisze, Sromis ganawilebaze, finansur garigebebsa
da komunikaciaze. romantiuli siyvarulis gandidebiT, Cveni sazogadoeba, Sesa
Zloa, TviTonve uTxris Zirs im urTierTobas, ris agitaciasac cdilobs anu sta
biluri, moTminebiT savse qorwineba, romlis erT-erTi mizani Svilebis yolaa.
471
buli wyvilisgan Sedgeba. maTgan 50%-Si erT-erTi mewyvile pirvelad qorwindeba,
xolo 11%-Si erT-erTi an orive mxare qvrivia.
ra Tqma unda, arian wyvilebi, romlebic saerTod ar qorwindebian: ver ipoves
cxovrebis partniori an amis survili ar gasCeniaT.
472
saxurebSi muSaoben, TiTqmis samjer gaizarda. (sigali, 1995w.). aseTi qalebis jgu
fis Seswavlis Semdeg judiT sigalama (1995w.) daaskvna, rom maT Soris iyvnen ise
Tebic, romlebmac ver moZebnes Tavisi Sesaferisi saqmro, da iseTebic, romelTac
ar uZebniaT igi. maT ubralod ifiqres, rom ojaxis Seqmnis (Svilis yolis) dro
dadga da finansuri damoukideblobis imediT Seasrules kidec TavianTi gadaw
yvetileba. rogorc Cans, dRes qalebi Svilis gaCenisTvis barierad finansur Sesa
Zleblobas ufro ganixilaven, vidre qorwinebas.
zrdasruli adamianebis erTi nawili martoxela ubralod garemoebebis gamo
rCeba, xolo meore nawili, Segnebulad irCevs mas. isini, vinc martoxelobas irCevs,
damoukideblobas ufro met Rirebulebas aniWebs, vidre qorwinebas. Tumca, marto
xelobis subkulturis gazrdis miuxedavad, martoxeloba ar niSnavs marto yofnas.
Tanacxovreba
473
TanamcxovrebTa mxolod 10% rCeba bolomde erTad qorwinebis gareSe. aseTi
wyvilebisTvis Tanacxovreba qorwinebis grZelvadiani alternativaa anu ojaxebi
funqciebis Sesrulebis erT-erTi gzaa im socialur institutebSi CarTvis gare
Se, rac qorwinebas akanonebs. qorwinebis deinstitutizaciis amgvar tendencia
Si didi wvlili miuZRvis ganqorwinebis maRal risks da garTulebebs, rac e.w.
`nacval~ ojaxebs axlavs Tan (Cerlini da fursenbergi, 1994w.). aseT dauqorwinebel
wyvilebs xSirad Svilebic hyavT da TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdebian daqorwine
buli wyvilisgan, Tu ar CavTvliT qorwinebis oficialur registracias. Tumca
mcire sxvaoba mainc aris: TanacxovrebaSi myofi wyvilebi daqorwinebulebisgan
gansxvavebiT, naklebad Tvlian Tavs bednierad, naklebad iReben Tavze urTier
TobebTan dakavSirebul valdebulebebs, meti problemebi aqvT mSoblebTan da
sxv. (noki, 1995w.). Tanacxovrebas qorwinebasTan SedarebiT ar gaaCnia mtkice, Se
Tanxmebuli normebi, formalizebuli kavSiri da axlo urTierTobebi, rac adami
anSi movaleobis grZnobas aZlierebs.
Tanacxovrebis SemTxvevebis gazrdas garkveuli struqturuli cvlilebebic
mohyva. ojaxebs memkvidreobisa da naTesauri kavSirebis definiciebis Secvla
mouwiaT. xelisuflebam axali wesebi Seqmna, raTa daqorwinebul da Tanacxovre
baSi myof wyvilebs Tanaswori uflebebi hqonodaT da araferi damuqreboda maT
keTildReobas. (ramsoi,1994w.). Tumca erTi kategoriis wyvils, romelic erTad
cxovrobs, jer kidev ar ayenebs Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi. eseni arian homoseqsu
alebi. saxelmwifoebis da religiebis didi umravlesoba ar cnobs maT uflebebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi wyvilebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, stabiluri urTierTobe
bi aqvT da SeuZliaT bavSvebic gazardon. dResdReobiT mxolod ramdenime qveya
nas da TiTebze CamosaTvlel municipalitets (maT Soris amerikaSi) aqvs miRebuli
kanoni, romelic uflebas aZlevs homoseqsualebs, daaregistriron TavianTi kav
Siri da miiRon Sesaferisi mxardaWera.
474
sqema 11.2 / aSS ganqorwinebis
donis maCvenebeli 1000 macxov
rebelze, 1930-1994 w.w.
1930 wlidan 1980 wlamde peri
odSi ganqorwinebis donem Ses
amCnevad imata, Tumca bolo
dekadis ganmavlobaSi cotaTi
Semcirda.
475
eZebon samuSao, raTa moipovon finansuri damoukidebloba da, erTgvarad, mzad
iyvnen ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis.
genderuli urTierTobebis cvlileba kulturuli faqtorebiTac aris gamowveu
li. Seicvala ojaxuri urTierTobebis Rirebulebebi, Tavganwirvis cneba Seicvala
TviTsrulyofis, avtonomiis, piradi bednierebisa da pirovnuli zrdis cnebebiT
(Cerlini, 1995w.). qorwineba gaxda ufro wyvilze orientirebuli, vidre _ bavSvze.
ramdenadac qorwineba siyvarulis meSveobiT pirovnebis piradi da fsiqologiuri
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs, imdenad naklebia socialuri da kul
turuli zewola `bavSvebis gulisTvis~ erTad darCenis aucileblobaze, miT umetes,
rom ojaxur konfliqtebSi xSirad bavSvebis arseboba saerTod aviwydebaT.
ganqorwinebis donis amaRlebis tendenciebi gasagebia, magram riT avxsniT
me-20 saukunis bolo dekadis ganmavlobaSi am maCveneblis klebas? frenk fusten
bergi (1994w.) am maCveneblis klebas qorwinebebis raodenobis simcires anu qor
winebis gadadebas (swavlis da karieris gamo) miawers, amis mizezs xedavs qorwine
bamde fexmZimobis gadadebis, eris daberebis, Tanacxovrebis institutis gazrdis
maCveneblebSic.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegi ki is aris, rom qorwinebis institutma gani
cada deinstitucionalizacia. dRes qorwineba ufro piradi arCevanis sakiTxia,
vidre cxovrebiseuli movaleoba, romelsac ukan kanonmdebloba, dauwereli nor
mebi da tradiciebi udgas. qorwineba gaxda `nebayoflobiTi kavSiri, romelic
wyvilis surviliT SeiZleba dairRves an SenarCundes~ (poponeo, 1990w. gv. 43).
ganqorwinebis done klebulobs cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSic. rasTan aris
es dakavSirebuli? bednier qorwinebasTan Tu sxva faqtorebTan? lin uaiti da
alan buTi (1991w.) kvlevis Sedegad askvnian, rom bednieri qorwineba qorwinebi
dan pirvel ramdenime welSi fiqsirdeba. isini aRniSnaven, rom rac metxans grZel
deba qorwineba, miT ufro metia barierebi, rac xels uSlis qorwinebis darRvevas
(Svilebi, sakuTreba, saerTo nacnob-megobrebi); naklebia mimzidveli alterna
tivebi (ojaxis xelaxla Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT). arsebuli barierebi didad unda
gadawonos wyvilebSi uiRblo urTierTobebma, rom maT ganqorwineba gadawyviton.
476
wyvili religiuri ar aris.
orive liberaluria.
orive pesimisturad uyurebs cxovrebas.
erT-erTis an orives mSoblebi ganqorwinebulebi arian.
ganqorwinebis Sedegebi
477
ganqorwineba niSnavs, rom wyvils cal-calke cxovreba surT, Tumca bavSvebs
ar undaT, rom maTi mSoblebi cal-calke cxovrobdnen. amitom bavSvebi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, tramvirebulebi rCebian. ganqorwinebidan pirveli ori weli maTT
vis gansakuTrebiT kritikulia. am dros bevri sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs –
depresia, cudi qceva, agresia, problemebi skolaSi (Cerlini, 1995w.). am gamovline
bebiT gamowveul stress TavisTavad ganicdis is mSobelic, romelic qorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi bavSvis meurve xdeba (xSir SemTxvevaSi dedebi). rogorc aRvniSneT,
yvelaferTan erTad maT uwevT axali samsaxuris moZebna, sacxovrebeli adgilis
Secvla an mSoblebis saxlSi dabruneba, xolo bavSvebs uwevT axal skolasTan da
axla megobrebTan Segueba.
bavSvebis umetesoba krizisis periodis gadalaxvis Semdeg normaluri cxov
rebis ritms ubrundeba, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi bavSvs didxans mihyveba mSoblebis
ganqorwinebis Sedegad miRebuli tramva. judiT valerSteinma da joan lelim
saSualo klasis 60 ojaxis gamokvlevis Sedegad daaskvnes, rom 18 wlis asakis ax
algazrdebSi, romelTa mSoblebi ganqorwindnen, bevrs uWirs partniorisTvis
pirobis micema da Tavs martosulad grZnobs (valerSteini da bleiksli, 1989w.).
sxva kvlevam aCvena, rom ganqorwinebuli ojaxebis vaJebi SedarebiT dabalanaz
Raurebad samsaxurebSi ewyobian, vidre maTi mamebi. (biblarzi da rafteri, 1993w.).
zemoaRniSnulis mizezi ori ram SeiZleba iyos: stresuli bavSvoba an ganqor
winebuli (martoxela mSoblis) ojaxis dabali Semosavali. ganqorwinebuli (mar
toxela) ojaxebis Svilebi ufro xSirad rCebian umaRlesi ganaTlebis gareSe, vid
re ormSobliani ojaxis Svilebs. (Cerlini, 1995w.). amis mizezi SeiZleba isev imaSi
veZeboT, rom ojaxebs uwevT sxva sacxovrebel adgilebze gadasvla da amis gamo im
mxardaWeris dakargva, rac ama Tu im ojaxs gaaCnda ganqorwinebamde.
mravaljeradi ganqorwineba kidev ufro negatiur gavlenas axdens bavSvebze.
aseTi ojaxebis Svilebi naTesavTan urTierTobas xan wyveten, xanac aRadgenen.
isini urTierToben mamanacvalTan, dedinacvalTan, naxevardebTan da naxevar
ZmebTan. aseTi urTierTobebi mxolod zrdis problemebis raodenobas.
marTalia, bavSvisTvis cudia mSoblebis ganqorwineba, magram maTTvis aranak
leb cudia iseT ojaxSi cxovreba, sadac mSoblebi inarCuneben qorwinebas, magram
erTmaneTTan mudmivad daZabuli urTierToba aqvT. aseT garemoSi bavSvebi ufro
uaresad grZnoben Tavs. bavSvebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva problemis wi
naSe dgebian da Tanac sxvadasxva simZafriT. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebs
momavalSic eqnebaT problemebi; Cven unda vecadoT, rom maT es problemebi ava
ridoT. (Cerlini, 1995w.)
Zaladoba ojaxSi
478
ojaxis wevrebi gviqmnian (gelesi, 1983w. linkolni da strausi, 1985w. stainmetsi da
strausi, 1974w.).
ojaxuri Zaladobis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom adamianebi ojaxur urTi
erTobaSi did emociebs deben. Sedegad, moxdeba emociebis eskalacia da patara
uTanxmoebebi did usiamovnebaSi gadaizrdeba.
meore mizezi _ ojaxSi Zalauflebis ganawilebaa. rogorc wesi, qmari ufro
didi da Zlieria colze, xolo orive mSobeli ufro didi da Zlieria, vidre maTi
Svili. ojaxis wevrebi xSirad fizikur agresiiT cdiloben ojaxuri urTierTo
bebis gakontrolebas.
mesame mizezi kulturulia. amerikelebi xSirad amarTleben fizikur Za
ladobas sportSi, kinosa da satelevizio programebSi. faqtia, rom Zaladoba
amerikelebisTvis ufro misaRebia, vidre bevri sxva sazogadoebisTvis. bevri
amerikeli dResac fiqrobs, rom normaluria, roca: Zmebi Cxuboben, qmari moT
minebas kargavs da cols urtyams, mSoblebi Svils fizikurad sjian.
meoTxe mizezi _ `mkvidri~ ojaxebi izolirebulad cxovroben, iq momxdari
ojaxuri Zaladoba naklebad Cans da naklebad aris socialuri kontrolis sa
gani. Tanac amerikelebis mier aRiarebuli piradi cxovrebis uflebis dacvis
kulturuli Rirebuleba ar aZlevs saSualebas xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs,
Caerion ojaxur cxovrebaSi.
dabolos, Zaladoba Rrma kvals tovebs Zaladobis msxverplze, ZiriTadad,
bavSvebsa da qalebze. ojaxuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva kul
turasa da sxvadasxva dros.
bavSvze Zaladoba
aris Tu ara bavSvis „gawkepvla~ Zaladoba? _ Svedebi fiqroben, rom aris. Sve
deTis mTavroba ukanonod miiCnevs mSoblebis mier bavSvis cemas. 1994 wlis gala
pis gamokiTxvam ki aCvena, rom amerikelebis ori mesamedis azriT, „kargi gawkepv
la~ xandaxan aucilebelicaa bavSvis disciplinirebisTvis. (galapi, yovelTviuri
gamokiTxva, 1994 wlis maisi, gv. 19). Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT amerikelebs
ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvT. imave gamokiTxvis mixedviT, bevri maT
gani, romelic sistematurad scemda bavSvs anu Zaladobda, aSS-is yvela StatSi
iyo miRebuli, Tumca am mxriv gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda samxreTi
Statebi (flini, 1994w.).
oponentebis azriT, bavSvis dasja ufro rbili formebiTac SeiZleba. gamo
kiTxulTa didi nawili eTanxmeba azrs, rom bavSvis fizikuri dasja, rac iwvevs
silurjeebs, Tavis tramvebs, motexilobebs da damwvrobas, fizikur Zaladobad
unda CaiTvalos. adgili aqvs bavSvis `malul~ dasjasac, rac bavSvis mimarT udi
er mopyrobaSi gamoixateba da rac dasjis kidev ufro dramatuli formaa. samwu
xarod, xSiria bavSvisTvis uaris Tqma adekvatur kvebaze, Cacmaze, TavSesafarze,
samedicino daxmarebasa da yuradRebis miqcevaze. (grini, 1991w.). aSS janmrTelo
bisa da humanuri momsaxurebis departamentis kvlevis Sedegad (1990w.) aRmoCnda,
479
rom 1989 wels sul mcire 1200 bavSvi (savaraudod, kidev ufro meti _ daaxloebiT,
5 000) swored Zaladobis da udieri mopyrobis Sedegad gardaicvala, xolo 160000
_ seriozulad dazaralda. imave periodSi daaxloebiT 2.4 milioni saCivari dai
wera bavSis mimarT udier da Zaladobriv mopyrobaze, aqedan 918000 dadasturda.
1992 wels aseTi SemTxvevebis raodenoba wina dekadasTan SedarebiT gaormagda.
ar aris cnobili, am maCveneblis dramatuli zrda marTla bavSvebze Zalado
bis zrdis Sedegia, Tu, ubralod, gaizarda policiaSi momCivanTa raodenoba. 1994
wlis galapis gamokiTxvis Sedegad yoveli Svididan erTma amerikelma aRiara, rom
is bavSvobaSi mSobels ucemia, gaujoxavs an seriozuli Zaladoba gamouyenebia mis
mimarT. cxra wliT adre Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi aseTi ram 50-dan mxolod erT
ma aRiara. Zaladobis msxverplis aRiareba bevrad ufro sandoa, vidre mSoblis
aRiareba, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi msxverplis aRiarebis sizusteSic SeiZleba eW
vis Setana. magaliTad, Zaladobis SemTxvevebze bavSvebis gamokiTxvisas, xSirad
bevri ram aris damokidebuli kiTxvis formaze. bavSvebi xSirad imas amboben, rac
ufross unda, rom moisminos.
sociologebis, riCard gelisa da murei Strausis, mixedviT (1988w. geli 1995w.),
bavSvis tipuri moZalade aris axalgazrda martoxela mSobeli, romelic qorwine
baSi imyofeboda 10 welze naklebi drois periodiT da Svili ki _ 18 wlamde asakSi
gauCnda. aseT adamians, rogorc wesi, finansuri problemebi aqvs, stresul mdgo
mareobaSia (ganqorwinebiT an ojaxis wevris gardacvalebiT gamowveuli) da cota
megobari an naTesavi hyavs. xSirad aseTi mSoblebi TviTon iyvnen Tavis droze Za
ladobis msxverplni an mowmeni.
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli TineijerebSic bevria da maT mSoblebsac Za
ladobis gamomwvevi iseTive mizezebi mohyavT, rogoric mcirewlovani bavSvebis
mSoblebs: bavSvebi jiutebi arian, stress iwveven da ar ujereben mSoblebs. unar
SezRuduli bavSvebic xSirad xvdebian Zaladobis riskis jgufSi, radgan isi
ni „gansxvavebulebi~ arian da maTi movla Zalian rTulia (amermani, lubecki, da
drusi, 1991w.).
is bavSvebi, romlebsac udierad eqcevian, xSirad gonebrivad CamorCebian Ta
vis tolebs da depresiis an TviTmkvlelobis riskis jgufSi xvdebian. (niu-iork
Taimsi, Tebervali 18, 1991w. gv.11). bavSvobaSi isini gamoirCevian hiperaqtiurobiT,
agresiulobiT da ver sargebloben popularobiT TanatolebSi. rac Seexeba mo
zardebs da zrdasrulebs, isini midrekilebi arian narkomaniisken da alkoholis
moxmarebisken da TviTon xdebian moZaladeebi.
zog sociologs miaCnia, rom bavSvebze Zaladobas maSin moeReba bolo, roca
saocialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba (pelesi, 1985w. 1995w.). igulisxmeba, im
ojaxebis gamovlena, romlebic aseTi riskfaqtoris winaSe dganan da maTTvis
saWiro daxmarebebis gaReba (momarageba, samedicino daxmareba, sabavSvo baRebiT
uzrunvelyofa, mSoblebis urTierTmxardaWeris jgufebSi gaerTianeba, da sxv.).
kvlevebis Tanaxmad, adamianebi Zaladobas ukidures SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, ma
Sin, roca aris fulis, codnisa da pativiscemis deficiti (vulfi, 1985w.). amJamad
yvela Stats gaaCnia kanoni, romelic eqimebisgan da maswavleblebisgan moiTxovs,
480
dauyovnebliv ganacxadon policiaSi bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. amas
Tan, saxelmwifo da kerZo socialuri daxmarebis momsaxurebis centrebi cdilo
ben, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi problemebi (Strausi da gelesi, 1986w.).
meuRleze Zaladoba
481
aseTi saqcielisTvis. mamakacis portreti folklorSic da pornografiaSic qa
lis mimarT dominirebas da agresias gamoxatavs.
bevri coli, romelsac qmari scems, qmarTan rCeba. aseTi qalebi (im qalebTan
SedarebiT, romlebic ojaxidan midian an daxmarebas mimarTaven), SedarebiT axal
gazrdebi arian, samuSao gamocdileba naklebad aqvT an umuSevrebi arian da mci
rewlovani Svilebi hyavT (gelesi da Strausi, 1988w.). amdenad, maT ara gaaCniaT sak
marisi finansuri resursebi da xandaxan survilic, rom damoukideblad icxovron.
moZalade qmrebi ZaladobasTan erTad SigadaSig sikeTesac iCenen da inanieben Ta
vianT saqciels. amdenad, colebs rCebaT imedi, rom maTi problema mogvarebadia
(volkeri, 1979w.). Zaladobis msxverpl colebs xSirad rcxveniaT imis aRiareba,
rom maT scemen. zogi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs momxdarSi. mcire nawili egueba
kidec ase cxovrebas. xSirad colebi winaaRmdegobas uweven qmrebs Tavdasxmis
dros da cdiloben aRmofxvran Zaladoba (gelesi da Strausi, 1989w. gondolfi da
fiSeri 1991w.).
ojaxuri Zaladoba nacionaluri problema gaxda, rodesac 1995 wels cnobili
fexburTeli o.j. simpsoni Tavisi yofili colis nikolis mkvlelobisTvis gaa
samarTles. simpsoni cols xSirad scemda da nikolic xSirad mimarTavda poli
cias dasaxmareblad. prokurorebi amtkicebdnen, rom swored es iyo mkvlelobis
mizezi, magram sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma aRniSnul mosazrebas. saqmis msvle
lobisas gairkva, rom samarTladamcavebi, faqtobrivad, ar reagirebdnen simpso
nis winaaRmdeg colis saCivrebze.
eqspertTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom ojaxuri Zaladobis Tavidan ac
ilebis mizniT saWiroa, rogorc sanqciebi moZaladeebis winaaRmdeg, aseve TavSe
safrebi da konsultaciebi Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis (lermani da kani, 1991). sam
wuxarod, am rekomendaciis gaTvaliswineba jer kidev ar xdeba bevr dasaxlebaSi.
482
mnili crurwmena da stereotipebi da aviTvisoT axali Rirebulebebi, raTa xeli
SevuwyoT am axal sistemas. unda SemoviRoT Sromis ganawilebis axali meTodebi,
magaliTad, e.w. mSoblisTvis gansazRvruli Svebulebebi (rogorc mcirewlovani,
aseve mozrdili bavSvebis mSoblisTvis), gavzardoT sabavSvo baRebis arCevani,
samuSao saaTebi moqnili gavxadoT baRis asakis bavSvze pasuxismgebeli mSob
lisTvis. qmrebi unda Seelion Zvelebur midgomebs da mixvdnen, rom isini ar ari
an Tavisufalni saojaxo movaleobebisgan. maTac unda daekisroT valdebuleba
Svilebis movlaze. ojaxis `piradi saqmis~ araswori koncefcia, rodesac proble
mebs (ojaxis nagavs) xaliCis qveS `yrian da agroveben~, unda Seicvalos garedan
mosuli daxmarebisa da axloblebis ufro didi wris mxardaWeris imediT. rogorc
individebs, aseve gadawyvetilebis mimReb struqturebs evalebaT aRiaron, rom
qorwineba ar aris erTaderTi kanonieri kavSiri da rom TanacxovrebaSi myofnic
analogiuri uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen.
dedvid elkqaindi (1994w.) axasiaTebs bolodroindel ojaxebis transformire
bas; e.w mkvidri ojaxebi Tavisi yvela maxasiaTebliT (sajaro da piradi cxovreba,
saxli da samsaxuri, bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi) gadaiqca e.w `gamtar ojaxebad~,
romelsac SeuZlia miiRos sxvadasxva forma da bevrad ufro moqnilia, magram
bevrad ufro mgrZnobiarec garemosgan miyenebuli stresisadmi (ufro harmo
niulia zrdasrulTaTvis, vidre bavSvebisTvis). elqaindi xedavs aseTi ojaxebis
e.w. `energiul ojaxebad~ gadaqcevis aucileblobas, romelic bavSvebsac da mSob
lebsac sasicocxlo energias matebs. mas mohyavs energiuli ojaxis oTxi damaxa
siaTebeli niSani:
483
kulturuli omi:
ojaxuri Rirebulebebi, bavSvis gaCena da aborti
bavSvis aRzrda
484
gresuli nawili ki mSoblebs Svilis aRzrdaSi aqtiur monawileobisken miuTiTebs
da maTi rolebis genderuli sxvaobebisgan gaTavisuflebis saWiroebas xedavs.
konservatorebisTvis bavSvis fizikuri dasja miRebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
isini ufrosisadmi upativcemlobas gamoiCenen. progresuli nawili ki, piriqiT,
ewinaaRmdegeba fizikur dasjas. maTTvis misaRebia iseTi disciplinaruli meTo
debi, rogoric aris axsna-ganmarteba, pozitiuri zemoqmedeba, bavSvTan ufro
xSiri urTierToba.
485
doebis or polarizebul impulss warmoadgens (hanteri, 1991w.), xolo amerikeli
moqalaqeebis umetesobas am or poluss Soris arsebuli adgili ukaviaT. `niusebis~
SemqmnelTa poziciisgan gansxvavebiT, ubralo amerikelTa pozicia ar aris iseTi
mkacri da mouqneli. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi uCvenebs, rom isini ar amboben uars
ojaxze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1950-iani wlebismagvari `mkvidri~ ojaxebis raode
noba Semcirda. galapis 1991 wlis gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
93%-isTvis (romlebic am droisTvis ukve 36 dan 47 wlisani arian) ojaxi `Zalian
mniSvnelovania~. aqedan 73%-s imedi aqvs, rom mas `ufro bednieri ojaxi eqneba~,
vidre maTi mSoblebs hqonda. sazogadoebis mTavari amocanaa, rogor Seuwyos
xeli axal ojaxur struqturebs arsebobaSi da rogor SeuTavson maT skolebisa
da samsaxurebis struqturuli mowyoba.
Sejameba
486
rda Raribi mSoblebi arian _ rogorc wesi, colebi, romelTac sakmarisi eko
nomikuri Semosavali da samuSao gamocdileba ar gaaCniaT. ojaxuri Zalado
bis safuZveli, SesaZloa, Zalauflebis gamovlineba an rame sxva kulturuli
mizezi iyos.
7. amerikuli ojaxi dRes gzajvaredinze dgas, iZens axal formebs, Tumca bev
ri ukan ixedeba da nostalgiurad mistiris idealizebul `mkvidr~ ojaxebs.
ubralo adamianebic da gadawyvetilebis mimRebi struqturebic valdeb
ulebi arian, mimdinare cvlilebebs brZnulad miudgnen da Sesabamisad Secva
lon socialuri pirobebi. kulturuli konfliqti konservatorebsa da pro
gresul mimdinareobebs Soris swored am cvlilebebis gamoxmaurebaa.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
1. aRwereT Tqveni ojaxi, saidanac xarT warmoSobiT, romelic SeqmeniT (an Seqm
niT) gamravlebis mizniT da, aRwereT aseve, gafarToebuli ojaxi.
2. mocemul TavSi aRniSnulia, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba, sadac matriar
qati norma iqneboda. axseniT amis mizezi xuTi mTavari koncefciidan (socia
luri struqtura, socialuri qmedeba, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura) sul mcire samis aRweriT.
3. ganavrceT mocemuli Tavis analizi ojaxis momavlis Temaze, wina TavSi aRe
rili xuTi mTavari koncefciis aRweriT.
487
4. siyvarulis safuZvelze partnioris SerCevis Tavisuflebam ufro stabi
luri ver gaxada qorwineba. ra aris garigebiT qorwinebis da partnioris in
dividualurad SerCevis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi?
5. ra gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove amerikuli ojaxuri cxovreba amerikul kul
turaze zogadad an ra funqciuri datvirTva aqvs sxva socialur aspeqtebze?
sityvari
ormxrivi naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis aRiareba rogorc mamis, ise de
dis mxridan.
Sereuli ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelsac qmnian adamianebi, vinc ukve iyvnen qor
winebaSi da Svilebic hyavT. sxvagvarad maT `nacval~ ojaxs uwodeben.
Tanacxovreba _ ojaxi, sadac wyvili qorwinebis gareSe cxovrobs.
momuSave mSoblebis ojaxi _ ojaxi, sadac qmaric da colic muSaobs da
orives aqvs winsvlis SesaZlebloba karieraSi.
egalitaruli Zalaufleba _ SemTxveva, roca Zalaufleba ojaxSi oriveze
(qalzec da kaczec) nawildeba.
endogamia _ wesi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs, Tavisive wris, tomis,
erovnebis, religiis, rasis, dasaxlebis an sxva socialuri jgufis warmomadge
nelze iqorwinos.
egzogamia _ wesi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs, Tavisi jgufis gareT arse
buli socialuri jgufis warmomadgenelze iqorwinos.
gafarToebuli ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva Taobis wyvilebi
sgan da sxva naTesavebisgan. ojaxis birTvi sisxliT naTesavebisgan Sedgeba, xolo
maTi meuRleebi funqciurad marginalur da periferiul mdgomareobaSi arian.
ojaxi _ adamianebis jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian
qorwinebiT, SvilebiT, memkvidreobiT, Svilis ayvaniT, Svilis aRzrdasTan dakav
Sirebuli valdebulebebiT.
warmoSobis ojaxi _ mkvidri ojaxi, romelSic Sedian ded-mama da da-Zma.
gamravlebis ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba col-qmrisgan da Svilebisgan.
qorwineba _ or an met individs Soris socialurad aRiarebuli kavSiri, ro
melic sqesobriv da ekonomiur urTierTobebebTan dakavSirebul valdebulebebs
moicavs.
matriarqati _ kanonzomiereba, romlis drosac ojaxSi Zalaufleba qalis
xelSia.
matrilinuri naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis dedis mxridan gadasvla.
matrilokaluri ojaxis sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qor
winebis Semdeg wyvili colis ojaxSi an mis siaxloves rCeba.
monogamia _ qorwineba, roca qals an mamakacs mxolod erTi meuRle hyavs.
488
ojaxis neolokaluri sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qorwinebis
Semdeg wyvili calke cxovrobs.
`mkvidri~ ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba col-qmrisgan da maTi mcire
wlovani Svilebisgan. sisxliT naTesavebi da zrdasruli Svilebi marginalur,
periferiul mdgomareobaSi arian.
patriarqati _ kanonzomiereba, romlis drosac ojaxSi Zalaufleba mamaka
cis xelSia.
patrilinuri naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis mamis mxridan gadasvla.
patrilokaluri ojaxis sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qor
winebis Semdeg wyvili qmris ojaxSi an mis siaxloves rCeba.
poliandria _ qorwineba, roca qals ramdenime qmari hyavs.
poligamia _ qorwineba, roca qals an mamakacs ramdenime meuRle hyavs.
poliginia _qorwineba, roca mamakacs ramdenime coli hyavs.
489
490
Tavi 12
ganaTleba
ganaTlebis reforma
. desegregacia da sxva: rasa da skolebi aSS-Si
. dafinanseba, arCevani da angariSvaldebuleba
. ganaTleba, rogorc profesia
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi /adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
aziuri gakveTilebi amerikuli skolebisTvis
. kvlevis meTodebi:
skolebis kulturis Seswavla eTnografiis meSveobiT
491
492
a merikuli ganaTlebis kritikosebi xSirad avleben paralels amerikel mos
wavleebsa da maT aziel Tanatolebs Soris. magaliTad, iaponel moswavles
SeuZlia skola TxuTmeti wlis asakSi miatovos sakuTari survilisamebr, rac
TiTqmis ar xdeba. aSS-Si ki saSualo skolebis mitovebis maCvenebeli didi xania
SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca _ TeTrkaniani moswavleebis 20, Savkaniani moswavleebis
30 da laTino-amerikuli warmoSobis moswavleebis 50 procenti ar amTavrebs sa
Sualo skolas (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1995 w). es maCvenebeli kidev
ufro mkveTrs xdis amerikel da aziel moswavleebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.
iaponiaSi, taivansa da CineTSi moswavleebi ufro met saaTsa da dros atareben
saklaso oTaxebSi, vidre amerikeli moswavleebi. mecadineobis damTavrebisa da
skolis Senobidan gasvlis Semdeg amerikeli moswavleebi televizors uyureben
an naxevarganakveTian samsaxurebSi muSaoben, maTi azieli Tanatolebi ki klasga
reSe saqmianobiT arian dakavebulebi an damatebiT mecadineoben.
aziel moswavleebs usicocxlo da daRvremili mozardebis stereotipi aqvT,
romlebic iZulebulebi arian yoveldRe daizepiron uzarmazari saswavlo masa
la. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamocdebs warmatebiT abareben, maTi saskolo cxovreba
Zalian mosawyeni unda iyos _ fiqroben amerikelebi. es warmodgena mcdaria. re
alurad, azieli moswavleebis umetesobas moswons skola da xalisiT swavlobs
(stivensoni, 1992w.). ratom? nawilobriv imitom, rom aziuri kultura Zalian did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs ganaTlebas da TiToeulma moswavlem icis, rom Tu TavauRe
blad iSromebs, warmatebasac miaRwevs.
aSS-Si ki viTom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganaTlebas, magram sinamdvileSi fuli
da ara swavlaa warmatebis yvelaze didi elementi (barberi, 1993w.). amerikelebi
aseve miiCneven, rom skolaSi miRweul warmatebas, ZiriTadad, konkretuli moswav
lis gansakuTrebuli niWi ganapirobebs, xolo azielebi fiqroben, rom warmateba
gulmodgine muSaobis Sedegia. sxva faqtorebsac aqvs gavlena. magaliTad, aziur
qveynebSi TiToeuli klasisaTvis arsebobs standartuli saswavlo programa, ro
melic savaldebuloa yvela moswavlisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom aziaSi ganaTlebis
miznebi erTiani da mkafioa, rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba aSS-Si arsebuli situaci
isgan, sadac saswavlo programa sxvadasxvanairia sxvadasxva saskolo sistemaSi
da xSirad skolebs Sorisac. es niSnavs imas, rom azieli maswavleblebi konkretul
klasSi erTsa da imave masalaze erTdoulad muSaoben. ase rom, maT SeuZliaT erT
maneTs gauziaron gamocdileba da ideebi. es yvelaferi ki aziel axalgazrdebs
sakuTari movaleobis ukeT SesrulebaSi exmareba.
am TavSi visaubrebT skolebze, rogorc ganaTlebis agentebze, romlebsac
umniSvnelovanesi roli ekisrebaT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis funqciuri inte
graciisaTvis. sociologebisaTvis ganaTleba socializaciis struqturizebuli
formaa, romelSic konkretuli kulturis codna, unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi
formaluri gziT gadaecema erTi Taobidan meores. rasakvirvelia, swavlis pro
cesi skolis gareTac mimdinareobs. adamianebi swavloben sakuTari ojaxebisa da
megobrebis magaliTebsa da gamocdilebaze. swavla ki grZeldeba formaluri ga
493
naTlebis miRebis Semdegac. swavla mravali socialuri aqtivobisa da institutis
Semadgeneli nawilia. magaliTad, axali TanamSromeli swavlobs kompaniis wesebsa
da ganawesebs, axalbeda mSoblebi swavloben bavSvisTvis safenebis gamocvlas...
Tumca am TavSi Cven mxolod skolebze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas da agreTve ga
naTlebis im aspeqtebze, romelTa gaZlierebasac cdilobs Tanamedrove sazoga
doebebi organizebuli saskolo ganaTlebis meSveobiT. davinaxavT, rom skolebi
aswavlian konkretul saswavlo programebs _ magaliTad, inglisurs, algebras,
istorias da sxva akademiur sagnebs; agreTve faruli socializaciis programas
–gakevTilebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor uda moviqceT sazogadoebaSi, rogor mover
goT ierarqias da sxva.
rogorc amerikel da aziel studentebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, ga
naTleba konkretul sazogadoebaSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturis Rire
bulebebTan. is faqti, rom aziuri kultura zogadad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
da afasebs ganaTlebasa da moswavleebis Sromas, mniSvnelovnad exmareba aziel
moswavleebs akademiuri warmatebis miRwevaSi. aSS-Si ki, gansxvavebiT aziisgan,
amerikuli kultura ufro metad afasebs materialur warmatebas da maRal akade
miur moswrebas miawers niWs da ara Sromas, rac konkretuli akademiuri sagnebis
Seswavlis survils ukargavs moswavleebs. garda amisa, Cven vxedavT, rom azieli
administratorebis gavlena erTiani saxelmwifo saswavlo programis Camoyali
bebisas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs imas, rac saklaso oTaxebSi xdeba.
Tavis dasawyisSi vimsjelebT saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqciebze.
Semdeg vimsjelebT, Tu rogor ireklavs skolebi Zalauflebis arsebul ganawile
bas da rogor SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli Zalauflebis mqone pirTaTvis winaaRmde
gobam skolebis ganviTarebas. Semdeg ganvixilavT ganaTlebis dones dRevandel
aSS-Si. amave TavSi ganxiluli iqneba skolebis reformirebis mcdelobebic; bo
los ki mokled vimsjelebT ganaTlebaze, rogorc profesiaze.
494
skolebs akisria ori ZiriTadi fuqncia: gacxadebuli da faruli (mertoni,
1968w.). skolebis gacxadebuli funqciaa aswavlos moswavleebs konkretuli sa
gnebi, magaliTad kiTxva, wera, ariTmetika da sxva akademiuri unar-Cvevebi. fa
ruli funqciaa socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da damokidebulebis swavleba, ker
Zod TviTdisciplina, sxvebTan TanamSromloba, gavleniani pirebis morCileba da
Tavdauzogavi muSaobis mniSvneloba miznis miRwevisaTvis.
sazogadoebebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes im mxrivadac, Tu romeli unar-Cvevaa
maTTvis dafaruli an gacxadebuli saswavlo programaSi. magaliTad, aziur qvey
nebSi TanamSromloba ufro gamokveTilad iswavleba, vidre amerikul skolebSi.
skolebic SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes funqciebis Sesrulebis mxriv. skolam Sei
Zleba ver uzrunvelyos moswavlisaTvis romelime konkretuli sagnis (magali
Tad, inglisuris an maTematikis) swavleba, an ver SeZlos faruli unar-Cvevebis
Camoyalibeba. magaliTad, Tu cud moswavles yvelafris miuxedavad mainc gadai
yvanen momdevno klasSi, is CaTvlis, rom warmateba yovelTvis ar aris damokide
buli Sromaze. am magaliTidan Cans, rom swavlebis ori saxe erTmaneTTan mWidro
kavSirSia. skola, sadac moswavleebs ar aswavlian socialuri qcevis zog wess
(magaliTad, sxvisi saubris yuradRebiT mosmenas, mSvidad metyvelebas), savarau
dod, moswavleebs akademiur unar-Cvevebsac ver Seaswavlis.
swavlebis orive saxeoba, gacxadebulic da farulic, sasicocxlo rols Ta
maSobs sazogadoebis funqciuri integraciis gamyarebasa da socialuri struq
turis SenarCunebaSi. bavSvebs rom wera-kiTxvas ar aswavlidnen, maT Zalian
gauWirdebodaT arseboba da sabolood, adamianTa kulturac gadaSenebis gzas
daadgeboda. analogiurad, sazogadoeba damokidebulia yoveli Taobis axalgaz
rdebze, romlebic amTavreben skolas da mzad arian moergon arsebul socialur
da profesiul struqturas.
skolebis Sefasebisas adamianebi ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze,
Tu ramdenad kargad asrulebs esa Tu is skola mis gamokveTil funqcias; ram
denad kargi Sedegebi aqvT studentebs standartizebul testebSi da rogoria
am skolis moswavleebis Sefasebis Sedegi qveynis an msoflios sxva skolebis
moswavleebTan SedarebiT. skolebis faruli funqciebi naklebad fasobs. mSo
blebi, maswavleblebi da sxvebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom urigo ar iqneba, Tu bavSvi
iswavlis TviTdisciplinas, Seignebs gulmodgine muSaobis mniSvnelobas da a.S.
magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom swavlebis es saxeobebi iSviaTad aris CarTuli
oficialur saswavlo programaSi, isini, ZiriTadad, yuradRebis miRma rCeba.
skolebis farul rols bavSvebis socializaciaSi faruli saswavlo programa
ewodeba (parsonsi, 1959w. jeksoni, 1968w.). faruli saswavlo programa SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc qcevebis dauwereli wesebis erToblioba, romelic bavSvebs
cxovrebisTvis amzadebs. bavSvebma sabavSvo baRebidanve unda iswavlon wynarad
yofna, mwkrivSi dgoma, dalodeba, impulsebis marTva, maswavleblis miTiTebebis
Sesruleba... amerikelebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba im azrs, rom faruli saswavlo
programa aucilebeli da sasurvelia. kvlevebma gamoavlina, rom amerikelTa
umetesoba sust disciplinas dRes skolebis yvelaze mwvave problemad miiCnevs
(elami, 1990w.). Tumca kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom faruli saswavlo programa
495
bavSvebs aswavlis ubralod Tvisebebs _ morCilebas, sakuTari Tavis kontrols
da sxv. rac aucilebelia ofisebSi an qarxnebSi muSaobisaTvis. sinamdvileSi, fa
ruli saswavlo programa moswavleebisgan ayalibebs Tanamedrove industriuli
manqanis kbilanebs.
gacxadebuli da faruli funqciebis meSveobiT skolebi bevr momsaxurebasa
da sargebels awvdian sazogadoebas. skola imisaTvis arsebobs, rom SesaZlebloba
misces moswavleebs, daakmayofilon samuSao adgilis moTxovnebi, iyvnen moqa
laqeebi da Seasrulon konkretuli funqciebi sakuTar ojaxebSi. am funqciuri
brZanebebis SesrulebisaTvis skolas sxvadasxva davalebis Sesruleba uwevs. am
davalebebis Sesrulebis xarisxi damokidebulia ara mxolod teqnikur SesaZle
blobebsa da resursebze, aramed gavleniani interesTa jgufebis _ magaliTad,
mSoblebis, damsaqmeblebis, kanonmdeblebis, religiuri organizaciebisa da samo
qalaqo jgufebis _ moTxovnebze.
skolis uamrav socialur funqcias Soris aris Semdegic:
saswavlo unar-Cvevebi _ skola uamravi unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebaSi ex
mareba moswavleebs. unar-CvevebSi igulisxmeba rogorc zogadi (mag.
inglisuri ena, geometria), aseve praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi (mag. saaTis
cnoba). arsebobs mkacrad specifikuri da profesiuli unar-Cvevebic
(magaliTad, SeduReba, kompiuteruli programireba).
kulturis gadacema _ skola gadascems codnas im kulturis Sesaxeb, sa
dac cxovrobs moswavle. am codnis gadacema xdeba uSualodac (magali
Tad, erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis gacnobiT) da arapirdapirac
(konkretuli miRwevebis SeqebiTa da waxalisebiT). Tanamedrove aSS-Si
skolebisgan iTxoven, rom bavSvebs aswavlon ara mxolod `ZiriTadi~ anu
evropuli kultura, aramed aziuri, afrikuli da sxva kulturebis Se
saxebac miawodon informacia.
kulturuli adaptaciis waxaliseba _ garda warsulis kulturuli cv
ladebis gadacemisa, skolebisgan moelian, rom isini daexmarebian stu
dentebs, Seeguon kulturul inovaciebs da monawileoba miiRon maTi
dasrulebis procesSi. magaliTad, skolebs mouwodeben, rom gaaumjobe
son rasobrivi damokidebuleba specialuri saxelmZRvaneloebis saSua
lebiT, romlebSic rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi dadebiTadaa
warmodgenili.
disciplinis gamkacreba _ skola aswavlis bavSvebs, isxdnen wynarad,
xeli aswion, roca SekiTxvis dasma surT, iTxovon nebarTva gareT gas
vlis win da a.S. asakis matebasTan erTad aqcenti nel-nela gadadis ara
maswavleblis mier SemoRebul disciplinaze, aramed TviTdiscipli
naze. TviTdisciplina gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saSualo donis
samuSaoebisaTvis, romlebic moiTxovs dasaqmebulisgan TviTmotiva
cias da sakuTari saqmianobis organizebas. is naklebad mniSvnelovania
rutinuli xeliT samuSaosTvis (rogoricaa amkrebi xazi), sadac muSebis
qceva yovelTvis mkacrad kontroldeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi, xeliT sa
muSaoebis mkveTrad SemcirebasTan erTad, ufro da ufro izrdeba TviT
496
disciplinis mniSvneloba. skolebSi mas ufro met yuradRebas aqceven,
radgan, savaraudod, moswavleebi saSualo donis samsaxurebSi daiwyeben
muSaobas.
jgufuri samuSaos waxaliseba _ ojaxur garemoSi bavSvebs SeiZleba ar
qondeT saSualeba, TanatolebTan erTad gainawilon samuSao an davale
ba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es unar-Cveva mniSvnelovania samsaxurSi mu
Saobisas, skolebisgan iTxoven, rom moswavleebs Seaswavlon efeqturi
da jgufuri muSaoba.
• eTikuri qcevis xelSewyoba _ miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavleebi xandaxan
eTikas, rogorc formalur sagans ise swavloben, magram xSirad isini
`arasworsa da swors~ Camoyalibebuli wesebis saxiT iReben. magaliTad,
moswavleebs aswavlian, rom gamocdebze ar unda icuRluton, ar unda ga
daiweron an miiTvison sxvisi namuSevari, ar moityuon, ar iuxeSon Tana
tolebTan Tu ufrosebTan, ar miisakuTron sxvisi nivTebi, ar daazianon
skolis sakuTreba da a.S.
niWis gamorCeva da miRwevebis dajildoeba _ skolebi gacilebiT mets
akeTeben, vidre ubralod swavlebaa –iyeneben niSnebsa da sxva ganmsaz
Rvrel saSualebebs dajildoebuli studentebis amosacnobad, raTa
xeli Seuwyon maT winsvlas kolejSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad an kargi
samuSaos dasawyebad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikelebi miRwevas Tan
dayolil unars miaweren, vidre sibejiTes da amitomac did mniSvnelobas
aniWeben niWieri moswavlis gamovlenas. aziuri skolebi xelmZRvanelo
ben mosazrebiT, rom yvelas Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvs da gansxvaveba
miRwevebSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad cdilobs TiTiToeuli
maTgani am SesaZleblobis gamovlenas. orive SemTxvevaSi skolebs mou
wodeben, rom Seafason studentebi da gansazRvron isini, vinc yvelaze
ukeTesadaa momzadebuli samsaxurisTvis an swavlis Semdegi safe
xurisTvis (ix. CanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).
s amsaxuris Sovnis mizniT sul ufro saWiro xdeba kompiuteruli da sxva teqnikuri unar-
Cvevebis aTviseba. ganaTleba wamyvan rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove globaluri ekonomikis
konkurenciaSi. CineTSi, taivansa da koreaSi warmoebuli saqoneli mowonebiT sargeblobs mTel
msoflioSi, rasac xSirad xsnian im faqtiT, rom am qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela studenti warCinebu
li swavliT gamoirCeva.
kvlevebis meSveobiT regularulad mtkicdeba, rom aziisa da evropis ramdenime qveynis
studentebs ufro didi warmateba aqvT kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi, vidre maT amerikel Tanato
lebs (stivensoni, 1991w. resniki da nolani, 1995w.) (ix. grafiki). Cven ukve ganivixileT ramdenime
mizezi am faqtis asaxsnelad. erT-erTi iyo kulturuli molodini am qveynebSi, romelic gu
lisxmobs, rom nebmismier students SeuZlia miaRwios warmatebas, Tu is gulmodgined iSromebs;
xolo meorea erovnuli saswavlo programa, romelic savaldebuloa yvela studentisaTvis.
rogorc davinaxeT, amerikuli kultura xazs usvams individis pirad SesaZleblobebs. Tanac,
497
uaxloes xanSi navaraudevi ar aris aSS-is ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla da erovnuli saswavlo
programis SemoReba.
cvlilebis misaRwevad, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes mSoblebis, moswavleebisa da sazogadoebis
interesis gaRviveba da maTi yuradRebis miqceva aSS-is saganmanaTleblo sistemis naklovanebebi
saken. rogorc wesi, amerikeli mSoblebi Tvlian, rom maTi Svilebis akademiuri moswreba kargia an
damakmayofilebeli. samjer metma amerikelma dedam, gansxvavebiT azieli dedebisagan, gamoTqva
kmayofileba maTi Svilebis muSaobis Sesaxeb skolaSi (stivensoni, 1995w.). ufro metic, amerikeli
moswavleebic amayoben sakuTari miRwevebiT. Cineli studentebisagan gansxvavebiT ufro meti
amerikeli studenti moTavsda bevr saganSi `saukeTesoTa Soris~ (stivensoni, 1992w.).
ris swavla SeuZliaT aSS-is skolebs maTi ufro warmatebuli azieli da evropeli kolegebi
sagan? sul mcire ori ramis:
498
Zalaufleba, struqtura da winaaRmdegoba
499
Zalaufleba da klasis struqtura
winaaRmdegoba
500
gaweva scadon _ uaryon skolis Rirebulebebi da procedurebi. rogorc zemoT
vnaxeT, winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba gamoixatos protestis niSnad xmis amaRlebiT an
wamosvliT. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba gamoiRos dadebiTi Sedegebi, vTqvaT, ma
Sin, rodesac mSoblebi da moswavleebi erTiandebian gadatvirTuli klasebis an
SezRuduli saswavlo programis winaaRmdeg. magram ufro xSirad winaaRmdegoba
ukuSedegiT mTavrdeba da mowinaaRmdege moswavleebs naklebi Sansi uCndebaT
cxovrebaSi, vidre im SemTxvevaSi eqnebodaT, Tu daemorCilebodnen skolis wesebs
da warmatebis mopovebas Seecdebodnen.
moswavleebma SeiZleba maSin aimaRlon xma da gamoTqvan protesti, rodesac
fiqroben, rom skolis wesebi da procedurebi maT winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. wi
naaRmdegoba aris socialuri procesi, romlis drosac moswavleebis nawili (ro
gorc wesi isini, romlebic ar gamoirCevian akademiuri moswrebiT) uars acxadebs,
moaxmaros, sakuTari gonebrivi da fizikuri potenciali saskoli saqmianobebs,
amis nacvlad ki erTveba arasaskolo saqmianobebSi, rogorebicaa quCis bandeb
Tan urTierToba, samsaxuris Sovna, video-TamaSebi an televizoris yureba. amave
dros, isini xSirad arian im subkulturis nawili, romlisTvisac arafers niSnavs
skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebi da warmatebuli moswavleebi. amgvari moswavleebi
ebrZvian sistemas, romelSic Tavad uWirT sakuTari Rirsebis SenarCuneba anu esaa
sistema, romelic maT `warumateblebad~ miiCnevs. skolis Rirebulebebis da we
sebis winaaRmdeg amxedreba an skolisTvis Tavis danebeba, winaaRmdegobis konkre
tuli aqtia.
Tumca, saboloo jamSi, winaaRmdegobis idnividualuri SemTxvevebi xels uw
yobs gavlenian jgufebs, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis arsebuli eTnikuri da kla
sobrivi struqturebi. magaliTad, rodesac Savkaniani moswavle gadawyvets, ar
iswavlos kargad, radgan warmateba `TeTrebisTvisaa~, es aris gamoxatuli winaaR
mdegoba ganaTlebis im sistemisadmi, romelSic warmateba `TeTrebis~ xvedria; mag
ram es reaqcia aseve amyarebs arsebul mdgomareobas im mxriv, rom Savkanianebs
ufro dabalanzRaurebadi samsaxurebi, dabali Semosavali da naklebi SesaZle
blobebi aqvT cxovrebaSi. Tu muSaTa klasidan gamosuli moswavle gadawyvets,
Tavi daanebos skolas da xeliT samuSaos mihyos xeli, raTa Tavi ukeT igrZnos im
TanatolebTan, romlebic ar Tvlian, rom skolaSi warumatebloba dasagmobia,
is Tavs marTlac igrZnobs kargad, magram ara didi xniT. dRevandel ekonomikaSi
aseTi adamianebi ganwirulebi arian dabali xelfasebisTvis, umuSevrobisa da so
cialuri mobilobis (karieruli miRwevebis) dabali SansisTvis.
orive es SemTxveva `usityvo protestia~ _ anu winaaRmdegoba, romelic
ar iRebs organizebuli protestis formas. Tumca, xandaxan moswavleebi awyo
ben organizebul protests maTi skolis sistemis mikerZoebis gamo. magaliTad,
Savkanianma moswavleebma moiTxoves, hqonodaT meti SesaZlebloba, gascnobodnen
Savkaniani avtorebis publikaciebs; agreTve moiTxoves, ufro meti yuradRebis
daTmoba Savkaniani moswavleebis warmatebebisaTvis saskolo programaSi. sxva
moswavleebma moiTxoves ufro meti maswavlebeli, romlebic imave rasis, eTniku
robisa da socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, romlisac moswavleebi.
amgvari gamoxatuli protesti mihyveba koleqtiuri moqmedebisa da socialuri
501
moZraobis saerTo logikas (ix. Tavi 20). Tumca, am nawilSi Cven yuradRebas ga
vamaxvilebT usityvo, nakleborganizebul winaaRmdegobaze.
skolebSi usityvo winaaRmdegobis klasikuri sociologiuri axsna ekuTvnis
pol uiliss (1977w.), romelmac safuZvlianad Seiswavla saSualo skolis biWebi
qalaqSi, romelsac Tavad hamerTauns uwodebda. skolaSi, romelSic rogorc sa
Sualo fenis, aseve dabali fenis ojaxebis bavSvebi swavlobdnen, sxva skolebis
msgavsad, saSualo fenis ojaxebis bavSvebi ufro warmatebulebi iyvnen da xSirad
imsaxurebdnen Seqebas maswavleblebis mxridan.
muSaTa klasis ojaxebidan wamosulma biWebis nawilma Seqmna sakuTari kultura,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda da uaryofda skolis kulturas. uilisma, romelic did
dros atarebda `ymawvilebTan~ (ase uwodebdnen isini sakuTar Tavs) da esaubreboda
skolis maTeul aRqmaze, daaskvna, rom amgvari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba skoli
sadmi gamomdinareobda maTi mamebis `maRaziis kulturidan~, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
metalze muSaobdnen. mamebis msgavsad, `ymawvilebi~ afasebdnen fizikur siZlieres,
agresias, uxeS iumorsa da upiratesobas qalebTan SedarebiT. skolaSi `ymawvilebi~
arRvevdnen wesebs, uxeSobdnen gakveTilebis dros da ar emorCilebodnen maswav
leblebis avtoritets. isini saSualo fenebidan gamosul moswavleebs `yuris
xvrels~ uwodebdnen, raTa xazi gaesvaT maTi usityvo morCilebisaTvis. `ymawvile
bi~ sakuTar Tavs adarebdnen `yuris xvrelebs~ da miaCndaT, rom isini sustebi da
pasiurebi iyvnen. aqedan gamomdinare, kontrkultura saSualebas aZlevda `ymawvi
lebs~ yuradReba ar mieqciaT skolis aradamakmayofilebeli SefasebisaTvis da Se
eqmnaT Zlieri, uxeSi, seqsualuri da mamakacuri biWebis imiji.
Tumca, samwuxarod, swored amgvari saqcieli gamoiwvevda maT warumateblo
bas skolaSi da gaxdeboda imis sawindari, rom isini skolas miatovebdnen da, ma
mebis msgavsad, sadme fizikuri samuSaos monaxavdnen an sulac umuSevrebi dar
Cebodnen. amgvarad, maTi aRqma, rom skola aris saSualo fenisTvis gankuTvnili
dawesebuleba, romelic ar afasebs muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebs, axdenil wi
naswarmetyvelebad iqca (mertoni, 1963w.). skolis gamocdilebam aswavla `ymawvi
lebs~, rom isini iyvnen muSaTa klasis wevrebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad,
skola imisTvis iyo, rom maTTvis aRmavali socialuri mobilobisken gaexsna gza.
duglas folim (1990w.) texasis Statis `CrdiloeTis qalaqis~ saSualo skolis
moswavleebis Seswavlisas eTnikuri kuTxiT ganavrco uilisis analizi. uilisis
msgavsad, folimac aRmoaCina antiskolis kultura Rarib moswavleebs Soris, gan
sakuTrebiT es exeba meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikelebs. meqsikelebi grZnobdnen
(da arcTu usafuZvlod) skolis mikerZoebul damokidebulebas maT winaaRdeg
da amitom ganaviTares `maCo-kontrkultura~. ai, ras ambobs erT-erTi meqsikuri
warmoSobis moswavle:
skola is adgilia, sadac yvela fiqrobs, rom debili xar da yvela grin
go gjobia. maT yovelTvis aqvT Sansi, arasdros ar iqcevian cudad. sul
meqsikelebi exvevian SarSi. amitom TandaTanobiT swyidnebaT da mere
ukve aRarc anaRvlebT, vin ras ifiqrebs maTze. ubralod Tavs anebeben
yvelafers (foli, 1990w. gv. 85).
502
folim aRmoaCina, rom meqsikeli moswavleebis aRqma namdvilad Seesabameboda
simarTles. maswavleblebTan saubrisas da gakveTilebze dakvirvebisas, foli ga
daeyara mikerZoebis ramdenime SemTxvevas. erT-erTma maswavlebelma folisTan
saubarSi ganacxada:
kvlevis meTodebi
d uglas e. folis naSromi `kapitalisturi kulturis Seswavla: teias Suaguli~ (1990w.) asa
xavs rogorc TviTon avtori uwodebs `eTnografiul realizms~. wigni efuZneba farTo
masStabian kvlevas. foli kvlevas 16 Tvis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda 1973 da 1974 wlebSi. garda
amisa, is 1977, 1985, 1986 da 1987 wlebis zafxulSi eqvs kviras atarebda patara qalaqSi, romelsac
Tavad `CrdiloeTis qalaqs~ uwodebda. foli am qalaqSi SabaT-kviraobiTac xSirad Cadioda.
saerTo jamSi, `CrdiloeTis qalaqis~ Seswavla 14 weliwads grZeldeboda.
eTnografiuli kvlevis Casatareblad anu kulturuli portretis Sesaqmenlad, folim
gamoiyena meTodi, romelsac monawile damkvirvebeli ewodeba. radganac mas, upirveles yovlisa,
saSualo skolebis moswavleebis qceva ainteresebda, folim imiT daiwyo, rom skolebis sabWoebs
503
sTxova nebarTva, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi daswreboda gakveTilebs da sxva saskolo RonisZie
bebs. Tumca is ar yofila pasiuri damkvirvebeli, romelic kuTxeSi wynarad dgas da SeniSvnebs
iwers. rogorc monawile damkvirvebeli, foli aqtiurad erTveboda saskolo RonisZiebebSi. man
daiwyo muSaoba skolis kalaTburTis gundTan. foli eswreboda yvela TamaSs, dahyveboda gunds
qalaqgareT gamarTul TamaSebzec da xSirad avtobusiTac mgzavrobda gundis wevrebTan erTad.
foli studentur wveulebebzec dadioda. skolaSi aTvalierebda saklaso oTaxebsa da deref
nebs, samxrobda studentebTan erTad, TamaSobda ping-pongs sportul darbazSi da esaubreboda
maswavleblebs. folis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sagzao SemTxvevam, romlis drosac
misi mikroavtobusi mwyobridan gamovda: folim da masTan erTad myofma moswavleebma SeakeTes
manqana. SekeTebis procesSi folis saSualeba mieca, dahkvirveboda moswavleebis araformalur
qcevas. moswavleebis ndobis mopovebis mizniT, mas ecva yoveldRiuri tanisamosi da pirveli sami
Tvis ganmavlobaSi skolaSi arafers iniSnavda. SeniSvnebs mxolod saRamos, saxlSi misvlis Sem
deg iwerda (mogvianebiT man farulad daiwyo SeniSvnebis Cawera). droTa ganmavlobaSi is sakmaod
gaSinaurda skolaSi. moswavleebi mas `dok~-s uwodebdnen. zogi stundenti daumegobrda folis
da xSirad mimarTavda piradi rCevis sakiTxavad an wignis saTxovnelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom is
bolomde mainc ar miiRes skolaSi (es gansakuTrebiT exeba maswavlebelTa nawilsa da administra
torebs, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom foli farulad iyo movlinebuli sxva misiisTvis), man mainc
moaxerxa uzarmazari moculobis informaciis Sekreba. ai ras wers igi:
504
folim sakuTari Sromis Sedegebs Tavi mouyara da gamosca wignad. sakuTar da sxva mkvle
varTa codnaze dayrdnobiT axsna, Tu rogor ganviTarda `CrdiloeTis qalaqSi~ mcxovrebi sx
vadasxva jgufis kultura da rogor aisaxa es moswavleebze. am wignSi foli werda:
505
skolis diploms. adre es diplomi gamoarCevda adamians, rogorc kargi gana
Tlebis mqones, magram dRes is aucilebeli pirobaa yvelaze dabali donis samsa
xurebisTvisac ki.
igive cvlilebebi ganicada kolejis xarisxmac. 1890 wels mosaxleobis mxolod
3% flobda bakalavris diploms, dRes es maCvenebeli 20%-ia. yovel wels daax
loebiT 20 milioni amerikeli iRebs bakalavris xarisxs humanitarul an sabune
bismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, rac aucilebelia saSualo klasis samsaxurebisTvis.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis iuristoba da eqimoba ar saWiroebdnen maincdamainc
bakalavris xarisxs. me-20 saukuneSi es ori profesia iyo pirveli, romlisTvisac
aucilebeli gaxda jer bakalavris, xolo Semdeg magistris xarisxi. ganaTlebis
sul ufro maRali done gaxda aucilebeli piroba inJinrebis, meddebis, kolejis
maswavleblebis, socialuri muSakebisa da biblioTekarebisTvis. jer kidev 1920
wels mTel aSS-Si mxolod 615 adamians mieniWa doqtoris wodeba. dRes ki yovelw
liurad 40000 amerikels aniWeben imave wodebas.
arsebobs am cvlilebebis ori axsna. pirveli _ mecnieruli da teqnikuri
codnis bumi me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi, ras imas niSnavda, rom ganaTlebul
specialists ufro meti informaciis gamoyeneba SeeZlo da amisTvis ufro meti
unar-Cveva qonda. ganvixiloT Tanamedrove medicinis teqnikuri da rTuli dargi,
vTqvaT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisis medicinasTan SedarebiT, rodesac mkurnalobis
mxolod ramdenime efeqturi meTodi arsebobda da diagnostikac xSirad eqimis
intuiciaze iyo damokidebuli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis gafarToebis meore mizezi
aris kredencializmi anu moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians unda gaaCndes
diplomi an xarisxi im Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad an samuSaos Sesasruleblad,
romlisTvisac warsulSi mcire ganaTlebac kmaroda. magaliTad, dRes damsaqme
blebi bakalavris xarisxs iTxoven mdivnis, klerkis da gayidvebis menejeris asis
tentis movaleobis SesrulebisTvis maSin, rodesac ramdenime aTeuli wlis win es
saWiro ar iyo.
kradencializmma gamoiwvia is, rom rac erT dros warmatebad iTvleboda _
anu saSualo skolis diplomi, dRes ukve aRar aris sakmarisi profesiuli karie
risTvis, Tu amas ar daemata, sul mcire, bakalavris xarisxi. sociologebis nawili
Tvlis, rom kredencializms mniSvneloba aqvs im samuSaoebisTvisac ki, romlebic
manamde udiplomo kadrebis mier sruldeboda. dRes sawyisi samsaxurebi, ZiriTa
dad, momsaxurebis sferoSia Tavmoyrili, rac akademiur unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
dRes qarxnis Cveulebriv muSasac ki SeiZleba dasWirdes kompiuterTan muSaoba.
garda amisa, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebi xSirad icvlian sacxovrebel
adgils da toveben mSobliur qalaqebs. amitom damsaqmeblisaTvis aucilebelia
meti informaciis mopoveba potenciur TanamSromelze, romelic misTvis sruli
ad ucxoa. saSualo skolis diplomi gulisxmobs imas, rom misi mflobeli sando
da gonieri adamiania. amgvarad, funqciuri integraciidan gamomdinare, saSualo
skolis diplomis moTxovna sawyisi samuSaoebisTvisac ki, esadageba Tanamedrove
maRalteqnologiuri sazogadoebis da moZravi mosaxleobis saWiroebebs.
506
is mecnierebi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Zalauflebebs Soris kav
Sirebze, acxadeben, rom ar SeiZleba mxolod amaSi mdgomareobdes saqmis arsi.
isini aRniSnaven, rom kredencialebis moTxovna erT-erTi meqanizmia arsebuli so
cialur-klasobrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebisTvis (kolinzi, 1979w.). amgvarad,
kredencialebis moTxovnis zrda dasaqmebis bazarze anu tendencia, romelic
`mcocavi kredencializmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, Caketili wris nawilia, romelic
Raribebs da eTnikur umciresobebs azaralebs. ar aqvs mniSvneloba ramdenad cdi
loben isini mSoblebze ukeTesi ganaTlebis miRebas _ maTTvis sasurveli samsa
xurebi xSirad xelmiuwvdomelia.
`sasurveli samsaxurebi~ imaTTvisaa, romlebsac, sul mcire, bakalavris
xarisxi aqvT. 1992 wels kolejis kursdamTavrebulis wliuri saSualo gamo
muSaveba 32629 dolars Seadgenda, saSualo skolis kursdamTavrebulisa _ 18737.
muSis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Sedareba aris 1421000 da 21000, rac 600000-ian
gansxvavebas qmnis (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994w.) (ix. sqema 12.1). eli
turi skolis mier miniWebuli xarisxi kidev ufro didi Semosavlis sawindaria.
1970-ian wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom elituri skolebis
kursdamTavrebulebis 15% moeloda 85%-iT met Semosavals, vidre isini, rom
lebsac damTavrebuli ar hqondaT koleji (koulmani da reinvoteri, 1978w.). Se
darebiT axali kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom elitur skolebSi swavleba jer kidev
kargi investiciaa. konkretuli specialobebis arCeva (magaliTad, biznesis
administrireba, ekonomika da inJineria) maRal SemosavlebTanaa dakavSirebuli
(kominski, 1990w.). garda amisa, kolejis xarisxis mqone muSebma SeZles ukeT gam
klavebodnen 1979-1989 wlebis ekonomikur stagnacias aSS-Si, rodesac mamakacebis
saSualo gamomuSavebuli Tanxa daeca (acksi da danzigeri, 1993w.).
profesori
doqtori
magistranti
bakalavri
asocirebuli
saSualo skoladamTavrebuli
sqema 12.1 / saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 18 da zeda asakis mqone pirebis mier gana
Tlebis donis mixedviT, 1992w.
scade xarisxis miReba. rogorc es grafiki gviCvenebs, maRali donis ganaTleba maRali Semo
savlis sawindaria.
wyaro: aSS aRweris monacemebi, 1994 w. `kargi ganaTleba maRali xelfasis sawindaria~.
507
saganmanaTleblo miRwevis variaciebi
508
medebiTi niWis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. SeZlebuli mSoblebi mondomebulebi
arian, rom maTma Svilebma karg skolebSi iaron. saSualo da maRali fenebis mSo
blebis Svilebis ganaTlebaSi monawileobis aqtivoba mravali kvleviTacaa dadas
turebuli (bordiu da paseroni, 1991w.). magaliTad, anet lerum (1989w.) aRmoaCina,
rom maRali da saSualo fenis mSoblebi regularulad ukiTxaven Svilebs wignebs,
yiduloben SemecnebiT saTamaSoebs, iCenen saklaso oTaxSi daxmarebis iniciati
vas, Tvalyurs adevneben saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas da yuradRebiT akvird
ebian progress. rodesac problemebi Cndeba, am kategoriis mSoblebi monawileo
bas iReben maT gadaWraSi. dabali fenis mSoblebis umetesoba ki arc erT zemoT
CamoTvlil zomas ar mimarTavs. maT ufro xSirad Zalian cota ram ician sakuTari
Svilebis akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb, askvnian, rom `maswavleblebma Tavisi
saqme ician~.
klasebTan dakavSirebuli gansxvaveba ar aris gamowveuli maincdamainc mu
SaTa klasis mSoblebis mier Svilebis ganaTlebiT arasakmarisi dainteresebiT.
Tumca, arsebobs mTeli rigi socialuri faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs maT
TavSekavebas. erT-erTi faqtorTagania akademiuri arakompetenturobis grZno
ba. muSaTa klasis mSoblebis umetesobas mxolod saSualo ganaTleba aqvs, xolo
bevr maTgans damTavrebulic ar aqvs saSualo skola. isini miiCneven, rom ar arian
sakmarisad kvalificiurebi, raTa CaerTon sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaSi. zog
maTgans eSinia kidevac, rom misi Careva ufro uaryofiTad aisaxeba bavSvze. erT-
erTma momuSave dedam lerus ganucxada:
xom iciT, Zalian bevrma ramem, risi gakeTebac misTvis SemiZlia, Sei
Zleba imedebi gaucros mas an daabnios... an raRac amdagvari. axla
ariTmetikas sxva sistemiT aswavlian... bevr sxva ramesac aswavlian.
imis magivrad, rom ramdenime saaTi movandomo maT garCevas, raTa dar
wmunebuli viyo, raze vlaparakob (icinis nervulad), gadavwvite es am
bavi skolas mivando (leru, 1989w. gv. 109).
509
ris diskebiT, aramed kolegebiTa da klientebiT, romlebsac xSirad epatiJebian
Sin sadilad an vaxSmad. mSoblebis es kategoria miiCnevs, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis
ganaTleba `samsaxuria~, romelic aseve unda iyos maTi saSinao cxovrebis nawili.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom isini Tavs maswavleblebad aRiqvamen saxlSi, maTTvis
bunebrivia, Caerion sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebis procesSi. es wamoudgenelia
muSaTa klasis ojaxebis SemTxvevaSi _ maTTvis skola da saxli mkveTradaa erTma
neTisgan gamijnuli, iseve rogorc saxli da samsaxuri.
ojaxis kulturuli kapitalis mniSvneloba bavSvebis akademiuri warmatebis
Tvis dadasturebulia mravali kvleviT, romelTa mizani iyo bavSvebis progresis
Sefaseba sazafxulo ardadegebis periodSi (heinsi, 1978w.). saskolo wlis ganmav
lobaSi, sxvadasxva socialuri da rasobrivi warmomavlobis mqone bavSvebi erTi
da imave tempebiT daaxloebiT erTnair progress aRweven. Tumca, zafxulSi is
bavSvebi, romelTa ojaxebsac ar aqvT wignebi an inteleqtis sxva stimulatorebi,
gacilebiT CamorCebian privilegirebuli ojaxebis Svilebs. Tu Raribi bavSvebi
gadian specialur sazafxulo programebs, maTi progresi ukve SesamCnevi xdeba.
mkvlevarebis umetesoba eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom mSoblebis monawil
eoba ganaTlebaSi exmareba bavSvebs, warmatebas miaRwion skolaSi (klarki 1983w.
1990w.koulmani, 1987w. koulmani da hoferi, 1987w. epStaini, 1986w. 1987w. riCi,
1986w.). Tumca, muSaTa klasis mSoblebis aqtiurobis gazrdac ki, savaraudod,
ver aRmofxvris gansxvavebebs kulturul kapitals Soris, romelic SeZlebuli
ojaxebis bavSvebs SesamCnev upiratesobas aniWebs.
trekingi da testireba
510
iReben, ver wonis im danakliss, romelsac bevri umcrosklaseli ganicdis, rodesac
maT e.w. `neli moswavleebis~ gverdiT svamen naklebad rTuli programebis gasav
lelad. amis Sedegia is, rom trekingi aravisTvis ar aris calmxrivad sasargeblo
(glazeri, 1990w.). magram is ise farTodaa gamoyenebuli, rom aSS-s TiTqmis yvela
sajaro skolis moswavleebi xdebian misi msxverpli ganaTlebis romelime etapze
mainc (ganaTlebis erovnuli asociacia, 1990w.). sociologebi amis mizezs eZeben.
erTi pasuxi exeba Zalauflebisa da misi urTierTobebis safuZvlebs. saSualo
da maRali fenis mSoblebi, romlebsac warmatebuli Svilebi hyavT, iwoneben tre
kings, radgan Tvlian, rom es aris saukeTeso saSualeba mastimulirebeli garemos
uzrunvelsayofad, rac xels Seuwyobs maT kolejisTvis mzadebas. iqidan gamom
dinare, rom mSoblebs Soris araTanabradaa ganawilebuli gavlena ganaTlebis
mxriv, maswavleblebi, direqtorebi da skolebis sabWoebi iZulebulebi arian, us
minon maT. maTi survilebis ugulebelyofas SeiZleba skolisTvis mZime Sedegebi
mohyves _ anu mSoblebma TavianTi Svilebi kerZo skolebSi gadaiyvanon da saja
ro skolebic mxolod Raribebisa da umciresobebis ojaxebidan gamosul bavSvebs
darCebaT. es ara mxolod gamoiwvevs socialur-klasobriv segregacias, aramed
sajaro skolebs daukargavs saSualo klasis mSoblebis mxardaWeras, romlebsac,
Cveulebriv, ufro meti resursi aqvT skolebis dasaxmareblad. maTi statusidan
gamomdinare, maRali saSualo fenis mSoblebi upiratesobas aniWeben trekings.
ganaTlebis administratorebic, Tavis mxriv, cdiloben gamoiyenon sakuTari
gavlena trekingis mxardasaWerad. isini miiCneven, rom maRali SesaZleblobebis
mqone moswavleebiT dakompleqtebul klasebSi swavleba ufro saxalisoa da xSir
ad saukeTeso da `ufros~ maswavleblebs jildos saxiT amgvar klasebs aZleven
xolme. yvela am faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegad, trekingi kvlav ZalaSia, miuxe
davad imisa, rom kritikosebi eWvqveS ayeneben mis Rirebulebas (slevini, 1990w.).
cxadia, trekingi ar aris identuri aSS-is mTel teritoriaze. zog skolaSi
maRali kategoriis klasebi eqskluziuria maSin, rodesac sxva skolebSi ufro
inkluziuria da xSirad Riaa saSualo da saSualoze dabali fenis moswavleebis
Tvis, romlebsac potenciali gaaCniaT. Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor moq
medebs trekingis sistema. is yvelaze kargad muSaobs, anu qmnis met SesaZleb
lobas da exmareba met students, roca kategoriebs Soris aris mobiloba. am
sistemebSi studentebi Tavsuflad inacvleben erTi kategoriidan meoreSi imis
mixedviT, imatebs Tu iklebs maTi akademiuri moswreba. amgvar sistemebSi ara mxo
lod maRalia warmateba, aramed imdenad mcirea gansxvavebebi kategoriebs Soris,
rom dabali kategoriis moswavle Zalian ar CamorCeba maRal kategoriaSi moxve
dril Tanatols (gamorani, 1992w.). trekingi ufro kargad muSaobs, rodesac is
efuZneba moswavleebis individualur miRwevebs, anu imas, rac Seiswavles, da ara
inteleqtis testis maCveneblebs.
inteleqtis testi Tavdapirvelad sazRvravs imas, Tu romel kategorias See
sabameba moswavle, xolo Semdeg emsaxureba imis gansazRvras, aqvs Tu ara moswav
les kolejSi swavlis gagrZelebis potenciali. bevr qveyanaSi kolejSi misaRebad
gamocdebis Cabarebaa saWiro. es gamocdebi Cveulebriv afaseben studentis mier
standartuli saswavlo programis codnas, romelic saerToa saSualo skolebis
511
yvela moswavlisaTvis. Tumca, aSS-Si ar aris aseTi saerTo standarti skolebis
warmatebis gasazomad. imis magivrad, rom gavzomoT studentebis realuri codna,
Cven veyrdnobiT `inteleqtis~ testebs, romlebidanac yvelaze cnobilia SAT-i
(scholastic aptitutde test). am testebze dayrdnoba asaxavs ara mxolod erTiani saskolo
programis deficits, aramed im mniSvnelobasac, rasac amerikelebi SesaZleblo
bebs Soris sxvaobas aniWeben.
SAT-i zomavs akademiur potencials da Semdgomi swavlisTvis mzadyofnas, Tum
ca, misi oponentebi amtkiceben, rom testis Sedegebi uSualo kavSirSia moswavlis
ojaxis SemosavalTan: rac ufro dabalia ojaxis Semosavali, miT ufro dabalia
SAT-is saSualo qula (ix. sqema 12.2). Savkanianebi da sxva eTnikuri umciresobis
warmomadgenlebi ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre TeTrkanianebi, xolo qalebs
mamakacebze cudi Sedegi aqvT (manzo, 1994w.) (ix. sqema 12.3). rogorc Cans, SAT-is
`inteleqti~ imgvaradaa ganawilebuli, rom is asaxavs sazogadobaSi simdidrisa
da Zalauflebis ganawilebas.
wyaro: kolejis damamTavrebeli kursis stundetebis Sesaxeb erovnuli angariSi. 1994w. ga
naTlebis testirebis samsaxuri 1995w.
512
wlis Semdeg maT Secvales qulebis dajamebis sistema. axla moswavleebis Sedegebi
ricxobrivad ufro maRalia. magaliTad, adre Tu romelime moswavles verbalur
nawilSi qonda 500 qula, axla es qula 560-s udris. ETS amiT imedovnebda, rom sa
Sualo ricxobriv qulas Seusabamebda testis zogad maCvenebels, rac bolo dros
aRar xdeboda, radgan testis Cabarebis mosurneTa uzarmazarma armiam saSualo
maCveneblis qvemoT daweva gamoiwvia. dajamebis axalma sistemam azrTa sxvadasx
vaoba gamoiwvia. zogi miiCnevs, rom am sakiTxis garSemo wamoWrili uTanxmoebis
gadasawyvetad saWiroa erTiani erovnuli standartis SemoReba, romelic yvela
skolisTvis savaldebulo iqneba da testebic Seafasebs konkretuli sagnis swav
lis dones. Tumca, saxelmwifo standartis SemuSavebis yvela mcdeloba mZafr
politikur winaaRmdegobas gadaawyda.
sqema 12.3 / rasa da SAT-is qulebi, cväilebebi procentul maCveneblebSi 1976 wlidan.
raze migvaniSnebs SAT-is qulebSi rasobrivi gansxvaveba? umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi,
savaraudod, naklebs gamoimuSaveben da maTi Svilebic TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT cud sko
lebSi swavloben. xom ar vakvirdebiT kidev erT kavSirs ganaTlebas, Semosavalsa da SAT-is
qulebs Soris? yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda Savkaniani moswavleebis qulebi, rac, albaT, gafarToebuli saganmanaTleblo
da ekonomiuri SesaZleblobebiT aixsneba.
wyaro: ketlin kenedi manzo `SAT-is qulebi agrZelebs amJamindeli tendenciis SenarCune
bas~, SavkanianTa sakiTxi saSualo ganaTlebaSi 11. #14 (1994 wlis 4 seqtemberi):11.
skolis mitoveba da
gaunaTlebloba
arakvalificiuri samsaxurebic ki dRes saSualo ganaTlebis diploms iTxovs.
miuxedavad amisa, yovel wels milionobiT amerikeli moswavle anebebs Tavs swavlas
513
da ar amTavrebs saSualo skolas. swavlis mitovebis mizezebi mravalia: identifi
kaciis nakleboba mrCevlebTan da maswavleblebTan, gamoucdeli maswavleblebi,
romlebic ar cdiloben, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion sust moswavleebs
da swavlisaken `Semoabrunon~; aseve, mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebisa da Rireb
ulebebis nakleboba, romlebic xels uwyobs moswavles, darCes skolaSi; pasiuri
mSoblebi da uazro wesebis mqone skolis mkacri biurokratia (d. mani, 1986w. ren
doni da metiusi, 1989w.).
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadasturda, rom eTnikuri umciresobis war
momadgeneli moswavleebi ufro xSirad anebeben swavlas Tavs, vidre sxvebi. adre
Zalian bevri Savkaniani tovebda skolas swavlis damTavrebamde, dRes maTi ricxvi
SedarebiT Semcirda (amJamad daaxloebiT 30% anebebs swavlas Tavs), magram, miuxe
davad amisa, Savkaniani moswavleebis mier swavlis Sewyvetis maCvenebeli mainc
aRemateba TeTrkanianebis imave maCvenebels (daaxloebiT 20%). skolis mitovebis
maCvenebeli laTinoamerikelebs Soris skandalis mizezi gaxda aSS-Si (50 %) (aSS-
is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro). es maCvenebeli aseve maRalia im moswavleebis So
ris, romlebic erT-erT mSobelTan izrdebodnen (mSoblebi daSorebulebi iyvnen,
an romelime gardacvlili iyo). mokled rom vTqvaT, socialurad, akademiurad da
ekonomiurad araprivilegirebul moswavleebs ufro aqvT perspeqtiva, swavla naad
revad Sewyviton (ekstromi da sxvebi, 1986w. natrielo, palasi da makdili, 1986w.).
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, saskolo aqtivobebSi monawileobis miRebis Sewyveta da
skolis mitoveba, skolebis mimarT gamoxatuli winaaRmdegobis ukiduresi for
maa. uilisisa da folis mier Seswavlili bevri axalgazrda mxolod imitom Cerde
boda skolebSi, rom asaki ar uwyobda xels, mietovebinaT swavla. am kategoriis
bavSvebis ojaxebis Seswavlam naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu rogor yalibdeba skolebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli damokidebuleba. ted okeim da filip kusakma (1995w.)
Seiswavles 12 TeTrkaniani SuadasavleTeli ojaxi. maT aRmoaCines, rom skolebis
mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ojaxebSi erTi Taobidan meores gadaecemoda.
bavSvebis mSoblebi arad agdebdnen skolasa da ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas, Tavis
droze maTac ukiduresad negatiuri mogonebebi akavSirebdaT skolebTan.
514
bobdnen, cudad swavlobdnen an saerTod ar swavlobdnen, ar emorCile
bodnen brZanebebs, sabolood ki Tavisi nebiT anebebdnen skolas Tavs
an direqcia agdebda maT. maT axasiaTebdaT indiferentizmi swavlis
mimarT da arad agdebdnen dapirebul jildoebs. ufro metic, ojaxebSi
_ gansakuTrebiT es exeba umcros Taobas _ isini ismendnen mSoblebis
ambebs usamarTlobaze. `skola aris cudi gamocdileba~ _ es iyo ojax
uri istoriis nawili, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda (gv. 256).
515
dris adgilisa da drois amocnoba. gamokiTxulTagan 40 milions anu or mesameds
damTavrebuli ar hqonda saSualo skola; gamokiTxulTa 25%-is, anu 50 milionis
codna Seesabameboda meore dones anu maT SeeZloT martivi rukis wakiTxva, mar
tivi formis Sevseba da teqstSi konkretuli informaciis migneba (kirSi da sxvebi,
1993w.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom Tanamedrove Sromis bazari dasaqmebis mosurnee
bisgan ZiriTad ganaTlebas moiTxovs, gasakviri araa, rom wera-kiTxvis ucodin
arobis maCvenebeli saerTo SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca. rogorc Cans, skolebi ver
asruleben ZiriTad funqcias, radgan maTi moswavleebis umravlesobas kiTxvis
unar-Cvevac ki ara aqvs gamomuSavebuli.
skolebis uunaroba moswavleebisaTvis wera-kiTxvis swavlebasTan dakavSire
biT kamaTis sagania. deivid hokinsi (1990w.) amtikcebs, rom skolaSi aswavlian
mxolod asoebis cnobas, marTlwerasa da gramatikas, magram skola ar aRZravs mo
tivacias moswavleebSi, radgan ar sTavazobs maT mdidar da maTTvis saintereso
sakiTxav masalas. rodesac moswavleebs avaleben mxolod gakveTilebis daswav
las, maT ekargebaT interesi, waikiTxon klasgareSe literatura.
ganaTlebis reforma
516
ramdenad bevrs elian amerikelebi sakuTari ganaTlebis sistemisgan. gamomdinare
im faqtidan, rom ganaTleba exeba bavSvebs, es sakiTxi ojaxsa da zneobasac ukav
Sirdeba. amas emateba isic, rom skolebis Senaxva Zviri jdeba da, ZiriTadad, ga
dasaxadebisgan miRebuli TanxebiT finansdeba, amitom skolebi xSirad xdeba maTi
samizne, romlebic samTavrobo biujetis Semcirebas iTxoven. debatebi, Tu ra da
rogor unda iswavlon bavSvebma, jer kidev mimdinareobs.
1993 wels, Gallup Poll-ma (elami, rouzi da gelapi, 1993w.), daadastura, rom
maTi respondentebis 47%-ma kiTxvaze: SeefasebinaT adgilobrivi sajaro skola,
Sefasebad `5~ an `4~ mianiWa. gasaocaria, rom saxelmwifo sajaro skolebis Se
fasebisas respondentTa mxolod 19%-ma misca maT igive Sefaseba. Tumca, rodesac
respondentebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT skolebi, sadac maTi ufrosi Svilebi da
diodnen, 72%-ma `5~ da `4~ Sefaseba daafiqsira. es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro meti
adamiani icnobs skolebs, miT ufro maRalia maT mier skolebis Sefaseba. es ten
dencia iZleva daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas imis Taobazec, rom `ndobis krizisi~
sajaro skolebSi media fenomenis saxiT arsebobs, anu yvelam `icis~, rom is arse
bobs, magram arsebobs rogorc abstraqtuli ram. miuxedavad gadasaxadebis mimarT
sajaro protestisa, gamokiTxulTa zustad 90% fiqrobda, rom `ufro meti Tanxa
unda ixarjebodes sajaro skolebis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad Rarib Statebsa
da TemebSi~, xolo 68%-ma survili gamoTqva, gadaexada ufro maRali gadasaxadi
qalaqSi mdebare skolebis gamosworebis mizniT (elami, rouzi da gelapi, 1993w.).
517
SavkanianebisTvis. realurad, Savkaniani ganmanaTlebelis buker T. vaSingtonis
(1856 _ 1915w.) moRvaweobisa da SavkanianTa saswavleblebis daarsebis (fiskis
universiteti (1866w.), hovardis universiteti (1967w.), tugalos koleji (1869w.)
da taskegis instituti (1881w.) Semdeg mimdinareobs debatebi imasTan dakavSire
biT, Tu sad ufro kargad swavloben Savkanianebi _ calke Tu TeTrkanianebTan
erTad. magram 1950 wlisaTvis gaizarda SeSfoTeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom seg
regirebul skolebSi Savkanian bavSvebs cudad emsaxurebodnen. TeTrkaniani mx
ardamWerebis meSveobiT amerikelebma sarCeli Seitanes sasamarTloSi. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gaxda saqme _ `brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~.
desegregaciis procesi kidev ufro daCqarda 1964 wels samoqalaqo ufle
bebis Sesaxeb kanonis damtkicebis Semdeg; 1965 wels ki amoqmedda federaluri
programa, romelic miznad isaxavda federaluri sajaro skolebis daxmarebas.
amasTan, federauli dafinansebis miRebis winapiroba iyo rasobrivi integra
cia (tiuberi, 1990w.). 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad,
sociologebis jgufi jeims koulmenis monawileobiT (1966w.), Seudga aSS-is sa
jaro skolebSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Seswavlas. koulmanma aRmoaCina, rom
arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa skolebs Soris
erT moswavleze daxarjuli Tanxis, Senobis siZvelis, biblioTekis, saxelmZR
vaneloebis raodenobis, maswavleblebis daxasiaTebisa da klasebis zomebis mxriv,
mniSvnelovnad ar aisaxeboda swavlaze. am mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo moswavlis so
cialuri garemo _ gansakuTrebiT ojaxis wevrebisa da Tanatolebis damokide
buleba da qceva _ rac ganapirobebda konkretuli bavSvis warmatebas an waru
mateblobas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, skolebs naklebad SeeZloT, moexdinaT
bavSvis SesaZleblobebis kompensireba, rodesac maT ar SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT
mniSvnelovani SemecnebiTi unar-Cvevebi (kiTxva, wera, angariSi, mosmena da me
tyveleba, problemebis gadaWra) saklaso oTaxis gareT (klarki, 1990w.).
mas Semdeg, koulmanis daskvnis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom socialurad ukeTes
mdgomareobaSi myofi bavSvebi, savaraudod, ufro warmatebulebi iyvnen skolaSi,
sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom yvela bavSvi unda sargeblobdes uflebiT swavlobdes
skolaSi, sadac SedarebiT ganawilebulia `ukeTes~ mdgomareobaSi myofi da maTgan
gansxvavebuli bavSvebi. radganac `ukeTesi~, `upiratesi~ mdgomareoba Seesabameba
rasas, am interpretaciam safuZveli Cauyara bavSvebis gadanawilebas skolebis
sistemaSi, umTavresad basingis (ganxilulia qvemoT) meSveobiT. TviTon koul
mani didi xnis ganmavlobSi ebrZoda amgvar gadawyvetilebas. koulmanis angariSma
safuZveli Cauyara kompensirebul ganaTlebas, gamdidrebul programas, romelic
exmareboda Savkanian moswavleebs, dasweodnen privilegirebul studentebs.
koulmanis angariSis gamoqveynebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg kristofer jen
ksma da misma kolegebma erTi nabijiT daxvewes koulmenis diagnozi gamokvlevaSi
`uTanasworoba~ (1972w.). jenksma aRmoaCina, rom swored saklaso oTaxis gareT ar
sebuli socialuri uTanasworoba ganapirobebda uTanasworobas saklaso oTaxSi;
amtkicebda, rom skolebs arafris gakeTeba SeeZloT am mxriv, isini ver moaxdend
nen saswauls. skolebis reformireba ver Secvlida Zalebisa da privilegiebis
ganawilebas, rac yovelTvis iyo amerikuli socialuri wyobis nawili. jenksis
518
azriT, amis gamosasworeblad uTanasworobaze ieriSi unda mietanaT pirdapir,
ekonomikuri zomebiT da ara skolebis reformirebiT.
erTi saSualeba skolebis sistemaSi uTanasworobis gamosasworeblad aris
dasaxlebis diskriminaciuli formiT gamowveuli rasobrivi disbalansis sapir
ispiro moqmedeba _ basingi. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis basingis wyalobiT
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda segregiacia skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT qveynis samxreTiT.
misi efeqturobisa da amerikelebis umetesobis mier integraciis mxardaWeris
miuxedavad, basingi arasodes yovila popularuli (formizano, 1991w.). basingis
oponentebi Relaven sakuTari Svilebis usafrTxoebaze, ar moswonT, rodesac
bavSvebi dros avtobusebiT mgzavrobaSi kargaven, imis nacvlad, rom saSinao dava
leba akeTon saxlSi an klasgareSe saqmianobas mihyon xeli da sinanuls gamoTq
vamen samezoblo skolebis gauqmebis gamo (armori, 1989w.). basingis dawuneba ar
niSnavs rasizms (SavkanianTa nawilic ewinaaRmdegeba mas); iyo dro, rodesac bas
ingis oponentoba gamoiwvia Sidarasobrivma konfliqtebma, romelic integracias
mohyva Sedegad (olzaki, Senanhani da uesti, 1994w.).
rodesac basingi savaldebulo xdeba, mSobelTa nawils sakuTari Svilebi saja
ro skolebidan gamohyavs da an kerZo skolebSi gzavnis, an mTeli ojaxi metwilad
TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionSi gadadis sacxovreblad. aseT adgilSi, Sesa
bamisad, basingic ar aris saWiro. TeTrkaniani ojaxebis samezobloebidan gasvlis
process (ojaxebisa, romlebic basingsa da rasobrivi integraciis sxva formebs
gaurbian), TeTrkanianTa gadineba ewodeba. es fenomeni ara mxolod uTxris Zirs
disegregacias, aramed amcirebs gadasaxadebisgan miRebul dafinansebas, radgan
teritorias saSualo fenis TeTrkanianTa ojaxebi toveben. zog adgilas, sadac
basingi savaldebulod gamocxadda, TeTrkanianTa gadinebis done SeSfoTebis
sagnad iqca (armori, 1989w. toiberi, 1990w.). magaliTad, virjiniis Statis qalaq
norfolkSi federalurma sasamarTlom gamosca basingis SeCerebis brZaneba,
raTa SeeCerebina TeTrkanianTa ojaxebis gadineba samezoblodan (armori, 1991w.).
Tumca, samxreTis zog qalaqSi mainc dafiqsirda TeTrkanianebis gadineba, miuxe
davad imisa, rom am adgilebSi basingi arasdros yofila gamoyenebuli rasobrivi
integraciis saSualebad. amgvar SemTxvevebSi TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier gadadg
muli nabiji mxolod integrirebuli ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg protestis forma
iyo. martivma rasizmma SeiZleba motivacia misces TeTrebis gadinebas. integri
rebuli skolebi, savaraudod, safrTxes Seuqmnian maTi Svilebis ganaTlebas da
maT sakuTar socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas maSin, rodesac gaizarda
konkurencia samsaxurebisTvis (mikelsoni da rei, 1994w.).
skolebSi Tanabari SesaZleblobis Sesaqmnelad meore mcdeloba aris dadeb
iTi diskriminacia anu diskriminaciisA aRmofxvris meqanizmi SavkanianebisTvis
konkurentuli Sansebis gazrdiT.
GganaTlebaSi dadebiT diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze gaxmau
rebuli sakiTxia Caricxva kolejebsa da universitetSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dadebiTi diskriminacia xSiradaa miCneuli warsulis danaSaulebis gamosworebis
mcdelobad (gansakuTrebiT es exeba afroamerikelebis monobas da xangrliv dis
kriminacias), is ufro dRes arsebuli uTanasworobis aRmofxvriskenaa mimar
519
Tuli, romelic saTaves Tanamedrove diskriminaciis formebisgan iRebs. ufro
metic, dadebiTi diskriminaciis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom dRes Savkanianebs
`arasamarTlianad~ aqvT miniWebuli upiratesobebi. yofili moswavleebis,
sportsmenebis, gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli studnetebisa da zogadad
SeZlebuli TeTrkanianebis Svilebs umciresobebamde didi xniT adre iRebdnen
kolejSi (ridi, 1995w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadebiTi diskriminacia xels uwyobs Savkanianebis prog
ress, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba maT Sorisac aRiniSneba. nawili fiqrobs, rom Savkaniani
studentebi met warmatebas aRweven iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arian TeTrkanianebi
da sadac maT miRwevebsa da warmatebebs marTla afaseben (traubi, 1994w.). bevri
TeTrkaniani (da araSavkaniani eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi, ufro
metad azielebi) Riad daupirispirdnen konservatorebis mier wamowyebul dadeb
iTi diskriminaciis process. miuxedavad SiSisa, rom Savkaniani studentebi daum
saxureblad miiTviseben TeTrkanianebisTvis gankuTvnil adgilebs kolejebSi,
rasobrivi segregacia mainc moqmedebs. es gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi aRiniSneba
(efelbomi, 1991w.), Tumca, seleqciuri kolejebi xSirad ver pouloben afro-
amerikeli an laTinoamerikeli studentebis sakmaris raodenobas, romlebmac
warmatebiT daasrules saSualo skola, raTa Caricxon am jgufSi. amgvari kole
jebi xSirad amartiveben miRebis kriteriumebs umciresobebisTvis. amisaTvis iy
eneben damatebiT programebs da imedi aqvT, rom arc studentebi daakleben cdas
warmatebis misaRwevad. rasakvirvelia, arseboben iseTi Savkaniani da laTino-
amerikuli warmoSobis studentebi, romlebic warmatebas dadebiTi diskrimina
ciis gareSec miaRwevdnen. kritikosebi miiCneven, rom dadebiTi diskriminacia mx
olod Crdils ayenebs maT niWierebasa da miRwevebs.
520
mxriv, mraval problemaze miuTiTeben: vauCerebi TiTqmis arasdros eyofa kerZo
skolebSi swavlis gadasaxads; ar arsebobs kerZo skolebis sakmarisi raodenobac;
SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos arCeul skolamde transportirebis xarjebi; kerZo
skolam SeiZleba uari gamoucxados miRebaze Rarib moswavleebs, umciresobebs,
unarSezRudulebs an maT, vinc kargad ver flobs inglisurs (korvini da dianda,
1993w.). vauCerebis sistemis SemoReba, _ amtkiceben oponentebi, _ kidev ufro
gaaZlierebs skolebis stratifikacias, radgan saukeTeso da yvelaze SeZlebuli
moswavleebi gadavlen sajarodan kerZo skolebSi, xolo sajaro skolebi darCeba
mosaxleobis yvelaze daucvel fenas (astini, 1992w.).
skolebis dafinansebis reformirebisaTvis kidev erTi SemoTavazebaa priva
tizacia, romelic gulisxmobs skolebis funqciis gadaqcevas biznesad an gare
organizaciad. zogadad, privatizacia ufro ekonomikuri iqneba anu SesaZlebeli
iqneba ukeTesi ganaTlebis miReba nakleb fasad. miuxedavad imisa, rom zog TemSi
ukve scades privatizacia, am programam ver gaamarTla. 1989 wels bostonis uni
versitetma Tavis Tavze aiRo masaCusetsis Statis qalaq CelsiSi arsebuli prob
lemuri sajaro skolis marTva. jerjerobiT SeimCneva mxolod mokrZalebuli
progresi daswrebis, gamocdebis Sedegebis, mitovebis maCveneblisa da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis maCveneblebis mxriv (ganaTlebis daijesti, 1993w.). Tumca, baltimo
ris sajaro skolis gamocdileba sruliad gansxvavebulia. 1992 wels cxra sajaro
skolis mmarTveloba gadaeca komerciul firmas saxelwodebiT Education Alterna-
tives, Inc. (EAI). EAI amtkicebda, rom is SeZlebda, gaeumjobesebina moswavleebis aka
demiuri moswreba, magram es ase ar moxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom EAI-is mier mar
Tuli skolebi sufTa da mowesrigebul SenobebSi iyo ganTavsebuli, moswavleebis
moswrebis xarisxi ar gazrdila maSin, rodesac kompaniam ramdenime milioni do
lariT meti daxarja, vidre sajaro skolebma (uelSi, 1995w.).
skolebis reformis kidev erTi aspeqti exeba moTxovnas skolebis ukeTesi
funqcionirebisa da angariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb. vauCerebis gegma angariSval
debulebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mcdelobaa: ukmayofilo mSoblebs SeuZliaT
Svilebi sxva sajaro an kerZo skolaSi gadaiyvanon. angariSvaldebulebis gaum
jobesebas xels uwyobs saxlSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobac. Cveulebriv,
kvals mivyavarT Sedegebamde anu im saboloo Sedegamde, rasac ganaTlebis sistema
iZleva. oponentebi, romlebic xazs usvamen angariSvaldebulebis mniSvnelobas,
amtkiceben, rom saskolo sistema ufro xSirad zrunavs zomebze da garegnul mxa
reze, magaliTad: skolis Senobaze, klasebis zomaze, maswavleblebis raodeno
basa da maTi xelfasis odenobaze, aseve TiToeul moswavleze gaRebul danaxar
jebze. maTi mtkicebiT, ufro mniSvnelovani unda iyos, Tu ra Seiswavles bavSvebma
skolaSi gatarebuli erTi dRis, erTi semestris an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
amgvari midgoma ganaTlebisadmi Sedegebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis (OBE)
saxeliTaa cnobili. am midgomis ZiriTadi koncefciis Tanaxmad, upirveles yov
lisa, skolebma mtkiced unda gansazRvron, ra aswavlon bavSvebs. yvela moswavlem
unda miaRwios dasaxul mizans da maTi winsvlac swored am miznebis SesrulebiT
unda iyos ganpirobebuli (uitmeri, 1993w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom es yvelaferi
Teoriulad gonivrulad JRers da bevr StatSi mzad arian mis misaRebad, es mid
521
goma mZafri kritikis saganicaa. Tavdapirveli kritika exeboda mosazrebas, rom
OBE ukan daswevda klasSi ufro gonier da karg moswavleebs, romlebic iZuleb
ulebi gaxdebodnen, emuSavaT konkretul Temaze manam, sanam yvela moswavle ar
aiTvisebda mas. aseve amtkicebdnen, rom maswavleblebi orientacias aiRebdnen
gamocdebze da moswavleebs miawvdidnen mxolod `swor pasuxebs~, rac Seafer
xebda sagnis Zirfesvianad Seswavlis process. ufro mZafri azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gamoiwvia Sinaarsis sakiTxma: konkretulad ra miznebs unda miaRwion moswavlee
bma? iq, sadac es midgoma dainerga, aRmoCnda, rom skolebis xelmZRvanelobam
konkretuli amocanebi ki ar dausaxa moswavleebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kiTxvis
unari, rom SesaZlebeli iyos sagazeTo statiis gageba, aramed iseTi zogadi amo
canebi, rogoricaa `dadebiTi socialuri, emociuri da fizikuri mdgomareobis
gamomxatveli qceva~; an, magaliTad, `yvela studentma unda moipovos codna da
eziaros sxvadasxva kulturasa da cxovrebis stils~ (mano, 1995w.). amgvari bun
dovani miznebiTa da amocanebiT Zalze gaWirdeba imis gageba, SeZles Tu ara mo
swavleebma am amocanebis Sesruleba. ufro metic, am miznebis nawili gamoricxavs
erTmaneTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri ganmanaTlebeli jer kidev uWers mxars
am midgomas, saWiroa konkretuli miznebis dasaxva, raTa angariSvaldebuleba rea
lobad iqces.
522
durebis gaumjobesebisa da SesaZleblobebis gazrdis Taobaze. magaliTad, wode
ba `ufrosi maswavlebeli~, rac maRal anazRaurebasac gulisxmobs, gamoiyeneba
gamoCenili maswavleblebis dasajildoeblad. maswavleblebis momzadebis mcde
lobebi xSirad ar amarTlebs, radgan isini zrdian Sesaswavli kursebis raodeno
bas da yuradRebis miRma toveben Sesaswavl sagnebs. alternatiuli mosazrebis
mixedviT (romelic jer ar aris gaziarebuli), maswavlebelma jer unda moipovos
xarisxi mis mier arCeul saganSi, airCios ganaTlebis kursi universitetSi, rac
dagvirgvindeba magistris xarisxiT ganaTlebaSi. Sedegad ganaTlebis profesia
sxva profesiebs miuxlovdeba. kritikosTa nawili miiCnevs, rom profesionaliza
ciis amgvari mcdeloba ufro met sargebels `maswavlebel ganmanaTleblebs~ anu
ganaTlebis profesorebs moutans, vidre maswavleblebs an moswavleebs (larebi,
1992w). profesionalizaciisken mimarTuli mcdelobebi xSirad uyuradRebod
tovebs saklaso oTaxebSi gamoCenil kreatiulobas an Sesaswavli sagnis codnas.
isini ufro mimarTulia kvlevebze orientirebuli `mecnierebis~ _ pedagogikis
Sesaqmnelad. cxadia, profesionali maswavleblebis saWiroeba dgas. maswavleb
lebs sWirdebaT treningebi, rogorc ganaTlebaSi aseve im sagnebSi, romlebsac
aswavlian. isini imsaxureben mxardaWeras, rac ZiriTadi komponentia ganaTlebis
nebismier sistemaSi. amJamad sazogadoeba mets moiTxovs maswavleblebisgan,
moCvenebiT Tanadgomas uwevs maT da xSirad ar imetebs Seqebas maT mier gaweuli
SromisTvis.
Sejameba
523
4. studentebma SeiZleba garkveuli qcevebiT uaryon skolis Rirebulebebi
da procedurebi. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba ukuSedegi gamoiRos, radgan is
skolis damarcxebas da misi funqcionirebis naadrev Sewyvetas niSnavs. da
bali fenis studentebis mier skolebis mimarT gamoxatuli winaaRmdegoba
xels uwyobs sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturebis SenarCunebas.
5. me-20 saukuneSi mkveTrad gaizarda ganaTlebis moculoba, romelsac amerike
lebi iReben. yovel wels milion amerikelze meti iRebs bakalavris xarisxs.
sul ufro matulobs iseTi samsaxurebis raodenoba, romlebisTvisac aucile
belia xarisxi. samuSaoebis sul ufro mzardi ricxvi iTxovs umaRlesi do
nis ganaTlebas da praqtikas, romelsac `kredencialebs~ uwodeben. kolejis
kursdamTavrebulis wliuri Semosavali TiTqmis orjer aRemateba skolis
kursdamTavrebulisas.
6. ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. am Sesa
ZleblobebiT, ZiriTadad, privilegirebuli ojaxis Svilebi sargebloben.
upiratesobiT sargebloben im mSoblebis Svilebic, romlebic saTanadod
zrunaven Svilebis ganaTlebaze da amisTvis Sesabamisi kulturuli kapi
talic moepovebaT.
7. `trekingi~ aris studentebis maTi SesaZleblobisa da interesebis mixedviT
dajgufebis praqtika. trekingis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom amgvari dayofa
efuZneba socialur klass da verc erTma gamokvlevam ver daadastura, rom
bavSvebi ufro ukeT iTviseben, Tu Tanabari SesaZleblobebis TanatolebTan
erTad swavloben. trekingis sistema yvelaze ukeT iq muSaobs, sadac xdeba
mobiloba danayofebs Soris da mxedvelobaSi miiReba studentis konkretu
li warmatebebi da ara inteleqtis testSi aRebuli qulebi.
8. skolebis damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebis daaxloebiT 20% ar am
Tavrebs skolas. amgvari studentebis umetesoba, Cveulebriv, adreuli
wlebidanve ver ewyoba skolas da maTi ojaxebic datvirTulia `uaryofiTi
kulturuli kapitaliT~. im studentebs, romlebic mxolod ramdenime wels
swavlobdnen skolebSi, rogorc wesi, uWirT wera-kiTxva. rogorc Cans, fun
qciuri ganaTleba problematuri xdeba aSS-Si.
9. skolebis reformirebis ramdenime mcdeloba iyo aSS-Si. yvelaze did miR
wevad, albaT, skolebis disegregacia iTvleba, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebiT saqmis _ `brauni
ganaTlebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg~ (1954w.) _ ganxilvisas. am
gadawyvetilebiT rasobriv safuZvelze segregirebuli skolebi arakonsti
tuciurad gamocxadda. manamde TeTrkanianTa skolebs upiratesoba hqondaT
SavkanianTa skolebTan SedarebiT. skolebSi rasobrivi balansis miRwevis
erT-erTi meTodia basingi (sxvadasxva rasis moswavleebis avtobusiT trans
portireba erTi adgilidan meoreze), rasac mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba
mohyva. pozitiurma diskriminaciam, romelic gulisxmobs umciresobebis
warmomadgeneli studentebisaTvis SeRavaTebis dawesebas kolejebSi Cari
cxvisas, xeli Seuwyo SavkanianTa progress, magram es reforma mainc iwvevs
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas.
524
10. kidev erTi reforma gulisxmobs skolebis privatizacias an skolebis mar
Tvis Cabarebas kerZo saagentoebis an kompaniebisTvis da agreTve skolebis
arCevans, rac gamoixateba, magaliTad, vauCerebis sistemis gamoyenebaSi.
privatizacias sxvadasxva Sedegi mohyva. vauCerebis sistema, rac gulisxmobs
biujetis Tanxebis gadanawilebas kerZo da religiur skolebSi, garkveul
wilad problematuria da bolomde danergili ar aris.
11. moZraobam, romelic mimarTulia angariSgebisken ganaTlebaSi, safuZveli
Cauyara e.w. Sedegze dafuZnebul ganaTlebas. am midgomis mixedviT, bavSvebs
unda daesaxoT konkretuli gegma, romlis warmatebiT Sesrulebac maT winsv
las ganapirobebs. am midgomasac mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavs.
12. ganaTlebis profesionalizaciis mcdelobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, Tumca
miuxadavad am sakiTxis mniSvnelobisa, nebismier saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
amerikel maswavleblebs sxvebTan SedarebiT dabali statusi da xelfasi aqvT.
am situaciis gamosworebis gzad moiazreba maswavlebelTa daxelovnebisaken
mimarTuli reformebi.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
525
3. mkveTrad gaizarda amerikelebis mier skolaSi gatarebuli wlebis raode
noba. ramdenadaa es saWiro ganaTlebisaTvis axali funqciuri moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad da ramdenad miewereba es kredencializms?
4. dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi ufro socialur cvlilebebs
uwyobs xels Tu arsebuli kulturis SenarCunebas, roca mas erTi Taobidan
meores gadascems?
5. Tqveni azriT, ra aris ganaTlebis sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani miznebi?
ra reformebi Seuwyobda xels ganaTlebis amerikul sistemas am miznebis miR
wevaSi?
sityvari
526
Tavi 13
religia
religiis definicia
religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi
. kultura: religiuri rwmenebi da simboloebi
. socialuri qmedeba: religiuri praqtika da gamocdileba
. socialuri struqtura: religiuri Temi
. religia da funqciuri integracia
. Zalaufleba religiur TemebSi
religiuri inovaciebi
. mormonTa mimdevrobis Camoyalibeba . gaerTianebuli eklesia
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: mrevlis maCveneblis dadgena;
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
religia amerikis sajaro skolebSi
527
528
i s izidavs milionobiT adamians; mis mxardaWeras SeuZlia daamxos xelisuf
lebebi; mis sityvas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos saxelmwifo da saerTaSo
riso politikaze; is bestseleris avtoria; mTel msoflioSi milionobiT bavSvs
arqmeven mis saxels pativiscemis niSnad. misi saxelia ioane-pavle II _ kaToli
kuri eklesiis sulieri lideri da mraval kaTolikur qveyanaSi yvelaze gavleni
ani adamiani. 1994 wels swored misi Carevis Sedegad Seicvala angariSi kairoSi
gamarTul gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze, romelic mosaxleobis Temas eZ
Rvneboda. dokumentis pirvel versiaSi naTqvami iyo, rom aborti yvela qalis
uflebaa. papis miTiTebiT, konferenciaze mivlinebuli vatikanis warmomadgen
lebma laTino-amerikelebisa da abortis mowinaaRmdege muslimuri qveynebis war
momadgenlebTan erTad Secvales es dokumenti da masSi Caiwera: `araviTar SemTx
vevaSi ar unda iyos miCneuli ojaxis dagegmarebis gzad~ (Time, 1994 wlis 26
dekemberi/1995 wlis 2 ianvari).
ralf rids, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis qristianuli koaliciis direq
tors marTalia romis papisnairi avtoriteti da gavlena ar gaaCnia, magram mainc
sakmarisi Zalaufleba aqvs. qristianuli koaliciis mizania `religiuri ufle
bebis~ gamyareba (ZiriTadad, skolebSi) locvebiT da abortis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebiT. ridis jgufis damsaxurebaa 1994 wels warmomadgenelTa palataSi
respublikelebis mier 32 adgilis mopoveba. am mxardaWeris sanacvlod ridi da
misi jgufi kongresis daxmarebas iRebs sakuTari memarjvene saqmianobebisaTvis.
1996 wels gamarTuli saprezidento arCevnebisas respublikelTa kandidatebs
nabijic ar gadaudgamT ridTan konsultaciis gareSe da maTi winasaarCevno kampa
nia, ZiriTadad, ridis samoqmedo gegmaze iyo morgebuli. qristianuli koaliciis
samizne skolebis sabWoebicaa. ridis azriT, `amerikis momavali komfortul ofis
Si msxdomebze ar aris damokidebuli. amerikis momavals skolebis mmarTvelebi
ganapirobeben~ (Time, 1995 wlis 15 maisi, gv. 31). konservatori qristianebi, rom
lebic qristianuli koaliciis wevrebi ar arian, ar erevian religiis saqmianoba
Si, magram maT SeZles, ise waremarTaT sakuTari saqme, rom amerikuli politikis
centrSi aRmoCeniliyvnen.
religiis gavlena sxva qveynebSic SeimCneva. Crdilo afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleT
Si, indoeTsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis zog regionSi, ebrael, muslim da induist
fundamentalistTa seqtebi cdiloben sakuTari rwmena adamianebs Tavze moaxvion,
rasac xelisuflebaze aqtiuri zewoliT xSirad warmatebiT axerxeben kidec.
am magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom dRes religia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
mTels msoflioSi dawyebuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis Seqmnidan, damTavre
buli politikaze gavleniT. amave dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom religia dRes
msoflioSi arsebuli mravali socialuri institutidan erT-erTia. milionobiT
adamiani ar eqceva religiis gavlenis qveS da arc mis politikaze gavlenas aqcevs
yuradRebas. arsebobs uamravi agnostikosi da aTeisti, romlebic antipaTiurad
arian ganwyobilebi religiis mimarT. arcTu ise didi xnis win gavrcelebuli lo
zungi _ `RmerTi mokvda~ _ TiTqos religiis dasasrulis dasawyisi iyo. bevri
529
adamiani fiqrobda, rom mecnieruli codna da racionaluri azrovneba ubralod
amoZirkvavda religias. ase ar moxda, magram religia Seicvala axali azrovnebiT.
misi dakninebis sanacvlod, warimarTa procesi, romelsac sociologi stiven uor
neri (1993w.) `religiuri adapturobis~ aRmavlobas uwodebs. es imas gulisxmobs,
rom religiuri mravalferovnebisagan Seqmnili safrTxis sapasuxod, zogma re
ligiurma liderma ufro aqtiurad daiwyo sakuTari religiuri mrwamsis gacxade
ba, axali wevrebis mozidva da politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba sakuTari
religiuri miznebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. amgvar mcdelobebs xSirad uweven
winaaRmdegobas sxva religiuri da arareligiuri liderebi, romlebic saxelm
wifosa da eklesiis erTmaneTisgan mkacri gamijvnisaken mouwodeben adamianebs.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiis sociologiis Seswavlisas Cven vikv
levT damokidebulebasac religiasa da saero cxovrebas Soris.
religiis definicia
530
xelmZRvanelebic ki ramdenime wels ixdidnen sasjels im federalur samsaxureb
Si SeWrisa da gaZarcvisaTvis, romlebic maT saqmes iZiebda.
aris Tu ara saientologia religia? pasuxi Zalin did interess iwvevs: is mniS
vnelovania bevri mSoblisaTvis, romelTac surT, rom sasamarTlo daexmaros maT
im bavSvebis `Wkuaze moyvanaSi~, romlebic, mSoblebis azriT, eklesiam ideologi
urad daamuSava (tvini gamourecxa). pasuxi mniSvnelovania im adamianebisTvisac,
romlebic fiqroben, rom maT saientologiam dauziana emociuri janmrTeloba,
gauniava danazogi an gaakotra maTi ojaxebi. pasuxi ainteresebT saqmosnebsac,
romlebmac saqme daiWires saientologiasTan dakavSirebul adamianebTan. pasuxi
mniSvnelovania eklesiis im wevrebisaTvis, romlebsac surT sazogadoebis aRi
areba da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba maT mier gaRebuli wvlilis sanacvlod.
erTi sityviT, pasuxi kiTxvaze: `aris Tu ara saientologia religia~ _ udavod
mniSvnelovania mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
eklesiia konstituciuri ZaliT gamijnulia saxelmwifosagan, amitom aSS-is
mTavroba, rogorc wesi, ar ereva Sida religiur sakiTxebSi, magram iqidan gamom
dinare, rom religiuri organizaciebi gaTavisuflebulebi arian gadasaxadebisa
gan, mTavrobam unda gadawyvitos, SeiZleba Tu ara ama Tu im jgufisaTvis religiis
statusis miniWeba. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri uflebamosilia, uari ganucxa
dos gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebaze nebismier TviT-aRiarebul re
ligiur organizacias, romelic xels uwyobs calkeuli pirebis gamdidrebas, fa
rulad monawileobs politikur procesebSi da arc danaSaulis Cadenas erideba.
aseve, samsaxurs SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom ekelesias hqondes mrwamsi, oficialuri
doqtrinis forma da RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgili, sistematurad
atarebdes krebebs da aRavlendes RvTismsaxurebas. (podusi, 1996w.). Sida Semo
savlebis samsaxuri 1960-iani wlebidan ebrZvis saientologiur eklesias. Tavda
pirvelad maT daadgines, rom Tanxa, romelsac eklesias konsultaciebisaTvis
uxdidnen (am Tanxas saientologistebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben maTi re
ligiisaTvis), realurad iyo anazRaureba miwodebuli momsaxurebisaTvis, rac
ar eqvemdebareboda gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebas. es gadawyvetileba 1989
wels miiRo uzenaesma sasamarTlom. Tumca, 1993 wels Sida Semosavlebis samsax
uri sruliad sawinaaRmdegod moiqca, rodesac saientologistTa eklesiasTan
gauxmaurebeli SeTanxmeba dado. am samsaxuris meryevi pozicia adasturebs, rom
sazogadoebis bevri nawilisTvis mniSvnelovania, Tu sad gadis zRvari religiur
da komerciul organizacias Soris, (podusi, 1996w.). magaliTad, espaneTSi mTav
robam qveynidan gaaZeva saientologistebi, avstraliis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ki
organizacia oficialurad aRiara religiad (uilsoni, 1990w.).
rogorc es magaliTi adasturebs, religis definicia ukiduresad rTuli
saqmea. aucilebelia Tu ara, rom religia aRiarebdes zebunebriv qmnilebas? es
Tu asea, maSin diskvalificirdeba Cinuri konfucianeloba, romelic cxovrebis
marTebuli gzis swavlebaa. aucilebelia Tu ara, rom religia aRiarebdes erT
uzenaes qmnilebas an RmerTs? am SemTxvevaSi, religiis statusi unda CamoerTvas
induizms, romelic mraval RmerTs aRiarebs. sakmarisia Tu ara `xsnis~ elementi
imisaTvis, rom jgufi religiad aRiaron? am SemTxvevaSi religiebis CamonaTvals
531
unda gamoakldes EST da sxva fsiqoTerapiuli jgufebi adamianis potencialis
moZraobidan. realurad, religiis arc erTi definicia ar aris yvela religiis
Tvis damakmayofilebeli da misaRebi.
religiis sociologiuri ganmarteba yuradRebas amaxvilebs sam ZiriTad ele
mentze, romelzec saubrobs sociologiis yvelaze gavleniani damaarsebeli emil
durkhaimi (1912-1965w.w.). pirveli elementia rwmena. rogorc meoTxe TavSi davi
naxeT, rwmena aris kulturis ZiriTadi elementi. bevri religiuri adamianisaTvis,
RmerTis an uzenaesi qmnilebis rwmena yvelaze mniSvnelovania. meore _ religia
ar aris ubralod is, risic adamianebs swamT, aramed isic, Tu ras akeTeben es ada
mianebi. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri sociologiuri definicia yuradRebas amaxvi
lebs socialuri praqtikis arsebobaze, rac aris socialuri moqmedebis mkacrad
organizebuli forma. am moqmedebebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia ritualebi,
magaliTad, Tayvaniscemis ceremoniebi. religia aseve gavlenas axdens socialur
moqmedebaze, roca miTiTebas aZlevs morwmuneebs, gadadgan konkretuli nabi
jebi an Tavi Seikavon, SeizRudon raRacisgan. magaliTad, Seasrulon aTi mcneba
an daicvan oqros wesebi. mesame, religiis gansazRvrebisas, sociologiebi svamen
kiTxvas: gaCnda Tu ara mrevli? `religia, _ amboben isini, _ unda aerTianebdes
adamianebs socialur struqturaSi da awesrigebdes urTierTobas zneobisadmi
erTgulebisa da kargi an cudi saqcielis standartebis mixedviT.
532
religiur rwmenas Teizmi ewodeba. Teizmis mixedviT, swored Zlevamosili
zebunebrivi arsebebi monawileoben dedamiwaze ganviTarebul movlenebSi. mono
Teistebs anu 1.8 miliard qristians, 17 milion ebraelsa da 950 milion muslims
(enciklopedia britanika, 1992w.) swamT erTi zebunebrivi Zalisa _ RmerTisa, iah
vesi an alahisa. maTgan gansxvavebiT, poliTeistebs, ramdenime RvTaebisa swamT.
dRes 720 milion induss (romelTa umetesoba indoeTSi cxovrobs) aqvs bevri mci
re da xuTi mTavari RmerTis panTeoni, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, brahmanis ufro
maRali da wminda principis gamovlinebaa.
sxva regionebSi rwmenebi Tavmoyrilia ufro zebunebrivi Zalis, vidre zebune
brivi qmnilebis irgvliv. magaliTad, polinezielebs swamT Zalisa, romelsac ma
nas uwodeben. maTi rwmeniT, mas SeuZlia Casaxldes adamianebsa da sagnebSi. qariS
xals gadarCenil kanoeze an fermerze, romelic yovel wels uxv mosavals iRebs
polinezielebi amboben, rom isini manas floben. religiuri rwmenis amgvari tipi
ufro preindustriuli qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
emil durkhaimi iyo pirveli sociologi, romelmac scada adamianis religiu
ri rwmenis axsna. durkhaimma (1912-1965w.w.) gansazRvra, rom `sakraluri~ da `miwi
eri~ religiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. `sakralurSi~ is gulisxmobda yvelafer
imas, rac calke dgas yoveldRiuri yofisagan da iwvevs SiSsa da mokrZalebas. `mi
wieri~ ki aris yvelaferi rutinuli da Cveulebrivi. Cveulebriv, xalxi miawers
rames `sakralur~ Tvisebebs, xolo religia, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs socialur
erTobas da qmnis moralur da eTnikur erTsulovnebas. durkhaimis mixedviT,
religiis definiciis umniSvnelovanesi elementia is, rasac sazogadoeba `sakra
lurs~ uwodebs.
durkhaimma pirvelad avstralieli aborigenebis gamokvleva daiwyo. misi az
riT, avstraliel aborigenebs yvelaze martivi sazogadoebrivi wyoba hqondaT
da, aqedan gamomdinare, religiac martivi unda hqonodaT. aborigenTa religiis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia totemi: sagani (an cxoveli, mcenare), romelic
klanis simboloa da klani sakralurad miiCnevs. durkhaimi dainteresda klanisa
da sakraluris ormxrivi simbolizmiT. is amtkicebda, rom totemis TayvaniscemiT
aborigenebi gamoxatavdnen sakuTari klanis mimarT mowiwebas. durkhaimma daaskv
na, rom religiuri rwmeneba momdinareobs adamianebis gamocdilebidan socialur
ZalebTan dakavSirebiT _ ZalebTan, romlebic gavlenas axdenen maT cxovrebaze.
magaliTad, RvTaebrivi qmnilebis rwmenebi momdinareobs im faqtidan, rom Cven im
kulturis nawilebi varT, romelic Cven gareSe arsebobs da ar aris Seqmnili Cven
mier. `Cven vlaparakobT enaze, romelic Cven ar Segviqmnia,~ _ werda durkhaimi, _
`vxmarobT iaraRebsa da xelsawyoebs, romelic Cven ar gagvikeTebia, vicavT ufle
bebs, romlebic Cven ar dagviwesebia... codnis saganZuri Taobidan Taobas bune
brivad gadaecema~ (durkhaimi, 1912-1965w.w. gv. 212). Cvenc garegani wyaroebis mier
varT Seqmnilni _ wyaroebisa, romlebsac ver vakontrolebT da, Sesabamisad, is
Cvens mowiwebasa da SiSs iwvevs. igive ideaa samyaros Semqmneli RmerTis rwmenac.
dRes amerikaSi religiaze metad garkveuli ZiriTadi rwmenebi mZlavrobs (The
Gallop Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis ianvari, 1995 wlis Tebervali). amerikelTa daax
533
loebiT 96%-s swams RmerTis, 90 procenti aRiarebs samoTxis arsebobas da 73 %-s
swams jojoxeTis arsebobisa. amerikelTa ori mesamedi aRiarebs eSmakis arsebo
bas da 72%-s swams, rom angelozebi arseboben. magistraturisa da doqtorantu
ris kursdamTavrebulebi, liberaluri ideologiuri midrekilebebisa da maRali
Semosavlis mqoneni ufro skeptikurad arian ganwyobilebi am fenomenebis mimarT.
savaraudod, xandazmulebs ufro sjeraT eSmakis an jojoxeTisa, vidre axalgaz
rdebs. angelozebisa da saswaulebisa mamakacebze xSirad qalebs swamT (Sesaba
misad 78,65% da 86 da 71%).
garda RmerTebisa, sulebisa an zebunebrivi Zalebisa, religiebis umetesoba
aerTianebs moralur principebs. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris marTebuli da ra _
ara, ra aris kargi da ra _ cudi, ar aris mxolod abstraqtuli idea. es aris garkve
uli SemoTavazeba, arCevani, Tu rogor unda moiqce. religiis mimdevrebma am prin
cipebis mixedviT unda warmarTon yoveldRiuri cxovreba (gelneri, 1972w.). zog
nonTeistur religiebSi (anu religiebSi, romlebic ar aRiarebs RmerTs an RvTae
bas), zneobrivi principebi yvelaze mniSvelovania. magaliTad, budistebi nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben budas morCilebas, samagierod cdiloben daicvan is suli
eri da eTikuri principebi, romelic budam daawesa `oTx keTilSobil WeSmarite
baSi~. sxva religiebi, romlebic aseve amaxvileben yuradRebas zneobrivi miznebis
miRwevaze, aris konfucianeloba da taoizmi. orive maTgani CineTidan gavrcelda.
uklebliv yvela religia, gamoixateba simboloebiT an iseTi sagnebiT, romleb
sac damatebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. araferi ar aris TavisTavad simboluri. adami
anebi Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu ra aris simboluri mniSvneloba da Semdeg aniWeben am
mniSvnelobas sityvebs, moqmedebebs, sagnebs. magaliTad, qristianuli ziarebis
ceremonia Sedgeba simboluri moqmedebebisagan (Rvinisa da puris miReba, ro
melic saidumlo serobas aRniSnavs) da simboloebisagan (puri da Rvino ganasax
ierebs qristes xorcsa da sisxls). durkhaimi amtkicebs, rom amgvari religiuri
simboloebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs e.w. `koleqtiur reprezentacias: komuni
kacias didi socialuri organizaciebidan calkeul pirovnebebamde~. amgvarad,
ziarebis ceremoniaSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva simboloebi metyveleben yvela im
adamianis saxeliT, romlebic iziareben qristianul sarwmunoebas (wina Taobebis
CaTvliT) da monawileoben ziarebaSi.
socialuri qmedeba:
religiuri praqtika da gamocdileba
534
religia socialuri moqmedebaa im kuTxiTac, rom morwmuneebi gamoxataven Ta
vianT rwmenas da gadascemen mas sxvebs, eZieben zebunebriv gzas, pativs miageben
RvTaebebs. religiuri praqtika sxvadasxva formisaa. SeiZleba iyos gaziarebuli,
savaldebulo an arCeviTi, mkacrad struqturizebuli an SemoqmedebiTi. musika,
cekva, locva, meditacia, nadimi da marxva im moqmedebebis mcire CamonaTvalia,
romelic religiis saxeliT sruldeba.
zogi religia SeiZleba daiyos ritualebad an im standartul moqmedebebad,
romlebic sruldeba ceremoniebis an sxva mniSvnelovani SemTxvevebis dros.
rituali aris simboloTa mniSvnelobis gamoxatva da am mniSvnelobis gaZliere
ba monawileTaTvis. qristianobaSi naTlobisas wyliT ganwmendis rituali an
iudaizmSi Toras kiTxva miznad isaxavs Rrma sulieri mniSvnelobis gadmocemas
da monawileebisaTvis religiuri erTobis grZnobis gaRvivebas (duglasi, 1970w.
glukmani, 1962w. erneri, 1970w.). ritualebi SeiZleba iyos sekularuli, magram am
SemTxvevaSi, mas naklebi siwminde miewereba. magaliTad, mosamarTlis darbazSi
Semosvlisas, fexze wamodgomis rituali nergavs kanonisadmi pativiscemasa da
morCilebas.
religia moicavs araritualur moqmedebebsac. es moqmedebebi gulisxmobs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamosayeneb moralur miTiTebebsa da akrZalvebs. ebrae
lebs nabrZanebi aqvT miiRon mxolod maTi reliigis mier nebadarTuli sakvebi.
qristianebi `ise unda moeqcnen sxvebs, rogorc maT surT, rom sxvebi moeqc
nen~. muslimebs ekrZalebaT sxva muslimebisaTvis gasesxebul fulze procentis
moTxovna. zogi qristianuli mimdevrobis wevrebs evalebaT bevri Svilis gaCena,
raTa gazardon qristianTa ricxvi. sxva mimdevrobebi ki, piriqiT, iwoneben ubi
woebas, radgan fiqroben, rom sqesobrivi cxovrebisgan Tavis Sekaveba adamianebs
RvTaebriv siwmindeebTan aaxloebs. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom re
ligia xels uwyobs rogorc socialuri moqmedebebis, aseve rwmena-Sexedulebebis
organizebas.
is, vinc amtkicebs, rom ama Tu im religiis mimdevaria, xSirad ar icavs am reli
giisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela rituals. yvela qristiani ar dadis eklesiebSi da
vinc dadis, yvela rodi iRebs ziarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa 60 %-is
azriT, religias `Zalian mniSvnelovani~ adgili ukavia maT cxovrebaSi, mxolod
30%-ma ganacxada, rom eswreba RvTismsaxurebas kviraSi erTxel mainc (ix. sqema
13.1). kiTxvaze _ daeswrnen Tu ara isini RvTismsaxurebas eklesiaSi an sinagogaSi
gasul kviras _ gamokiTxulTa 38%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca (Gallop Poll monthly,
1995 wlis Tebervali). Tumca, arsebobs varaudi, rom es pasuxebi simarTles ar See
sabameba da maCvenebeli gadaWarbebulia. monacemTa ramdenime sxvadasxva wyaros
gamoyenebiT (ix. kvlevis meTodebis yuTi), erT-erTma kvlevam aRmoaCina, rom pro
testantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris eklesiaSi siarulis maCvenebeli sinamdvileSi
gamokiTxulTa pasuxebiT miRebuli Sedegis mxolod naxevars Seesabameba (hadavei,
marleri da Cavesi, 1993w.). ufro metic, religiuri mimdevrobebis ricxvi, romelic
gamokiTxvebis mixedviT izrdeba, realurad mcirdeba. magaliTad, im amerikelTa
raodenobis mixedviT, romlebic amtkiceben, rom episkopalianelebi arian, am mim
dinareobis wevrebis ricxvi 1967-90 wlebSi 13%-iT unda gazrdiliyo maSin, roca
535
realurad 28%-iT Semcirda. mkvlevarebi am gansxvavebas miaweren respondentTa
survils, warmoCindnen rogorc socialuri normisa da wesis damcvelebi (eklesi
uroba sasurveli Tvisebaa).
sqema 13.1 angariSi religiur msaxurebaze daswrebis Sesaxeb, 1967 -1994w.w. ga
suli sami dekadis ganmavlobaSi im amerikelTa ricxvi, romlebic kviraSi erTxel mainc es
wrebodnen RvTismsaxurebas 40 %-dan 30 %-mde Semcirda, xolo maTi ricxvi, vinc `iSviaTad~
an `arasodes~ eswrebian msaxurebas 11 %-dan 40 %-mde gaizarda.
wyaro: erovnuli sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis centris mier Catarebuli kvlevebi. `ameri
ka: morwmuneTa qveyana~. The American Enterprise, 1990 wlis noeber-dekemberi, gv. 97; Gallup
Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis Tebervali.
cxrili 13.1
religiuri moqmedebebisa da rwmenebis Sedareba sxvadasxva
kulturul jgufebs Soris, 1981-1983w.w.
qveyana eklesiaSi religiuri Tavs miiCneven swamT swamT swamT
yovelTviurad gaerTianebebi religiurebad RmerTis sicocxlisa eSmakis
mosiaruleebi sikvdilis
Semdeg
536
RvTismsaxurebas regularulad yvelaze xSirad kaTolikeebi eswrebian. Sem
deg modian protestantebi da Semdeg ebraelebi (Imerging Trends, 1987 wlis noem
ber-dekemberi). es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva mniSvnelo
bidan, romelsac sxvadasxva religiis mimdevrebi msaxurebaze daswrebas aniWeben.
danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT, amerikelebi sakmaod religiurebi aRmoCndnen
(ix. cxrili 13.1. gaiTvaliswineT, rom cxrili respodentebis mier mowodebul mo
nacemebs eyrdnoba).
garda ritualuri moqmedebebisa, religias axasiaTebs Zlieri emociebi, rom
lebic zrdis misi mimdevrebis ricxvs da aZlierebs maT rwmenas (starki da beinbri
ji, 1985w.). zog SemTxvevaSi religiuri gancda gulisxmobs zebunebrivi qmnilebis
an Zalis mTeli sisavsiT SegrZnebas. am process SeiZleba Tan axldes sulieri gan
wmendis grZnoba. e.w `xelaxla dabadebis~ gancda, rac Tan axlavs fundamentalur
qristianad moqcevas, xSirad swored aseT grZnobas iwvevs (tiptoni, 1982w.). zogi
muslimuri jgufi mimarTavs ritualur cekvebsa da yvirils, riTac cdilobs
cnobierebis Secvlas. sxva religiebis mimdevrebi imave mdomareobis misaRwevad
narkotikul saSualebebsac iyeneben. religiuri gancda SeiZleba RvTaebriv Za
lasTan kontaqtis damyarebasac gulisxmobdes. adamianma SeiZleba ganacxados,
rom miaRwia RvTaebriv netarebas. am gancdasTan miaxloebulia sxva adamianebTan
erTobis grZnoba (gansakuTrebiT, imave religiuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan)
an Zlieri kavSiri bunebasTan. rogorc ritualebi, aseve maTi wyalobiT miRebuli
gancdebi ganpirobebulia religiuri simboloebiTa da rwmeniT.
kvlevis meTodebi
k irk hadaveis da mis kolegebs (1993w.) eWvi gauCndaT, rom respodentebis pasuxebis mixed
viT dadgenili eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa maCvenebeli araswori iyo. bolos da bolos, yve
las unda, rom sxvebis TvalSi ukeTesi gamoCndes. da Tu kulturuli normebis mixedviT, eklesi
aSi siaruli sasurvelia, gasagebia, rom kiTxvaze _ ramdenad xSirad dadis is eklesiaSi,
adamianma araswori pasuxi gasces. es ar niSnavs imas, rom respondentma moatyua interviuerebi.
es, ubralod, adamianebis kargi zraxvebidan momdinareobs da `sasurvels~ asaxavs. maS, rogor
unda miiRon mkvlevarebma monacemebi, romlebic sinamdviles Seesabameba?
hadaveim da misma kolegebma Seamowmes eklesiaSi siarulis sixSire or sxvadasxva jgufSi:
ohaios Statis protestantebSi da aSS-Si kaTolikeTa arCeul eparqiebSi. mkvlevarebma ori sxva
dasxva meTodi gamoiyenes kvlevis Catarebisas. protestantebis SemTxvevaSi maT Seagroves sami
sxvadasxva monacemi: (1) sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa ricxvi satelefono gamokiTxvis meS
veobiT (2) eklesiaSi siarulis maCvenebeli aseve satelefono gamokiTxvis meSveobiT da (3) ekl
esiaSi siarulis realuri maCvenebeli qveyanaSi mcxovreb yvela protestants Soris. SemTxvevi
Ti wesiT SerCeuli 602 respondentis satelefono gamokiTxvis Sedegad mecnierebma daadgines,
rom protestantebis ricxvi 66565-ia da maTgan mxolod 36% iyo eklesiaSi gasuli Svidi dRis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg, mecnierebma daadgines protestanuli eklesiebis ricxvi qveynis masSta
537
biT da mrevlis ricxovnobis savaraudo maCvenebeli daadgines eklesiebidan an msaxurebis dros
eklesiebis win mdgomi manqanebis ricxvis mixedviT. Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom 13.080 protesanti
dan eklesiaSi dadioda mxolod 19.6%, romelic odnav metia im gamokvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli
maCvenebelis naxevarze, romelic respondentebis pasuxebs eyrdnoboda.
igive mdgomareoba aRmoCnda kaTolikeebTanac. 1990 wels mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catare
bul gamokiTxvaze dayrdnobiT, mecnierebma gamoiangariSes kaTolikeTa ricxvi (mxolod zr
dasrulebis) TiToeul eparqiaSi (amaSi maT daexmara gamokiTxvaSi gamoyenebuli regionaluri
kodebi. rogorc wesi, eparqia ramdenime regions aerTianebs). Semdeg, mecnierebma eparqiebidan
moipoves eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa ricxvi _ kerZod, im adamianebis ricxvi, romelic Semodgo
mis erT konkretul SabaT-kviras daeswro RvTismsaxurebas. mecnierebma miRebuli maCvenebeli
Seadares satelefono gamokiTxvisas miRebul cifrs da aRmoaCines, rom maSin, rodesac kaTo
likeTa 51%-ma ganacxada, TiTqos eklesiaSi iyo gasul kviras, realurad maTi ricxvi mxolod 28
% iyo _ wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, naxevarze odnav meti.
kaTolikebi ufro xSirad amboben, rom eklesiaSi dadian, vidre protestantebi. maTi naTq
vamic ufro xSirad Seesabameba simarTles. Tumca, orive jgufis SemTxvevaSi zogadi Sedegi erT
nairi iyo: orive jgufis warmomadgenlebi aWarbeben, rodesac maT ekiTxebian eklesiaSi siaru
lis sixSiris Sesaxeb. am gamokvlevam daadastura, rom sociologebi sifrTxiliT unda moekidon
normatuli qmedebis Sesaxeb mopovebul iseT monacemebs, romlebic mxolod respondentebis pa
suxebzea damokidebuli. mkvlevarebma amgvari saxis kiTxvarebis Sedegebi sxva saSualebebiTac
unda gadaamowmon.
538
romis papi xelmZRvanelobs. religiuri jgufebis socialuri struqtura Sedgeba
sxvadasxva saxis organizaciebisagan, rogoricaa centraluri ofisebi, sasuliero
seminariebi, gamomcemlobebi, romlebic locvansa da religiur wignebs beWdaven,
ziarebisTvis saWiro puris da mgalobelTa Sesamoselis sadistribucio kompanie
bi, axalgazrduli banakebi da saerTaSoriso misiebi. religiur jgufebs aqvT
garkveuli struqtura adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiTac. mag
aliTad, adamianebi, rogor wesi, imave religiis warmomadgenlebze qorwindebian.
qristian mlocvelTa jgufebi sxvadasxva sawarmoebsa da korporaciebSi xels uwy
oben rogorc Sesabamisi biznesis, aseve religiis ganviTarebas.
mrevlis wevrTa ricxvi damokidebulia sazogadoebis tipze. mcirericxovan
tomebSi religia vrceldeba TiToeul wevrze da cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. oja
xuri da politikuri problemebis gadaWrisas adamianebi daxmarebisaTvis uxmoben
winaparTa sulebs. maT ekiTxebian rCevebs avadmyofis gankurnebisaTvis, Tesvisa
da mosavlis aRebisas. religiuri mrevli da sazogadoeba erTi da igivea (kalhauni,
1980w. evans-pritCardi, 1965w. fortesi, 1969w.). ufro did da kompleqsur sazoga
doebebSi religia SedarebiT izolirebulia _ ojaxur sakiTxebTan dakavSire
biT adamianebma SeiZleba rCevisaTvis sasuliero pirs miakiTxon, magram rode
sac saqme janmrTelobas exeba, eqimTan midian sakonsultaciod; aseve, bankirs
akiTxaven, rodesac investirebasTan dakavSirebiT sWirdebaT rCeva. ufro metic,
ufro mravalricxovan sazogadoebebSi SeiZleba ramdenime religia arsebobdes
da TiToeul maTgans hqondes sakuTari eklesiebi, skolebi, saqvelmoqmedo dawe
sebulebebi da a.S.
539
qveynebSi ki, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi, ramdenime sxvadasxva
religia gverdigverd arsebobs. aseve gansxvavebulia religiurobis xarisxic.
SeerTebul StatebSi gamovlinda saeklesio msaxurebaze daswrebis erT-erTi
yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli (ix. sqema 13.1). zog qveyanaSi (mag., irani da didi bri
taneTi) xelisufleba oficialurad uWers mxars erT romelime religias. sxva
qveynebSi ki, romelTa ricxvSicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, eklesia da saxelmwifo
oficialuradaa gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan.
religiis mier dadgenili socialuri wesrigis legitimaciis erT-erTi saSua
lebaa gabatonebuli socialuri wyobis sanqcireba. gai svensonma (1974w.) Seiswavla
ormocdaaTi aradasavluri sazogadoeba. durkhaimis msgavsad, man gamoTqva mo
sazreba, rom sazogadoebebi sakuTar Tavs religiaSi warmoaCenen. magaliTad, is
sazogadoeba, sadac uxucesebs mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT, Tayvans scemda wina
prebs, xolo im sazogadoebaSi, sadac simdidre araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli, re
ligia xels uwyobda amgvari gansxvavebebis arsebobas Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi sasuliero pirebi, romlebic adamianebs mouwodeben, srulad
gamoavlinon sakuTari potenciali, emorCilebian amerikul Rirebulebebs, rac
gamoixateba ambiciurobasa da individualuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaSi.
dadgenili socialuri wesrigis religiuri legitimacia SeiZleba gamoxatuli
iyos formiT, romelsac sociologi robert bela (1970w.) erovnul an samoqalaqo
religias uwodebs. samoqalaqo religia aris eris, misi istoriis, Rirebulebebisa
da institutebis dakavSireba uflis wyalobasTan. samoqalaqo religiis kvlevam
dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebSi aCvena, rom bavSvebis 85%-s swamda, rom `amerika
dedamiwaze specialuri miznisaTvis gaCnda~, `amerikelebi rCeuli eria da maTi
warmateba RvTis mier maTi sikargisaTvis movlenili saCuqaria~ (Smidti, 1980w.).
mozrdilebis umetesobas sjera, rom Cvens qveyanas `RvTis kalTa mfarvelobs~ da
mTavrobis umaRlesi legitimacia RmerTisganaa naboZebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
amerikis konstitucia gasagebad krZalavs `raime saxis kavSirs saxelmwifosa da re
ligias Soris~, samoqalaqo religia gulisxmobs `zogad kurTxevas uflisagan~ _
RmerTisadmi Semweobis TxovniT iwyeba kongresis sxdomebi, politikuri partiebis
konvenciebi, ficis dadebis ceremoniebi, politikuri xasiaTis moxsenebebi yvela
prezidentis sainauguracio mimarTvis CaTvliT (garda erTisa _ jorj vaSingto
nis meored arCevisas warmoTqmuli sityva mxolod ori abzaci iyo).
samoqalaqo religia qmnis kavSirs sakralursa da sekularuls Soris. am pro
cesSi is adamianebs uRvivebs sazogado sargebelze zrunvisa da movlis grZnobas
(bela da hamondi, 1980w. koulmani, 1983w.). samoqalaqo religia SeiZleba iyos ro
gorc konservatuli, aseve liberaluri xasiaTisa da SeuZlia yuradReba gaamaxvi
los rogorc arCevanis Tavisuflebaze, aseve erTmaneTis mimarT valdebulebasa
da movaleobaze (vulsnou, 1988w.).
zogjer religiuri erTobis idea ufro radikaluri miznebis misaRwevadac
gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi franciskanelma berebma mTeli piradi
sakuTreba saerTo sargeblobad gamoacxades. maTi amgvari saqcieli msoflios
miuTiTebda, Tu ras niSnavda WeSmaritad qristianuli cxovreba. aman ki xeli
Seuwyo saeklesio ierarqiebs Soris konfliqtis gaRvivebas. msgavsi SemTxveva
540
moxda Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebis masStabiT SeSfoTebulma laTino-amerikelma mRvdlebma safuZve
li Cauyares Tavisuflebis Teologias. gaWirvebulebisa da usaxlkaroebis dax
marebisa da zrunvis mizniT, am adamianebma daaarses e.w. `eklesiuri Temebi~ anu
dasaxlebebi, sadac adreuli qristianebis msgavsad, qadagebdnen erTian brZolas
Cagvris winaaRmdeg (gutieresi, 1973w. 1983w. pena, 1994w.). Tavisuflebis Teolo
giam aRmasvlis mwvervals 1960-70-ian wlebSi miaRwia. Tumca misi gavlena bolo
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda garkveuli mizezebis gamo, kerZod: memarjvene
politikosebis gaZlierebis, laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi protestantuli evan
gelizmis popularobis zrdisa da romis kaTolikuri eklesiis arademokratiul
institutebTan konfliqtis gamo (smiTi, 1994w.). romis papma pirdapir miuTiTa
mRvdlebs, yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT sulier sakiTxebze da SeSvebodnen poli
tikas. Tavisuflebis Teologias kidev hqonda aRmavlobis Sansi, mis liderebs
rom warmodgena SeecvalaT politikisa da samoqmedo gegmis Sesaxeb da erTbaSad
ar moendomebinaT socialuri da politikuri fonis Secvla (levini, 1993w.).
541
garda amisa, religiis funqciebma an sxvadasxva religiam SesaZlebelia kon
kurencia gauwios erTmaneTs gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis gamo. TiToeul
eklesias Tavisi mrevli hyavs da sxvadasxva eklesias erTsa da imave sazogadoe
baSi xSirad uwevs erTmaneTTan brZola am sazogadoebis ufro didi nawilis
`dapatronebis~ mizniT. religiebis mier erovnuli da saerTaSoriso saeklesio
biurokratiis ganviTarebis procesis kvaldakval eklesia xSirad xdeba morw
muneebs Soris brZolis instrumenti. magaliTad, unda miiRos Tu ara qristian
ulma eklesiam homoseqsualebi da neba darTos Tu ara maT, iqadagon kidec? 1992
wels baptistTa samxreTulma gaerTianebam gadawyvita, rom ar iqneboda marTe
buli homoseqsuali wevrebis miReba da amitom Tavisi rigebidan garicxa Crdi
loeT karolinas ori kongregacia, romlebic ar daemorCilnen am gadawyvetile
bas. sazogadoebebis zrdasTan erTad, romelTa wevrebi sxvadasxva religiebis
mimdevrebi arian (iseve rogorc arareligiurebic), qiSpisa da konfliqtis saba
bic mravldeba. magaliTad, ebraelebi da sxva araqristiani adamianebi SeerTebul
StatebSi protests gamoTqvamen da amboben, rom qristianebi iyeneben sakuTar
Zalauflebas da religiur simboloebze uamrav fuls xarjaven (magaliTad, saSo
bao dekoreciebi) an xels uwyoben religiuri praqtikis damkvidrebas (rogoricaa
qristianuli locvebi skolebSi).
eklesiebi da seqtebi
542
cxrili 13.2
eklesia da seqta
wyaro: adaptirebulia liston poupiis wignidan `Millhand and Preachers: gastoniis samec
niero kvleva (ielis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1942w.)
543
uWers mxars sazogadoebis status kvos. inglisis eklesia, espaneTis kaTolikuri
eklesia da iranSi gabatonebuli Siizmi axlos dgas am idealur tipTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom troelSis aRweriloba namdvilad faseulia eklesiisa da
seqtis gansazRvrisas, zogi sociologi Tvlis, rom es modeli damabnevelia da ar
iZleva realuri religiuri institutebis klasifikaciis saSualebas. cxadia, arse
bobs iseTi eklesiebica da seqtebic, romlebsac miesadagebaT troelSis mier Camo
yalibebuli yvela maxasiaTebeli, magram amave dros arsebobs eklesiebi, seqtisaT
vis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT da, piriqiT, seqtebi, eklesiis maxasiaTeblebiT.
am faqtoris gamo bevri sociologi amjobinebs religiuri institutebis dayofas
mxolod erTi ganzomilebis mixedviT: institutis mier misi socialuri garemos
miReba an uaryofa (jonsoni, 1063w. starki da beinbriji, 1985w.). am SemTxvevaSi erT
mxares dgas socialur garemosTan gaigivebuli eklesia, xolo meore mxares _ se
qta, romelsac mudmivad daZabuli urTierToba aqvs farTo sazogadoebasTan. re
ligiuri jgufebis umetesoba am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi dgas.
am models upiratesoba im mxriv aqvs, rom is xazs usvams organizaciis dina
miurobas garemosTan daZabulobis Semcirebis an eskalaciis procesSi. magali
Tad, rodesac seqta moipovebs stabilurobasa da pativiscemas, is iwyebs ufro
harmoniul Tanacxovrebas sazogadoebasTan da TandaTan emsgavseba eklesias.
kultebi
544
arastandartulia, man SeiZleba warmoSvas opozicia mocemul socialuri garemo
Si da, Sesabamisad, `kultis~ iarliysac uaryofiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ase moxda
mama sun mung munis unificirebuli eklesiis SemTxvevaSi. mis mimdevrebs `munebs~
uwodebdnen. isini aqtiurad eweodnen propagandas quCebSi da cdilobdnen adamia
nebis gadmobirebas. winaaRmdegobis pasuxad, kultis liderebi, rogorc wesi,
cdiloben SeamWidrovon organizaciuli struqturebi, ufro mkafiod ganasxvaon
`Sinauri~ da `gareuli~ da ufro mkacrad moiTxovon erTguleba. kultebi, rom
lebic nebas rTaven sakuTar wevrebs, icxovron Cveulebrivi cxovrebis wesiT, nak
leb winaaRmdegobas xvdebian, vidre is kultebi, romlebic sakuTari wevrebisagan
Cveuli saqmianobis mitovebas moiTxoven imisaTvis, rom am kultis srulfasovan
wevrebad Camoyalibdnen.
sakiTxi imisa, aris Tu ara mocemuli religiuri jgufi eklesia, seqta Tu
kulti, damokidebulia Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis ganawilebaze. iseve, ro
gorc saientologiis SemTxvevaSi, is rac kultia erTi adamianisaTvis, meorisaT
vis religiaa. garda amisa, TandaTan mzard kultebsa da seqtebs eklesiebad Camo
yalibebis Sansi aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im seqtis _ kultis wevrebi SeiZleba
imedgacruebulebi darCnen, radgan, maTi azriT, religia ufro `sayoveldRiuro~
da naklebad `sakraluria~.
religiuri inovaciebi
545
mormonTa mimdevrobis Camoyalibeba
1830 wels, niu-iorkSi, vinme jozef smiTma, misi TqmiT, xilvebis Sedegad daa
arsa ukanaskneli dReebis wmindanTa ieso qristes eklesia, romelic mormonizmis
saxeliTacaa cnobili. smiTs jer kidev axalgazrdobaSi hqonda pirveli xilva. Ta
namedrove qristianuli seqtebis raodenobiT dabneulma smiTma RmerTs SesTxo
va, mieTiTebina misTvis, romelic maTgani iyo WeSmariti. is aRwers, Tu ra gadaxda
Tavs tyeSi, sadac RmerTs swori gzis Cvenebas evedreboda:
546
gaerTianebuli eklesia
jozef smiTis msgavsad, sun mung monma xilvis Sedegad daijera, rom rCeuli
iyo. muns ieso qriste gamoecxada da uTxra, rom man ver ganaxorciela sakuTari
misia _ ver gaaumjobesa kacobrioba da axla muns unda daesrulebina misi saqme.
momdevno ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, munma Camoayaliba Tavisi swavleba ko
reuli konfucianelobis, budizmis, taoizmisa da Samanizmis elementebis gamo
yenebiT. misi swavleba efuZneba qristianobis araorTodoqsul elementebsac,
romlebic warmoiSva protestanti misionerebisa da koreuli kulturis Sexve
dris Sedegad (qrisaidsi, 1001). unificirebuli eklesiis doqtrinis mixedviT
iesom gaaRo samoTxis karebi, magram jvarcmam xeli SeuSala mas, Camoeyalibebi
na WeSmariti ojaxi da gza gaexsna zeciuri samefosaken. am davalebis Sesruleba
meore mesias daekisra, romelic unda mosuliyo iseT adgilas, sadac mravali re
ligiis mimdevrebi da politikuri jgufebi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. doqtrinis
mixedviT aseTi adgili iyo korea.
meore mesias (anu advents) _ san mung muns RmerTis kurTxeviT unda mieRwia
sami ramisaTvis: pirovnuli srulyofisaTvis, SeWmariti ojaxisaTvis da idealuri
sazogadoebisaTvis. gamomdinare iqidan, rom is mesia iyo, munma miaRwia pirovnul
srulyofas. is daqorwinda, ris Sedegadac qveyanas moevlinen umanko bavSvebi da
amiT meore kurTxevac Sesrulda. am kurTxevis SesrulebisaTvis munma unifici
rebuli eklesiis wevrebic daaqorwina da amiT Seqmna wminda ojaxi (swored es dgas
unificirebuli eklesiis mimdevrebis masobrivi qorwinebebis ukan). idealuri
sazogadoebis an zeciuri samefos damkvidrebisTvis saWiroa bneli Zalebis gan
devna. muni didi xania ambobs, rom komunizmi, aris satanuri elementi dedamiwaze,
romelic unda ganadgurdes. orad gayofil koreaSi (komunisturi CrdiloeT ko
rea da kapitalisturi samxreT korea), sadac uamravi religiis mimdevrebi cxov
roben, munis moZRvrebam araerTi adamiani gaaerTiana. gasul wlebSi munma maRali
donis politikuri kavSirebiTa da ekonomikuri investiciebis meSveobiT srulad
gamoiyena komunisturi reJimis damxoba ruseTSi da kapitalizmis aRmavloba Ci
neTSi (qlifordi, 1990w.). politikur cxovrebaSi amgvari monawileoba ar gansx
vavdeba papis an zemoT ganxilul qristianuli koaliciis saqmianobisagan. isini
aseve asaxaven koreisaTvis tradiciul religiuri da politikuri Temebis urTi
erTkavSirs. magaliTad, konfucianeloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebul saimpera
toro dinastiasTan, xolo koreeli qristianebi asocirdebodnen antiiaponur
nacionalizmTan.
unificirebuli eklesiis doqtrina sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda, Tumca, kore
ulma fesvebma dakarga relevanturoba sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis. amgvar SemTxve
vebSi inovacia grZeldeboda. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesia adaptirda
da moergo amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel individualuri gamomsaxvelobas
(parsonil, 1989w.). interaqciis teqnika, moraluri praqtika da socialuri Cveule
bebi religiaSi saTaves iRebs amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli emociebis seku
547
laruli kulturidan. amave dros, unificirebul eklesias unda daemkvidrebina
mkveTri sazRvrebi sekularul amerikul sazogadoebasTan, raTa daecva sakuTari
rwmenis siwminde. es iyo taqtika, romlis saWiroeba koreaSi ar arsebobda.
548
_ dabadebisTanavea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba, rogorc kalvini ambobs,
damokidebulia RvTis mowyalebaze da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. arc erT ada
mians, sasuliero pirebis CaTvliT, ar SeeZlo uflis gegmebis Secvla da TiToeul
adamianTan dakavSirebiT misi Canafiqris gamocnoba. kalvinistebis amgvarma rwme
nam izolaciaSi moaqcia Tavad kalvinistebi. maTTvis sakuTari momavali burusiT
iyo moculi. am rwmenis mravali mimdevari cdilobda warmateba moepovebina da
amiT daedasturebina, rom RmerTis rCeuli iyo. warmatebis mopoveba ki gulisx
mobda dauRalav Sromas, sakuTari Tavis uaryofas, kargad gaTvlil investiciebs
momavali sargeblisaTvis _ anu garkveulwilad miwier asketizms. kalvinistebis
rwmena da doqtrina gamoixateba iseT gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa `dazogili peni
gamomuSavebuli penia~, `zarmaci eSmakis kerZi gaxdeba~ da a.S. amgvar gamoTqmebs
veberi protestantul eTikas uwodebs.
veberis azriT, am eTikam gaaZliera kapitalisturi suli, radgan is Sedgeboda
iseTi ideebisa da damokidebulebebisagan, romlebmac waaxalisa kerZo saqmiano
bebis wamowyeba. sul mcire, man waaxalisa kerZo mwarmoeblebi, (rogorc amas aris
tokratebi akeTebdnen) mogebuli Tanxa fufunebis sagnebze ki ar gaeflangaT,
aramed sxva saSualebebSi daebandebinaT. kalvinistebi motivirebulebi iyvnen
amgvari piradi msxverplis gasaRebad, radgan, maTi rwmeniT, materialuri keTil
dReobis uaryofa iyo gza saqmiani warmatebisaken, rac, Tavis mxriv, RmerTis mow
yalebas adasturebda.
veberis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma Rirebulebebma safuZveli
Cauyara kapitalizmsa da ekonomikis modernizacias, pirvelive dRidan azrTa sx
vadasxvaoba gamoiwvia (marSali, 1982w.). zogi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom veberis
mier aRwerili cvlilebebi ar Semoifargleboda mxolod protestantebiT da is
kaTolikeebsac Seexo. sxvebis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia relig
iuri cvlilebebi da ara piriqiT. da mainc, veberis Teoria imis SesaniSnavi maga
liTia, Tu rogor kveTs erTmaneTs religia da sekularuli samyaro. qristiano
bis ganwmendis mizniT religiuri rwmenebis Secvlis procesma xeli Seuwyo iseTi
Zalebis amoZravebas, romlebsac ekonomikuri sistemis Secvlis potenciali hqon
daT. amgvarad, veberi Seecada daemtkicebina, rom religiuri reforma da sazoga
doebis sekularuli sferoebis cvlileba SeiZleba erTmaneTis paralelurad gan
xorcieldes.
549
iyvnen Teologiuri moZRvrebebiT, wminda efeqti moaxdina religiur da
aralegiur aqtivobebs Soris zRvaris gavlebam.
reformaciam gamoiwvia is, rom azrovneba ufro racionaluri gaxda.
modernizacias Tan mohyva mecnierebis Seqmna da ganviTareba, ramac Ta
vis mxriv, gamoiwvia is, rom samyaros Semecnebis umTavresi instrumenti
gaxda sistematuri dakvirveba. rodesac adamianebs mecnierebis rwmena
uCndebaT da amas racionalurad xsnian, zebunebriv movlenebis Sesa
Zlebloba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT Sesustdes.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi ufro heterogenurebi arian tradiciul
sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT ara marto rasobrivi da eTnikuri, aramed
religiuri mravalferovnebis mxrivac. arsebobs uamravi religia. Se
sabamisad, Znelia airCio erTi maTgani, romelic absolutur WeSmarite
bas emsaxureba. am siZnelidan gamomdinare ki religiis avtoriteti Sei
Zleba kidev ufro dasustdes.
Tanamedrove cxovreba teqnologiuri miRwevebi da swrafi tempi yo
velTvis ar aris sulierebasTan SeTavsebadi. angelozebi mudmivad rom
gvesaubrebodnen _ ambobs sociologi piter bergesi (1979w.) _ Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovreba jer TandaTadnobiT Seneldeboda da mere saer
Tod Sewydeboda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis gadarCenisa da ganviTa
rebis mizniT aucilebelia, sekularuli sakiTxebs jerovani yuradReba
daeTmos.
550
rogorc dakninebul religias, aramed rogorc religiuri avtoritetis garkveul
Sesustebas (Cavesi, 1994w.). arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac eklesiebi efeqturad
Tanaarsebobda sekularul sazogadoebebTan da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
mis cxovrebaSi. Tu religiuri organizacia metismetad sekularizebuli gaxda
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, SeiZleba misi adgili romelime axalma da ufro aqti
urma religiam daikavos. amrigad, yovelTvis arsebobs balansi sekularizaciasa
da religiis gaaqtiurebas Soris (bekfordi, 1989w.). dabolos, is, rom adamianebi
ar gansazRvraven socialuri cxovrebis bevr aspeqts religiuri an sulieri kuT
xiT, ar niSnavs imas, rom isini naklebad afaseben sakuTari cxovrebis religiur
da sulier nawils. dRes eklesiebs aRar aqvT imxela gavlena, rogoric Sua sau
kuneebSi, magram im epoqaSi adamianebi ufro simpaTiiT iyvnen ganwyobilni reli
giis mimarT vidre axla. romelime rwmenis aRmsarebloba dRes ufro metad pirad
arCevans efuZneba vidre konkretuli religiuri jgufis Tandayolil wevrobas
(domerati, 1995w.).
fundamentalizmi
551
islamuri fundamentalizmi
iranis Sahma Tavisi qveyana axal, Tanamedrove epoqaSi Seiyvana navTobis saba
doebisa da amerikelTa samxedro mxardaWeris meSveobiT. Tumca, modernizaciam
sargebeli iranelTa mxolod mcirericxovan jgufs moutana. es gaxldaT mcire
elituri jgufi, romelic mzad aRmoCnda dasavluri ideebisa da cxovrebis wesis
misaRebad. iranelTa umravlesobas ki samuSao ar gaaCnda da gamudmebiT idevne
boda saidumlo policiis mier. mravali maTgani meCeTebSi Seikriba da Sahis ga
dayeneba dagegma, raTa qveyana dabruneboda WeSmarit islams, romelsac jer ar
Sexeboda dasavleTi. mTeli msoflios gasaocrad, iranis Sahma xeli moawera ga
dadgomis moTxovnas fundamentalistebisa da maTi lideris _ aiaTola ruhola
homeinis sasargeblod (abrahamiani, 1985w.)
iranis revoluciam gamoZaxili pova mTel muslimur samyaroSi. dRes, muslimi
fundamentalistebi aqtiuroben da Zalas ikreben iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa: eg
vipte, alJiri, erayi, nigeria, centraluri afrika, Razas seqtori da dasavleTis
sanapiro israelSi. am moZraobebs aerTianebT aqcenti religiur zneobaze; aseve,
ZiriTadi muslimuri swavlebebisaken dabrunebis survili da politikuri moq
medebis saWiroeba, romelic daamkvidrebs Teokratiul saxelmwifos. am moZrao
bis gavlenis srulad gagebis mizniT, Tvali gadavavloT islamis istorias.
islams safuZveli Cveni welTaRricxvis me-7 saukuneSi Caeyara, rodesac ala
his angelozi moevlina vaWar muhameds. muhamedis daarsebul religias bevri
saerTo aqvs iudaizmTan, qristianobasTan da sxva adreul tradiciebTan. ZiriTa
di gansxvavebaa yurani _ islamuri wminda wigni, sadac muhamedma alahis mcnebebi
Caiwera. muslimebi yurans alahis swavlebis gamoxatulebad aRiqvamen, romelic
ar eqvemdebareba arc interpretacias da arc gadaTargmnas.
islamSi, qristianobis msgavsad, bevri adgilobrivi variacia arsebobs. Tum
ca, yvela muslimi iziarebs saerTo tradiciebs da swams, rom `arra ars RmerTi
Tvinier alahisa da muhamedia mociquli misi~. dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela muslimi
loculobs dadgenili intervalebiT, Semosavlis nawils swiravs saqvelmoqmedo
miznebisaTvis, ramadanis TveSi mTel dRes marxulobs da Tu SesaZlebelia, si
cocxleSi erTxel mainc miemgzavreba saudis arabeTSi wminda qalaqis _ meqis _
mosalocad (haji).
islami misioneruli religiaa, romelic orientirebulia sxva adamianebis
islamze moqcevaze mTeli msoflios masStabiT. gafarToebis survilma da reli
giis dacvis movaleobam warmoSva jihadis tradicia, rac wminda oms niSnavs yve
las winaaRmdeg, vinc islams emuqreba. muslimebs swamT, rom vinc urjuloTa wi
naaRmdeg omSi daiRupa, wamebulia. pirvel msoflio omamde muslimebi marTavdnen
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis umetes nawils da mTel aRmosavleT teritorias Cine
Tamde, magram islamis warsulis dideba daCrdila bolodroindelma movlenebma,
kerZod, evropeli koloniistebis mier muslimTa dapyrobam, ramac iZulebuli
gaxada isini, eRiarebinaT israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. garda amisa, isr
aelma, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTis mxardaWeriT, ramdenjerme
daamarcxa muslimuri qveynebi. islamuri fundamentalizmi aris garkveuli mcd
552
eloba, `win aRudgnen istorias~ (hangeri, 1990w. gv. 60). bevri mgznebare muslimi
mouTmenlad elodeba im dRes, rodesac dasavluri kultura daemorCileba islams
(Sirli, 1995w.).
sxva faqtorebi, romlebic aseve ganapirobebs islamuri fundamentalizmis
aRmavlobas, aris sasowarkveTa, siRatake, imedgacrueba, romelic Tan axlavs
muslimur sazogadoebebSi religiuri avtoritetis defragmentacias, rwmenis
ganwmendis saWiroeba da fundamentalistTa jgufebisaTvis mfarvelebis gamo
Cena (aseTia iranisa da saudis arabeTis mTavroba (piskatori, 1994w.). magram islam
fundamentalistTa moZraoba ar aris monoliTuri. bevr qveyanaSi, magaliTad,
egvipteSi, alJirSi, eraysa da palestinuri gavlenis qveS myof sxva raionebSi
sxvadasxva fundamentalistTa jgufi erTmaneTs gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mo
sapoveblad ebrZvis. am metoqeobis Sedegi aris is, rom ideologia kidev ufro
gamZafrda da radikaluri gaxda. is fundamentalistTa sxvadasxva jgufs uki
duresobisa da agresiuli moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs.
yvelaze TvalnaTeli ganxeTqilebaa sunitebsa da Siitebis ganxeTqileba. am
SuRls safuZveli jer kidev me-7 saukuneSi Caeyara, rodesac ori jgufis warmo
madgenlebi erTmaneTs ZalauflebisaTvis ecilebodnen. arabTa liderebis umete
soba erayis, egviptisa da alJiris CaTvliT sunitebs miekuTvnebian. isini sakuTar
Tavs namdvil muslimebad miiCneven da meCeTisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis momxreni
arian. maTgan gansxvavebiT, Siitebs politikisa da religiis Serwymis xangrZlivi
gamocdileba aqvT. swored maT daamxes Sahis xelisufleba da irani Teokratiul
saxelmwifod gadaaqcies. fundamentalistTa TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi
irwmunebian, rom mxolod maT esmiT sworad maTi rwmenis `WeSmariti~ safuZvlebi,
rac sxva jgufTan xSiri konfliqtis mizezi xdeba.
muslimi fundamentalistebi dRes msoflios politikis centrSi arian. iranis
garda isini mraval sxva qveyanaSi moeqcnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi an mTavrobaSi
mainc. magaliTad, sudanSi gavrcelebuli islamis tipi istoriulad SedarebiT
mokrZalebulobiT gamoirCeva. es, nawilobriv, ganpirobebulia elituri sasulie
ro pirebis anu `molebis~ susti tradiciiT, romelic mZlavria iranSi. sudanur-
islamuri fundamentalizmi, romelic ufro politikuri instrumentia, miznad
isaxavs eTnikurad mravalferovani mosaxleobis gaerTianebas (viorsti, 1995w.).
fundamentalistebi mravali qveynis sekularul xelisuflebas emuqrebian. mag
aliTad, alJirSi, sekularuli elementebi jer kidev xelisuflebisa da samxedro
Zalebis mier kontroldeba, magram muslimi fundamentalistebi marTaven saTemo
cxovrebas skolebSi, saavadmyofoebsa da meCeTebSi (Sirli, 1995w.). msgavsi situa
ciaa TurqeTSic, sadac fundamentalistebis gaerTianeba qveynis yvelaze Zli
eri partiaa, rasac sxva qveynebi religiur mikerZoebad miiCneven. evrokavSirSi
TurqeTis wevrobaze SesaZlo vetos pasuxad, TurqeTis premier-ministrma ga
nacxada: `Tu Cveni evropeli megobrebi SeewinaaRmdegebian TurqeTis gawevriane
bas im motiviT, rom Cven sxva religiis aRmsareblebi varT, amiT isini qristianul
klubs Seqmnian da xels Seuwyoben msoflio ganxeTqilebas~ (New York Times, 1995
wlis 2 marti, gv. 1).
553
muslimma fundamentalistebma ieriSi adamianis uflebebis dasavlur cne
bazec miitanes. 1989 wels gamoqveynebulma salman ruSdis romanma `satanuri
leqsebi~ muslimebis sayovelTao mrisxaneba gamoiwvia, radgan maT miiCnies, rom
es nawarmoebi Seuracxyofda maT religias. aiaTola homeinim ganacxada, rom is,
vinc moklavda salman ruSdis an misi wignis gamomcemlebs, samoTxeSi moxvdeboda.
ruSdi iZulebuli gaxda, mimaluliyo. misi italieli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki
Tavdasxmis msxverplni gaxdnen (erTi maTgani sasikvdilod daWres). gadaido misi
wignis gamoqveynebac, radgan aravis undoda, es sicocxlis fasad dajdomoda.
induisturi fundamentalizmi
salman ruSdim ori religiis fundamentalistTa risxva gamoiwvia. 1995 wels
gamoqveynebulma misma romanma `muris ukanaskneli amooxvra~ ganarisxa induist
fundamentalistTa memarjvene partia, radganac nawarmoebSi TvalSisacemi iro
niiT iyo gaSarJebuli maTi lideri basaheb k. Tekerei. sakuTari Zalauflebisa da
gavlenis wyalobiT Tekereim moaxerxa am wignis akrZalva bombeiSi, xolo indoeTis
xelisufleba aiZula, mieRo gadawyvetileba qveyanaSi misi importis akrZalvis
Taobaze. bedis ironiiT, Tekerei SeewinaaRmdega imave ruSdis `satanuri leqsebis~
akrZalvas indoeTSi (mas Semdeg, rac wigni aikrZala ramdenime muslimur qveyana
Si), im motiviT, rom indoeTi Tavisufali qveyanaa da muslimebi amas unda Seeguon
(New York Times, 1995 wlis 2 dekemberi, gv. a4).
indoeTma gansakuTrebulad mwvaved ganicada religiuri fundamentaliz
mi. funtamentalistebi mravalad arian ara marto indusitTa umravlesobaSi,
aramed muslimTa da sikhis umciresobaSic ki. induisturi fundamentalizmi
dakavSirebulia nacionalistur ideebTan, romlis mixedviTac saWiroa qveynis
`gawmenda~ ucxo elementebisagan, gansakuTrebiT, ki muslimebisagan. induistma
nacionalistebma Camoayalibes forumi im dros, rodesac indoeTSi separatis
tuli tendenciebisa da erovnuli identurobis ideebi erTmaneTs upirispird
eba (varSni, 1993w.).
religiuri sxvadasxvaobebi xSirad xdeba Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvris mizezi.
induisTa pacifisti lideri mahatma gandi induistma fanatikosma mokla, viTomc
da promuslimobis gamo. premier-ministri indira gandi sakuTarma sikhi mcvelebma
mokles, riTac religiaTaSorisi dapirispireba gamoiwvies mTeli qveynis masSta
biT. indira gandis ori vaJic religiuri fanatikosebis msxverplni gaxdnen. aseT
Zaladobas aTasobiT indoelis sicocxle Seewira.
induizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi religiaa, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, warmoSva uam
ravi damoukidebeli da xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTis gamomricxavi religiuri rw
mena, praqtika, gamocdileba da organizacia (klostermaieri, 1989w.). gansxvavebiT
sxva religiuri tradiciebisagan, induizmis warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba romelime
istoriul pirovnebas an wigns (embri, 1994w.). ZiriTadi induisturi xelnawerebi
sociopolitikuri, eTikuri da sulieri gzamkvlevia, sadac RmerTebis, mefeebis,
gmirebisa da Cveulebrivi mokvdavebis Tavgadasavlebia moTxrobili. induistebi
Tayvans scemen mTel panTeons da ara erT romelime RmerTs. induisturi religiis
qvakuTxedia dharmis koncefcia anu qcevis kodeqsi sxvadasxva kastis warmomad
554
genlebisaTvis sxvadasxva situaciaSi da cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze. induistebs
swamT, rom TiToeul adamians, TiToeul suliersa TiToeul moqmedebas sakuTari
adgili aqvs kosmiur wesrigSi. Tu es wesrigi dairRva, daisadgurebs qaosi (madani,
1989w. mahmudi, 1989w.).
induisturi fundamentalizmi axlad aRmocenebuli ar aris, magram amJamad aR
mavlobas ganicdis. britaneTisagan indoeTis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba (me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi) eyrdnoba indoeTis warsuli didebis ideas da imis rwmenas,
rom muslimebma da Semdeg britanelebma gaanadgures brwyinvale memkvidreoba da
mxolod dharmas aRdgeniT moxdeba indoeTis xelaxali aRzeveba. Tumca am moZ
raobis liderebi _ gandi, neru da kongresis partiis sxva wevrebi, emxrobodnen
sekularuli, demokratiuli saxelmwifos ideas, sxvadasxva religiis warmomad
genlebi mSvidobianad icxovrebdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT. Tavis erT-erT yvelaze
cnobil gancxadebaSi gandi ambobs: `me var induisti, sakhi, muslimi da qristiani~
(citirebulia mahmudis naSromSi. 1989w. gv. 340).
bedis ironiiT, indoeTis damoukideblobas Sedegad Zaladoba da dapirisp
ireba mohyva (maliki da vajpei, 1989w). umciresobebi, romlebsac induri kanonmde
bloba icavs, sargebloben indoeTis aRmavlobiT. es ki induistTa mzard ukmayo
filebas iwvevs. dRes induisturi fundamentalizmi mravali formiT arsebobs.
esaa: taZrebSi mrevlis ricxvis zrda, religiuri simboloebisa da ritualebis ga
mococxleba, organizaciebi, romlebic ibrZvian meCeTebad gadakeTebuli induis
turi taZrebis dasabruneblad, yofili induistebisa da axlandeli qristianebis
an musulmanebis dabrunebis mcdeloba, dabali kastebisaTvis daxmarebis mizniT
wamowyebuli pozitiuri diskriminaciis programebis winaaRmdeg demonstracie
bi, induisturi nacionaluri partiis gamarjveba arCevnebSi da im saparlamento
jgufis aRdgena (raStria saiamsevak sangi an RSS), romelic, farTo sazogadoe
bis azriT, damnaSavea gandis mkvlelobaSi. RSS-i iyenebs axalgazrda mimdevrebis
mTel armias, raTa indoel axalgazrdebSi gaavrcelon da danergon sufTa indusi
eris idea (embri, 1994w.).
induisti fundamentalistebi aviTareben azrs, rom induistebma bevri wame
ba gadaitanes arainduistebisagan. arabTa da britanelTa reJimis pirobebSi in
dusebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen. dRes pakistansa da bangladeSSi
mcxovreb indusebs kanonis ZaliT CamorTmeuli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. Sri-
lankaze induistebi gadarCenisaTvis ibrZvian budisti umravlesobis winaaRmdeg.
amave dros, indoeTSi mcxovrebi bevri indusi miiCnevs, rom mTavroba xels uwyobs
umciresobebs, magaliTad, nebas rTavs muslimebs, gamoiyenon sakuTari wesebi
(magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi). indoeTis dasavleTisaken orientirebu
li saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebic ki iziareben indusi nacionalistebis mo
wodebebs (embri, 1994w. maliki da vajpei, 1989w.).
ebrauli fundamentalizmi
555
ri mokluli iqna 1995 wlis noemberSi ara arabis xeliT, aramed misive Tanamema
mulis mier, romelic radikaluri religiur dajgufebis wevri iyo. ram miiyvana
ebrauli fundamentalizmi am wertilamde?
iudaizmSi didi xania arsebobs elementebi, romelTa mixedviTac saWiroa
sekularuli samyarosagan gamijvna da tradiciebiT cxovreba. haredinebad wode
buli ebraelebi modernizaciisadmi protests imiT gamoxataven, rom ewinaaRmde
gebian asimilacias. ebraelTa es kategoria atarebs tradiciul Sav samoss wminda
miwidan ebraelebis gamodevnis glovis gamosaxatavad. isini skolebSi (ieSivebSi)
swavloben mxolod Toras da Talmuds (wminda wigni da misi komentarebi) da mis
deven mkacrad dadgenil ritualebsa da Cveulebebs. am orTodoqsi ebraelebisa
Tvis israeli, rogorc saxelmwifo, ubralod, ar arsebobs, radgan mas ar marTavs
rwmena. isini ar laparakoben ivriTulad, radgan miaCniaT, rom wminda ena ar unda
wabilwon yoveldRiuri gamoyenebiT. ebraelTa es jgufi ar gamoirCeva aqtiuro
biT. isini miiCneven, rom ToraSi mocemulia `msoflios mowyobis~ gza, magram ver
xedaven sakuTar rols am `mowyobaSi~ (hailmani, 1994w.).
ultraorTodoqsi ebraelebi politikurad gaaqturdnen. es fundamentalis
tebi icaven tradiciebsa da ritualebs, magram agresiuli meTodebiT cdiloben
daicvan cxovrebis maTeuli wesi, vidre msoflio maT Secvlis (kapeli, 1994w.).
am aqtivistebma daaarses dasaxlebebi okupirebul teritoriaze, romelic isr
aelma arabebs waarTva 1973 wlis omis Sedegad. maTTvis ZirZveli ebrauli miwebis
dabruneba bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis asrulebas niSnavs. mravali ebraeli
fundamentalistisaTvis yvelaze did safrTxes is adamianebi ki ar warmoadgenen,
romlebic radikalurad gansxvavdebian maTgan, aramed is ebraelebi, romlebic
moergnen Tanamedrove samyaros. samuel hailmani (1994w.) ase aRwers am safrTxes:
556
ca. is universitetSi swavlobda, misi maswavleblebi da sxva studentebi aqtiurad
iyvnen Cabmuli am moZraobaSi. rabinis sikvdilis Semdeg garkveuli xnis ganmav
lobaSi eqstremistTa ritorika odnav Cacxra. rabinis Semcvlelma, Simon peres
ma piroba dado, rom gaagrZelebda mSvidobisaTvis brZolas. Tumca, samSvidobo
procesi mniSvnelovnad Seferxda rogorc ebraeli, aseve muslimi fundamentalis
tebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad.
qristianuli fundamentalizmi
557
qristianebis moZraobis wevrebi) da ganasxvavebs zeda saSualo klasis mravali
warmoadgenlisagan, romelTa Sexeduleba 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi ufro libe
raluri gaxda.
fundamentalistTa jgufebis mzardma politikurma aqtivobam safuZveli
Cauyara axal qristianul memarjveneobas. fundamentalistebis politikaSi Carevas
mravalma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli (himelStaini, 1990w. vuTnou, 1983w. 1988w.). erT-
erTi faqtori iyo evangelisti jimi karteris prezidentad arCeva, ramac xeli
Seuwyo sazogadoebis mier evangelisturi eklesiis aRiarebas. meore impulsi iyo
farTo konservatiuli moZraobis aRmoceneba da axali socialuri sakiTxebis
wamoWra, rogoricaa: abortis ufleba, Tanabaruflebianobis darRveva (Equal Rights
Amendment), feminizmis gaZliereba, homoseqsualistebis uflebebi, narkotikebis
moxmareba, skolebSi locvebis akrZalva da pornografia. ucabedad mniSvnelovani
politikuri sakiTxebi dawyvilebuli aRmoCnda moralur sakiTxebTan. prezi
denti ronald reigani aqtiurad uWerda mxars axali memarjveneebis moZraobas,
Tumca, mxolod garkveul sakiTxebSi. mesame mizezi iyo fundamentalistebis mier
masStaburi infrastruqturis ganviTareba _ uSvelebeli `super-eklesiebis~,
komunikaciebis farTo qselis, Tanxebis moZiebis uaxlesi meTodebis, lobirebisa
da eleqtronuli propagandis CaTvliT. am yvelaferma SesaZlebeli gaxada poli
tikuri konservatorebisa da religiuri tradicionalistebis mobilizeba.
558
amerikelTa umetesoba acxadebs, rom farTo religiuri orientaciisaa. Tum
ca, bevri maTgani ar irCevs erT romelime konkretul mimdevrobas. amerikelebis
nawili dadis iseT eklesiebSi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis romelime aRmsareblobas.
arian adamianebi, romlebic misdeven religiis `pirad~ formas, rasac sociolo
gi tomas lukmani (1967w.) uxilav religias uwodebs. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi
aRiqvamen religias, rogorc subieqturs, pirad gamocdilebas da ara rogorc
jgufur doqtrinas. gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom uxilavi religia farTodaa
gavrcelebuli. magaliTad, minesotas StatSi mcxovreb qristianebze dakvirvebis
Sedegad dadginda, rom gamokiTxulTa or mesamedi miiCnevda, rom `SesaZlebelia
darCe qristianad, ise rom uaryo saeklesio swavlebebis nawili~ (Citisteri da
marti, 1983w. gv.79). es adamianebi, rogorc wesi, ar arian tradiciuli eklesiebisa
da kongregaciebis wevrebi. maTTvis rwmena, Tayvaniscema da sulieri cxovreba
intimuri sakiTxebia (harti, 1987w.). es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT akliaT rwmena.
TiTqmis naxevars sjera, rom arsebobs sicocxle gardacvalebis Semdeg, xolo
or mexuTeds swams bibliis sityva-sityviTi interpretaciisa (grili, 1989w.). uxi
lavi religiis arseboba xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom ambobs amerikelTa mxolod 30
%, rom saeklesio msaxurebas eswreba, maSin rodesac mTeli 96% aRiarebs, rom maT
RmerTis swamT (Gallup Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis Tebervali). es xalxi xazs ufro metad
religiur rwmenas usvams, vidre religiurad cxovrebas. zogi Teologi SeSfoTe
bas gamoTqvams uxilavi religiis gavrcelebis gamo, radgan, maTi azriT, uxilavi
religia xels Seuwyobs im erTianobis SegrZnebis dakargvas, rasac eklesia iZleva.
bevri saubrobs SeerTebul StatebSi religiis cvlilebis Sesaxeb. 1960-ian
wlebSi adamianebi kiTxulobdnen: `RmerTi mokvda?~, es ki mas Semdeg moxda, rac
cnobilma Teologma harvi koqsma am Temisadmi miZRvnili wigni gamoaqveyna, ro
melic bestselerad iqca. 1970-ian wlebSi, SesamCnevad gaZlierda fundamenta
listTa da evangelisturi moZraobebi. Tumca, Cven gadaWarbebiT ar unda avRniS
noT religiis cvlilebis masStabi. gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli
religiis Temisadmi miZRvnili ZiriTadi Sromebis Seswavlis Sedegad, sociolog
ma endriu m. grilma arcTu ise bevri cvlileba aRmoaCina. piriqiT, stabiluroba
ufro TvalSi sacemi iyo dRes, iseve rogorc warsulSi amerikelebi ufro re
ligiurebi arian, vidre evropelebi (romelTa daaxloebiT mesamedi ambobs, rom
maT religia ar aqvT). ufro metic, religiuri rwmenebi da praqtika ar Secvlila
meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan dRemde (am dros Segrovda pirveli monaceme
bi). amerikelebis umravlesobas kvlav swams RmerTis da sjera iesos RvTiurobisa
(Tu isini qristianebi arian) da saiqio cxovrebisa (ix. cxrili 13.3). miuxedavad
imisa, rom qristianebis mcire ricxvs sjera bibliisa, umetesoba acxadebs, rom
isini biblias yoveldRiurad kiTxuloben da Sesabamis codnasac avlenen. isini
acxadeben, rom daeswrnen saeklesio RvTismsaxurebas gasuli Svidi dRis ganmav
lobaSi. swored aseTive suraTi iyo 1939 welsac (The Gallup Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis
Tebervali).
559
c x r i l i 13.3
religiuri rwmenebi
procentebi
wlebi
dadebiTi pasuxi
1952 77 %
1965 75 %
1983 76 %
g. gjeraT Tu ara, rom arsebobs sicocxle sikvdilis Semdeg?
1944 76 %
1952 77 %
1965 75 %
1975 76 %
1985 74 %
d. gjeraT Tu ara, rom arsebobs samoTxe, sadac is adamianebi moxvdebian, romleb
mac kargad ganvles cxovreba?
1952 72 %
1965 68 %
1980 71 %
1994 90 %
e. gjeraT Tu ara jojoxeTis arsebobis?
1952 58 %
1965 54 %
1980 53 %
1994 73 %
560
Zalian mkveTri aRaraa. magram eklesiebis wevrebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli monaceme
bi bevrs arafers gveubneba imaze, Tu ras grZnoben da ras fiqroben TiToeul re
ligiur jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi. amis gasagebad ufro detalurad unda
davakvirdeT ZiriTad religiebSi mimdinare movlenebs.
kaTolikeebi
561
like homoseqsualistebis mxardamWeri jgufebis Camoyalibebas. Tumca, iyvnen
iseTebic (ZiriTadad, romSi), romlebic cvlilebebis Senelebas cdilobdnen da
iTxovdnen tradiciuli Rirebulebebis mxardaWeras. papi ioane-pavle mkacrad
SeewinaaRmdega eklesiis liberalizaciisa da politizirebis tendencias. 1993
wlis oqtomberSi papma ganacxada, rom kontracefcia, xelovnuri ganayofiereba,
homoseqsualizmi, masturbacia, qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi kavSiri, aborti da
qorwinebis Ralati `moralurad miuRebeli~ codvebia da ZiriTadi swavlebebisad
mi daumorCilebloba daisjeba eklesiidan gankveTiT (b. g. harisoni, 1994w.). aseTi
winaaRmdegobebisa da amJamindeli socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, amerikeli
kaTolikeebi ramdenime problemis winaSe aRmoCndnen, kerZod: mRvdlebis naklebo
ba, eklesiaSi monazvnebis rolTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili azrTa sxvadasxvaoba,
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis da swavlebis momxre kaTolikeebis dapirispireba da
maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris _ kaTolikuri eklesiis liberalurad ganwyobil
nawilsa da konservatiul vatikanelebs Soris urTierTobis gauareseba.
am brZolebis miuxedavad, kaTolikeTa ricxvi mainc aRemateba protestan
tebis raodenobas amerikaSi, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia laTinuri warmoma
vlobis emigrantebis didi raodenobiT. amave dros, SedarebiT mcirea gansxvaveba
kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris klasis, ganaTlebis donis, Semosavlebisa
da politikuri damokidebulebis mxriv. orive jgufi Tanabrad izrdeboda da
orive maTganis warmomadgenlebi erTnairad ewinaaRmdegebian abortis uflebis
miniWebas.
protestantebi
562
evangelistebi
televangelizmi
563
bas CamorCa. religiuri gadacemebis mayurebelTa umravlesobam ganacxada, rom
`SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen amerikaSi standartebis swrafi cvlilebiT~ (gv. 97).
1980-iani wlebis bolos, mas Semdeg, rac seriozuli didi skandali agorda
ramdenime mrevlSi, amgvari programebis audienciis ricxvi sagrZnoblad Semcir
da. teleaudienciis daknineba eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa ricxvis zrdam da axali
sakomunikacio saSualebebis (mag., saerTaSoriso qselis) gamoCenamac ganapiroba.
Tumca, teleeangelizmi bolomde ar gauCinarebula da axlaxan sakabelo da adgi
lobrivi telesadgurebis zrdis tendenciamac Seuwyo xeli mis aRmavlobas (had
eni, 1993w.).
ebraelebi
ebraelebi amerikelebis, rogorc eris Camoyalibebis periodidan Seadgenen
misi religiuri cxovrebis nawils. zogadad, SeerTebul StatebSi ebraelebs ufro
iolad SeeZloT Tavis damkvidreba, vidre evropis qveynebSi, sadac erovnuli
identoba efuZneba gavrcelebuli eTnikuri jgufis wevrobasa da saxelmwifo re
ligiis mimdevrobas (lipseti, 1990w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom ebraelebi amerikeli
mosaxleobis mxolod 2%-s Seadgenen, isini didi xania ganixilebian sam ZiriTad
religiur jgufs Soris protestantebTan da kaTolikeebTan erTad. sxva qvey
nebTan SedarebiT ebraelebs yvelaze metad amerikaSi miuwvdebaT xeli ekonomi
kur, socialur da politikur SesaZleblobebze, rac, saTaves sul mcire 1960-iani
wlebidan iRebs. Tumca, gasul wlebSi SesamCnevad moimata antisemiturma moZrao
bebma, sinagogebis darbevis faqtebma. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT mwvavea ebrae
lebsa da muslim afro-amerikelebs Soris.
qristianobis msgavsad, amerikuli iudaizmi mTel rig mimdinareobebad iyo
fa, romelTa Soris tradiciulad iTvleba orTodoqsuli iudaizmi. orTodoq
suli sinagogebis mrevlis mravali wevris winapari urbanuli getoebis an evro
puli soflebis mkvidri iyo. maTi STamomavlebi jer kidev idiSze laparakoben.
reformirebuli iudaizmi yvelaze asimilirebuli da liberaluri Stoa. misi
wevrebi saSualo an maRal klass miekuTvnebian, romelTa winaprebi jer kidev 1930
wlebSi hitleris xelisuflebis mosvlamde gaiqcnen germaniidan. konservatuli
iudaizmi am or jgufs Soris Sualedur pozicias ikavebs. misi wevrebi arian aR
mosavleTevropeli ebraelebi. isini ufro asimilirdnen amerikul kulturaSi
da ganaTlebis maRali doniTac gamoirCevian orTodoqs ebraelebTan SedarebiT,
magram, ZiriTadad, tradiciul religias misdeven refomirebuli ebraelebisgan
gansxvavebiT (lipseti, 1990w.). unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs mkacri sazRvari
jgufebs Soris. ebraelebi xandaxan sinagogas im motiviT irCeven, rom moswonT
iqauri rabini an `kongregaciis grZnoba~ _ swored ise, rogorc amas mravali
qristiani akeTebs moZRvris arCevisas.
miuxedavad religiuri da socioekonomikuri gansxvavebebisa, yvela ebraeli
iziarebs saerTo tkivils (gleizeri, 1990w.). erT-erTi maTgania holokostis
xsovna, romlis drosac 6 milionze meti evropeli ebraeli daiRupa nacistur sa
koncentracio banakebSi. ebraelebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom maTi, rogorc eris
564
gadarCena RvTis saswaulia. rogorc amerikaSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT momx
dari antisemitizmis faqtebi mxolod aZlierebs am rwmenas.
ganmeorebiT holokostis SiSs Tan erTvis israelis gadarCenis SiSi. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom ar arian religiurebi, ebraelebis umetesoba `siaxloves~ grZnobs
israelis mimarT, maT uxariaT misi gamarjvebebi da ganicdian damarcxebas. maT,
agreTve, fuladi wvlili SeaqvT israelis winsvlaSi da aqtiurad lobireben
proebraul politikosebs SeerTebul StatebSi. 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma SedarebiT liberalurma mTavrobam da ebraul-
arabuli urTierTobis gamosworebam imedi Causaxa amerikel ebraelebs, romle
bic moralurad gaanadgura 1995 wels momxdarma premier-ministr icxak rabinis
mkvlelobam.
mesame faqtori, rac adardebT amerikel ebraelebs aris iudaizmisa da
ebraelebis gadarCena SeerTebul StatebSi. mocemul konteqstSi `gadarCena~ ar
niSnavs mxolod fizikur gadarCenas. is kulturul identobasac exeba. 10 ebraeli
axalgazrdidan 9 universitetSi swavlobs da iTvisebs universalur Rirebule
bebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erovnuli identobis ganviTarebas. ebraelebs
Soris qorwinebis procentuli maCvenebeli 50-ia, xolo Sobadobis maCvenebeli
dabalia. imis gamo, rom ebraelebi qristian umravlesobas Soris cxovroben da
maTi religia ar qadagebs sxva religiis mimdevrebis moqcevas (meuRleebisac ki),
arsebobs safrTxe, rom momavalSi maTi kulturul-eTnikuri memkvidreoba Sei
Zleba saerTod gaqres. Tumca, bolo wlebSi amerikel ebraelTa Soris gamococx
leba SeiniSneba religiur ritualebTan, simboloebTan da ebrauli socialuri
jgufebis aqtivobasTan dakavSirebiT.
565
viTac adamiani Casaxvis dRidan iwyebs sicocxles da es sicocxle xeSeuxebelia.
Tanac, arsebobs bibliuri brZaneba _ `iyaviT nayofierni da gamravldiT~. reli
gia ara marto ganapirobebs damokidebulebebs, aramed xels uwyobs ginekolo
giur klinikebTan saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebas, agreTve mobilizacias
uwevs arCevanis momxre politikosebisadmi mimarTul protestsac. am sferoSi
qristiani memarjveneebi gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iCenen.
meore faqtori, rac amerikaSi sxvadasxva religias ganasxvavebs, saskolo
ganaTlebaa (ix. danarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi). religiuri konserva
torebi ewinaaRmdegebian sajaro skolebis sekularizaciis mraval aspeqts. isini
aprotesteben skolebSi locvebis akrZalvas, agreTve evoluciisa da sqesobriv
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sagnebis swavlebas. protestis niSnad maT Svilebi sa
jaro skolebidan gamoiyvanes da maTi ganaTleba saxlis pirobebSi gadawyvites.
kvlevebma daadastura, rom im bavSvebis ricxvi, romlebic saxlSi iRebdnen gana
Tlebas 1970-ian wlebSi 15000 iyo. am ricxvma 1990-ian wlebSi 700000-s miaRwia, xolo
1990-iani wlebis Semdeg, savaraudod, gaormagda. am bavSvebis umetesoba konser
vatul qristianul ojaxSi izrdeba (hanteri, 1991w.). amave dros, SesamCnevad gaiz
arda religiuri skolebis ricxvi, gansakuTrebiT evangelistur sazogadoebaSi.
religiuri jgufebi xels uwyoben maTTvis misaRebi politikuri liderebis arCe
vas da saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebas. magaliTad, bedfordSi (niu-iorki)
qristianulma koaliciam moaxerxa 400 mxardamWeris Segroveba saprotesto Sexve
draze. es gamosvla saolqo skolaSi okultizmis waxalisebis winaaRmdeg moewyo.
Tumca, policiis ufros inspeqtors eWvi gauCnda, rom yvela maTgani ar iyo im
olqis mcxovrebeli da Semdeg Sexvedraze mosTxova maT, warmoedginaT piradobis
damadasturebeli mowmoba, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneboda sacxovrebeli adgili.
rogorc gamoirkva, daaxloebiT 900 damswredan mxolod xuTma gamoxata simpaTia
konservatuli ideebisadmi (New York Times, 1995 wlis noemberi, gv. 5).
sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic aerTianebs religiur konservatorebs religiuri
da sekularuli progresuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg, aris feminizmi, danaSau
li, homoseqsualizmi, Sidsi e.i. nebmismieri is socialuri problema, romelic
ukavSirdeba zneobas an arRvevs bibliur Rirebulebebs. albaT, yvelaze didi
gansjis sagania ojaxuri cxovreba. hanteri aRniSnavs, rom am qveyanaSi gansxvaveba
sxvadasxva rwmenebs Soris naklebad mkafioa, vidre gansxvavebebi erTi da imave
rwmenis orTodoqsul da progresul nawils Soris. maSin, rodesac progresuli
nawili cdilobs, moergos sekularul sazogadoebas da moZebnos socialuri
problemebis gadaWris sekularuli gzebi, konservatuli ganStoeba kategori
ulad ikavebs Tavs amisagan. hanteri aRwers erTmaneTis moqiSpe moralur Sexe
dulebebs da ambobs, rom es dakavSirebulia kulturul keTildReobasTan, Tum
ca, mecnierTa garkveuli nawili fiqrobs, rom es ase araa. ori protestantuli
seminariis _ progresulisa da konservatulis _ Seswavlis Sedegad, karolma
da marlerma (1995w.) daadgines, rom es ori dawesebuleba ar iziarebda arc erT
saerTo Sexedulebas, rac iwvevda `gaugebrobas da daZabulobas im or kulturas
Soris, romelic aRvivebda `kulturul SuRls~ (gv. 19).
566
sociologia da sajaro debatebi
debatebi
567
analizi
568
Sejameba
569
xSirad isini am miznis misaRwevad politikur xerxebsac mimarTaven. funda
mentalistebi arseboben msoflios TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad religiaSi isla
mis, induizmis, iudaizmisa da qristianobis CaTvliT.
8. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, religiuri rwmenebi da praqtika
met-naklebi stabilurobiT gamoirCeva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Tumca,
religiurma organizaciebma garkveuli restruqturizacia ganicades. bolo
xanebSi kaTolikuri eklesia SesamCnevad gaZlierda da meti damoukidebloba
moipova. rac Seexeba protestantul eklesiebs, isini kargaven wevrebs, xolo
evangelisturi mimdinareoba, piriqiT, aqtiurad iZens maT. mesame da meoTxe
Taobis amerikeli ebraelebisaTvis, religiuroba did rols TamaSobs eTni
kuri identobis SenarCunebisaTvis. amave dros, bevri ambobs, rom religiis
Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
570
sityvari
animizmi _ idea imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela nivTsa da sagans suli aqvs.
eklesia _ troelSis mixedviT, farTomasStabiani, konservatiuli, universa
luri religiuri dawesebuleba, romelic ar uyenebs bevr moTxovnas sakuTar
wevrebs da Tanaarsebobs farTo sazogadoebasTan erTad.
samoqalaqo religia _ belas termini, romlis mixedviTac ers istoria, Rireb
ulebebi da dawesebuelebebi RvTis wyalobis Sedegad eZleva.
kulti _ strakisa da beinbrijis mixedviT, religiuri jgufi, romelsac daZabu
li urTierToba aqvs garemomcvel kulturasTan da ar gaaCnia aranairi kav
Siri manamde arsebul religiasTan an farTo sazogadoebasTan.
evangelistebi _ qristianebi, romlebic upirveles saqmed miiCneven wminda weri
lis swavlebas.
fundamentalizmi _ Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom religiuri swavlebebi da prin
cipebi aRar arsebobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da saWiroa maTi aRdgena
da sazogadoebis religiur sawyisebze dabruneba.
uxilavi religia _ Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac religia subieqturia.
mrevli _ adamianebis jgufi, romelic iziarebs religiur rwmenebsa da simbo
loebs.
religia _ durkhaimis mixedviT, rwmenebisa da praqtikis sistema, romelic aer
Tianebs adamianebs jgufebad.
religiuri inovacia _ axali religiebis daarsebis an arsebulis Secvlis mc
deloba adamianebis saWiroebebis ukeT dakmayofilebis mizniT
rituali _ moqmedebebis standartuli sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretu
li ceremoniebis an sxva SemTxvevebis dros.
seqta _ troelSis ganmartebis mixedviT, mcirericxovani jgufi, romelic mkacr
moTxovnebs uyenebs sakuTar wevrebs da imijneba farTo sazogadoebisagan.
starkisa da beinbrijis mixedviT _ damkvidrebuli religiisagan gamoyofis
Sedegad Seqmnili religiuri jgufi.
sekularizacia _ procesi, romlis drosac, adamianebi da maTi socialuri in
stitutebi ufro interesdebian miwieri sakiTxebiT, vidre sulieriT. seku
larizacias xSirad ukavSireben modernizacias.
Teizmi _ idea imis Sesaxeb, rom zebunebrivi Zalebi monawileoben dedamiwaze mim
dinare movlenebsa da procesebSi.
totemi _ sagani, mcenare an cxoveli, romelsac Tayvans scemen, rogorc sazoga
doebis an sxva konkretuli jgufis mistikur winapars.
571
572
Tavi 14
janmrTeloba da jandacva
jandacvis industria
. medikalizacia: daavadebebis xelaxali gansazRvreba
. eqimTa statusis amaRleba . jandacva, rogorc biznesi
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
rogori reaqcia unda hqondes mTavrobas Sidsze?
573
574
m
eToTxmete saukuneSi bubonurma Wirma anu `Savma sikvdilma~ evropis mo
saxleobis didi nawili imsxverpla. daavadebam, romelic, ZiriTadad, daa
vadebulebTan da momakvdavebTan fizikuri kontaqtiTa da maT mier xvelebisas da
daceminebisas haerSi gamoyofili baqteriebiT elvis uswrafesad gavrcelda,
milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. zog qalaqSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxe
varze meti daiRupa. fiqroben, rom am avadmyofobas evropis mosaxleobis daax
loebiT mesamedi Seewira. sabavSvo TamaSi `Ring-around-the-rosy~, romlis drosac
leqss warmoTqvamen, am daavadebis Soreuli gamoZaxilia: wiTeli wylulis garSemo
Semovlebuli muqi wre daavadebis momaswavebeli niSani iyo, TaigulebiT savse
jibe ki micvalebulisaTvis mitanil yvavilebs niSnavda. Taigulebi Sveloda sxe
ulis xrwnisagan warmoSobili sunis gaqarwylebasac _ epidemiis gamo xalxi erT
maneTis miyolebiT ixoceboda da xSirad maT damarxvasac ver aswrebdnen. fraza:
`yvela daeca~ sikvdils niSnavs.
Sua saukuneebSi aRniSnuli daavadeba idumalebiT iyo moculi. ramdenime sau
kune gavida, sanam daadgendnen, rom mas baqteria iwvevda, romelsac virTxebi da
rwyilebi avrcelebdnen. samedicino mecnierebam daiwyo gadamdebi daavadebebis
bunebis Seswavla. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis aRmoCenebma daadastura, rom daavadeba
SeiZleba baqteriiT yofiliyo gamowveuli da misi aRkveTa vaqcinaciiT moxerx
deboda. amis Semdeg bevri baqteriuli daavadeba naklebad saSiSi gaxda. eqimebma
daiwyes daavadebebis TandaTanobiT `dapyroba~ _ Cutyvavila, cofi, tuberku
lozi, poliomieliti, wiTura ukve aRar iTvleboda momakvdinebel daavadebebad.
yvelam daijera, rom infeqciuri daavadebebis epidemiebi warsuls Cabarda.
magram dRes, `Savi sikvdilidan~ 600 wlis Semdeg, is kvlav dabrunda _ am
jerad Sidsis (SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi) saxiT. Tumca, Sidsi erTia
im infeqciuri daavadebebis epidemiebidan, romlebic gasul wlebSi xalxs umow
yalod anadgurebda. aqve unda davasaxeloT ebolis hemoragiuli (sisxlmdeni)
cxeleba, romelmac 1995 wels uecari gavrcelebis Sedegad asobiT adamiani Sei
wira. tuberkulozi TiTqos 1960-ian wlebSi aRmoifxvra warmatebuli medikamen
tozuri mkurnalobis Sedegad, magram kvlav saSiSia. man mxolod 1993 wels 2.7
milioni adamiani Seiwira (pati, 1994). ratom brundeba infeqciuri daavadebebi?
am kiTxvam mravali amerikeli daafiqra mas Semdeg, rac gamovida bestseleri sa
xelwodebiT `cxeli zona~ (prestoni, 1994). wignis gamosvlas 1996 wels am wignis
mixedviT gadaRebuli filmi `afeTqeba~ mohyva, sadac mTavar rols dastin hof
mani asrulebs.
Tumca, es kiTxva albaT, sxvagvarad unda davsvaT: `ratom vuSvebT infeqciuri
daavadebebis dabrunebas?~ _ daavadeba xom ara marto samedicino, aramed so
cialuri problemacaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daavadebis Tavidan acile
ba vaqcinaciiT an misi gankurneba xelmisawvdomi medikamentebiT xerxdeba, Tumca
sakuTar janmrTelobas xSirad Cven TviTon ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. magaliTad,
vaqcinaciis programebis dafinanseba Semcirda, radgan zogi daavadebis TiTqmis
bolomde aRmofxvram maTi safrTxis aRqma Segvinela. mkurnaloba SeiZleba ar
iyos xelmisawvdomi maTTvis, vinc saavadmyofoebisa da eqimebisagan moSorebiT
`vardi wreSi~
575
cxovrobs; maT, vinc ver cnoben seriozuli daavadebis simptomebs, SesaZlebelia
saWirod ar CaTvalon mkurnaloba, an SeiZleba sulac fuli an dazRveva ar hqon
deT mkurnalobis xarjebis dasafaravad.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori, ramac infeqciuri daavadebebis dabruneba
gamoiwvia, albaT, am daavadebebis mecnieruli kvlevis mniSvnelobis ugulebe
lyofaa. dRes infeqciur daavadebebTan SedarebiT meti yuradReba e.w. `civili
zaciis daavadebebs~ eTmoba, kerZod _ gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebsa da sim
sivneebs (gareti, 1994). es daavadebebi amerikelebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT ki maTi
SeZlebuli nawilisaTvis) yvelaze xSirad xdeba sikvdilis mizezi. amis gamo am
daavadebebis kvlevisaTvis milionobiT dolari ixarjeba. simsivnuri da gul-
sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi prestiJul sferod iTvleba samedicino mecnierul
kvlevebSi uamravi fuli ixarjeba sakvlev laboratioriebsa da eqimebze. infeqci
uri daavadebebi ki, piriqiT, naklebad prestiJul sferod iTvleba, rac nawilo
briv imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom es daavadebebi ZiriTadad siRatakesa da cud
sacxovrebel pirobebs ukavSirdeba. infeqciuri daavadebebis kvelva xSirad ar
moiTxovs bioqimiur mecnierul meTodebs. is ufro daavadebis gavrcelebis mize
zebs, masTan dakavSirebul qcevebsa da riskis jgufebs ikvlevs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom es gamokvlevebi mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi jandacvisaTvis, am sfero
Si momuSave epidemiologistebsa da sazogadoebrivi jandacvis specialistebs
mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi uwevT gamokvlevebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi Tanxis
mopoveba. daavadebulebi ki xmamaRla iTxoven gankurnebas, maSin rodesac preven
ciis saSualebebs SedarebiT cota adamiani Tu iyenebs droulad.
yovel wels axal-axali `Savi Wiri~ Cndeba. maTi umetesobis SeCereba xerxdeba
_ daavadeba kvdeba droebiT mainc, an karantiniT izRudeba. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
romelime maTgani gavrceldes da iseve gaanadguros xalxi, rogorc es Sua sauku
neebis evropaSi moxda? es kiTxva aris rogorc samedicino, ise socialuri. Sid
sis gamokvlevasa da prevenciisaTvis federaluri Tanxebis miRebisTvis brZolam
daadastura, rom es Zalauflebis sakiTxia. es aseve exeba socialur moqmedebasac,
radgan Cveni qcevis SecvliT _ magaliTad, Sidsis SemTxvevaSi prezervativebis
gamoyenebiT, SemTxveviTi seqsisa da intravenuri narkotikebis moxmarebis Sez
RudviT _ SesaZlebelia daavadebis gavrcelebis SeCereba. xalxs aseve SeuZlia
gavlena moaxdinos sazogadoebis cnobierebis Secvlaze, an aiZulos mTavroba,
rom man ufro efeqturi zomebi miiRos. xalxis warmateba nawilobriv damokide
bulia kulturaze ara mxolod imitom, rom mecnieruli codna sazogadoebis
nawilia, aramed imitomac, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi da uaryofiTi ganwy
oba ganapirobebs adamianebis reaqcias infeqciur daavadebebze. magaliTad, imis
nacvlad, rom Sidsis winaaRmdeg brZola daewyoT, bevrma amerikelma es daavadeba
mxolod `geebis problemad~ miiCnia da protesti gamoTqva im saprevencio prog
ramebis dawyebis gamo, romlebsac daavadebis gavrcelebis SeCereba SeeZlo. ro
gorc am Tavis bolo nawilSi davinaxavT, janmrTelobis sociologia socialuri
struqturis sakiTxia _ esa Tu is daavadeba mdidrebsa da Rarbebze sxvadasxva
nairad aisaxeba. SeZlebuli adamianebi Zalian iSviaTad kvdebian bavSvobis asakSi
bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebiT, an ukurnebeli qronikuli daa
576
vadebebiTa Tu sawarmoo tramvebiT. isini ufro xandazmuli asakisaTvis damaxa
siaTebeli daavadebebiT iRupebian. socialuri struqtura ganapirobebs infeqci
uri daavadebebis gavrcelebis gzebsac _ daavadeba ufro swrafad vrceldeba
mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, emuqreba Tu ara aSS-s axali
Savi Wiri, sociologiis sakiTxicaa.
am Tavis pirvel nawilSi ganvixilavT daavadebis socialur nimuSDs. davina
xavT, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebam misTvis damaxasiaTebel
fizikur uZlurebas da ramdenad gansxvavebulad axdens gavlenas es uZlureba
sxvadasxva socialur jgufze. Semdeg ganvixilavT miviwyebuli infeqciuri daa
vadebebis dabrunebas, romlis erT-erTi magaliTia Sidsi. aseve vnaxavT, Tu ro
gor monawileobs socialuri faqtorebi da mikrobebi am sagangaSo fenomenis gan
viTarebaSi. Semdeg mimovixilavT jandacvis industrias aSS-Si da im cvlilebebs,
romelic am sistemam gasul wlebSi ganicada. bolos ki, SevexebiT aSS-is jandac
vis sistemis problemebs: araTanabar xelmisawvdomobas, mzard fasebsa da jan
mrTelobis dazRvevis kriziss.
577
baqos, miiReben ufro jansaR sakvebs, regularulad ivarjiSeben da moeridebian
kancerogenul nivTierebebs? rasakvirvelia, amis miuxedavad sikvdili mainc iar
sebebs. magram stenfordis universitetis samedicino skolis profesoris jeims f.
fraisis azriT (1983), TiToeuli adamiani ufro didxans icocxlebs, iqneba ufro
aqtiuri da, savaraudod, ar gaitanjeba avadmyofobisagan sicocxlis ukanasknel
wlebSi. profesori am process avadobis daTrgunvas uwodebs (avadoba niSnavs mo
saxleobaSi daavadebis SemTxvevebis maCvenebels). avadobis daTrgunvis meSveobiT
moxerxdeboda daavadebebis Tavidan acileba sococxlis bolomde.
Sidsi
578
gamonabolqvi, toqsikuri narCenebi da birTvuli reaqtorebi Zalian xSirad ki
bos sxvadasxva formas iwvevs. dRevandeli bevri samuSao adgilic janmrTelobis
riskTanaa dakavSirebuli da adamians aiZulebs, xangrZlivi kontaqti hqondes sx
vadasxva kancerogenul nivTierebasTan. garemos dabinZurebisa da simsivneebis ga
momwvevi toqsinebis kontroli moiTxovs, sazogadoeba mkacrad miudges biznesis
yvela saxes, romlebic ver akmayofilebs usafrTxoebis minimalur standartebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, avadobis daTrgunva, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
socialur politikaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela fenisa da mdgomareobis adamiani xdeba avad, mTel
msoflioSi mainc siRatakea ufro metada cud janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli.
siRatake niSnavs im faqtorebis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas, romlebic safrTxes
uqmnis janmrTelobas. magaliTad: araadekvaturi an arajansaRi sakvebi, arasai
medo, usufTao da cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, stresi da Zaladoba, rac Tavis
mxriv iwvevs sxeulis dazianebebsa da daavadebebs. Ratak adamians xeli ar miuw
vdeba mSobiarobamdel mkurnalobasa da gamokvlevebze da verc msubuq daavade
bebs aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas, rasac SeiZleba daavadebis garTuleba da le
taluri Sedegi mohyves. siRatakis damTrgunvelma Zalam SesaZlebelia adamians
TviTgamanadgurebeli moqmedebisaken ubiZgos. aseTia, magaliTad, alkoholizmi,
Tambaqosa da narkotikuli nivTierebebis moxmareba da sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cag
debis sxva formebi, romlebic organizmis imunur sistemas asustebs da spobs daa
vadebebisa da infeqciebis mimarT adamianis mdgradobas.
daavadeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios araadekvaturma kvebamac. erT-erTi bolo
droindeli kvlevis mixedviT, 5.5 milioni amerikeli bavSvi mSieria mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi (piari, 1991), rac udavod SemaSfoTebelia. 1960-70-ian wlebSi aSS-
Si SimSilobis dasaZlevi programebis ganxorcieleba daiwyo (brauni, 1987). sam
wuxarod, 1981 wels federalurma mTavrobam amgvari programebis dafinanseba
Sewyvita. garda amisa, 1980-ian wlebSi gamwvavebulma umuSevrobam bevri adamiani
daxmarebis gareSe datova, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda moTxovna saqvelmoq
medo samzareuloebze. axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblis zrda ramdenime
Statsa da urbanul adgilebSi dakavSirebuli iyo arajansaR kvebasTan (brauni,
1987). zog, ufro Rarib qveyanaSi, SimSili kidev ufro mwvave problemaa, radgan
adamianTa didi nawili araadekvaturad ikvebeba an SimSilobs.
radgan avadmyofoba garkveulwilad siRatakes ukavSirdeba, gasakviri ar unda
iyos, rom umuSevroba Zalian cudad moqmedebs janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
mTel msoflioSi mimofantuli 500 milioni adamianisaTvis, romlebmac dakarges
samsaxuri (an arc arasodes hqoniaT), umuSevroba niSnavs aucilebeli pirobebis
gareSe cxovrebas. Rarib qveynebSi samedicino daxmareba dasaqmebulebisTvisac
ki SeiZleba ar iyos iolad xelmisawvdomi, xolo Semosavlis armqoneTaTvis, is
ubralod ocnebaa. ufro metic, bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs daxmarebis programe
579
bi, SeRavaTebi unarSezRudulebisaTvis, an umuSevari adamianebisaTvis. aseTi qvey
nebi ekonomikur kriziss ganicdis, ris Sedegadac mkveTrad matulobs umuSevro
bis maCvenebeli (ase moxda 1980-ian wlebSi laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi), rac, Tavis
mxriv, damangrevel zegavlenas axdens erovnul jandacvaze (masgrouvi, 1987).
janmrTelobaze umuSevrobis gavlena scildeba mxolod Semosavlis dakarg
viT gamowveul problemas. aSS-Sic ki, sadac muSis kompensacia da sxva programebi
mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs adamianebs da xSirad ojaxis or wevrs mainc aqvs
samuSao da Sesabamisi anazRaureba, umuSevroba mainc Zirs uTxris janmrTelobas.
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda (breneri, 1987), rom gulis daa
vadebaTa zrda umuSevrobis zrdis pirdapirproporciulia, Tumca, aman azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. umuSevrobas aseve mosdevs xolme iseTi proplemebic,
rogoricaa depresia, alkoholisa da trankvilizatorebis miREeba (kesleri, hauzi
da terneri, 1987). es xSiria maSinac ki, rodesac samuSaos dakargva ar aris mou
lodneli da mas garkveuli winapiroba uZRvis win. magram cxadia, rom SegviZlia
umuSevrobis statistika mosaxleobis janrmTelobis mdgomareobis indikato
rad, xolo umuSevrobis donis daqveiTeba _ janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaum
jobesebis maCvenebelad miviCnioT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS ufro mets xarjavs jandacvaze, vidre yvela sxva
qveyana, amerikelebi msoflioSi yvelaze janmrTeli eri mainc araa. amis erT-erTi
umTavresi mizezia siRatakis maCvenebeli. swored siRaribis gamoa, rom zogi daa
vadebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia Savkanian da laTinuri warmoSobis amerike
lebSi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, ufro Raribebi arian TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT.
sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am problemas. axalSo
bilTa sikvdilianobis zogadi maCvenebeli TiTqos Semcirda, magram zog regionSi,
piriqiT, ufro gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac mTavrobam Sekveca orsulobis,
samSobiaro da profilaqtikuri samedicino momsaxurebis dafinanseba. aSS-Si 1
wlamde axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli 1000 sul mosaxleze 7,9%-ia.
igive maCvenebeli iaponiasa da fineTSi 4,4-s Seadgens, SvedeTSi ki _ 4,8-s (sazoga
doebrivi jandacvis amerikuli Jurnali, 1995). es maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT maRa
lia im qveynebSi, sadac didi raodenobis Raribi mosaxleobaa Tavmoyrili.
industriul qveynebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba zogadad ufro maRa
lia. aseT qveynebSi, magaliTad, islandiaSi, norvegiaSi, SvedeTSi, SveicariaSi,
niderlandebsa da iaponiaSi (uilkinsoni, 1990) Semosavali Tanabradaa ganawile
buli. gasakviri ar aris, rom rodesac mosaxleoba jansaRad da kargad ikvebeba da
samedicino servisebzec miuwvdeba xeli, isini ufro janmrTelebi arian da did
xansac cocxloben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, RaribebisaTvis siRatake da avadmyofoba
paraleluri mdgomareobaa. rac ufro Raribia adamiani, miT ufro didia Sansi,
rom daavaddeba da rac ufro cudia misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, savaraudod,
miT naklebi Semosavali eqneba. ufro metic, aSS-Si mcxovrebi Raribebi avaddebian
arajansaR kvebasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT (gadamdebi daavadebebi), Tum
ca, SeiZleba daemarToT iseTi daavadebebic, romelic `SeZlebulebs axasiaTebT~
(magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi da kibo). am paradoqsis axsna imiT
580
SeiZleba, rom ARaribebis sakvebi ufro mariliani da cximiania, isini ufro metad
ganicdian dabiZurebis zemoqmedebas da gacilebiT didi stresis qveS cxovroben.
kavSiri siRatakesa da cud janmrTelobas Soris mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba.
arsebobs mWidro kavSiri iseT maCveneblebs Soris, rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, qvey
nis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze da, meore mxriv, axalSobilTa
sikvdilianoba da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi axalSo
bilTa sikvdilianobis saSualo maCvenebeli 1000 axalSobilze 10-s udris, ufro
dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi ki _ 96-s. amis msgavsad, ganviTarebul qveynebSi
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba saSualod utoldeba samocdaToTxmet wels, xolo da
balganviTarebul qveynebSi _ ormocdacxras (mosaxleobis biuro, 1994).
daavadebebis formebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba gan
viTarebuli qveynebis formebisagan. dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi infeqciuri,
parazituli da respiraciuli (sasunTqi gzebis) daavadebebi sikvdilis SemTx
vevebis 40%-ze mets iwvevs, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli industriul qveynebSi
mxolod 10%-ia. Rarib regionebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia kuW-nawlavis daavade
bebi, romelic mowamluli sakvebis, wylisa da niadagis Sedegad fekaluri gziT
vrceldeba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis mxolod 3%-s miuwvdeba xeli
sufTa wyalze. iq aseve gavrcelebulia malaria da Sistosomiazisi. es daavadebe
bi msoflios mosaxleobis meoTxeds ainficirebs. malaria koRoebis saSualebiT
vrceldeba. is dRes msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daavadebaa _ yoveldRi
urad 300-dan 500 milionamde adamiani avaddeba malariiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi Tavidan acileba iafi medikamentebis regularuli miRebiT savsebiT SesaZle
belia (kondraCaini da trigi, 1995).
Sistosomiazisi, romlis gadamtanic lokokinas parazitia, qronikulad as
nebovnebs 200 milionamde adamians. es daavadebebi avadmyofebs energiasa da Zalas
aclis da aZabunebs.
bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana biujetis did nawils samedicino skolebis da
arsebasa da stacionaruli kompleqsebis agebaSi xarjavs. Tumca, mosaxleobis mx
olod 10-15%-s (ZiriTadad elitis warmomadgenlebs) Tu uumjobesdeba pirobebi
da samedicino servisebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eZleva. ukiduresad Zviri
teqnologiebiT aRWurvili resursebis ZiriTadi nawili qronikuli daavadebebis
mkurnalobas xmardeba (reanimaciis ganyofilebebi, xelovnuri sunTqvis siste
mebi, sxeulis skanerebi). mosaxeleobis janrmTelobis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad
gaumjobesdeboda parazitebisa da infeqciis gamavrcelebeli sxva saASualebebis
mospobis, siRatakis daZlevisa da dabinZurebuli wylis gasufTaveba-gafil
tvris farTomasStabiani kampaniebis Sedegad. radgan am pirobebis umetesobis ga
mosworeba SedarebiT naklebi TanxiT SeiZleba, maTi Sedegebis Tavidan acilebac
Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli.
dRes msoflios mosaxleobis oTx mexuTeds jandacvis arc erTi mudmivi prog
rama ar emsaxureba. 67 yvelaze Raribi qveynis jandacvis samsaxurebi (CineTis
gamoklebiT) jandacvisTvis ufro naklebs xarjavs, vidre ganviTarebuli qveynebi
mxolod trankvilizatorebisTvis. ufro metic, mdidari qveynebi (ZiriTadad,
avstralia, kanada, germania, didi britaneTi da aSS) sxvadasxva ganviTarebuli
581
qveynidan uamrav kvalificiur eqims izidavs samuSaod. miuxedavad imisa, rom eqi
mis momzadeba rvajer ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre damxmare samidicino personalis
momzadeba, naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs am process.
imisaTvis, rom janmrTelobis gaumjobesebas globaluri da masobrivi xasiaTi
mieces, saWiroa arsebuli jandacvis strategiebis safuZvliani transformireba
(mahleri, 1980, 1981).
genderi da janmrTeloba
582
safrTxe. aSS-Si xuTi qalidan erTi mainc qmris an partnioris Zaladobis msxver
pli xdeba(doiali, 1995).
1960-iani wlebis bolosaTvis qalTa moZraobam SeZlo sazogadoebis yuradRe
ba qalTa janmrTelobis problemebsa da maTi gadaWris, msubuqad rom vTqvaT,
aradamakmayofilebel saSualebebze gaemaxvilebina. am SemTxvevaSi qvakuTxedis
funqcia itvirTa bostonis qalTa janmrTelobis koleqtivis mier gamocemulma
wignma `Cveni sxeuli, Cven~. es popularuli wigni miznad isaxavda, qalebisaTvis
miewodebina janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi informacia da amiT maT
Tvis saSualeba mieca Tavad ezrunaT sakuTar janmrTelobaze. Sedegad miRebuli
cvlilebis erT-erTi niSani gaxldaT qali eqimebis ricxvis zrda. 1990-iani wlebis
SuaxanebisaTvis eqimebis 40%-s qalebi Seadgendnen. es maCvenebeli dRiTidRe iz
rdeba (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994, gv. 191).
saSiSi produqtebi
583
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tambaqos mwarmoebelma kompaniebma reagirebis gareSe ar
datoves maTi produqciis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritika (kerZod imiT, rom wamoiwyes
`mwevelTa uflebebis~ damcveli kampania), mwevelebis ricxvi aSS-Si TandaTan mcir
deba. es upiratesad mamakacebs exeba. qalebi ki, nawilobriv im mosazrebis gamo,
rom nikotini xels uwyobs sigamxdres, kvlav agrZeleben Tambaqos moxmarebas.
sigareti ar aris is erTaderTi mavne produqti, romelic farTodaa rekla
mirebuli da damangrevlad moqmedebs janmrTelobaze. ara marto aSS-Si, aramed
mis farglebs gareTac aTasobiT qali iyenebda `dalkon Sildis~ Casaxvis sawi
naaRmdego saSualebas, sanam 1980-iani wlebis bolos misi mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg
Catarebulma warmatebulma sasamarTlo procesma ar daadastura am produqtis
mavne zemoqmedeba da, Sesabamisad, xeli Seuwyo misi warmoebis Sewyvetas. unda vax
senoT silikonis implantantic, romelsac aqtiurad iyenebdnen qalebi 1970-80-ian
wlebSi. am SemTxvevaSic mwarmoeblebma isargebles imiT, rom amerikuli kultura
qalebis silamazes did mniSvnelobas aniWebs da am produqtis gamoSveba daiwyes.
uamravi qali wamoego maxes da silikoni SeiZina, Tumca, mogvianebiT aRmoaCines,
rom maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gauaresda.
584
mowamluli xorci Wames. centralur afrikaSi gavrcelda tropikuli cxelebis
epidemia _ e.w. sisxlmdeni ebolas cxeleba, dasavleT afrikas gadauara lasas
cxelebam, egviptes _ riftis dablobis cxelebam (es adgilebi cxel zonebad ga
mocxadda). indoeTi moicva pnevmoniuri Wiris epidemiam, xolo ramdenime qveyana
_ qoleram da malariam.
TiTqmis yvela epidemia ukavSirdeba adamianTa socialuri wyobis cvlilebas
an moSlas. teqnologiurma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo zogi maTganis aRmocene
bas _ dawyebuli saventilacio sistemiT gavrcelebuli `legionerTa daavade
bidan~ da damTavrebuli tamponebis xelovnuri boWkoebiT, romelic SesaniSnavi
niadagi gamodga toqsikuri Sokis ganviTarebisaTvis. daavadebebis gavrcelebas
sacxovrebeli pirobebis cvlilebamac Seuwyo xeli: tyian adgilebSi aSenebuli
xis saxlebi ukavSirdeba laimis daavadebis gavrcelebas, xolo urbanizaciam, sao
marma moqmedebebma, migraciam da kaSxalebis mSeneblobam xeli Seuwyo tropikuli
daavadebebis afeTqebas.
savaraudod, Sidsi mTels msoflioSi afrikidan gavrcelda, rasac Taname
drove satransporto sistemebma Seuwyo xeli. Sidsis gavrcelebis pirveli simpto
mebi kinSasas (zairi) da mombasas (kenia) damakavSirebeli trasis gaswvriv dafiq
sirda. Semdeg satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebisa da meZavebis meSveobiT daavadeba
gzatkecilidan centralur afrikaSi gavrcelda (gareti, 1994), xolo Sidsis vi
rusiT daavadebulebis sahaero transportiT mgzavrobis Sedegad virusi afriki
dan evropasa da amerikaSi gavrcelda. sahaero transportis roli daavadebebis
gavrcelebaSi gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia, radgan nebmismierma dasnebovne
bulma pirma SeiZleba daavadeba aTasi kilometris moSorebiT gaavrcelos sul
raRac ramdenime saaTisa da dRis ganmavlobaSi.
amgvarma faqtebma da bolo wlebSi infeqciuri daavadebebis afeTqebis Sem
Txvevebis mzardma ricxvma ganapiroba is, rom mTeli msoflios sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis samsaxurebma gadawyvites, infeqciuri daavadebebis gakontroleba
ecadaT (CQ Researcher, 1995 wlis 9 ivnisi). infeqciuri daavadebebis afeTqebebis
lokalizaciisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba amgvari afeTqebebis droul
gamovlenas. garda amisa, farTomasStabiani epidemiebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
saWiroa gadamdebi daavadebebis kvlevis dafinanseba, rac bolo wlebSi mniS
vnelovnad Semcirda `daavadebebis damarcxebis~ xaverdovani iluziis Sedegad.
agreTve, saWiroa iseTi profilaqtikuri zomebis miReba, rogoricaa vaqcinacia.
samwuxarod, iseTi umniSvnelovanesi dawesebulebis dafinansebis Semcireba, ro
goricaa daavadebebisa da prevenciis centrebi, cxadyofs, rom amgvari zomebis
miReba aSS-Si axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar aris.
zogi mecnieris mosazrebiT (romlebic swavloben amJamindeli daavadebebis
epidemiebis kavSirs adamianTa saqmianobasTan), daavadebebis gavrceleba garemos
cvlilebebis Sedegad xdeba. mosaxleobis ricxobrivi zrda epidemiebis afeTqe
bebis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi faqtoria _ daavadebebis zrda `dedamiwis Su
risZiebaa~ adamianTa mier ekosistemis daundoblad ganadgurebis gamo (prestoni,
1994). am mosazrebiT, axladgaCenili infeqciebi garkveuli imunuri reaqciaa mo
saxleobis zrdasa da bunebrivi samyaros ganadgurebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
585
mosazreba azrTa sxvadasxvaobebs iwvevs, erTi ram faqtia _ adamianebis moqmede
ba (da ara marto virusebi da baqteriebi) mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs infeqciur
epidemiebs da amitom yvelam erTad unda vcadoT maTi damarcxeba.
Sidsi
586
dis momtani. im 300000 adamianidan, romlebsac 1993 wlis seqtembris Tvis monace
mebiT aReniSnebodaT daavadeba, jerjerobiT arc erTi ar gamojanmrTelebula.
aiv-i SeiZleba SemaSfoTebeli siswrafiT gavrceldes mosaxleobaSi. san-
franciskoSi mcxovreb homoseqsual mamakacebSi, romlebsac manamdec hqondaT
sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi esa Tu is daavadeba, SidsiT dasnebovnebis maCvenebe
li rva weliwadSi 4-dan 75%-mde gaizarda (vinkelStaini, 1987). ra ganapirobebs
Sidsis virusis aseTi tempiT gavrcelebas? sociolog piter birmanis azriT, am
kiTxvis pasuxi socialur struqturaSi unda veZeboT. arajansaRi wesiT mcxovreb
adamianebs Soris mWidro kavSiri viruss swrafad gavrcelebis saSualebas aZlevs.
aSS-Si mWidro, sarisko qceva SeiniSneba or populaciaSi: homoseqsual mamakaceb
sa da narkotikebis intravenurad momxmareblebSi, ramac aiv infeqciis swrafad
gavrceleba gamoiwvia.
socio-struqturuli cvladebis gavlena naTelia sxvadasxva socialuri for
mebiTac, romlebic Sidsis gavrcelebas sxva qveynebSi ganapirobebs. magaliTad,
Sidsis virusi swrafad gavrcelda aRmosavleT da centralur afrikaSi. malavi
Si, romelic mesame adgilzea SidsiT daavadebis maCveneblis mxriv, mosaxleobis
mesamedi aiv-dadebiTia, xolo tanzaniis zog qalaqSi mozrdilTa 40 procentia
inficirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, virusi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva
sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris sqesobrivi kavSiriT vrceldeba. erT-erTma kvl
evam aRmoaCina, rom aRmosavleT da centralur afrikaSi inficirebulTa 80%-ma
virusi heteroseqsualuri kavSiris Sedegad miiRo, xolo 10%-ma _ dabinZure
buli sisxlis gadasxmiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom daavadebulTa mxolod 10 % das
nebovnda daucveli homoseqsualuri kavSirisa da saziaro Spricis gamoyenebis
Sedegad, rac yvelaze xSirad xdeba daavadebis gavrcelebis mizezi aSS-Si (engeli
da raideri, 1988).
is, Tu rogor vrceldeba Sidsismagvari gadamdebi daavadebebi, gansazRvravs,
romeli qceva iTvleba saxifaTod ama Tu im daavadebasTan mimarTebaSi. socio
logia daavadebis gadadebas im mizniT swavlobs, rom dainaxos, ra wvlili Seaqvs
socialur faqtorebs daavadebis gavrcelebaSi. amgvari kvlevebi imiTacaa kargi,
rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gavaanalizoT, Tu romeli socialuri qceva
saWiroebs modifikacias, raTa daavadebis gavrcelebis riski da SemTxvevebi Sem
cirdes. birmani (1992) amtkicebs, rom Sidsis gavrcelebis tempis gansazRvris
mizniT, saWiroa yuradReba gavamaxviloT im faqtze, rom daavadeba adamianidan
adamianze da jgufidan jgufze dabinZurebuli organizmis siTxis meSveobiT
gadadis. birmani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom swored adamianis qceva _ da ara misi
sqesi, rasa, asaki an seqsualuri orientacia _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu vis emuqreba
SidsiT inficirebis riski:
587
Sidsi erTi jgufidan meoreze umTavresad daucveli sqesobrivi kavSiris
gziT vrceldeba. geebi mkacrad gansazRvruli jgufia, maSin rodesac biseqsual
mamakacebs kavSiri aqvT rogorc mamakacebTan, aseve qalebTanac da, aqedan gamom
dinare, isini erTi sqesidan meoreSi Sidsis gavrcelebis xidis funqcias asrule
ben. rac ufro meti iqneba amgvari `xidi~, miT swrafad gavrceldeba virusi.
intravenuri narkomanebi gacilebiT meti `xidiT~ ukavSirdebian sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebs. narkotikebis mdedrobiTi sqesis momxmareblebi, romlebsac stabi
luri partniorebi hyavT narkomani mamakacebis saxiT, SeiZleba prostituciasac
misdevdnen, raTa sakmarisi fuli gamoimuSaon narkotikebis mosapoveblad. hete
roseqsuali da aranarkomani mamakacebi, romlebic amgvari qalebis momsaxurebiT
sargebloben, sakuTar Tavs safrTxeSi agdeben. analogiurad, heteroseqsual
narkoman mamakacebs bevri aranarkomani partniori hyavT, Tanac cnobilia, rom am
kategoriis mamakacebi iSviaTad iyeneben prezervativebs. gasakviri ar aris, rom
heterosqesobrivi gziT inficirebuli qalebis 62% swored intravenur narkoman
mamakacebTan daucveli seqsis Sedegad daavadda (kvlevaTa erovnuli sabWo, 1990).
Sidsis safrTxem amerikis socialuri suraTi Secvala. man cvlilebebi gamoi
wvia seqsualur qcevaSic da 1960-70-iani wlebis seqsualuri revolucia Seanela.
es yvelaze naTlad geebis magaliTiT dasturdeba _ isini axla ukve cdiloben,
rom ramdenime partnioriT Semoifarglon da Tavi aaridon iseT qcevas, rogori
caa analuri seqsi (romelic xels uwyobs sisxlSi Sidsis gavrcelebas swori naw
lavis midamoSi arsebuli naxeTqebidan) (fridmani, 1987). aseve moimata prezerva
tivebis moxmarebis maCvenebelma, xolo rekreaciuli medikamentebis gamoyeneba,
piriqiT _ Semcirda (sigeli, 1989).
miuxedavad imisa, rom SidsTan brZolis yvelaze efeqtur gzad ama Tu im
qmedebis SezRudva iTvleba, bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba am zomebs garkveuli
`zneobrivi~ mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, programebi, romlebic sa
Sualebas aZlevs intravenur narkomanebs, saerTo Spricis nacvlad gamoiyenon
steriluri Spricebi, mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydeba im adamianebis mxridan, rom
lebic fiqroben, rom es gaaiolebs narkotikebis moxmarebas da kidev ufro gaz
rdis narkomanebis ricxvs. sajaro skolebSi prezervativebis darigebasa da seq
sis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis Setanas mkacrad aprotesteben isini, vinc
fiqrobs, rom usafrTxo seqsis erTaderTi forma TavSekaveba unda iyos. sqesob
rivi Tanacxovrebis sakiTxebSi gaTviTcnobiereba mxolod waaxalisebs axalgaz
rdebis seqsualur moTxovnilebebs.
SidsiT daavadebulebi da maTi damcvelebi epidemiis dawyebis droidan amt
kiceben, rom federaluri mTavrobis mier Sidsis kvlevisa da prevenciisaTvis
gamoyofili Tanxebi araproporciulia im safrTxisa, romelsac es daavadeba
uqmnis sazogadoebas. aseTma araadekvaturma reaqciam, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo
homoseqsualebisa da intravenuri narkomanebis winaaRmdeg winaswari uaryofiTi
ganwyobis Camoyalibebas. manam, sanam Sidsi farTo sazogadoebas ar daemuqra, is
mxolod garkveuli jgufebis daavadebad iyo miCneuli da, aqedan gamomdinare,
aravin zrunavda daavadebasTan brZolis strategiis SemuSavebaze.
588
Sidsis krizisze Senelebuli reaqcia imis erT-erTi mizezia, rom dRes mili
onze meti amerikeli aiv-dadebiTia. am ricxvis SemaSfoTebeli siswrafiT zrda
badebs SiSs, gauZlebs Tu ara qveynis isedac gadatvirTuli jandacvis sistema 2000
wlisaTvis mosalodnel inficirebulTa raodenobas. SidsiT daavadebuli adamia
nebi saWiroeben gansakuTrebul zrunvasa da mkurnalobas. amis safasuris gadaxda
ki pacientebis umravlesobas ar SeuZlia. mxolod 1990 wels 8.5 miliardi aSS do
lari daixarja Sidsze aSS-Si. savaraudod, epidemiis gavrcelebasTan erTad es
Tanxa kidev ufro gaizrdeba (makadoni, 1990). amJamad dadgenilia, rom SidsiT daa
vadebuli erTi pacientis mkurnaloba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT
100000 aSS dolari jdeba (helinger, 1993) (ix. sociologia da sajaro debatebi).
aSS-Si SidsTan dakavSirebuli krizisis dawyebis dRidan daiwyo homoseqsu
alebis aqtiuri moZraoba im xarvezebis aRmofxvris mizniT, romlebic dakavSire
buli iyo Sidsis mkurnalobasa da prevenciasTan. magaliTad, san-franciskoSi
moxaliseTa ramdenime organizaciam daiwyo SidsiT daavadebulebisaTvis infor
maciis miwodeba da samedicino dawesebulebebSi mimarTvebis, saSinao pirobebSi
daxmarebisa da stacionaruli movlis uzrunvelyofa (arno, 1986). aman uzarmazari
daxmareba gauwia SidsiT daavadebulebs da sajaro dawesebulebebsac Seumsubuqa
tvirTi (magaliTad, is pacientebi, romlebic sakuTar saxlSi iReben daxmarebas,
ar saWiroeben hospitalizacias). msgavsi RonisZiebebi wamoiwyes narkotikebis
momxmareblebma da specializebulma samkurnalo dawesebulebebma, magram maTi
mcdeloba ar gamodga iseTi nayofieri, rogorc es homoseqsualTa mxardamWeri
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi moxda (fridmani da sxvebi, 1987).
miuxedavad oficialuri pirebis araadekvaturi reaqciisa da kvelevisaTvis
gamoyofili mcire Tanxebisa, SidsiT daavadebulebis sicocxlis saSualo xan
grZlivoba bolo wlebSi ramdenadme gaizarda. iqmneba axali medikamentebi da
teqnologiebi, AZT-s gamoyenebam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira aiv-dadebiTebSi Sidsis
ganviTarebis procesi. Tumca, amgvari warmatebebi da inovaciebi, maTi Rirebule
bidan gamomdinare, xSirad ar aris xelmisawvdomi aiv-dadebiTi da SidsiT daa
vadebuli bevri adamianisTvis. samedicino dazRveviT uzrunvelyofili daavade
bulebi ki kargaven Sanss, rodesac dauZlurebulebs muSaoba aRar SeuZliaT.
mkvlevarebi muSaoben vaqcinaze, romelic SeaCerebs aiv-is Sidsad ganviTare
bas. zogi eqsperti amtkicebs, rom vaqcinis SemuSaveba uaxloes 15 weliwadSi mox
deba, rac Zalian mokle periodia mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, magram mTel sauku
nes udris im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic ukve avad arian.
i m amerikelTa Soris, romlebic ver iReben samedicino momsaxurebas, bevri SidsiT daa
vadebulicaa. Sidsis epidemiis sawyis etapzeve bevri eqimi, medda da jandacvis sistemis
sxva TanamSromeli inficirebis SiSis gamo uars ambobda SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis
mkurnalobaze. pacientebi SeiZleba gakotrdnen kidec mkurnalobis ganmavlobaSi. TiTqmis arc
erTi sadazRvevo kompania ar faravs Sidsis mkurnalobis safasurs Tavisi sadazRvevo polise
589
biT. igive mdgomareobaa aiv-is mqoneTa SemTxvevaSic. SidsiT daavadebuli is pacientebic ki, rom
lebsac aqvT samedicino dazRveva, TandaTan kargaven mas, radgan rodesac dauZlurebulebi mu
Saobas wyveten, maTi polisebis moqmedebac wydeba (denielsi, 1995).
debatebi
Sidsis epidemiam ramdenime rTulad gadasaWreli sakiTxis winaSe daayena aSS-is xelisufle
ba. erT-erTi maTgani gaxldaT jandacvis sistemis reformis aucilebloba. am SemTxvevaSi yur
adRebas amaxvileben im faqtze, rom SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnaloba ukiduresad
did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli da Tu ar arsebobs Sesabamisi dazRveva, maSin es xarjebi mTli
anad federalur da Statebis xelisuflebas awveba. 1995 wels SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis
mkurnaloba, savaraudod, 15 miliard aSS dolars miaRwevs. meore dilema mdgomareobs preven
ciis efeqturi gzebis moZiebaSi. jandacvis seqtoris oficialuri pirebis mier SemoTavazebul
ideas sqesobrivi ganaTlebis SemoRebis, prezervativebis darigebisa da steriluri nemsebis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb mkacrad SeewinaaRmdegnen is adamianebi, romelTa kulturuli Rirebule
bebi uaryofs seqsis Sesaxeb ganaTlebas, homoseqsualizmsa da narkotikebis moxmarebas. kul
turaTa Soris amgvarma dapirispirebam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa Sidsis prevenciisaTvis saWiro
zomebis gatareba.
analizi
590
rogorc ukve davinaxeT, Sidsis gavrceleba socialuri struqturis sakiTxia. daavadeba
gavrcelda ZiriTadad sqesobrivi gziT da narkotikebis intravenur momxmareblebs Soris
saerTo nemsis xmarebiT. am faqtorma ganapiroba is, rom SidsiT daavadebulebi or kategoriad
gaiyo: isini, vinc sakuTari gaufrTxileblobiT dasnebovnda (socialurad stigmatizebulebi)
da egreT wodebuli `umanko msxverplni~, romlebic sisxlis gadasxmis Sedegad daavadnen. am
faqtma kidev ufro daamZima pirveli kategoriis mdgomareoba, radgan meore kategoriaSi myofi
adamianebi (magaliTad, CogburTis varskvlavi artur eSi, plakatebze gamosaxuli biWuna rian
uaiTi) gansakuTrebul efeqts axdenen sazogadobaze. Sidsis socialur-struqturulma mde
bareobam, anu misma Tavmoyram sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebSi, xeli Seuwyo farTo sazoga
doebis mier problemis ignorirebas, xolo kidev ufro daamZima pacientebis mdgomareoba. Sidsi
moiazreboda gansxvavebul daavadebad, romelic ar emuqreboda farTo sazogadoebas da mxolod
konkretul socialur jgufebSi vrceldeboda. Tumca, meore mxriv, am midgomam xeli Seuwyo am
jgufebs, gaerTianebuliyvnen da garkveuli zomebi mieRoT daavadebis winaaRmdeg.
SidsTan dakavSirebulma sakiTxebma winaaRmdegobebi gamoiwvia jandacvis sistemis funqci
uri integraciis procesSi. amerikelebis umetesobis janrmTelobaze (saubaria maTze, vinc ar
aris xandazmuli an Raribi) zrunavs kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi. aiv-dadebiTi nebismieri piri,
romelsac hqonda dazRveva, magram garkveuli mizezebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina sam
saxuri, veRarasodes CaerTveba sadazRvevo sqemaSi, radgan nebismieri sadazRvevo kompania uars
ganacxadebs, daazRvios is piri, romelsac aiv-i aReniSneboda. sxva qveynebis jandacvis siste
mebSi samsaxuris dakargva ar iqneboda dazRvevis dakargvis tolfasi.
dRes aSS jandacvaze gacilebiT met fuls xarjavs, vidre nebismieri sxva qveyana. magram
konkretulad ra zomebi unda miiRos xelisuflebam SidsiT daavadebul pacientebTan dakav
SirebiT? rogorc ukve davinaxeT, problemis nawili mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu mTavrobam
ar mimarTa saprevencio saSualebebs, mas gacilebiT meti safasuris gadaxda mouwevs daavade
bulebis samkurnalod.
jandacvis industria
591
medikalizacia: daavadebis xelaxali gansazRvreba
592
magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara, romelime kompaniaSi periodulad Catarebuli nar
koSemowmeba miviCnioT TanamSromelTa uflebebis darRvevad, maSinac ki, Tu am
gamokvlevis mizania maTi janmrTelobis dacva? adamianebis cxovrebaSi medikali
zaciis gafarToebis Sedegad amgvari kiTxvebi sul ufro xSirad ipyrobs sazoga
doebis yuradRebas.
socialuri moqmedebis meSveobiT medikalizaciis oponentebi Seecadnen ada
mianuri qcevis zogi aspeqtis `gamoxsnas~ organizebuli medicinis kompetenci
idan (foqsi, 1977). magaliTad, qalebi xSirad Civian, rom bunebrivi cxovrebiseu
li procesebis medikalizacia im donezea ayvanili, rom eqimebi xSirad srulad
akontroleben maT cxovrebas (gerardi, 1992). amgvari jgufebi iTxoven iseTi
procesebis demedikalizacias, rogoricaa mSobiaroba. amisaTvis maT daaweses
specialuri centrebi, sadac qalebs SeuZliaT, imSobiaron Sinaur atmosferoSi
da maqsimalurad aicilon Tavidan samedicino Careva (xSirad maT mSobiarobas
mxolod bebiaqali eswreba). analogiurad, pacientTa uflebebis damcvelebs
miaCniaT, rom ukanasknel stadiaSi myof ukurnebeli seniT daavadebulebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, mSvidad ganutevon suli sakuTar saxlebSi, Tu, rasakvirvelia,
es maTi survilicaa. demedikalizaciis sxva mcdelobebia aseve e.w. TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis Seqmna. adamianebi, romlebsac iseTi problemebi awuxebT, rogoricaa
simsuqne, azartuli TamaSebi an ojaxuri problemebi _ ayalibeben jgufebs da
cdiloben, erTmaneTs daexmaron samedicino personalis gareSec. Tumca, am mcde
lobebma mxolod umniSvnelo zegavlena iqonia demedikalizaciis procesze.
zogadad, amerikuli sazogadoeba miiCnevs, rom samedicino Careva aucilebelia
adamianis saqmianobis Zalian bevr aspeqtSi.
593
eufleboda. ufro metic, garda im adamianebisa, romlebic sakuTar Tavs eqimebs
uwodebdnen, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic viwro profiliT `muSaobdnen~, magali
Tad, akeTebdnen abortebs, iRebdnen mSobiareebs, saxsrebidan amovardnil Zvle
bs svamdedn da kurnavdnen kibos (stari, 1982). erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc es
adamianebi iolad poulobdnen klientebs, iyo samedicino mecnierebis martivi
buneba. im droisaTvis ar arsebobda anesTeziis efeqturi saSualebebi. aseve ar
iyo cnobili, rom baqteriebs mravali daavadebis gamowveva SeeZloT. im eqimebsac
ki, romlebsac samedicino skolebSi mieRoT ganaTleba, cota rame Tu gaegebo
daT daavadebebis Sesaxeb. amitom kvalificiuri eqimebis mcdelobas, daemkvidre
binaT Tavi im eqimebs Soris, romlebic mcenareuli narevebiTa da eleqsirebiT
vaWrobdnen, umniSvnelo Sedegebi hqonda.
1920-ian wlebSi mecnierulma progresma, romelsac Tan daerTo amerikuli sa
medicino asociaciis daarseba (AMA, eqimTa ZiriTadi profesiuli organizacia),
saSualeba misca eqimebs, upiratesoba moepovebinaT TviTaRiarebul eqimbaSebze
(barou, 1971; larsoni, 1977; stari, 1982). mkurnalobis tradiciul gzebTan Se
darebiT mecnieruli medicinis upiratesobam samedicino ganaTlebis miReba eqi
mad gaxdomis winapirobad aqcia. am dros medicina ukve ganisazRvreboda, rogorc
srulfasovani profesia. axali kanonebiT dawesda licenzirebis moTxovna da sa
medicino sfero mkacrad dauqvemdebares sakanonmdeblo monopolias (konradi
da Snaideri, 1980; fridsoni, 1970). AMA-m aseve moaxdina zewola kanonmdeblebze,
romelic SeuzRudavad iyideboda. manamde iseTi nivTierebebi, rogoricaa opiumi,
kokaini da sxva maTi msgavsi, Tavisuflad iyideboda, axla ki eqimis recepti iyo
saWiro maT SesaZenad (stari, 1982). amave dros, eqimebma SeinarCunes ufleba, dae
wesebinaT momsaxurebis individualuri tarifebi. manamde, mecxremete saukunis
Sua wlebamde, zog StatSi moqmedebda SezRudva im Tanxaze, romelic eqims SeeZlo
honoraris saxiT moeTxova. anazRaurebis dawesebisa da sxva servisebis ganxor
cielebis avtonomia profesiuli statusis mniSvnelovani nawilia. male, pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg, eqimis profesia ufro prestiJuli gaxda da es tendencia
jer kidev SeiniSneba.
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs eqimTa gavlenas da profesiis
prestiJs Tanamedrove jandacvis sistemaSi, aris is, rom mxolod eqimebs Seu
ZliaT diagnozis dasma, daniSnulebis micema, mkurnalobis progresis Sefaseba
da pacientTaTvis informaciis miwodeba. mZimed daavadebuli adamianebi xSir Sem
TxvevaSi ar floben srul informacias sakuTari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, radgan
maTi mkurnali eqimebi fiqroben, rom avadmyofebs ar eyofaT ganaTlebis done an
gamocdileba, adekvaturad Seafason miwodebuli informacia, Tanac, sakuTari
mdgomareobis simZimis gamo isini xSirad sxvanairad aRiqvamen maTTvis miwode
bul nebismier informacias. amis gamo bevri pacienti eqimebis mimarT bavSvurad
mimndobi xdeba. bolo dros zogma pacientma uari Tqva amgvar damokidebulebaze.
maTi gancxadebiT, yvelas aqvs ufleba, zustad icodes sakuTari janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba da monawileoba miiRos masze zrunvis procesSi. magram eqimebis
gadawyvetileba kvlav uzenaesia. yvelaze did problemas axla ara pacientebi,
594
aramed is sadazRvevo kompaniebi da damxmare organizaciebi qmnian, romlebic sa
medicino momsaxurebis safasurs ixdian.
eqimebma jandacvis sistemaSi myari pozicia samedicino praqtikaSi socia
lizaciis xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg daimkvidres. samedicino saswavleblis
studentebi, internebi da rezidentebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTviseben pro
fesiis zneobriv principebs. erT-erTi principi gulisxmobs avadmyofebisadmi
Tavdadebasa da erTgulebas. Tumca, iseTi principebic arsebobs, romlebic didi
mniSvnelobas aniWeben profesiuli prestiJis SenarCunebas (magaliTad, dauSvebe
lia kolega eqimis kritika sxvebis TandaswrebiT) da im faqtis miRebas, rom eqimis
profesia moiTxovs farTo avtonomias. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es profesia miC
neulia Zalian rTul profesiad, bevri fiqrobs, rom mxolod gamorCeuli niWiT
dajildoebulebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen eqimebi. amitom, bevr axalgazrda eqims euf
leba aRmatebulobis grZnoba da qedmaRlebi xdebian, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo
profesiul siamayesTan (fridsoni, 1970).
maRali socialuri statusi, rasac Tan erTvis sxvis janmrTelobaze zrunva,
ganapirobebs im faqts, rom bevri eqimi iTxovs Zalian maRal anazRaurebas. dRes
amerikeli eqimebis xelfasi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi momuSave
maTi kolegebisa _ iseTi qveynebis CaTvliT, sadac jandacvis sistema uaRresad
ganviTarebulia (magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebi). es faqtori mniSvnelovnad
ukavSirdeba imas, rom jandacva aSS-Si biznesis msgavsadaa organizebuli.
samedicino momsaxureba erT dros SedarebiT martivi saqme iyo. eqimebi sa
kuTar ofisebSi mkurnalobdnen pacientebs an saxlSi midiodnen maTTan da sak
maod mokrZalebul gasamrjelos iRebdnen. dRes samedicino momsaxureba Zalian
Secvlilia: eqimi viwro profilis specialistia da ara zogadi profilis eqimi;
misi ofisi savsea ZviradRirebuli mowyobilobiT; maRali klasis klinikebsa da
stacionarebSi pacients araerTi ZviradRirebuli testis gavla Tu analizis
gakeTeba uwevs; imata fasebmac. xSirad avadmyofebs ar SeuZliaT gadaixadon
mkurnalobisaTvis saWiro Tanxa da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da saxelmwifo
daxmarebis imedad rCebian. samedicino momsaxurebis mzardma fasebma ramdenime
cvlileba gamoiwvia amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi _ kerZo sadazRvevo kompanieb
ma da saxelmwifom _ anu maT, vinc ixdis mkurnalobis sazRaurs, finansuri an
gariSgeba samedicino dawesebulebebs daakisres (goldmiti, 1984).
safuZvliani cvlilebebis niSnebi yvelgan TvalsaCinoa (burki da jeini, 1991).
magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebma wamoiwyes marTuli programebis ganxor
cieleba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom maT ufleba aqvT, ganixilon polisis mflo
belis stacionaruli mkurnaloba, rogorc mis dawyebamde, aseve procesSic. Tu
sadazRvevo kompania gadawyvets, rom romelime procedura ar aris aucilebeli,
mas SeuZlia uari ganacxados anazRaurebaze. damsaqmeblebs, romlebic ixdian
TanamSromlebis dazRvevis Tanxas, aseve SeuZliaT polisis mflobelebis arCe
595
vanze gavlenis moxdena. magaliTad, zogi maTgani agrovebs monacemebs sxvadasxva
saavadmyofos mier dawesebuli mkurnalobis safasuris Sesaxeb im mizniT, rom
gansazRvron ZviradRirebuli samedicino dawesebulebebi da sakuTar TanamSrom
lebs aukrZalon maTi gamoyeneba. meoreni sTxoven TanamSromlebs, gaigon sxva eqi
mis azric, Tu erTi eqimi Tvlis, rom saWiroa qirurgiuli Careva (leierli, 1984;
laiTi, 1988).
federaluri mTavrobac zRudavs jandacvis or ZiriTad programas _ Medicare-
s (gankuTvnilia xandazmulebisaTvis) da Medicaid-s (gankuTvnilia RaribebisaT
vis). am programebSi CarTvis kriteriumebi mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda. programa,
romelSic erT dros CarTuli iyo qveynis Raribi mosaxleobis 70%, 1983 wlisaTvis
ukve 43, xolo 1990 wlisaTvis mxolod 38%-s uzrunvelyofda Tavisi momsaxure
biT (momxmarebelTa angariSi, 1990; devidi da roulendi, 1983). ojaxebi, sadac ori
mSobelia, rogorc wesi, ar daiSvebian programaSi, xolo martoxelebs im SemTx
vevaSi SeuZliaT masSi CarTva, Tu isini unarSezRudulebi an xandazmulebi arian.
garda Medicaid-Si monawileTa SezRudvisa, biujetis Semcirebam saavadmyofoebisa
da eqimebisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis SezRudvac gamoiwvia (kerni da uindhemi,
1986). es imas niSnavs, rom am programaSi monawile dabali Semosavlis mqone bevrma
adamianma saWiro Tanxis anazRaurebaze uari miiRo. Sedegad moxda is, rom gadax
dis uunaro pacientebiT gadaiWeda is samedicino dawesebulebebi, sadac ufasod
emsaxurebian avadmyofebs. 1995 wels kongresis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gatanili
proeqtebi SemcirebiT daemuqra Medicaid-isa da Medicare-is dafinansebas.
meore SemzRudavi zoma aris potenciuri dafinansebis sistema (PPS) _ sta
cionarebis axleburi kompensacia Medicare-is pacientebis mkurnalobisaTvis. ma
namde arsebuli meqanizmiT, saavadmyofo warudgenda Medicare-s angariSs, xolo
es ukanaskneli am angariSis mixedviT unazRaurebda mas momsaxurebis Rirebule
bas. potenciuri dafinansebis sistemis mixedviT, Medicare-i stacionarebs konkre
tuli procedurebisaTvis uxdis fiqsirebul Tanxas (magaliTad, naRvlis buStis
amokveTa, kaTeterizacia, apendeqtomia). am sitemis analizma daadastura, rom is
aSkarad amcirebs Medicare-is danaxarjebs (raseli da meningi, 1989). Tumca, isic
naTelia, rom am sistemis amoqmedebis Semdeg saavadmyofoebi zogjer adre weren
pacinetebs _ Medicare-i maT mainc uxdis TiToeul proceduraze gansazRvrul
Tanxas imis miuxedavad, pacienti ramden xans mkurnalobs stacnionarSi _ 3 dRes
Tu 10 dRes. Zveli sistemis mixedviT, stacionarebis anazRaureba pirdapirpro
porciuli iyo maT mier miwodebuli servisebisa.
PPS-is da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier warmoebuli ZiriTadi progra
mebis pasuxad, zogma saavadmyofom Secvala Sidaganawesi. pirvel rigSi, maT gamo
Zebnes ramdenime gza da Seamcires stacionaruli mkurnalobis xangrZlivoba. dRes
yvela ZiriTadi analizi da dokumenti pacientis saavadmyofoSi miRebamde keT
deba. pacientebs, romlebsac garkveuli saxis operacia unda CautardeT, xSirad
operaciamde ramdenime saaTiT adre awvenen saavadmyofoSi. garda amisa, stacio
narebSi gamoyofilia specialuri oTaxebi, sadac wvanan is pacientebi, romlebsac
esaWiroebaT stacionarSi yofna, magram ara sruli servisiT uzrunvelyofa.
596
fasebTan dakavSirebulma problemebma xeli Seuwyo jandacvis axali formebis
warmoqmnas. erT-erT aseTi formaa janmrTelobis SenarCunebis organizacia
(HMO), romelic yovelwliuri fiqsirebuli Senatanis fasad samedicino momsa
xurebiT uzrunvelyofs mis wevrebs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Tu mis wevrebs Zvi
radRirebuli momsaxureba dasWirdaT, organizacia msxvil Tanxas izaralebs,
amitom is yuradRebas Tavidanve amaxvilebs ZiriTadad saprevencio zomebze da
exmareba adamianebs janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi. meore popularuli axali for
maa arCeuli samedicino organizacia (PPO), romelic eqimTa jgufebisagan Sedgeba
da adamianebis konkretul jgufs (magaliTad, romelime sawarmos an kompaniis
yvela TanamSromels) konkretul servisebs sTavazobs. amgvari organizacia momx
mareblebs emsaxureba fasdaklebiT, eqimebs ki pacientebis stabiluri raodeno
biT uzrunvelyofs. PPO garkveul Tavisuflebasac aniWebs momxmarebels _ mas
SeuZlia mimarTos sxva eqims, magram valdebulia, gadaixados gansxvaveba fasSi.
analogiurad, im eqimebs, romlebic emsaxurebian organizaciis klientebs, SeuZ
liaT sxva pacientebsac moemsaxuron. amgvari organizacia sxvadasxva formiTa da
zomiT SeiZleba funqcionirebdes. maTi damfuZneblebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc
eqimebi, aseve damsaqmeblebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi an is saavadmyofoebi, rom
lebsac surT gazardon momsaxurebis sfero.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jandacvis sferoSi momxdar amgvar cvlilebebs mra
vali momxre hyavs, gamoCndnen kritikosebic. janmrTelobis SenarCunebis orga
nizaciis wevrebs zogjer uars eubnebian saWiro mkurnalobaze, medikamentebis
gamoweraze, adgilze mosvlasa an momvlelis momsaxurebaze (spraginsi, 1995).
amgvari organizaciebi xSirad xdeba kritikis obieqti, radgan isini ar anazRau
reben sakuTari klientebis gadaudebeli mkurnalobis xarjebs, rac iZulebuls
xdis avadmyofebs, sakuTari jibidan gadaixadon amgvari mkurnalobisTvis saWiro
sakmaod msxvili Tanxa (piari, 1995). saavadmyofoebi iZulebulebi arian, iyvnen
konkurentunarianebi da rac SeiZleba meti gadamxdeli pacienti miizidon. fi
nansuri stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT zogma saavadmyofom Sewyvita maT
Tvis finansurad araxelsayreli saqmianoba. saubedurod, es imas niSnavs, rom
Raribi pacientebisaTvis saavadmyofoebis karebi daixura, gansakuTrebiT iseTi
servisebisaTvis, rogoricaa travmis mkurnaloba (bernsi, 1990).
dRes samedicino momsaxureba xelSi aiRo im organizaciebma, romlebic fi
nansur mogebaze muSaoben. es korporaciebi kidev ufro did jgufad erTiandebian,
romelsac `samedicino industriis kompleqsi~ ewodeba (laiTi, 1986; relmani, 1990).
am organizacias seriozuli gavlena aqvs jandacvaze. rogorc erT-erTi
mkvlevari aRniSnavs:
597
garebis gamoSveba Tu konkretuli servisiT uzrunvelyofa, damokide
bulia imaze, Tu romeli ukeT gaiyideba~ (leviti, 1986, gv. 483).
598
Cvil bavSvTa movlis maRali teqnologiebi _ anu yvelafer imas, riTic ganTqmu
lia amgvari saavadmyofoebi. analogiurad, is, Tu rogor vixdiT jandacvis saz
Raurs _ pirdapir, rogorc momxmareblebi, sadazRvevo kompaniis meSveobiT Tu
gadasaxadebis saxiT _ moqmedebs samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxze. es faqto
ri gavlenas axdens imazec ki, Tu ra saxis samedicino gamokvleva iqneba saWiro,
radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva daavade
baa gavrcelebuli da kvlevebic mxolod samecniero interesebsa da keTili nebis
gamovlenaze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed xelmisawvdom dafinansebaze. yvela
qveynisTvis saWiroa, rom mis mosaxleobas xeli miuwvdebodes samedicino momsa
xurebaze, magram sxvadasxva qveyana gansxvavebul midgomas iyenebs am saWiroebis
dasakmayofileblad. zogan, magaliTad, kanadaSi, moqmedebs erovnuli sadazRve
vo sistema, did britaneTSi _ samTavrobo erovnuli sadazRvevo sistema. aSS-s ar
gaaCnia efeqturad koordinirebuli funqciurad integrirebuli sistema, rac sa
medicino momsaxurebis fasebis mkveTri zrdis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqto
ria. xSirad amboben, rom aSS-is jandacva msoflioSi saukeTesoa da, Sesabamisad,
amerika lideria samedicino mecnierebaSi. amerikuli jandacvis sistemis ZiriTa
di problema socialur organizebaSi mdgomareobs: bevr moqalaqes ar miuwvdeba
xeli am SesaniSnav momsaxurebaze.
Tanamedrove amerikuli jandacvis sistema sami ZiriTadi problemis winaSe
dgas: 1) samedicino momsaxurebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba, 2) jandacvis mTliani
Rirebuleba da 3) misi dafinansebis mzardi tendencia momgebiani, Semosavalze
orientirebuli sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili prob
lema mxolod amerikul sistemas axasiaTebs, radgan sxva ganviTarebul qveynebs
es problemebi ar gaaCniaT.
araTanabari xelmisawvdomoba
599
xSirad emarTebaT is daavadebebi, romlebic stacionarul mkurnalobas saWiroe
bs (devisi da roulendi, 1983). rodesac dauzRveveli moqalaqeebi seriozulad
avaddebian, maT mxolod imedi rCebaT, rom eqimebi da saxelmwifo dawesebulebe
bi zurgs ar Seaqceven. am adamianebs xSirad sakuTari janmrTelobis Semowmebis
saSualebac ar gaaCniaT, ris Sedegadac daavadeba Tavs garTulebis Semdeg iCens
xolme an maSin, roca Zalian dagvianebulia mkurnaloba.
mzardi fasebi
jandacvis sul ufro mzardi Rirebuleba kidev ufro auaresebs araTanabar
xelmisawvdomobas (ueidi, 1995). garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, jandacvis sistema
sakuTari warmatebis msxverpli gaxda. misma filosofiam, romelic gulisxmobs
daavadebebis gankurnebis heroikul mcdelobas nebismier fasad, xeli Seuwyo
ZviradRirebuli, maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da danergvas, magaliTad,
organoTa transplantacias, gulis rTul operaciebs. am operaciebis danergv
asTan erTad mkveTrad izrdeba maTze moTxovna, radgan yvelas surs, gamoiyenos
medicinis yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevebi da saukeTeso Sedegebi miiRos. amis
Sedegad izrdeba sicocxlis gadarCenis Sansi, magram katastrofulad izrdeba
misi Rirebuleba.
Rirebulebis zrdas ganapirobebs Tanamedrove aparaturac, romelTa asa
muSaveblad da maTi meSveobiT operaciebis Casatareblad saWiroa ZviradRirebu
li da kvalificiuri specialistebi. aSS-Si eqimTa mzardi raodenoba kidev ufro
uwyobs xels fasebis zrdas. axalgazrda eqimebi pacientebis mozidvis mizniT,
klientebs uaxles teqnologiebsa da mkurnalobis axal meTodebs sTavazoben. maT
ze ufros Taobas imaves gakeTeba uwevs konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad,
amitomac qveynis jandacvis sistemis xarjebi dRiTidRe izrdeba.
profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis xarjebi kidev erTi dilemaa, radgan
dRes uamrav eqims uwevs pasuxis gacema cudad Cavlil mkurnalobaze. 1990 wels
amerikeli eqimebis mier profesiuli dazRvevis Senatanis saxiT gadaxdilma Tan
xam 4.5 milioni dolari Seadgina. am damatebiT Tanxas yvela dazRveuli eqimi ix
dis, rac pacientebzec aisaxeba. pasuxisgebaSi micemis SiSiT eqimebi sul ufro
xSirad iyeneben e.w. `TavdacviT samedicino praqtikas~. isini guldasmiT ikvleven
pacientebs da regularulad iReben konsultaciebs viwro specialistebisagan,
raTa Semdeg maT gaufrTxileblobaSi aravin dasdos brali. amerikis mTeli sa
medicino sazogadoebis amgvari samedicino praqtika weliwadSi 12-14 miliardi
dolari jdeba (marSali, 1994).
morigi faqtori gaxlavT amerikuli sazogadoebis dabereba: rogorc wesi,
xandazmulebi ufro xSirad saWiroeben samedicino momsaxurebas, vidre axalgaz
rdebi. 1940 da 1990 wlebSi, mosaxleobis xandazmuli nawili TiTqmis gaormagda
_ misma maCvenebelma 7-dan 12%-mde imata. es tendencia kidev ufro SesamCnevi
gaxdeba `beibibumerebis~ Taobis daberebasTan erTad. 2030 wlisaTvis amerikelTa
25 % xandazmuli iqneba, rac cudis momaswavebelia jandacvis sistemis xarjebis
TvalsazrisiT.
600
dabolos, milionobiT amerikelma, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT janmrTelobis daz
Rveva, SeiZleba ara mxolod ver SeZlos gankurneba, aramed mZime tvirTi daakis
ros gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs, saavadmyofoebsa da sxva pacientebs. 1988 wels
stacionaruli mkurnalobis gaunaRdebelma angariSebma 8 miliardi dolari
Seadgina (momxmarebelTa angariSi, 1990b). saavadmyofoebi da eqimebi, romlebic
dauzRvevel pacientebs mkurnaloben, iZulebulni arian, gazardon mkurnalobis
safasuri dazRveuli pacientebisTvis da amgvarad Seavson danaklisi. magaliTad,
niu-jersiSi stacionarSi mkurnalobis safasurs emateba mTliani Tanxis 13%,
romelsac Semdeg gadaxdisuunaro pacientebis mkurnalobisas iyeneben. amis Sede
gad samedicino momsaxurebis Tanxebi izrdeba, masTan erTad izrdeba sadazRvevo
Senatani da kidev ufro meti adamiani rCeba jandacvis miRma.
601
miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulSi es mxolod calkeuli pirebisa da mcire
ricxovani jgufebis problema iyo, dRes mdgomareoba Seicvala. mravalricxovani
jgufis wevroba ukve aRaraa usafrTxoebis garanti. magaliTad, kaliforniaSi
mcxovrebma erT-erTma qalbatonma aRmoaCina, rom misi sadazRvevo Senatani 16000
dolari gamxdariyo (arada sxva kolegebTan erTad SeiZina sadazRvevo polisi)
mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva, rom mis 8 wlis gogonas mxolod cali Tirkmeli hqonda
da isic defeqturi. rogorc dazRvevis erT-erTi eqsperti ambobs, `dRes aSS-Si
aravinaa dazRveuli amgvari moulodnelobisagan~ (danielsi, citirebulia kola
taSi, 1992, gv. a1). aseTi problemebi iarsebebs manam, sanam amerikelebis umetesoba
kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebze iqneba damokidebuli.
Sejameba
602
mis moxmarebas, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sigareti dRes
yvelaze farTod reklamirebuli produqtia. bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba sigare
tis mowevis SezRudvis mcdelobebi.
5. bolo wlebSi mTel msoflioSi infeqciuri daavadebebis SemaSfoTebeli
afeTqebebi SeiniSneba. zog SemTxvevaSi es exeba cnobil infeqciebs, magali
Tad tuberkulozs, magram zogjer saqme gvaqvs sruliad axal infeqciebTan.
aseTebia, magaliTad, `legionerTa daavadeba~, toqsikuri Sokis sindromi,
laimis daavadeba, hantavirusi, e. kolis infeqcia, tropikuli cxeleba _
ebola da Sidsi. am daavadebebis afeTqebebi dakavSirebulia socialuri wyo
bis cvlilebasa da moSlasTan. sahaero mgzavroba infeqciuri daavadebebis
gavrcelebis axali gzaa. misi saSualebiT mxolod erT daavadebul adamians
SeuZlia aTasobiT milis iqiT gaavrcelos infeqcia sul raRac ramdenime
saaTSi an dReSi. saWiroa infeqciuri daavadebebisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb
kvlevebis gaaqtiureba.
6. Sidsis gaCenas ramdenime socialuri Sedegi mohyva. am SemTxvevaSi igulisx
meba sqesobrivi qcevis cvlileba. mniSvnelovania isic, rom ukve Riad mimdi
nareobs msjeloba sqesobriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
7. aSS-is jandacvis industria uzarmazaria da jer kidev izrdeba. mis gafarToe
bas ganapirobebs eqimTa statusis amaRleba. samedicino profesiis prestiJis
amaRlebis gverdiTi movlenaa amerikuli sazogadoebis medikalizacia. mra
vali qmedeba, romelic warsulSi sasuliero pirebis, ojaxis wevrebisa da sa
samarTloebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda, axla samedicino kuTxiT ganixileba.
amave dros samedicino servisebma korporizaciis procesi gadaitana. finan
surma zewolam bevri hospitali aiZula, gaeuqmebina iseTi aramomgebiani ser
visebi, rogoricaa Raribebze zrunva.
8. aSS-is jandacvis sistema sam RerZze dgas: erTi gankuTvnilia SeZlebulTaT
vis da dazRvevis mqoneTaTvis, meore maTgani exeba Medicaid-Si monawile Rari
bebs, xolo mesame _ im 40 milion adamians, romlebsac dazRveva saerTod ar
gaaCniaT. aqedan gamomdinare, jandacvis sistema sTavazobs maRali xarisxis
samedicino momsaxurebas maT, visac gadaxda SeuZlia, xolo saerTod uars
eubneba maT, visac mkurnalobisTvis saWiro fulze xeli ar miuwvdeba.
9. jandacvis Rirebuleba mkveTrad izrdeba Semdegi faqtorebis gamo: 1) maRal
teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli mkurnaloba da maRalkvalificiuri eqimebis
simravle; 2) samedicino profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis mudmivad
mzardi Rirebuleba; 3) amerikis mosaxleobis sibere da is faqti, rom xan
dazmulebs ufro meti samedicino problema awuxebT; 4) milionobiT ojaxi,
romelsac ar gaaCnia dazRveva samedicino xarjebis dasafarad, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis dazRveuli pacientebis mkurnalobis safasurs.
10. samedicino dazRveva kidev ufro ZviradRirebuli xdeba rogorc calkeu
li pirebis, aseve biznesisaTvis. magram is adamianebic ki, romlebsac ker
Zo dazRveva aqvT, misi dakargvis riskis qveS imyofebian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mZimed daavaddebian an polisebi ar ganuaxldebaT. seriozulad daavadebuli
603
adamianebi, romlebic kargaven dazRvevas, rogorc wesi, veRar iReben mas,
radganac sadazRvevo polisebis umetesoba ar faravs `sadazRvevo polisis
ZalaSi Sesvlamde arsebul mdgomareobebs~.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
604
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis organizacia (HMO) _ jandacvis organizacia,
romelic sakuTari wevrebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs samedicino momsaxurebas
yovelwliuri dadgenili gadasaxadis safuZvelze.
medikalizacia _ piradi problemebis samedicino WrilSi ganxilvis tendencia.
avadoba _ daavadebis xdomilebaTa maCvenebeli mosaxleobaSi.
sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli _ mosaxleobis ama Tu im nawilSi sikvdilianobis
SedarebiTi sixSire.
amorCeuli samedicino organizacia (PPO) _ eqimTa jgufi, romelic fasdakle
biT sTavazobs konkretul servisebs pacientTa garkveul jgufebs, magali
Tad, erTi kompaniis TanamSromlebs.
605
606
nawili V
socialuri cvlilebebi
da globalizacia
607
608
Tavi 15
samuSao, organizaciebi
da ekonomika
biznes-institutebi aSS-Si
. korporaciuli amerika . vin akontrolebs korporaciebs?
. multinacionalTa globaluri Zalaufleba . mcire biznesebi
Sroma aSS-Si
. Sromis mniSvneloba . Zalaufleba samsaxurSi
. Sromis formebis cvlileba . Sromis bazari
. saxelfaso uTanasworobebi . umuSevrobis problema
. profesionalizacia . produqtiuloba da avtomatizacia
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi: konkurencia
axal globalur ekonomikaSi
609
610
m anhetenis SuagulSi aRmarTuli rokfeleris centri _ dekoratiuli xe
lovnebis Sedevri, 1930 wels aSenda _ maSin, rodesac bevri fuli aravis
hqonda milionerTa STamomavlebis garda. erT-erTi aseTi iyo rokfeleric. cen
traluri Senobis win dgas berZnuli miTologiis titanis, warmoudgeneli nebis
yofisa da siZlieris simbolos _ promeTes qandakeba. dekeberSi uzarmazari sa
Sobao naZvis xis win Sekrebili turistebidan, romlebic yinulis arenaze
mosriale mociguraveebsac adevneben Tvals, azrad aravis mouva is, rom es kom
pleqsi viRacas ekuTvnis. maTTvis, rokfeleris centri ubralod arsebobs.
swored amave mizeziT, 1989 wels bevri amerikeli gaocebuli darCa, roca
Seityo, rom Mitsubishi Estatme-ma, iaponiaSi TiTqmis yvelaze didma kerZo sa
kuTrebis developerulma kompaniam, rokfeleris centris sakontrolo wili
Seisyida. uecrad yvelas gaaxsenda, rom rokfeleris centri mTeli amerikis sa
kuTreba rodia Tavisuflebis qandakebis msgavsad, aramed is ekonomikuri siste
mis nawilia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri sistema aris im socialuri
institutebis qseli, romelic saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze Cvens ZiriTad sazoga
doebrv moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. iseTi kompleqsi, rogoricaa rokfeleris cen
tri, investiciaa. rokfeleris memkvidreebma Senoba im mizniT aages, rom masSi
bina daedo uamrav biznesmens, romelTac sakuTari saqmis Sesasruleblad far
Tobi esaWiroebodaT. Tavis mxriv, klientebs, romlebic yiduloben am centrSi
ganTavsebuli kompaniebis mier warmoebul produqts, sakuTari wvlili SeaqvT im
mesakuTreebis mogebaSi, romlebic yovelTviurad farTis qiras iReben. ekonomi
kuri sistemis mudmivad moZravi uxilavi meqanizmis gareSe arc rokfeleris cent
ri iarsebebda, arc niu-iorki da arc TviT aSS.
XX saukuneSi Cveni ekonomika gascda qselis sazRvrebs, romelic akavSirebs
erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi mwarmoeblebs da momxmareblebs. Tanamedrove
amerikuli biznesi mTel msoflioSi funqcionirebs da im globaluri ekonimikis
nawilia, romelic faravs niu-iorksa da parizs, kairosa da niu-delis, tokiosa
da honkongs. amerikis ekonomikuri sistema am qselis yvelaze didi komponentia,
Tumca bolo dros is ukve aRar aris ukonkurento lideri. bolo ramdenime aT
wleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio bazarze sxvadasxva produqtis gayidvaSi aSS-is
wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, xolo aziuri da aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis
wili gaizarda. avtomanqanebisa da foladis industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero,
raSic amerikam saerTaSoriso bazarze Tavisi wili daTmo. maRalteqonologiuri
produqciis _ kompiuterebis, samedicino aRWurvilobis, eleqtro instru
mentebisa da satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis amerikeli mwarmoeblebi cdi
loben, gauZlon sxva qveynebis saxiT momravlebul konkurentebs.
aSS-is magaliTi cxadyofs, rom qveynis adgili saerTaSoriso bazarze yovel
Tvis mudmivi ar aris. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi drois mokle monakveTSic ki
SeiZleba moxdes. amis meore kargi magaliTia iaponia. 1986-1991 wlebSi iaponiaSi
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis bumis gamo es qveyana warmatebis TvalsaCino nimuSad mi
iCneoda. sxvadasxva iaponuri kompania sakuTari produqciiT zedized ipyrobda
611
saerTaSoriso bazars. mravali amerikeli upiratesobas swored am produqcias
aniWebda sakuTar qveyanaSi warmoebulTan SedarebiT. iaponeli ekonomistebis ga
moTvliT, iaponiis mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba 2000
wlisaTvis gadaaswrebda amerikis imave maCvenebls, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is
mosaxleoba orjer aRemateba iaponiisas. magram aseTi ukiduresad optimisturi
prognozi arasodes gamarTlebula. sesxis aRebisa da xSiri investiciebis fonze,
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis brWyviala buSti moulodenlad gaskda. gauyidavi saqon
liT gadaivso maRaziebis sawyobebi, ramac 10000-ze meti iaponuri kompaniis ga
kotreba gamoiwvia (asahi Simbuni, 1994). ienis Rirebuleba msoflio savaluto ba
zarze mkveTrad daeca. micubiSim finansebis gasazrdelad rokfeleris centric
ki gamoitana gasayidad.
bedis es uecari Semobruneba adasturebs, Tu ramdenadaa damokidebuli Ta
namedrove saxelmwifos ekonomika ara mxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed mis far
glebs gareT arsebul momxmareblebsa da investorebze. TiToeuli saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri keTildReobisTvis mniSvnelovania msoflios ekonomikur siste
maSi bizneswamowyebebis warmateba. mzardi tendenciis mixedviT, dRes TiToeuli
qveynis ekonomikuri aRmasvla an daRmasvla nawilobriv saerTaSoriso bazris
cvlilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. qveynis valutis, produqciisa da uZravi qonebis
saerTaSoriso Rirebuleba SeiZleba Zalian swrafad icvlebodes. ganvixiloT
ucxouri investiciebi aSS-Si. sxva qveynis moqalaqeebis mier aSS-Si biznesis
wamowyebis mizniT daxarjulma Tanxam 1988-1990 wlebSi 70 miliard dolars mi
aRwia; 1991-1992 wlebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 20 miliardi dolari iyo, magram
1995 wlis dasawyisSi kvlav 50 miliardamde avida (fahim-naderi da zeili, 1995).
aseTi SesamCnevi cvalebadoba SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikuri arastabilurobiTac
gamoixatos. erovnuli ekonomikis gafaToebisa da SemWidroebis talRebi, ro
gorc wesi, globaluri biznesis uzarmazari, erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli kompo
nentebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
naSromis es Tavi dRevandeli msoflios ekonomikuri mowyobis ZiriTadi for
mis _ kapitalizmis ganxilviT iwyeba. aq SeviswavliT, ra aris kapitalizmi, rogor
ganviTarda is da gavecnobiT mis ZiriTadad alternativas _ socializms. Semdeg
ganvixilavT amerikis ZiriTad biznesorganizaciebs, dawyebuli giganturi korpo
raciebiT da damTavrebuli saojaxo tipis maRaziebiT. es Temebi imdenad farToa
da imdenad mniSvnelovania sociologiisaTvis, rom maTi ganxilvisas araerTxel
gadaveyrebiT sociologiis xuT ZiriTad konceficas _ socialur stuqturas,
socialur moqmedebas, funqciur integracias, Zalauflebasa da kulturas. am
komponentebis mniSvnelobaze Tu vimsjelebT, maSin funqciuri integracia maT
gan yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan bazari aris funqciurad integrirebuli
sistemebis mTlianoba, romelic garkveulwilad umarTavia da ar eqvemdebareba
romelime calkeuli piris kontrols (Tumca, calkeulma ekonomikurma moqmede
bebma SeiZleba seriozuli gavlena iqonios masze). Zalauflebas floben korpo
raciebi da sxvadasxva ekonomikuri dawesebulebebic. mmarTvelebis mier miReb
ulma gadawyvetilebam SesaZlebelia didi gavlena iqonios ara mxolod calkeul
pirebze, aramed qveynebze da regionebzec ki.
612
kapitalizmi: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri sistema
kapitalizmis definicia
613
surviliT irCeven samsaxurebs (arCevani izRudeba maTi gamocdilebiT, profe
siuli momzadebiTa da ganaTlebiT); mwarmoeblebi irCeven im produqcias da momsa
xurebas, romlis gayidvis survilic aqvT (isini izRudebian mxolod sainvesticio
TanxiT, nedleuliT, momxmarebelTa interesiT da mogebis gamomuSavebis unariT).
miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelive zemoTqmuli SeiZleba egoistur ekonomikur ar
Cevanad mogeCvenoT, am gadawyvetilebebis saerTo Sedegi sakmaod momgebiania
mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis. swored am koncefcias dauWira mxari adam smiTma
sakuTar naSromSi `saxelmwifoTa simdidre~ (1776/1976). am naSromSi man Taname
drove kapitalizmis ideologia ganaviTara (ix. Tavi 1). smiTis mixedviT, TviT
dainteresebiT motivirebuli ekonomikuri arCevani ganapirobebs im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebas, romelic damokidebulia momxmareblis survilze, rac,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevs sazogadoebis qonebis Sesabamis zrdas. amgvarad, milionobiT
adamianis arCevani, romelic efuZneba maT interessa da motivacias, ganapirobebs
ekonomikis funqciur integracias.
cxadia, mwarmoebelTaTvis gadamwyveti motivaciaa mogebis maqsimalurad
gazrda da, Sesabamisad, qonebis dagroveba da avtoritetis amaRleba. rogor
SeiZleba, rom amgvarma, erTi SexedviT egoisturma motivma, sargebeli moutanos
mTel sazogadoebas? saqme imaSia, rom mwarmoeblebi mudmivad cdiloben, axali
produqcia momxmarebelTa survilis gaTvaliswinebiT gamouSvan da amave dros
moiZion axali meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba produqciis
Rirebulebis Semcireba (dabali fasi niSnavs, rom produqcia didi raodenobiT
gaiyideba da, Sesabamisad, mwarmoebeli ukeTes mogebas naxavs TiToeul gayidul
erTeulze), ris Sedegadac xdeba resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da momxmare
beli iRebs sasurvel saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sasurvel fasad. aqedan gamomdi
nare, mogebuli rCeba yvela, sawarmos CaTvliT.
magram ra moxdeba, Tu mwarmoeblebi mogebis gazrdis mizniT TavianTi produq
ciis Zalian Zvirad gayidvas moindomeben? am situaciaSi mxsnelad gvevlineba kapi
talisturi ekonomikis konkurentuli bazari. Tu konkretuli kompania zedmetad
maRal fass daadebs sakuTar produqcias, momxmareblebi, ubralod, aRar iyidian
mas da sanacvlod sxva kompaniis mier warmoebul msgavs produqts SeiZenen. igive
principi moqmedebs Sromisa da sxva resursebis bazrebzec. Tu mwarmoebeli mis
aRebze dabal xelfass gadauxdis TanamSromlebs, misi saukeTeso muSebi sxvagan
moZebnian samsaxurs, rac produqciis xarisxis dacemasa da, Sesabamisad, zarals
gamoiwvevs. saboloo jamSi, kompania an gazrdis xelfasebs, an iZulebuli gax
deba, Sewyvitos saqmianoba. asea Tu ise, Sedegi yovelTvis erTnairia _ sazoga
doeba sargebels iRebs imiT, rom produqcias Sesabamisi fasi adevs, momuSaveebs
Sesabamisi anazRaureba aqvT, resursebi efeqturad gamoiyeneba da kapitalistic
`normalur~ mogebas naxulobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia WeSmariti kapitaliz
mis modeli. sinamdvileSi ki giganturma korporaciebma SeiZleba arasamarTliani
brZola gaaCaRon mcire biznesebis winaaRmdeg an dabali xelfasebi daaweson im
muSaxelisaTvis, romlebic iolad ver ipovian sxva samuSaos.
konkurentuli bazari kidev erT Sedegs iwvevs kapitalistur sistemaSi. ker
Zod _ mwarmoeblebi motivirebulebi arian, mogebis nawili biznesis gasaumjobe
614
seblad daabandon. maqs veberis azriT, kapitalizmi niSnavs `warmoebas mxolod da
mxolod mogebis gazrds mizniT~ (1904/1958). kapitalistebs ar SeuZliaT, gulxel
dakrefilebi isxdnen da datkbnen mogebiTa da kargi cxovrebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi
maTi konkurentebi isargebleben da SeiZleba imdenic ki moaxerxon, rom gancxromas
micemuli biznesmenebi bazars CamoaSoron. amitom kapitalistebi sakuTari mogebis
nawils warmoebis meTodebis gaumjobesebaSi xarjaven da amiT inarCuneben (da xSir
SemTxvevaSi zrdian) konkurenciis gawevis unars. naSromSi `protestantuli eTika
da kapitalizmis suli~ veberi amtkicebda, rom religiuri Rirebulebebis Secvlam,
rac dakavSirebulia protestantul reformaciasTan, xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove
kapitalizmisTvis saWiro komponentebis aRmocenebas (ix. Tavi 1). qristianebs mou
wodebdnen, rom Tavi aeridebinaT fufunebis nivTebis cdunebisaTvis, CaecvaT sa
dad da ubralod, emuSavaT guldasmiT da mieRwiaT warmatebisaTvis.
615
iyos. misi mosazreba efuZneba zneobas _ sargeblis Zebna da gamdidreba SeiZleba
egoisturi saqcielia, magram am gziT adamians sargebeli moaqvs ara marto saku
Tari TavisaTvis, aramed sazogadoebisavisac. Tanac amas SeiZleba sruliad gauc
nobiereblad akeTebdes (diumoni, 1977; hirSmani, 1977).
Tanamedrove kapitalizmma ara mxolod Secvala warmoeba, aramed mniS
vnelovnad gaafarTova misi ganawileba. Tuki aqamde vaWroba ZiriTadad erT
konkretul teritoriaze mimdinareobda, radgan Sor manZilze saqonlis gadatana
rTuli da sarisko saqme iyo, kapitalizmma xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
bazrebis gaerTianebas gzebisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobiT, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
gamoiwvia savaWro urTierToebebis gafarToeba da daregulireba. bazari gafar
Tovda iqamde, sadamdec SesaZlebeli iyo sazRvao xomaldebis mimosvla. daiwyo
nedleulis Semotana miyruebuli soflebidan industriul adgilebSi, xolo
warmoebuli saqoneli mTel msoflioSi poulobda momxmarebels. rogorc karl
marqsi da fridrix engelsi aRniSnavdnen, `mTel dedamiwaze produqciis bazris
mudmivad gafarToebis saWiroeba sdevnis burJuazias. is yvelgan ibudebs, mkvi
drdeba da amyarebs kavSirebs~ (marqsi da engelsi, 1848/1976, gv. 451). kapitalizmis
gavrcoba industriuli revoluciidan iwyeba da jer kidev grZeldeba. kapital
izmi iyo evropelebis mier mTeli danarCeni msoflios kolonizaciis mcdelobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, gansakuTrebiT XIX-XX saukuneebSi. magaliTad, bri
taneTma indoeTis dapyrobis Semdeg mTlianad amoZirkva adgilobrivi safeiqro
industria da indoelebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, britanuli tansacmeli SeeZinaT.
kapitalizmis globalizacia
616
nebismier qveyanaSi ucxouri konkurencia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs (ix.
GCanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi). 1980-ian wlebSi aSS-m marcxi
ganicada ara mxolod sagareo vaWrobis wilis gazrdaSi, aramed ucxouri warmoe
bis saqonlis upiratesobis SemcirebaSic. magaliTad, 1987 wlisaTvis amerikaSi
avtomobilebis 26%, sainJinro da samecniero instrumentebis 31% da radioebisa
da televizorebis 60% importirebuli iyo (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro,
1990g). 1993 wels importirebuli saqonlis Rirebuleba 139 miliardiT aRemate
boda eqsportis Rirebulebas, rac vaWrobis seriozul deficitze miuTiTebs (ix.
sqema 15.1). amave dros, ekonomikuri bazris mudmivma globalizaciam e.w. `saSinao~
ekonomikaSic gamoiwvia axali Sedegebi. Znelia vilaparakoT mxolod aSS-is, bri
taneTis, germaniis an iaponiis ekonomikaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini erTmane
Tisagan sazRvrebiTaa gamijnuli. moviyvanT harvardis yofili profesoris, edu
ard raixis sityvebs:
savaWro balansi mlrd. dolari
wyaro: msoflio bankis msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995. 1995, cxrili 13.
617
rodesac amerikeli yidulobs pontiak le mans jeneral motorsisagan,
is Zalauneburad xdeba saerTaSoriso transaqciis monawile. mis mier
gadaxdili 20000 dolaridan daaxloebiT 5600 samxreT koreaSi midis
awyobisaTvis, 3500 dolari _ iaponiaSi specialuri komponentebisaT
vis (mag. motori da eleqtromowyobiloba), 1500 dolari _ dasavleT
germaniaSi stilisa da dizainisaTvis, 800 dolari _ taivanSi, singa
pursa da iaponiaSi wvrili nawilebisaTvis, 500 dolari _ britaneTSi
reklamisaTvis da daaxloebiT 100 dolari _ irlandiasa da barbados
Si monacemTa damuSavebisaTvis. Tanxis danarCeni anu 8000 dolarze nak
lebi _ nawildeba detroits (strategiisaTvis), niu-iorks (advokatebi
da bankirebi), vaSingtons (lobistebi), danarCen amerikas (sadazRvevo
kompaniebi da jandacvis organizaciebi) da jeneral motorsis aqcio
nerebs Soris, romelTa didi nawili aSS-Si cxovrobs, magram sxva qvey
nis moqalaqea. pontiakis amayma mflobelma, rasakvirvelia, araferi
icis imis Sesaxeb, Tu mis mier gadaxdili Tanxis ramxela nawili gada
vida okeanis gaRma. amas jeneral motorsi agvarebs Tavisi globaluri
qselis wyalobiT (raixi, 1991, gv. 113).
618
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kompaniis mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficeri
germaneli iyo da aTi generaluri menejeridanac xuTi ar gaxldaT Svei
carieli. iaponiaSi Sinauri cxovelebis sakvebis gayidvas amerikeli
edga saTaveSi, avstraliaSi yavis gayidvebs indoeli xelmZRvanelobda,
xolo safrangeTSi iogurtis gayidvebs _ Sotlandielisa da wynari
okeanis auzSi arsebul nestles menejeri sxvadasxva erovnebisaa. nes
tle imdenad mizanmimarTulad cdilobs adgilobriv pirobebTan adap
tacias, rom man spilos Zvlis sanapiroze qarxanac ki gaxsna, romelic
miwis Txilis Cirs awarmoebs (berneti da kavanagi, 1994).
619
rac kidev uaresia, amerikelebis bedi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli msxvili saerTaSor
iso korporaciebis mmarTvelebis gadawyvetilebaze. globaluri korporaciebi afuZneben biz
ness erT romelime qveyanaSi, magram rogorc ki maTi finansuri sargebeli moiTxovs, kapitals
dauyovnebliv gadaisvrian sxva qveyanaSi. amis Sedegad msoflios maRalganviTarebul qveynebs,
aSS-is CaTvliT, ekonomikuri arastabilurobis igive safrTxe emuqrebaT, rac didi xania azara
lebs mesame rigis qveynebs.
msxvil multinacionalur korporaciebs aqvs unari, upiratesoba moipovos samuSao Zali
sa da sxva resursebis Rirebulebis mxriv; Tumca, am unars amcirebs maTi motivacia, darCnen
erT konkretul adgilas, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis samuSaos dakargvis safrTxes kvalificiuri
muSaxelisTvisac ki.
globalur bazarze amerikis poziciis gamyarebisa da amerikelebis samsaxuriT uzrunvel
yofis garantiis amaRlebisaTvis saWiroa amerikuli kompaniebis mier Sida produqciaSi inves
ticiebis moculobis gazrda. es gulisxmobs ara mxolod axali manqana-danadgarebis SeZenas,
aramed ganaTlebaSi, profesiul gadamzadebaSi, transportsa da sxva jansaRi Sida ekonomiki
saTvis saWiro samTavrobo programebSi saxelmwifo investiciebis mxardaWeras. Tumca, mravali
biznes-lideri upiratesobas aniWebs samxedro seqtoris mxardaWeras, rac miznad isaxavs stabi
luri saerTaSoriso garemos SenarCunebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs globaluri vaWro
bisa da investiciebis ayvavebas (ferkiusoni da rojersi, 1986) da ganapirobebs Sida ekonomi
kuri bazisis Sesustebas.
sociologebis nawili miiCnevs, rom Sida investiciebis mxardaWeris mizniT, aSS-s esaWiroeba
erovnuli industriuli politika, rac SemuSavebuli aqvT mis ZiriTad konkurentebs (stirnsi,
1992). magaliTad, germaniasa da iaponiaSi mTavroba da biznesseqtori aqtiurad TanamSromlobs
da erTad ibrZvis erovnuli ekonomikis gasaZliereblad. mTavroba mizanmimarTulad uwyobs
xels qveynis keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sferoebis ganviTarebas. magaliTad, 1950-ian
wlebSi iaponiis mTavrobam imiT Seuwyo xeli konkurentunariani kompiuteruli industriis
ganviTarebas, rom daawesa damcavi tarifebi da kvotebi, daafinansa kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
proeqtebi da finansurad daexmara kompaniebs. Sedegad 1970 wlisaTvis iaponiis wili msoflio
kompiuterul bazarze 60%-iT gaizarda (stirnsi, 1992).
linda stirnsis (1992) azriT, amerikis industriulma politikam unda gaaerTianos sami ram:
upirveles yovlisa, man mxari unda dauWiros zrdis maRali potencialis mqone axali sferoebis
ganivTarebas (mag., biogenetika an robotebi). amis gakeTeba mTavrobas SeuZlia maRali kvalifi
kaciis mqone muSaxelis uzurnvelyofiT, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb proeqtebis SemuSave
biT da agreTve dabali saprocento ganakveTiani xangrZlivi sesxebiT. amis Semdeg saxelmwifo
industriulma politikam unda xeli Seuwyos im moZvelebuli industriebis modernizacias,
romlebsac jer kidev moepovebaT imis potenciali, rom konkurencia gaswion saerTaSoriso ba
zarze (magaliTad, foladis warmoeba). amisaTvis saWiroa importis SezRudva ucxouri firmebi
saTvis, raTa adgilobriv kompaniebs mieces manqana-danadgarebis SeZenisa da investiciebis
mozidvis saSualeba. da mesame _ erovnulma industriulma politikam xeli unda Seuwyos im
sferoebis gauqmebas, romlebsac zrdis potenciali aRar gaaCniaT. amisaTvis saxelmwifos Seu
Zlia dasaqmebulebs gadamzadebis programebi SesTavazos, xolo Sesabamis kompaniebs xeli Se
uSalos da ar gaaflangvinos dro da fuli amao investiciebis ZebnaSi. stirnsis azriT, mxolod
amgvaradaa SesaZlebeli, rom aSS-m kvlav aRidginos ekonomikuri siZliere axal saerTaSoriso
ekonomikaSi.
620
mTavrobis roli kapitalistur sistemebSi
621
ciebis mier warmoebuli momsaxurebisa da saqonlis SesaZenad. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mier maRalteqnologiuri saqonlis SeZena, radgan
amiT xeli ewyoba inovaciebis danergvasa da ganviTarebas.
622
rogorc pirveli da meSvide Tavebis Seswavlisas vnaxeT, marqsi yuradRebas
amaxvilebda kapitalistebis mier muSaTa klasis eqspluataciaze. is amtkicebda,
rom amgvari Zaladoba kapitalizmis Seuqcevadi Sedegia da ara kapitalistebis
zneobis deficiti. kapitalistebis mogeba efuZneba muSaxels da ara im saqonlis
Rirebulebas, romelsac isini uSveben. muSebis xelfasebis mateba gamoiwvevs mo
gebis Semcirebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, kapitalistebs bazris mitovebis survil
ic ki SeiZleba gauCndeT. Tumca, mTavari mainc ucvlelad rCeba: muSebs, romleb
sac dabali xelfasebi aqvT, ar SeuZliaT im produqciis SeZena, romelsac Tavad
amzadeben qarxnebSi. Tu konkretul saqonelze moTxovna daecema, kapitalistebi
muSebs samsaxuridan daiTxoven, magram es mxolod gaauaresebs mdgomareobas,
radgan am saqonelze moTxovna kidev ufro daecema _ arc umuSevrebs aqvT SeZe
nis saSualeba. Tu kapitalizmi ar daingra da moiSala amgvari krizisebis dros,
marqsis azriT, muSebi etapobrivad Seicnoben saerTo interess da gaerTiandebian
kapitalisturi reJimis dasamxobad.
marqsis ramdenime prognozi gamarTlda, ramdenime _ ara. man sworad iwinas
warmetyvela is krizisi, romelic amerikam 1930-ian wlebSi ganicada `didi depre
siis~ saxiT. marqsma isic ki iwinaswarmetyvela, rom kapitalistebi xandaxan omis
safrTxis winaSec dadgebodnen, rodesac mzardi produqciis gasaRebis problema
Seiqmneboda. is, rac marqsma ver gansazRvra, iyo mTavrobis monawileoba ekonomi
kur procesebSi _ swored is, ramac ixsna amerika ganmeorebiTi `didi depresiisa
gan~ (Tumca, mcire krizisebi periodulad mainc xdeba msoflioSi; valerStaini,
1984). marqsi aseve Secda, rodesac ganacxada, rom kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
muSebi iseT siRatakeSi Cavardebodnen, rom gaerTiandebodnen da gadatriale
bas moawyobdnen. gasuli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove kapitalistur qvey
nebSi muSebis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda, Tumca mainc ar moxerxda
maTsa da kapitalistebs Soris arsebuli napralis amovseba. magram savaraudod,
cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobeseba nawilobriv kapitalstebis mier ganviTa
rebad qveynebSi muSebis eqspluataciis Sedegicaa (roqsborou, 1990). albaT, amiT
aixsneba is faqti, rom socialisturi revoluciebi, romlebic aqamde momxdara
msoflioSi, kapitalistur qveynebSi ki ar moxda, aramed kapitalisturi ganviTa
rebis gardamaval etapze myof ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
eqsperimentebi socializmSi
623
qveynis sistemebs aSS-sTan SedarebiT gacilebiT sufTa socialuri sindisi aqvT.
amis Sedegad dasavleT evropis qveynebs xSirad uwodeben dasavlur demokratias.
danarCen msoflioSi, kerZod _ ruseTSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTsa da kubaSi,
socialistebi Seecadnen, revoluciuri gzebiT CaenacvlebinaT kapitalizmi. maT
uaryves kerZo sakuTreba, konkurentuli bazari da mogebis motivacia. zogadad,
socialisturi reformebi ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre revoluciuri so
cializmi. am faqts davadasturebT dasavleT evropis qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli
socialisturi reformebisa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi momxdari socialisturi
revoluciis ganxilvisas. meCvidmete TavSi ki, romelic globalur uTanasworo
bas exeba, vnaxavT, rogor muSaobs socializmi mesame rigis qveynebSi.
624
dagvirgvinda. amgvari mcdelobebis Sedegad SemoiRes umuSevarTa daxmareba,
gaumjobesda jandacvis sistema da ARaribTa daxmarebis mizniT Seqmnili prog
ramebi. am mcdelobebis Sedegad gaumjobesda zogadi samuSao pirobebic, magali
Tad, gaizarda minimaluri xelfasis odenoba da gaumjobesda usafrTxoebis stan
dartebi samuSao adgilebze. keTildReobis SenarCunebisaken mimarTuli aseTi
nabijebi am qveynebs sulac ar daujdaT aRmasvlisa da warmatebis fasad. magali
Tad, SvedeTSi, sadac 1945 wlidan ZiriTadad socialistebi lideroben, aSS-sTan
SedarebiT cxovrebis gacilebiT ukeTesi standartebia. axlo warsulSi italiasa
da safrangeTSi socialisti prezidentebis mosvlis Semdeg, ekonomikurma zrdam
ufro maRal maCvenebels miaRwia, vidre aSS-Si (Tumca socialistebis mmarTvelo
ba qveyanaSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis garanti ar aris). dabolos, dasavleT ev
ropis qveynebSi gatarebulma socialisturma reformebma xeli Seuwyo mosaxleo
baSi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebas (inglharti, 1990).
socialisturi revolucia. meoce saukuneSi socialisturi revoluciebi
da komunisturi saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mox
da, kerZod, _ ruseTsa da aRmosavleT evropis e.w. `satelituri~ qveynebidan Ci
neTSi, kubaSi, vietnamsa da sxva mesame rigis qveynebSi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
yofili sabWoTa kavSiri iyo pirveli qveyana, sadac warmatebiT ganxorcielda so
cialisturi revolucia da yvelaze didxans gaZlo komunisturma reJimma, Cvenc
mis magaliTs gamoviyenebT.
ruseTSi socialisturi revolucia 1917 wlis oqtomberSi moxda. maSin Zalau
fleba bolSevikebma Caigdes xelSi. bolSevikebma, gansakuTrebiT leninis Semcv
lelis, ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis dros, Seqmnes diqtatoruli centraluri
mTavroba, sadac komunisturi partiis wevrebi absolutur umravlesobaSi arian.
es yvelaferi sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeboda marqsis proletariatis diqtatis kon
cefcias, romlis mixedviT, am diqtats unda amoeZirkva kapitalizmis mankierebebi
da gza gaekvala komunizmisaken, sadac saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT gauCinardebo
da, radgan is, ubralod, saWiro aRar iqneboda. komunizmisaken gardamaval etaps
socializmi uwodes.
socialisturi principebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebis yvela saSua
leba saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi gadavida. ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, bazris
monawileebis nacvlad, dagegmarebis mTavari sabWo iRebda. wliuri da xuTwliani
gegmebis meSveobiT, moskovSi arsebuli komitetis wevrebi sazRvravdnen ra saxi
sa da raodenobis saqoneli unda gamoeSva sawarmos da rogor unda ganawilebu
liyo warmoebuli produqcia. Semdeg ministrebi adgilobriv doneze awesebdnen
kvotebs TiToeuli sabWoTa fabrikisa da sxva sawarmoebisaTvis. iq momuSave uamrav
muSas ki xelfass saxelmwifo uxdida. amgvarad, damgegmavebi imedovnebdnen, rom
SeZlebdnen warmoebisa da ganawilebis imgvari sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic
ufro samarTliani da xarjTaRricxvis TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre
kapitalisturi sistema.
problemebma dasawyisSive iCina Tavi. glexebi winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen saxel
mwifo miwebis koleqtiur damuSavebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, ssrk-s problemebi
Seeqmna mosaxleobis `gamokvebisas~. industriis ganviTarebisas sayofacxovre
625
bo moxmarebis saqonelTan SedarebiT samxedro sferos eniWeboda upiratesoba.
moxmarebis sagnebi, dawyebuli tualetis qaRaldiT da damTavrebuli avtomo
bilebiTa da televizorebiT, dabali xarisxiTa da mudmivi deficitiT gamoirCe
oda (aslundi, 1989). adamianebi saaTobiT idgnen rigebSi kbilis pastis an sapnis
SesaZenad. am dros xSirad vrceldeboda Wori, rom raRacas _ Zalian saWirosa
da maRali xarisxisas _ wuTi-wuTze miitanden ama da am maRaziaSi. xalxi maSinve
im maRaziisken garboda da amis gamo TanamSromlebs xSirad uwevdaT samsaxuris
gacdena (Smelevi da popovi, 1989).
garda amisa, centralur doneze dagegmarebul sabWoTa ekonomikas mniS
vnelovnad aferxebda biurokratia da korufcia, romelsac aZlierebda komunis
turi partiis wevrebisagan Semdgari mcirericxovani jgufis diqtatura. mwarmoeb
lebs ar gaaCndaT motivacia, ewarmoebinaT maRali xarisxis produqcia Sesabamis
fasad. mTavrobis kuTvnilebaSi myofi sabWoTa sawarmoebi ar eqvemdebareboda mi
wodebisa da saWiroebis kanonzomierebas, rogorc es kapitalizmis pirobebSi xde
boda. Tu romelime sawarmos xarjebi Semosavalze meti aRmoCndeboda, saxelmwifo
am sawarmos subsidiebs gamouyofda. is, rac erTnairad moeTxoveboda yvela sab
WoTa mewarmes, iyo warmoebis amocanebis Sesruleba. saxelmwifo pasuxismgebeli
iyo nedleulis momaragebaze da dasrulebuli produqciis SeZenaze, ris Sedega
dac mza produqcia saxelmwifos kuTvnil maRaziebs miewodeboda. mmarTvelebis
kariera damokidebuli iyo ara im adamianebze, romlebic yidulobdnen maT mier
warmoebul produqcias, aramed imaze, Tu rogor asiamovnebdnen isini maRalCino
san biurokratebs. amgvarad, produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da efeqturi
warmoebis motivacia TiTqmis ar arsebobda, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa warmoeba or-
samjer met resurss moixmarda erTi da imave raodenobis produqtis warmoebi
saTvis, vidre amerikuli kapitalisturi warmoeba (agnabegiani, 1988).
sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meore problema gaxldaT mwarmoeb
lebisa da mommarageblebis koordinacia. warmoidgineT, rom erTi adamiania pa
suxismgebeli yvela sawarmos saWiro raodenobis nedleuliT uzrunvelyofaze.
amitom gasakviri araa, rom nedleulis nakleboba da dagvianebiT miwodeba sab
WoTa kavSirSi normad iTvleboda. mwarmoeblebs xSirad uwevdaT nedleulis
deficitis Sevseba uxarisxo alternativiT. centralur doneze dagegmarebam,
romelsac Sedegad ukeTesi ekonomikuri integracia unda mohyoloda, vidre kapi
talizmis pirobebSi, sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo: kerZod, disfunqciu
ri warmoebisa da ganawilebis sistema, sadac ekonomikis sxvadasxva nawili sustad
iyo dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis sistemaSi Tavi iCina garkveulma problemebma,
ramac krizisis xasiaTi miiRo. komunisturi partiis generalurma mdivanma, mixeil
gorbaCovma safuZveli Cauyara `gardaqmnis~ (perestroikis) kampanias, romelic
miznad isaxavda ekonomikis komunistur sistemaSi kapitalisturi elementebis
TandaTanobiT danergvas (zaslavskaia, 1990). magram `gardaqmniT~ gaTvaliswineb
uli reformebi Zalian umniSvnelo da Tanac dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. 1988 wlisa
Tvis sabWoTa ekonomikis mdgomareobam gauaresebisaken aiRo gezi da, sabolood,
1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri ramdenime sxvadasxva saxelmwifod daiSala, romlebmac
626
Seqmnes `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba~, dagmes komunizmi da kursi
kapitalizmisaken aiRes. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi banakis mravalma qve
yanamac sakuTari problemis gadaWris gzad kapitalizmi airCia.
627
am problemebs Soris maregulirebeli institutis ararsebobas pirveli adgili
ukavia mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelma biznesmeneb
ma SeiZleba ukmayofileba gamoTqvan samTavrobo maregulirebeli samsaxurebis
mimarT, erTi ram faqtia, rom kapitalisturi sistema maTzea damokidebuli. maga
liTad, fasiani qaRaldebisa da savaluto komisiis gareSe TaRliToba albaT
gavrcelebuli saqmianoba iqneboda saqmian wreebSi da investorebi sakuTar fuls
aravis andobdnen, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seamcirebda sawarmoebisa da kompaniebisaTvis
xelmisawvdom resursebs. analogiurad, profesiuli usafrTxoebisa da jandacvis
administracia Tvalyurs adevnebs, rom kapitalistebma ar moindomon sawarmoe
bis Senaxvis Tanxebis Semcireba TanamSromlebis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
riskis fasad, xolo garemos dacvis samsaxuri akontrolebs maT saqmianobas gare
mos dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi arc
erTi msgavsi maregulirebeli samsaxuri ar arsebobs kerZo saqmosnebisaTvis, rac
ukiduresad arTulebs moqmedi kapitalisturi sistemis Camoyalibebas.
kidev erTi problema, rac seriozulad abrkolebs aRmosavleT evropis qvey
nebis kapitalistur sistemaSi gadasvlas, aris danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli,
rac umTavresad Tavisufal bazarTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. ungreTSi 1989-90
wlebSi qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebebis ricxvma 69%-iT moimata. polo
neTSic igive dafiqsirda. danaSaulis maCveneblis zrda imiTacaa ganpirobebuli,
rom gardamaval periodSi jer isev damkvidrebis procesSia axali socialuri da
ekonomikuri sistemis wesebi da samarTaldamcav organoebsac xSirad ar hyof
niT resursi da SesaZlebloba axali kanonebis gasatareblad. (lotspaixi, 1995).
yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia organizebuli danaSaulis qselis Camoyalibeba, romlis
mizania, biznesmenebs regularulad gamosZalos e.w. `dacvis anazRaureba~.
danaSaulis gavrcelebam xeli Seuwyo axali klasis aRmocenebas aRmosavleT
evropaSi. gaCndnen mdidari adamianebi, romlebic fufunebaSi cxovroben, yidu
loben ZviradRirebul, importirebul saqonels maSin, rodesac maTi Tanamemamu
leebis didi nawili gadarCenisaTvis ibrZvis. magaliTad, moskovSi, rols-roisis
warmomadgnelobis gaxsnidan ramdenime saaTSi, erTma mamakacma manqana 262000
dolarad SeiZina da Tanxa naRdi fuliT gadaixada. bevria iseTic, romlebic
5000 dolarad yiduloben xelovnuri bewvis qurqebs, `kartieris~ majis saaTSi
6000 dolars ixdian da atareben 250000 dolarad Rirebul briliantis beWdebs
(popovski da sxvebi, 1994). e.w. `axali rusebis~ ase TvalSisacemi fufuneba gaRi
zianebisa da guliswyromis sababi xdeba qveyanaSi, sadac mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80
procenti siRaribis zRvarze an mis miRma cxovrobs.
kidev erTi faqtori, rac aRmosavleT evropelebis ukmayofilebas iwvevs,
aris maTi kulturuli normebis swrafi cvlileba. rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniS
neT, sociologiis fuZemdebeli emil durkhaimi amtkicebda (1893/1985, 1897/1951),
rom kulturis funqciaa sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofa wesebisa da SezRudvebis
sistemiTa da SesaZlo molodinebiT. mZafri socialuri cvlilebebis dros, rode
sac es kulturuli elementebi safrTxis winaSe dgeba, adamianebi xSirad kargaven
socialur pasuxismgeblobas da ar ician, vin arian da saiT miemarTebian. es mdgo
628
mareoba anomiis saxeliTaa cnobili da umetes SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis donis zrdasa
da masobriv ukmayofilebas ukavSirdeba. aRmosavleT evropaSi Catarebulma erT-
erTma kvlevam daadastura, rom iqauri mosaxleoba Tavs zustad ise grZnobs, ro
gorc amas durkhaimis anomiis Teoria aRwers (artsi, hermkensi da van viti, 1885).
biznes-institutebi aSS-Si
korporaciuli amerika
rodesac korporaciul amerikaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ZiriTadad
msxvili korporaciebi, Tumca maTSi mravali mcire biznesicaa gaerTianebuli. kor
poraciul amerikaSi mcirericxovani giganturi kompaniebi ganageben ekonomikas.
zogi maTgani erT sferoSia Tavmoyrili _ magaliTad, awarmoeben navTobs, folads
an avtomobilebs. Tumca, arsebobs mravalprofiliani kor_poraciebic, romlebic
sxvadasxva profilis mcire kompaniebisagan Sedgeba. magaliTad, giganturi korpo
racia Nabisco lideria Tambaqos, sakonditro nawarmisa da gaziani sasmelebis war
moebaSi da dakavebulia uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobiTac.
korporaciis ganmasxvavebli niSani misi instituciuri struqturaa. korpora
cia (sityvasityviT niSnavs `Seqmnil sxeuls~) aris organizacia, romelic kanoni
Taa dafuZnebuli da miniWebuli aqvs sakuTari Zalaufleba da valdebuleba. yvela
korporacias, calkeuli pirebis msgavsad, SeuZlia daeuflos qonebas, wardges
sasamarTlos winaSe mosarCelis an mopasuxis ampluaSi, gaaformos satendero
xelSekrulebebi (den-koeni, 1986). korporaciaSi, rogorc wesi, gamijnulia mflo
beloba da marTva. korporacia misi aqcionerebis sakuTrebaa. mis aqciebs SeiZleba
flobdes aTasobiT an milionobiT adamiani da sxva korporaciebi. aqcionerebi
cdiloben, moizidon investiciebi mogebis miRebis mizniT. maT ar ainteresebT kor
poraciis marTva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqcioneri ar aris kmayofili korporaciis
menejmentiT, is amjobinebs, gayidos aqciebi, nacvlad imisa, rom scados korpora
ciis menejmentis stilis Secvla. korporacias marTaven menejerebi, anu asobiT an
aTasobiT adamiani, romlebsac sxva TanamSromlebis zedamxedveloba evalebaT.
Sida menejmentisa da farTomasStabiani kapitalizaciis warmatebulma meTo
dologiam zrdis SesaniSnavi saSualeba misca korporaciebs. Ford Motor Compa-
629
ny-s mogebam 1994 wels 5.3 miliardi dolari Seadgina. korporaciam am wels 130
miliardi dolaris produqcia gayida da misi uZravi qoneba 219 miliard dolars
gautolda (Fortune, 1995 wlis 15 aprili). korporaciis warmateba SeiZleba ganapi
robos axali produqciis Seqmnam, warmoebis procesis gaumjobesebam an efeqtur
ma marketingma. am warmatebis miRweva sxva kompaniebis yidvis xarjzecaa SesaZle
beli. amgvarad, korporaciebi warmatebas aRwevs ara mxolod sakuTari funqciis
SesrulebiT ekonomikaSi, aramed maT xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebiTac.
am ukanasknelis magaliTia sxva kompaniebisa da firmebis aTviseba, romlis dro
sac aTvisebul kompanias ukve aRar sWirdeba menejeri. amerikas amgvari mtruli
miTvisebebis mZlavrma talRam 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi gadauara. magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT Nabisco-s (firma, romelic ZiriTadad sakveb produqtebs
awarmoebda) mierTeba R.J. Raynolds Tobbaco-s mier. swored amgvari konfliqtebi
da ZalauflebisaTvis brZola daedo safuZvlad wigns `barbarosebi karibWes
Tan~, romlis mixedviT Semdeg filmic gadaiRes. amgvari farTomasStabiani gaer
Tianebebis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, mogebulebi rCebian generaluri menejerebi,
iuristebi da finansistebi, da ara is kvalificiuri muSaxeli, romelic uSualod
warmoebis procesSia CarTuli.
amerikuli korporaciebis Zalauflebis kontrastma Cveulebriv moqalaqeeb
Tan dakavSirebiT safuZveli Cauyara e.w. `asimetriuli sazogadoebis~ formire
bas, sadac msxvili korporaciebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba rigiTi
moqalaqeebis Zalauflebas (termini `asimetriuli sazogadoeba~ ekuTvnis socio
log jeims koulmens (1982, 1990). msxvil korporaciebs SeuZliaT, marTon uzarma
zari resursi _ gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre es ubralo moqalaqes warmoudgenia.
amave dros korporaciebis miRwevebi aRemateba ubralo adamianebis miRwevebs da
rodesac adamiani msxvil korporacias upirispirdeba, rogorc wesi, es ukanaskne
li uzarmazari upiratesobiT sargeblobs. upiratesoba aSkarad igrZnoba sawar
moo travmebis da profesiuli daavadebebis SemTxvevaSic, rogoricaa magaliTad,
toqsikur garemoSi muSaobis Sedegad kiboTi daavadebis SemTxvevebi. gigantur
korporacias SeuZlia, wlobiT gawelos janmrTelobis dazianebis gamo sasamarT
loSi aRZruli sarCeli, radgan icis, rom mosarCele am xnis ganmavlobaSi SeiZle
ba gardaicvalos an ubralod saxsrebi aRar eyos brZolis gasagrZeleblad (kal
hauni da hileri, 1988). miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebis mravalricxovan jgufs
SeuZlia garkveuli gavlena moaxdinos korporaciebze, xSirad arc amgvari mcd
elobaa sakmarisi am miznis misaRwevad (hatauei, 1993).
630
xSirad formaluri ganaTleba ar qondaT miRebuli. maT Tavidan daiwyes saqme da
TandaTanobiT gaafarToes biznesi. Semdeg damfuZneblebi nel-nela Secvales da
qiravebulma menejerebma, romlebic xSirad warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli pirebi iyvnen
(Tu saqme sawarmos exeboda da praqtikuli gamocdileba hqondaT produqciis war
moebis saqmeSi). dRes, korporaciebis aRmasrulebel menejerebs iuridiuli, biznes
monawileobs korporaciis sabWos wevri
im sabWoebis raodenoba, sadac agreTve
Manhattan
American
Central
Viscose
Chase
Alcoa
Corp.
Penn
54
34
16
9
American
Detroil Corp.
Express
National
25
United States
16
Lines
15
Bancorp.
Western
Standard
28
Brands
Continental
17
Con
Gillette
27
24
Morgan
J.P.
59
Gulf
Oil
General Motors
11
Life of N.Y.
Mutual
41
Hancock
Mutual
John
20
Continental
Metropolitan
Oil
22
Life
40
Ethyl
8
AT&T
Kennecott
37
Capper
National
Melton
Corp.
22
34
Industries
Polaroid
UV
2
Mansville
Johns -
21
Boston Corp.
USM
15
Newmont
Koppers
National
Procter &
Mining
Gamble
First
32
19
23
16
wyaro: bet minci da maikl Svarci `saerTo direqtorebi da interesTa jgufebis warmoqmna~.
amerikuli sociologiuri mimoxilva 46 (1981 wlis dekemberi, gv. 857).
631
an finansuri ganaTleba aqvT. maTi umravlesoba biznesis administrirebis magis
tria (harvardis, stenfordis an romelime elituri saswavleblis kursdamTavre
bulebi) an Sesabamisi xarisxi aqvs. umaRlesi donis aRmasruleblebi dRes ukve iS
viaTad iwyeben karieras dabali safexurebidan. mZime industriis SemTxvevaSic ki,
isini Tavs ukeT grZnoben kompiuterebTan, vidre manqana-danadgarebTan.
Teoriulad, korporaciebis umaRlesi donis menejerebi pasuxismgeblebi arian
direqtorTa sabWos wevrebis winaSe, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, aqcionerebis mimarT
akisriaT pasuxismgebloba. direqtorTa sabWos umetesoba Tormeti an TxuTmeti
wevrisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris arian kompaniis ufrosi aRmasruleblebi, ga
moCenili biznesmenebi sxva kompaniebidan da sazogado moRvaweebi. sabWos evaleba,
daicvas aqcionerTa da, garkveuli doziT, sazogadoebis interesebi, rasac isini,
rogorc wesi, kompaniis saqmianobis legitimurobis monitoringiT axorcieleben.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad sabWoebma mflobelebis interesebi unda
daicvas, praqtikaSi xSirad ase ar xdeba. umaRlesi donis menejerebi xSirad sabWos
wevrebad iseT adamianebs irCeven, romlebic iSviaTad uweven winaaRmdegobas menej
ments, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac arsebobs krizisis safrTxe (hermani, 1981).
sociologTa garkveuli jgufi amtkicebs, rom umaRlesi donis menejerebi,
sabWos wevrebi da msxvili aqcionerebi qmnian `kapitalistur elitas~ an `korpo
raciul klass~ (milsi, 1951; homhofi, 1993). amave sociologebis azriT, am adamia
nebis umetesobas msgavsi biografia (isini umetes SemTxvevaSi arian elituri biz
nes-saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi), interesebi da
manerebi aqvT. isini korporaciul amerikas gadajaWvuli direqtorobis siste
miT marTaven. es sistema Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romlebic ramdenime msxvili
korporaciis direqtorebi arian (hausCaildi, 1993; minci da Svarci, 1986). sqema
15.2 gviCvenebs General Motors-isa da ramdenime msxvili kompaniis gadajaWvul di
reqtorobas. am mosazrebis erT-erTi mxardamWeris, maikl asimis (1980) mixedviT,
es qseli solidarobis grZnobiTa da saerTo mizniT akavSirebs sxvadasxva korpo
raciebis mflobelebsa da menejerebs. saerTo mizani ki kapitalis gazrdaSi mdgo
mareobs. asimis rwmeniT, kapitalisturi elitis dasaxuli miznebis warmatebiT
miRwevas swored maTi koleqtiuri Zalaufleba ganapirobebs.
sxva sociologebi acxadeben, rom gadajaWvuli elitis koncefcia gadaWarbe
bulia. korporaciebis umaRlesi donis mmarTvelebi xSirad ar iziareben saerTo
mosazrebas. eduard hermanma (1981), romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
swavlobda umaRlesi donis korporaciul menejerebsa da korporaciuli sabWoe
bis wevrebs, aRmoaCina, rom am ori jgufis wevrebs xSirad sxvadasxva interesebi
amoZravebT da amitom ar uWeren mxars saerTo politikis gatarebas. magaliTad,
romelime kompaniis sabWos wevri SeiZleba iyos im bankis warmomadgeneli, romelic
zemoxsenebul kompanias sesxs aZlevs. amitom, banki, romelic zedmetadaa dain
teresebuli kompaniis finansuri stabilurobiT, mxars ar uWers im sarisko wina
dadebebs, romelic marTebulad miaCniaT menejerebs. aqedan gamomdinare, arse
bobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac direqtorebi da menejerebi ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs,
rac asustebs gadajaWvuli elitis gavlenas. am mosazrebas iziarebs neil flig
Staini (fligStaini, 1990, 1995; fligStaini da brantli, 1992). misi mtkicebiT, ga
632
reSe pirebis ZalTa urTierToba naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre is urTierToba,
romelic firmis SigniTaa Camoyalibebuli (magaliTad, urTierToba korporaciis
sxvadasxva danayofebs Soris an korporaciuli ierarqiis sxvadasxva doneebs So
ris). fligStaini agreTve acxadebs, rom firmebisTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovania
konkurencia bazris dasakaveblad, vidre is Zalaufleba, romelic gadajaWvul
elitas gaaCnia.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs Tanamedrove
korporaciebis liderebi, maTi gavlena mainc uzarmazaria. calkeuli kompaniebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, korporaciuli aRamsruleblis mier miRebulma gadawyvetilebam
SeiZleba aTasobiT adamianis cxovrebaze iqonios gavlena. swored isini wyveten
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qimiurad saSiSi nivTierebebis gamoyeneba fabrikebSi
an kompaniis usafrTxoebisaTvis gamiznuli biujetis sidide. Sua da dabali do
nis menejerebi iSviaTad bedaven, amgvar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT umaRlesi do
nis menejerebs SeewinaaRmdegon, radgan Tvlian, rom SeiZleba sakuTar karieras
safrTxe Seuqmnan (jakali, 1988). amgvarad, korporaciuli menejerebi Seadgenen
ukiduresad mZlavr jgufs, romlebsac gavlena aqvT rogorc kompaniis SigniT,
aseve mis gareTac.
633
mis aRebiT da sxva arakanonieri gzebiTac miaRwion dasaxul mizans. isini zog Sem
TxvevaSi arakeTilganwyobili mTavrobis Camogdebasac ki axerxeben. amgvari faqtis
yvelaze gaxmaurebuli SemTxveva 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls moxda, rodesac ITT
(amerikis saerTaSoriso satelefono da satelegrafo korporacia) milioni dola
ri daxarja Ciles socialisti prezidentis, salvador aliendes CamogdebisaTvis.
amgvari faqtebis gaxmaurebis Sedegad zogma multinacionalurma korporaciam
SeimuSava strategia, romlis mixedviTac maT maspinZeli qveynis politikaSi Care
vis done SezRudes (gaeros saerTaSoriso korporaciebis komisia, 1978).
bevri kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amgvari TviTSezRudvebi sakmarisi ar aris.
dRes aRmocenebis procesSia axali ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mqone struqtura,
romelic atarebs qveynebis politikur Zalauflebas. (barneti da kavanagi, 1994a).
iseTi kompaniebi rogoricaa, GM, IBM, Pepsico, General Electric, Pfizer, Shell, Volkswagen,
Exxon da albaT asamde sxva saerTaSoriso korporacia, gavlenas axdenen im qvey
nebis warmatebaze, gadaxdis balanssa da politikur Zalaze, sadac sakuTar saq
mianobas awarmoeben. am kompaniebidan TiToeuli gacilebiT mdidaria, vidre ram
denime qveyana erTad. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es kompaniebi uzarmazar bizness
awarmoeben, sadac uamravi adamiania dasaqmebuli, mTavrobebi sul ufro metad
damokidebulebi xdebian maTze, raTa SeinarCunon sakuTari qveynis ekonomikuri
sijansaRe. magaliTad, Tu am kompaniebs raime SezRudvas dauweseben, aman SeiZleba
maspinZeli qveynisaTvis savalalo Sedegi gamoiRos _ savsebiT mosalodnelia, am
kompaniebma arasasurveli SezRudvis Tavidan asacileblad sakuTari saqmianoba
sxva qveyanaSi gadaitanon. aseTi moqmedeba msxvili korporaciebis mier finansuri
mogebis gazrdis mizniT sakuTari Zalauflebis gamoyenebis axali meqanizmia. kor
poraciebis zrdasa da gaZlierebasTan erTad saxelmwifos Zalaufleba ufro da
ufro sustdeba, rasac Sedegad mohyveba is, rom ubralo moqalaqeebi, romlebic
veRar axdnen zegavlenas politikaze, kargaven kontrolsa da Zalauflebas. es faq
tori kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis kiTxvas, Tu vin akontrolebs korporaciebs.
mcire biznesebi
634
eTnikur umciresobas miekuTvneba. multimilionerebic rom gaxdnen, es adamiane
bi verasodes SeaRweven korporaciuli elitis socialur wreSi da albaT vera
sodes moxvdebian im kurortebze, sadac es ukanasknelni atareben Svebulebebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom didi da mcire biznesebi gansxvavdeba maTi mflobelebis
ganaTlebisa da finansuri resursebis mixedviT, biznesis am or tips msgavsi prob
lemebi aqvs. kapitalis nakleboba mcire biznesis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, gan
sakuTrebiT saqmianobis dasawyisSi. rogorc wesi, yvela banki Tavs ikavebs ucnobi
da gamoucdeli klientisaTvis sesxis gacemaze, amitom biznesmenebs sawyis etapze
xSirad uwevT sakuTari danazogis gamoyeneba an saWiro Tanxis sesxeba ojaxis
wevrebisagan. meore problema gaxlavT bazris cvalebadobisgan daucveloba
(markuaseni da teitci, 1985). es problema sezonuri xasiaTisaa, rac, Tavis mxriv,
biznesis cvalebadobis Sedegia an adgilobriv biznes-garemoSi momxdar cvlile
bebs ukavSirdeba (magaliTad, rodesac ubani sustdeba da adamianebi sxvagan gada
dian sacxovreblad).
miuxedavad am problemebisa, yovel wels asi aTasobiT mcire biznesi iwyeba.
patara restornebi, maRaziebi da ofisebi mowmobs, amerikelebisaTvis ramdenad
faseulia damoukidebloba. mcire biznesmenebs moswonT, roca sakuTari Tavis
ufrosebi TviTon arian. iqidan gamomdinare, rom amerikelebs muxlCauxrelad
muSaobac uyvarT, isini xSirad kviraSi 40 saaTze mets Sromoben.
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgari wvril biznesmenTa
nawili, xSir SemTxvevaSi axlad Camosuli emigrantebi arian. magaliTad, niu-iork
Si Catarebulma aRweram aCvena, rom restornebis 60% emigrantebs ukuTvnoda (al
drixi da osteri, 1986). mcire biznesis wamowyebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faq
toria diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebis survili. umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
xSirad ganicdian diskriminacias ekonomikaSi. es gansakuTrebiT maT exeba, visi
kultura da enac gansxvavdeba amerikelTa ZiriTadi masis kulturisa da enisagan.
zogi amgvari mewarmisaTvis mcire biznesis warmoeba ufro mimzidvelia (miuxe
davad masTan dakavSirebuli riskebisa), vidre dabali xelfasi sxvis samsaxurSi.
Tumca, am mosazrebas ar iziareben aSS-is Savkaniani moqalaqeebi, romlebisTvi
sac TviT-dasaqmeba araperspeqtiuli gzaa aRmavlobisaken. bevr afro-amerikels
sjera, rom sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba ufro metadaa dakavSirebuli diskrimi
naciasTan, vidre sxvis samsaxurSi yofna (tangi, 1995). umciresobaTa jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sakuTar bizness aniWeben upiratesobas, im qveynebi
dan arian, sadac TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvi sakmaod didia. ase rom, samewarmeo
wamowyebebs maTi kultura ganapirobebs (iuengerti, 1995). bevri maTgani Tavissave
raionSi iwyebs saqmis warmoebas, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebis momsaxurebebi da
produqcia xSirad sargeblobs popularobiT. Tu biznesis dawyebis mosurne mra
valwevriani ojaxidanaa, es kidev erTi wamaxalisebeli faqtoria misTvis, radgan
ojaxis wevrebi xSirad dabali anazRaurebis fasad an saerTod usasyidlod monaw
ileoben biznesis warmarTvaSi.
mcire biznesi yovel wels Cndeba, magram maTi umravlesoba maleve wyvets
arsebobas. 50% muSaobas ori wlis ganmavlobaSi amTavrebs, darCenilis 75% _ 5
635
wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo 90% _ 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi (aldrixi da osteri, 1986).
azieli umciresobebis jgufebis biznesis Seswavlam daadastura, rom yvelaze
warmatebiT is saqme midioda, romelsac kargi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi edgnen
saTaveSi da imavdroulad maT Sesabamisi finansuri SesaZleblobebic hqondaT
(beitsi, 1994).
amerikuli ekonomikisaTvis mcire biznesi Zalian mniSvnelovania. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom swored msxvil korporaciebze modis arsebuli samuSao adgilebis
didi raodenoba, mcire biznesebi mainc bevr axal samuSao adgils qmnis (birCi,
1987). realurad yovelwliurad axali samuSao adgilebis ori mesamedi im firmeb
ze modis, romlebSic dasaqmebuli adamianebis raodenoba oc TanamSromels ar
aRemateba. samsaxurebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT sazogadoebisTvis. bolos da
bolos swored maTi meSveobiT gvaqvs Semosavali, rac ganapirobebs Cvens integra
cias ekonomikur sistemaSi.
samuSao aSS-Si
samsaxuri _ es aris adgili, sadac Cveni mowifuli cxovrebis did nawils va
tarebT. es aris adgili, romelic ara mxolod Cveni Semosavlis wyaroa, aramed qm
nis Cveni identobis SegrZnebisa da daniSnulebis mniSvnelovan nawils. Znelad Tu
moiZebneba ufro didi jildo, vidre azriani, saxaliso samuSao, xolo stresul
da mosabezrebel samuSos SeuZlia cxovrebac `gagvifuWos~.
cxadia, rom muSaoba socialuri moqmedebis erT-erTi formaa, radganac
is mimarTulia sxva adamianebis moqmedebisaken da koordinebulia maTTan. Ta
visTavad samuSao, karl marqsis azriT, mxolod adamianebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTe
beli (1867/1976). frinvelebi aSeneben budeebs, futkrebi amzadeben Tafls, Tumca
arc erTi maTgani ar `muSaobs~. maT ar aqvT gegma, romelsac mizanmimarTulad
asruleben da Sesrulebis procesSi iTvaliswineben sxvebis saWiroebebsa da moq
medebebs.
Sromis mniSvneloba
636
gverdiT mjdomi ucxo adamiani getyviT, rom fulis saSovnelad quCaSi Cxubobs,
Tqven masze gansxvavebuli STabeWdileba dagrCebaT, vidre im adamianze, romelic
getyviT, rom fsiqiatria da klinikaSi muSaobs. yvela profesiis adamianis Sesaxeb,
iqneba es qarxnis muSa, medda, fizkulturis maswavlebeli, parikmaxeri, avtomeqa
nikosi Tu mRvdeli _ Cven garkveuli warmodgena da molodinebi gviyalibdeba.
amave dros, rodesac virCevT raime profesias, vcdilobT Cveni moqmedeba da qceva
SevusabamoT sakuTar warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor unda iqceodes am profesiis
adamiani.
amerikelebis umetesobas aqvs sakuTari mosazreba gansakuTrebiT im profe
siebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi moiTxovs
formalur ganaTlebas. maTematikosebi, biologebi, iuristebi da Jurnali
stebi yvelaze kmayofilebi arian TavianTi arCevaniT. maTi 80-90% ambobs, rom
axali Sansi rom mieces, isev imave profesias airCevda _ gansxvavebiT `cisfersa
yeloianebisagan~, romelTa mxolod 24 % Tvlis ase (toski, 1984).
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom `TeTrsayeloianebic~ kmayofilebi arian TavianTi sa
muSaoTi, radgan maTi samsaxurebi SedarebiT maRalanazRaurebadi da prestiJu
lia, rac udavod mniSvnelovania, magram es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, ris
gamoc adamianma kmayofileba unda gamoTqvas sakuTar samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT.
arsebobs sxva mizezebic: daintereseba samsaxuriT, imis SegrZneba, rom isini ra
Rac faseuls akeTeben da wvlili SeaqvT sazogadoebis keTildReobaSi, agreTve,
kompetenturobis ganviTareba, ojaxis daxmarebis siamovneba, rac, maTi azriT,
yvela zrdasruli adamianis movaleobaa, kolegebTan yofnis bedniereba...
samwuxarod, yvela samsaxuri ar badebs amgvari kmayofilebis grZnobas. qa
rxnebsa da fabrikebSi samuSaoTa umetesoba mosawyeni, uperspeqtivo da dabala
nazRaurebadia. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos manualuri samuSao erTazrovnad
samarcxvinoa. bevri gawafuli da profesionali xelosani, romelsac Semoqmedeb
iTi winsvlis saSualeba aqvs, amayobs Tavisi profesiiT. ukmayofilebas ZiriTa
dad is muSebi gamoTqvamen, romelTac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave samu
Saos Sesruleba uwevT, Tanac rac SeiZleba swrafi tempiT, da Tvals ver adevneben
srul samuSao process dasawyisidan dasasrulamde. aseTi muSebi xSirad gaucxoe
bulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari samuSao garemodan da xandaxan sazogadoebisganac
ki. maTTvis samsaxuri mxolod gamomuSavebis, fulis Sovnis saSualebaa. swored
es gaxda profkavSirebis mier `cisfersayeloianTa~ xelfasebis gazrdis daJineb
uli moTxovnis mizezi _ rodesac muSebi rwmundebian, rom yvela siamovneba sam
saxuris gareT unda eZebon, am siamovnebisaTvis saWiro Tanxis mopoveba maTTvis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani xdeba.
maSinac ki, rodesac esa Tu is adamiani ar aris kmayofili sakuTari samsaxu
riT, is sakuTari identobis did nawils samsaxuris meSveobiT iqmnis. yvelasaTvis
mniSvnelovania, daijeros, rom nayofierad muSaobs. swored amitom, samsaxuris
dakargvas, ekonomikuri sargeblis dakargvis garda, sxva Sedegebic mosdevs. es
faqti seriozul dartymas ayenebs nebismier adamians: is wydeba TanamSromlebis
qsels, rac bevrisTvis Zalian seriozuli socialuri sayrdenia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samsaxurebis SenarCuneba amerikelebis umetesobisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelo
637
bisaa, aSS-is ekonomikuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom aqcenti keTdeba ara sain
tereso samsaxurebis Seqmnaze rac SeiZleba meti adamianisaTvis, aramed kapitalis
dagrovebaze, ris Sedegadac mudmivad xdeba samuSao adgilebis gauqmeba axali te
qnologiebis SemoRebis, korporaciebis restruqturizaciisa da saerTaSoriso
konkurenciis gamo (mogvianebiT ufro detalurad ganvixilavT umuSevrobis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs). ase rom, arsebobs umuSevrad darCenis didi riski rogorc
`cisfersayeloianebis~, aseve maRali donis menejerebisTvisac, rac SemaSfoTe
belia nebismieri maTganisTvis.
karl marqsi amtkicebda, rom samuSaoTi ukmayofileba da umuSevroba dama
xasiaTebelia kapitalizmisaTvis, radgan am sistemaSi organizacia da warmoebis
menejmenti gamijnulia dRiuri Sromisagan. `cisfersayeloianebs~ samuSao pro
cesze kontrolis aranairi meqanizmi ar gaaCniaT _ maTi samuSao ar aris organi
zebuli socialurad unificirebuli sistemiT da maTi Sroma mxolod kapitali
stebis mogebis gazrdas emsaxureba. marqsisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom aseTi muSebi
kapitalistur sistemaSi Tavs gaucxoebulad, damcirebulad igrZnobdnen, radgan
maT, moepyrobodnen rogorc erT detals da ara rogorc kvalificiur muSas, ro
melic Rirebul da dasafasebel samuSaos asrulebs.
Zalaufleba samsaxurSi
638
dakavSirebuli, saofise saqmianobis avtomatizaciis procesma kontrolis es
tipi `TeTrsayeloianebTanac~ daamkvidra. magaliTad, kompiuterebTan momuSave
TanamSromelTa Sromis nayofiereba SeiZleba uSualod gakontroldes menejeris
mier, romelic sTxovs TanamSromlebs, rom ufro swrafad imuSaon. saofise gare
moSi kontrolis ufro relevanturi formaa biurokratiuli kontroli. am SemTx
vevaSi kontrols axorcielebs ierarqiuli sistema, romelic jildoebs awesebs
samuSaos Sesrulebis donis mixedviT. TanamSromlebi cdiloben, ufro nayofie
rad imuSaon, raTa daimsaxuron iseTi privilegiebi, rogoricaa specialurad
maTTvis gamoyofili adgili manqanebis dasayenebel adgilas, sadilobis ufleba
aRmasruleblebisaTvis gankuTvnil sasadiloSi da a.S. kontrolis sakiTxs kidev
erTxel mivubrundebiT samuSao teqonologiebis ganxilvisas.
639
yvelaze nakleb moTxovnadi yvelaze moTxovnadi
samsaxurebis prognozi samsaxurebis prognozi
savaraudo ekonomikuri zrda cvlilebis procentuli maCvenebeli
1 26
2 27
3 28
4 29
5 30
6 31
7 32
8 33
9 34
10 35
11 36
12 37
13 38
14 39
15 40
16 41
17 42
18 43
19 44
20 45
21 46
22 47
23 48
24 49
25 50
1. rkinigzis meisreebi
2. kavSirgabmulobis kompaniebis xelosnebi
3. periferiuli eletronuli monacemebis damuSavebis opratorebi
4. cnobaTa biuros operatorebi
5. telefonis operatorebi
6. satelefono danadgarebis ostati da SemkeTeblebi
7. gazonebis Semsworebeli portatuli manqanebis operatorebi
8. kompiuteris operatorebi
9. fexsacmlis sakeravi manqanebis operatorebi
640
10. mRebavebi
11. bavSvis momvlelebi
12. ganmacalkevebeli manqanebis operatorebi
13. sawvavze momuSave manqanebis amwyobebi da operatorebi
14. damlageblebi da mwmendavebi (saxlSi)
15. damxvev Carxze momuSave
16. tansacmlis industriaSi samkervalo manqanis operatorebi
17. salaros aparatisa da gamomTvleli manqanebis operatorebi
18. stambis muSebi
19. naxati filmebis gadamRebebi
20. monacemTa Semyvanebi beWdviT saqmeSi
21. satelefono da sakabelo televiziebis xazebis montaJistebi
22. mWreli manqana-danadgarebis muSebi da montaJistebi
23. mesaaTeebi
24. mxerxavebi da samxerxaos operatorebi
25. SemfuTavi manqanis operatorebi
26. samedicino profilis damxmareebi (saxlSi)
27. momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSaveebi
28. piradi momvleli
29. kompiuteruli inJinrebi da mecnierebi
30. sistemis analitikosebi
31. fizikuri da kreatiurli Terapiis asistentebi
32. Terapevtebi
33. iuristis TanaSemweebi
34. eleqtrodamnomravi sistemis TanamSromlebi
35. okupaciuri Terapiis damxmareebi
36. specialuri ganaTlebis maswavleblebi
37. kerZo deteqtivebi
38. bavSvis momvlelebi saxlSi gamoZaxebiT
39. samogzauro agentebi
40. rentgenis teqnikosebi
41. meddis samuSaos Semsruleblebi
42. samedicino Canawerebis muSa
43. saoperacio kvlevis analitikosi
44. okupaciuri Terapevtebi
45. metros operatorebi
46. sasamarTlos mdivnebi
47. eleqtroencefalogramis specialistebi
48. sabavSvo baRis maswavleblebi
49. manikuris specialistebi
50. prodiuserebi, reJisorebi, msaxiobebi da a.S.
641
reSe. bevri maTgani daTanxmda wina samuSaoze naklebanazRaurebad samuSaos,
nawili ki saerTod umuSevari darCa.
soflis meurneobisa da manufaqturuli samuSaoebis Semcireba, rogorc Cans,
aSS-Si XXI saukuneSic gagrZeldeba. sqema 15.3 asaxavs im samuSaoebs, romlebic 2005
wlisaTvis mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba. grafikze aseve asaxulia is samuSaoebi, rom
lebic aRmavlobas ganicdis (Sromis statistikis biuro, 1995). mosalodnelia, rom
yvelaze didi moTxovnileba im samuSaoebze iqneba, romlebic dakavSirebulia sa
Sinao pirobebSi adamianebis movlasTan (gansakuTrebiT samedicino movlasTan),
rac imis maniSnebelia, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba berdeba da sapensio asaks uax
lovdeba. es tendencia miuTiTebs imazec, rom adamianebis sicocxlis xangrZlivo
bam moimata. popularulebi iqnebian maRalteqnologiuri samuSaos specialiste
bic, kerZod, kompiuteruli inJinrebi da sistemis analitikosebi. Tanac amgvari
samuSaoebi yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadTa Soris aRmoCndeba. momsaxurebis sferos
zogi samuSao ki (rogoricaa, Sinamomvlelebi da manikuris specialistebi), romelTa
ricxvis gazrda aseve mosalodnelia, SedarebiT dabalanazRaurebadi iqneba.
Sromis bazari
642
meoradi Sromis bazari ufro mcire da naklebad stabiluria pirvelad Sro
mis bazarTan SedarebiT. aq muSebi dasaqmebulebi arian iseT mcire biznesebSi,
rogorebicaa yvavilebis an alkoholis maRaziebi, romelTa umetesobac mxolod
mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi uZlebs konkurencias. meorad bazarze xelmisawv
domi samsaxurebi xSirad arasrulganakveTiani an sezonuria, xelfasebi dabalia,
xSirad xdeba Statebis Semcireba, gansakuTrebiT finanuri krizisis dros; iSvia
Tia janmrTelobis dazRveva da sxva sargeblebi. am bazarze arsebuli samuSaoebis
umetesoba uperspeqtivoa da iSviaTad iZleva iseTi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
saSualebas, romelic dasaqmebuls xels Seuwyobs karieris ganviTarebaSi.
korporaciebis Semcirebasa da restruqturizaciis gamo xSirad samuSaos kar
gavs bevri is adamiani, romelic fiqrobda, rom stabiluri da uzurnvelyofili
samsaxuri hqonda. kadrebis Semcireba Cveulebrivi movlenaa iseT msxvil kor
poraciebSi, rogorebicaa AT&T da IBM, sadac adre samuSao TiTqmis sicocxlis
bolomde garantirebulad iTvleboda. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, rom amgvar kom
paniebSi momuSave adamianebi muSaobis ganmavlobaSi damatebiT sargebelsa da
SeRavaTebs iReben da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg umuSevrobis daxmarebac ekuTvniT,
gansxvavebiT meoradi Sromis bazarze dasaqmebuli adamianebisagan, romlebic
xSir SemTxvevaSi Zlivs axerxeben arsebobas srulganakveTiani samuSaoebis pi
robebSic ki. magaliTad, martoxela mSobeli, romelic erT bavSvs zrdis, iRebs
minimalur federalur xelfass 4,25 dolaris odenobiT saaTSi, kviraSi 40 saaTs
muSaobs yovelgvari Svebulebis gareSe da mainc ver axerxebs, ascdes siRatakis
zRvars (10.030 dolari wliuri Semosavali) (quigli, 1995)
minimaluri xelfasis gazrdis saWiroeba mwvave debatebis sag-nad iqca aSS-Si.
sazogadoebis nawili amtkicebs, rom srul ganakveTze momuSave adamianebi, rom
lebic iseT warmatebul qveyanaSi cxovroben, rogoric amerikaa, unda axerxebdnen
siRatakis zRvars zemoT cxovrebas. isini aRniSnaven, rom inflaciis donis mate
basTan erTad mniSvnelovnad sustdeba minimalur xelfasze momuSave adamianebis
finansuri mdgomareoba (ix. cxrili 15.1). 1960-70-ian wlebSi minimalur xelfasze
momuSave adamians samsuliani ojaxis Senaxvac ki SeeZlo, Tanac siRatakis zRvarze
odnav zemoT. dRes ki srul ganakveTsa da minimalur xelfasze momuSave adamians
4000 dolariT meti sWirdeba samsuliani ojaxis ise Sesanaxad, rom siRatakeSi ar
uxdebodes cxovreba. sazogadoebis meore nawili ki Tvlis, rom minimaluri xel
fasebis momatebas ramdenime arasasurveli gverdiTi movlena mohyveba. upirveles
yovlisa, es gamoiwvevs imas, rom meoradi Sromis bazris mwarmoeblebi Sewyveten
sakuTari produqciis aSS-Si warmoebas da sxva qveyanaSi gaagrZeleben saqmiano
bas iafi muSaxelis moZiebis mizniT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, es arc ise myari argumen
tia. dRes Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoe
bic ki ar SeiZleba gadavitanoT sxva qveyanaSi. amerikuli samzareulos TefSebs
meqsikeli ver garecxavs da ver tansacmels gawmenden sxva qveynis qimiuri wmendis
punqtebSi. Cveni azriT, minimaluri xelfasis gazrda safrTxes ki ar Seuqmnis dam
saqmeblebs, aramed xels Seuwyobs imis Sesrulebas, rasac prezidentma franklin
ruzveltma `patiosani samuSao dRis samarTliani anazRaureba~ uwoda.
643
c x r i l i 15.1
minimaluri xelfasis Rirebuleba 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg
644
SeuZlebelia aseTi dabali xelfasebis gamarTleba imiT, rom mwarmoeblebi
saTvis dabali mogebis zRvaria dawesebuli. imave zedatans, romlis damzadeba
mxolod 1.80 dolari Rirs, brendis mwarmoebeli mewarme maRazias 16 dolarad mih
yidis, xolo maRazia, albaT, 32 dolarad gayidis. kabas, romlis damzadeba amgvar
samkervaloebSi mxolod 6 dolari jdeba, biTumad movaWre 50 dolarad yidulobs
da sabolood maRaziaSi 100 dolarad iyideba. cxadia, rom mogebis zRvari sru
liad akmayofilebs im adamianebs, romlebic sawarmos piramidis wverSi arian moq
ceulebi. maSin, riT aixsneba im adamianebis ukiduresad dabali anazRaureba, rom
lebic realurad qmnian am mogebas?
pasuxi manufaqturuli procesis struqturaSi unda veZeboT. iseT mwarmoeb
lebs, romlebsac sakuTari safirmo niSani aqvT (magaliTad: Esprit, Guess da Levi
Strauss), an saerTod ar hyavT mkeravi TanamSromlebi, an Tu hyavT, Zalian cota.
amis sanacvlod isini samkervalo kompaniebis momsaxurebiT sargebloben. sam
kervalo kompaniebi ki aSS-Si 50000-ze metia. swored es konkurnecia ganapirobebs
momsaxurebis ukiduresad dabal safasurs. biznesSi darCenis erTaderT Sansad
TiToeul samkervalo kompanias klientisaTvis rac SeiZleba dabali fasis SeTava
zeba miaCnia. qalaqebi savsea emigrantebiT, romlebic nebismier fasad hkideben
xels samuSaos. swored amitom isini samkervaloebSi iseTi anazRaurebis fasad mu
Saoben, romelsac amerikaSi dabadebuli moqalaqe zedac ar Sexedavda (fu, 1994).
samTavrobo saagentobs ar hyofniT adamianuri resursi, gamoiZion federa
luri Statebis Sromis kanonis yvela darRvevis faqti, romlebic ki qalaqebSi mde
bare patara saxelosnoebSi xdeba. Sedegad uamravi aseTi kanondarRveva dausjeli
rCeba. meoradi Sromis bazris yvelaze dabali segmentis mdgomareobis gamos
worebis mizniT, saWiroa moqmedi Sromis kanonmdeblobis zedmiwevniT gatareba.
saxelfaso uTanasworobebi
645
maT Soris, vinc yvelaze met sargebels naxulobs, arian msxvili korpora
ciebis mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebi. ocdaxuTma yvelaze maRalanazRau
rebadma amerikelma aRmasrulebelma oficerma erTad xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
1.5 miliardi dolari gamoimuSava aqciebis warmatebuli yidva-gayidvis Sedegad
(hardi, 1995). Walt Disney Company-s Tavmjdomarem, maikl aiznerma am periodSi 235
milioni dolari gamoimuSava. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi giganturi Semosavali
amerikaSi xSiri ar aris, is mainc miuTiTebs amerikuli biznesis zogad tenden
ciebze. mTavari aRamsrulebeli oficrebis Semosavali swrafad izrdeba, maSin
roca danarCeni amerikelebis Semosavlis maCvenebeli stabiluria. sqemaze15.4-
Si asaxulia mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebis saSualo saxelfaso paketi qar
xnis muSis, dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblis, inJinrisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTlis xelfasTan SedarebiT. rogorc sqemidan Cans, maT Soris gansxvaveba
TiTqmis gaormagda gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (bleri, 1994). dRes erTi mTavari
aRmasrulebeli oficris mier gamomuSavebuli wliuri xelfasi TiTqmis 2 milion
dolars utoldeba, rac daaxloebiT samjer an oTxjer aRemateba misi iaponeli
kolegis Semosavals, xolo 120-jer _ saSualo amerikeli qarxnis muSisas.
inJineri
dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebeli
qarxnis muSa
646
xelfasebs Soris amxela gansxvavebis erT-erTi mizezia amerikul korpora
ciebs Soris arsebuli konkurencia mTavari aRmasruleblis gadabirebis Tval
sazrisiT da, gamomdinare im Rirebulebidan, rasac amerikeli xalxi konkurencias
da pirad miRwevebs aniWebs, isini ufro eguebian am uTanasworobas sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT (inglharti, 1990). realurad, ekonomikuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqtSi
amerikelebma Seqmnes is sistema, romelsac ekonomistebi robert franki da filip
kuki (1995) moixsenieben sityvebiT: `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls rCeba~. es saxel
wodeba gulisxmobs, rom mogebis umetesi nawili adamianTa mcire ricxvs Soris
nawildeba. isini mxolod sakuTari wvlilis gamo ar Rebuloben amxela Semosavals.
rogorc franki da kuki amboben, `erTia, rodesac vambobT, rom adamiani, romelic
10 procentiT mets Sromobs, an 10 procentiT ufro niWeria, 10 procentiT meti
Semosavali unda hqondes, magram sxvaa, rodesac vambobT, rom 10-procentianma
gansxvavebam xelfasSi 10.000 procentiani sxvaoba unda mogvces~ (gv.17).
sistema _ `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls rCeba~ _ xels uwyobs flangvas, radgan
warmatebis SenarCunebis mizniT sulac araa saWiro amxela xelfasebi. es faqtori
iwvvs dabali anazRaurebis mqone adamianebis ganawyenebasac, romlebic fiqro
ben, rom xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba ukve kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magali
Tad, aSS-Si mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebis xelfasebis zrdis paralelurad
ubralo moqalaqeebi Tavs finansurad daucvelad grZnoben, rac, maTi azriT,
korporaciebis kadrebis SemcirebiTa da organizaciebis `xarjTefeqturobis~
(streamlining) tendenciebidan momdinareobs. aRmasruleblebis xelfasebi ki mainc
izrdeba kadrebis Semcirebis miuxedavad, radgan maT Semosavals ganapirobebs
kompaniis aqciebis Rirebuleba, rac kidev ufro imatebs restruqturizaciis
Sedegad. `amgvarad, aRmasruleblebis xelfasis zrda da ubralo muSebis Semosav
lebis kleba erTi da imave faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli, kerZod: finansuri bazris
mxridan Seubralebeli zewola aqciebis fasebis gazrdis mizniT~ (bleri, 1994).
umuSevrobis problema
647
imatebs maSin, rodesac romelime firma, arasaTanado menejmentis an uxarisxo
produqciis gamo, ver uZlebs konkurencias. Tu amgvari firmebi daixureba, maTi
TanamSromlebi umuSevrad darCebian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu imave teritoriaze moq
med sxva konkurent firmebs ar dasWirdeba maTi unar-Cvevebi. amave dros, korpo
raciebis Serwymam an biznesis reorganizebis sxva formebmac SeiZleba samuSaos
gareSe datovos bevri muSa.
struqturuli umuSevrobis garda, kapitalistur sistemaSi arsebobs e.w.
cikluri umuSevroba, romelmac SeiZleba saSiS zRvars miaRwios, Tu saTanado
zomebi ar iqna miRebuli. rodesac produqcia gacilebiT aRemateba moTxovnas,
kompaniebi da korporaciebi muSebis raodenobas amcireben.
aSS-Si droebiTi umuSevroba sakmaod gavrcelebulia, Tumca misi xdomilebis
maCvenebeli regionidan regionSi icvleba. statistikis mixedviT, samidan ori
amerikeli cxovrebis romelime etapze samuSaos kargavs (qeiTsi, greifi, hage
ni, 1990). 1991 wels, ekonomikuri stagnaciis periodSi, xuTidan erTi amerikeli
umuSevari iyo (pomisi da sxvebi, 1992). bevrma maTganma maleve iSova samsaxuri, mag
ram Zalian bevrma xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi sakuTar Tavze iwvnia ekonomi
kuri uunaroba, sakuTari Tavisadmi upativcemuloba da piradi Seuracxyofa.
oficialuri statistika iSviaTad asaxavs umuSevrobis realur suraTs,
radgan is exeba mxolod im adamianebs, romlebic aqtiurad eZeben srulganakve
Tian samsaxurebs da ar moicavs maT, vinc naxevarganakveTian samuSaos eZebs an sabo
lood Caiqnia xeli samsaxuris Sovnaze. magaliTad, 1991 wels sul mcire 1 mili
onma amerikelma mianeba Tavi samsaxuris Zebnas, ufro meti ki iZulebuli gaxda,
adre gasuliyo pensiaSi. amave dros bevrma axalgazrdam Seikava Tavi samsaxuris
moZebnaze, radgan icoda SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac es
monacemebi daemateba 8.6 milion umuSevars, romelic aqtiurad eZebs samsaxurs,
SegveZleba sruli suraTis miReba umuSevrobis donis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, Segvi
Zlia am ricxvs davumatoT naxevar ganakveTze momuSave 5.9 milioni amerikeli
muSac, romlebsac survili hqondaT eSovaT srulganakveTiani samuSao.
umuSevrobis msxverpli yvelaze xSirad socialurad daucveli mosaxleoba
xdeba _ swored isini, visac ar Seswevs Zala, gaumklavdes finansur kriziss. eko
nomikuri stagnaciis periodSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli dabali fenis axlgazr
debs Soris, romlebmac skolas Tavi mianebes, sagangaSod maRalia _ 25%(kasarda
da apoldi, 1990). umuSevroba aseve emuqreba saSualo fenas da SeZlebulebsac ki.
magaliTad, korporaciebis gaerTianebis talRis dros 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma aR
masrulebelma dakarga samsaxuri. analogiurad, rodesac 1980-90-ian wlebSi kom
piuterulma industriam daRmasvla iwyo, bevri maRalanazRaurebadi inJineri da
sxva specialisti samsaxuris gareSe darCa. Tanac maT sxva samsaxuris swrafad pov
nis Zalian mcire perspeqtiva aqvT. 1990-ian wlebSi imata korporaciebSi kadrebis
Semcirebisa da restruqturizaciis SemTxvevebma, rogorc samuSao adgilebis
Semcirebis xarjze mogebis matebis saSualebam.
is, Tu rogor axerxeben adamianebi umuSevrobasTan gamklavebas, mniSvne
lovnadaa damokidebuli maTTvis xelmisawvdom socialur da instituciur dax
marebaze. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ojaxisa da megobrebis daxmareba, romlebic
648
xels uwyoben umuSevar adamians, SeinarCunos TviTrwmena da sakuTari pirovnebi
sadmi pativiscema. es aseve gulisxmobs finansur daxmarebas, rogoricaa umuSev
robis daxmareba da im saagentoebis momsaxureba, romlebic exmarebian umuSevrebs
samuSaosa da binis ZebnaSi. daxmarebis bevri formis arsebobis fonze xangrZlivi
umuSevroba SedarebiT asatani xdeba.
profesionalizacia
649
am saqmeSi (magaliTad, dantistebi, buRaltrebi). qalur samuSaoebs Zalian gau
WirdaT profesiebis statusis mopoveba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom profesionale
bi sargebloben avtoritetiT, maRali SemosavliTa da avtonomiiT, es stimuls
aZlevs sxvadasxva saqmianobis jgufebs, moipovon profesionalis statusi, ris
Semdegac kidev saWiroa garkveuli warmatebebi am sferoSi SesaRwevad. Tu kri
teriumebi ar aris sakmarisad mkacri, maSin xdeba wevrebis rigebis gadavseba, rac
asustebs profesionalis statusis damkvidrebis process (fridsoni, 1985).
produqtiuloba da avtomatizacia
650
gaucxoebis grZnoba da kontrolis kargvis SegrZneba mxolod dabalanazRau
rebad muSaxels rodi axasiaTebs. es grZnoba nacnobia ganaTlebuli, maRalanazRa
urebadi samsaxurebis mqone specialistebisTvisac. magaliTad, robert hovardma
(1985) gamoikvlia korporaciebis kempusebi silikonis dablobze, sadac maRal
kvalificiur kompiuterul teqnikosebs SeeZloT ufasod esargeblaT sportuli
darbazebiT, jansaRi kvebis obieqtebiTa da sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT. aseTi
SeRavaTebi erTi SexedviT mimzidvelia, magram sinamdvileSi es menejerebis mier
maTi Zalauflebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi formaa, romelic miznad isaxavs Tanam
Sromlebis motivaciis amaRlebas. amave dros, menejerebma SeiZleba isargeblon
muSebis ganwyobiT da xeli Seuwyon maTi wvlilis gazrdas. Tavis naSromSi ho
vardi mogviTxrobs muSebis Sesaxeb, romlebisganac moelian ara marto sakuTari
movaleobis pirnaTlad Sesrulebas, aramed Rimilsac imis dasturad, rom isini
sakuTari saqmiT kmayofilebi da bednierebi arian.
amgvari fsiqologiuri kontroli SesaZloa Tanamedrove samsaxurebis mniS
vnelovani nawili gaxdes (hoSildi, 1983). hoSildi amas `axal Tamam samsaxurs~
uwodebs oldos haqslis amave saxelwodebis romanis mixedviT, sadac aRwerilia
ocdamexuTe saukunis sazogadoebis koSmari. am sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo imde
nad akontrolebs adamianebis cxovrebas, rom dakargulia individualizmisa da
SemoqmedebiTobis yovelgvari gamovlineba da adamianebi moCvenebiT bednierebi
arian, radgan maRali teqnologiebisagan iReben siamovnebas.
Sejameba
651
4. ekonomikis meore wyoba, kapitalizmis alternativa _ socializmi _ XIX sau
kuneSi warmoiSva. socializmi gulisxmobs sajaro sakuTrebas da, sul mcire,
warmoebis zogi saSualebis kontrols. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo
sakuTreba da ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze dawesebuli centralizebuli
kontroli gverdigverd Tanaarsebobda. amgvari centralizebuli dageg
mareba ukiduresad rTulia da mravali problemis sawindaria.
5. mravali amerikuli korporacia multinacionaluria, anu moqmedebs bevr sx
vadasxva qveyanaSi. multinacionaluri kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maspinZe
li qveynebis rogorc socialur, aseve politikur cxovrebaze. amgvari kor
poraciebis aqcionerebs ar SeuZliaT akontrolon sawarmoebis politika da,
aqedan gamomdinare, korporaciebisa da maspinZeli qveynebis bedi korpora
ciebis menejerebis xelTaa.
6. miuxedavad imisa, rom msxvil kompaniebs wamyvani adgili uWiravT aSS-Si, mci
re biznesebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, radgan isini asaqmeben uamrav
adamian da qmnian axal samuSao adgilebs. sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo dRes
aSS-Si gansakuTrebiT bevri emigranti ixibleba sakuTari biznesis ideiT.
nawilobriv imis gamo, rom ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi dafinanseba an imarTebian
arakvalificiuri adamianebis mier, mcire biznesebi, rogorc wesi, maleve
wyveten arsebobas.
7. samuSao fasdeba ara mxolod anazRaurebiT, aramed identurobis im Seg
rZnebiT, rasac is xalxs aniWebs. dRes `TeTrsayeloiani~ muSebi upirateso
biT sargebloben `cisfersayeloianebTan~ SedarebiT. sakuTari samsaxuriT,
ZiriTadad garkveuli profesiisa da Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone adamiane
bi arian kmayofilni. yvela, vinc sxvebis mieraa dasaqmebuli, eqvemdebareba
garkveul kontrols an koordinacias. `cisfersayeloiani~ muSebi eqvemde
barebian teqnikur moTxovnebs, xolo `TeTrsayeloianebi~ _ aramonetarul
waxalisebas, romelic biurokratiuli sistemis nawilia.
8. Tanamedrove amerikaSi gamokveTilia ori tendencia: 1) qalebis momravleba
samuSao ZalaSi da 2) fermeruli da soflis meurneobis daknineba, rasac Tan
axlavs momsaxurebis sferos zrda dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis CaT
vliT. bevri qali da umciresobaTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi muSaoben meo
rad Sromis bazarze, rac gulisxmobs dabal xelfasebs da naxevarganakveTian
samsaxurebs dawinaurebis perspeqtivis gareSe. ukeTesi samsaxurebi pirve
lad Sromis bazarze akademiuri ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis mqoneTaTvisaa
Semonaxuli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bolo dros ganaTlebasa da wodebebs
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, arakvalificiuri muSaxeli, romlebic ver Soulo
ben samsaxurebs soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, iZulebulebi arian, moiZon sa
muSao meorad Sromis bazarze. ierarqiis umaRles safexurs ikavebs samedici
no da iuridiuli profesiebi, romlebic yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadia, amave
dros yvelaze prestiJuli da Tanac farTo avtonomiis saSualebas iZleva.
umuSevroba, ZiriTadad, meorad Sromis bazars axasiaTebs, magram 1990-ian
wlebSi is pirveladi Sromis bazris bevr kvalificiur muSasac Seexo.
652
9. Sromis nayofiereba (romelic saaTobrivad izomeba) gaizarda avtomatiza
ciis Sedegad, rac gulisxmobs samsaxurebSi manqana-danadgarebis SemoRe
bas da agreTve masTan dakavSirebul reorganizacias. Tumca, avtomatizacia
xSirad iwvevs ukmayofilebis SegrZnebas da naklebad sainteresos xdis sa
muSao process.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
653
sityvari
654
Tavi 16
saxelmwifo da politika
brZola ZalaulflebisaTvis
. legaloba da mmarTveloba
. Zalauflebis socialuri struqtura
saxelmwifo
. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis aRzeveba
. erebi da nacionalizmi
. Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo
demokratia
. monawileoba amerikul demokratiaSi
. gadasvla demokratiaSi
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi: omi bosniaSi
655
656
1 995 wlis 19 aprils daaxloebiT dilis cxra saaTze oklahomaSi, sadgomze
mdgari daqiravebuli mikroavtobusidan gamovardnili cecxlovani burTi
alfred f. miureis saxelobis federalur SenobaSi Sevarda da 169 adamiani imsx
verpla, romelTa Soris 19 mcirewlovani bavSvi iyo.
amerikelTa umravlesobam, samTavrobo pirebis CaTvliT, daaskvna, rom es mus
limani eqstremistebis Cadenili iyo iseve, rogorc 1993 wels ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxma niu-iorkis msoflio savaWro centrze. bevri amerikelisaTvis niu-ior
ki is qalaqia, sadac yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes, magram qveynis SuagulSi mdebare
oklahoma samoTxed iTvleba stabilurobisa da simSvidis gamo. Tu am qalaqzec gabe
des Tavdasxma, maSin gamodis, rom arc erTi qalaqi ar aris dazRveuli. amerikele
bi SiSma Seipyro, rodesac gairkva, rom dabombva ucxoelma teroristebma ki ara,
amerikis moqalaqeebma _ patriotul/samxedro dajgufebam ganaxorciela. rogor
SeeZloT amerikelebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs patriotebad miiCnevdnen, aefeTqe
binaT samTavrobo Senoba da moeklaT asobiT Tanamoqalaqe?
patriotuli moZraoba, romelic mediis yuradRebis miRma darCa, gansa
kuTrebiT 1990-ian wlebSi gaZlierda. es gaZliereba SesamCnevia socialuri
struqturis cvlilebebis meSveobiT. am moZraobaSi, ZiriTadad, muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi iyvnen CarTulni. isini moRvaweobdnen
arizonasa da montanaSi, sadac madneulisa da TiTbris mompovebeli industriebi
daRmasvlas ganicdida, aseve miCigansa da niu-hempSirSi, sadac qarxnebi daixura
warmoebis meqsikasa da mesame rigis qveynebSi gatanis gamo da kaliforniaSi. civi
omis dasrulebasTan erTad dasrulda sahaero xomaldebis warmoebac (kuperi,
1995w.). samsaxurdakarguli muSebi mitovebulad grZnobdnen xelisuflebisgan
Tavs, romelic am dros dakavebuli iyo saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebebiT, gare
mos dacvis problemebiT, urbanuli umciresobebiT, aseve homoseqsualTa da qal
Ta uflebebiT.
patriotulma moZraobam ganaviTara ideologia, romelic mouwodebda `nam
dvil amerikelebs~ federaluri mTavroba sakuTar mtrad CaeTvala. e.w. patri
otebisaTvis globalizaciis safrTxem Secvala wlebis win civi omis globaluri
komunisturi safrTxe _ federaluri mTavroba gaerosTan erTad mzad iyo damor
Cileboda `axal msoflio wesrigs~; federaluri kanonmdebloba (gansakuTrebiT,
kontroli iaraRis Sesaxeb) im SeTqmulebis nawili iyo, romlis meSveobiTac
amerikelebs arTmevdnen uflebas, Tavi daecvaT tiraniisagan. yovelive amis gaT
valiswinebiT, TviTmarqvia `patriotebisaTvis~ TviT amerikuli cxovrebis wesis
momavali idga safrTxis qveS. imis nacvlad, rom SabaT-kvira nadirobasa da Tevza
obaSi gaetarebinaT, moZraobis wevrebi eswrebodnen saidumlo samxedro wvrTnebs
da gankiTxvis dRisaTvis emzadebodnen.
oklahomaSi ganxorcielebuli teraqti, nawilobriv, gaxldaT pasuxi mTav
robis yvela moqmedebaze, romelic xels uwyobda amgvari SiSis gaRvivebas. 1992
wels gamoZiebis federalur biurosa da alkoholis, Tambaqosa da cecxlsasroli
iaraRis biurosTan Setakebisas daiRupnen TeTrkaniani supermasistis meuRle
657
da vaJiSvili, ramac isini moZraobis pirvel msxverplad aqcia. amas mohyva erTi
wlis Semdeg daviTianelTa Stabbinis alyaSi moqceva vakoSi, arizonas StatSi. Se
takeba kultis 78 wevris daRupviT dasrulda. daRupulTa Soris iyvnen bavSvebic.
`vako _ ganacxada erT-erTma gadarCenilma, _ aris gamosaRviZebeli mowodeba im
adamianebisaTvis, romlebmac, SesaZloa, pirvelad igrZnes, rom sakuTari mTavro
ba maTsave sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs~ (Taimsi, 1995 wlis 1 maisi, gv. 4). ukanaskneli
wveTi aRmoCnda bradi bilis gardacvaleba 1994 wels, romelic cecxlsasroli
iaraRis yidva-gayidvas xelmZRvanelobda, amas daerTo akrZalva sabrZolo iara
Rze. `patriotebi~ iaraRs TavsuflebasTan aigivebdnen da, Sesabamisad, iaraRis
kontroli calsaxad miiCnies ganiaraRebad da danebebad.
amerikis politikis konspiraciulobisa da apokalifsurobis Sesaxeb Tval
sazriss amyarebda Worebi Savi vertmfrenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ranCoebis Tavze
dafrinavdnen; aseve mTavrobis oponentebisaTvis sakoncentracio banakebis mom
zadebis, amerikul miwaze ucxo qveynebis policiis Zalebis momzadebis, yofil
jariskacebze saidumlod mimontaJebuli mikrofonebisa da kiqsis burRuleulis
yuTebze datanili rukebis Sesaxebac ki.
SeiZleba es yvelaferi ararealurad moCandes, magram `patriotTa~ moZraobis
ideologia da moqmedebebi amerikul kulturas efuZneba. Zlieri xelisuflebis
opozicia amerikis istoriis ganmeorebiTi Temaa. amerikelebis umetesobas, Tomas
jefersonis CaTvliT, yofelTvis sjeroda, rom mTavroba, romelic naklebad mar
Tavs, saukeTeso mmarTvelia (citirebulia lifsetis naSromSi, 1995w.). 19 aprili
ara mxolod oklahomaSi momxdari dabombvis ori wlisTavia, aramed leqsingtonis
brZolis dRec, romelic revoluciuri omis dawyebad miiCneva. moqalaqeebisTvis
iaraRis tarebis ufleba, romelic gamyarebulia konstituciis meore Seswore
biT, swored revoluciuri epoqidan momdinareobs _ maSin miiCnevdnen, rom `Sei
araRebuli moqalaqeebi saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garantiaa~. adgilobrivi Sei
araRebebi didi xania Caanacvla erovnulma dacvam (Tumca ara patriotTaTvis),
magram antisaxelisuflo ganwyobas fesvebi ufro Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli. 1960-ian
wlebSi vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma moZraobam federaluri mTavroba
`nomer pirvel mtrad~ Seracxa (efelbomi, 1995w.).
patriotTa moZraoba mxolod ukanaskneli Tavia imisa, rasac istorikosi ri
Card hofstadteri `amerikuli politikis paranoidul stils~ uwodebda (citire
bulia efelbomis naSromSi, 1995w.). konspiraciuli Teoriebi Cveni kulturis
nawilia. amerikis problemebSi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva jgufi adanaSaulebda
masonebs, kaTolikeebs, ebraelebs, saerTaSoriso bankirebs, mormonebs da bava
riel iluminatebsac ki. 1950-ian wlebSi senatorma jozef makkartim mTeli ameri
kis moxibvla SeZlo `komunisturi gadmonaSTebis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampa
niiT, romelic aTasobiT amerikels samsaxurisa da reputaciis dakargvis fasad
daujda. ufro metic, samoqalaqo omis dasasrulidan moyolebuli, Savkaniani
amerikelebis damcvelebma ramdenime Setakebis provocireba moaxdines TeTrka
niani amerikelebis mxridan. patriotTa moZraoba pirdapir Tu arapirdapir izi
arebs iseTi jgufebis rasobriv da antisemitur Tvalsazrisebs, rogoricaa kuk
luqs-klani, TeTrkanian amerikelTa sabWoebi da neonacisturi ariuli eri.
658
patriotuli moZraoba gamorCeulad `Tanamedrovea~. faqsebi, videofirebi da
iseTi internetgverdebi, rogoricaa `Cybehate~, saSualebas aZlevs mas swrafad,
iafad da xSirad anonimurad gaavrcelos da miiRos sxvadasxva informacia
(ianovski, 1995w.). Tavdapirvelad organizacia Zalian patara iyo, magram is male
gafarTovda da SeimuSava TviTnakeTi bombebis damzadebis saxelmZRvaneloebi da
videomasalebi. Tanamedrve teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT `patriotebma~ gverdi
auares tradiciul formebs da Seqmnes `qseli lideris gareSe~, sadac iseve uki
duresad Znelia SeRweva, rogorc Cadenil danaSaulebebSi organizaciis wevrebis
dadanaSauleba. iyvenen Tu ara oklahomas teraqtSi msjavrdebuli adamianebi
romelime konkretuli jgufis wevrebi? paxuxis gacema Znelia. radio da satele
vizio ToqSouebi izidavs erTi da imave mosazrebis mqone adamianebs, romlebsac
telewamyvanis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba ukve faqtad miaCniaT, xolo ramdenime
aTeuli telemayureblis an radiomsmenelis zari _ sazogadoebriv azrad.
oklahomas teraqti uSualod im adamianebis winaaRmdeg rodi iyo mimarTuli,
romlebic mas emsxverplnen. es iyo politikuri aqti, romelic miznad isaxavda,
adamianebisaTvis Seexsenebina, ra moxda vakoSi (rasac teroristebi saxelmwifos
mier Cadenil teroristul aqtad miiCnevdnen), Caenerga maTTvis daucvelobis
grZnoba da Seesustebina mosaxleobis ndoba mTavrobis mimarT; aseve, Tundac
sul mokle xniT SeeryiaT ZalTa balansi aSS-Si. teraqtma garkveulwilad miaR
wia kidec mizans. patriotTa warmomadgenlebma ar daayovnes da sajarod dagmes
oklahomis teraqti da aseve dabejiTebiT aRniSnes, rom es iyo mTavrobis gegmis
nawili, romelic miznad isaxavs maT diskreditacias. Tumca, teraqtamde ameriku
li masmedia `patriotebs~ seriozulad ar aRiqvamda da maT giJebsa da radikalebs
uwodebda. oklahomas teraqtma kidev erTxel gausva xazi gaucxoebis tendenciasa
da amerikul sazogadoebaSi axali, antisamTavrobo subkulturis aRmocenebas.
garda amisa, am faqtma politikur rukaze miuCina adgili `patriotebs~.
es Tavi Zalauflebis sxvadasxva tipisa da aSS-Si Zalauflebis struqturis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebis mimoxilviT iwyeba. Semdeg SevecdebiT, gavyveT
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis kvals, gavaanalizoT nacionalizmis
kulturuli fenomeni da ganvixiloT Tanamedrove sayovelTao keTildReobis
mqone saxelmwifoebi. mesame nawilSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT socialur moq
medebaze, im struqturul da kulturul faqtorebze, romlebic gavlenas axdens
demokratiul procesebSi monawileobaze da, agreTve, sxva qveynebSi demokrati
aze gadasvlaze.
brZola ZalauflebisaTvis
659
erTmaneTis mimarT, biznesmenebi ki _ daqiravebuli muSebis mimarT... misi masSta
bi aris is faqtori, ris gamoc Zalaufleba imdenad mniSvnelovani ramaa, rom is
ZiriTad sociologiur koncefciad miiCneva, Tumca am TavSi Cven SevexebiT poli
tikas misi viwro mniSvnelobiT anu ganvixilavT mas imdenad, ramdenadac politika
ukavSirdeba Zalauflebis specializebul institutebs.
rodesac vlaparakobT politikis Zalauflebaze, Cveulebriv, vgulisxmobT
Zalauflebas, romelsac SeuZlia akontrolos adamianebis qceva da gamocdileba
maSinac ki, rodesac es ukanasknelni am kontrols ewinaaRmdegebian (veberi, 1922-
1968w.w.). politika aseve gulisxmobs TiToeuli adamianis Zalauflebis zrdis
mcdelobas anu koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT miznis miRwevas (magaliTad, produqciis
warmoeba an caTambjenis aSeneba) socialuri oganizaciis meSveobiT (parsonsi,
1960w.). aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo iyenebs Zalauflebas ara mxolod maSin,
rodesac policiis an jaris meSveobiT aiZulebs adamianebs Caidinon garkveuli
qmedebebi, aramed maSinac, rodesac beWdavs fulis kupiurebs, rac xalxs biznesis
warmoebas uadvilebs.
legaloba da mmarTveloba
660
vad ibrZoda. `patriotuli moZraobis~ zogi wevri aSS-is mTavrobas sabWoTa ka
vSiris mTavrobas adarebda da amtkicebda, rom aSS-is mTavroba gadasaxadebis
Segrovebisas iyenebs Zalismer meTodebs; aiZulebs mSoblebs, saxlSi ganaTlebis
miRebis nacvlad bavSvebi skolebSi miabaron; xels uwyobs rasobriv integracias;
cdilobs qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sxva mravali saSualebiT ereva TiToeuli
adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi.
rogor gansazRvraven sociologebi aris Tu ara mTavroba legaluri? am kiTx
vaze pasuxis gacemisas maTi nawili kriteriumad miiCnevs mosaxleobaSi opoziciis
naklebobas: Tu xalxi mTavrobis mimarT protests sajarod ar gamoxatavs, maSasa
dame is miiCnevs, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli reJimi zomierad legitimuria (lipseti,
1981w.). Tumca, mosaxleobam SeiZleba dakargos rwmena sakuTari xelisuflebis
mimarT, magram araferi moimoqmedos, radgan naklebad aqvs raimes Secvlis imedi
an ubralod eSinia imisa, rac SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves mTavrobis Secvlis mcde
lobas. ufro mtkice mosazreba legalurad miiCnevs mTavrobas, romelic dadebi
Tad fasdeba mosaxleobis mier (habermasi, 1975w.). zogi fiqrobs, rom politikuri
sistema legaluria mxolod im SemTxvvaSi, Tu mis wevrebs aqvT sakmarisi Zalau
fleba maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (ardenti, 1965w. ho
nigi, 1995w.). meore nawili ki amtkicebs, rom legaloba moiTxovs Zalauflebis
gamoyenebas xalxis interesebis SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad dacvis mizniT
(konoli, 1984w.).
amerikelebis azriT, demokratia aris politikuri sistemis erTaderTi tipi,
romelsac xalxi nebayoflobiT uWers mxars, magram es mTlad ase ar aris. araerTi
qveynis mosaxleoba kargad grZnobs Tavs monarqebis mmarTvelobis qveS. keTil
mosurne diqtats SeiZleba farTod dauWiron mxari gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi,
romlebmac mZime koloniuri uReli da qaosi gadaitanes, rac ukve garkveul le
galobas niSnavs. bevrma adamianma SeiZleba mTavrobis saqmianobaSi monawileobas
Zlieri mTavroba arCios, Tu am ukanasknels SeuZlia daamyaros mSvidoba da qveya
na warmatebuli gaxados. am SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT mcire Zalaa saWiro imisaTvis,
rom mosaxleoba mTavrobis mokavSire gaxdes.
maqs veberi gamoyofs legaluri Zalauflebis an mmarTvelobis sam tips:
tradiciuls, qarizmatulsa da kanonier/racionalurs. istoriulad tradiciuli
mmarTveloba yvelaze gavrcelebulia. is saTaves iRebs Zveli rwmenebidan da praq
tikidan, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tanam
debobebisagan Sedgeba. mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi mmarTvelobis amgvar formas
iReben, mis xangrZliv tradiciaSi mdgomareobs. zog qveyanaSi tradiciuli mmarT
veloba sakraluradaa miCneuli da politikuri liderebi religiuri liderebis
funqciasac asruleben. sakraluri wesrigis SenarCunebis pasuxismgeblobam Sesa
Zlebelia SezRudos tradiciuli mmarTvelobis Tavisufali gamoyeneba.
qarizmatul mmarTvelobas safuZvlad udevs rwmena, rom liderebs gansa
kuTrebuli piradi Tvisebebi aqvT, romlebic pativiscemasa da erTgulebas im
saxurebs. ar arsebobs obieqturi saSualeba, romelic gansazRvravda, namdvilad
arian Tu ara liderebi dajildoebuli gansakuTrebuli unariT. gansazRvrebis
mixedviT, qarizma misi mflobelis mzeraSi igrZnoba. qarizmatuli mmarTveloba
661
arastabiluria, radgan is mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli lideris personalur Tvise
bebTan da aqedan gamomdinare, Znelia misi Semcvlelebis moZebna. qarizmatuli
liderebis magaliTad uaxlesi istoriidan SeiZleba moviyvanoT indoeTis da
moukideblobisaTvis mSvidobiani brZolis lideris _ mahaTma gandis, aseve, aSS-
is Savkaniani liderebis _ martin luTer kingisa da malkom iqsis magaliTebi.
kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveloba efuZneba arsebuli samarTlebrivi
normebis kanonierebis rwmenas. am SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba miniWiebuli aqvs sxva
dasxva samTavrobo samsaxurebsa da konkretul Tanamdebobebs da ara xelisuf
lebs. is aseve SezRudulia `oficialuri saqmianobiT~ da kanons emorCileba.
magaliTad, aSS-is prezidenti ver aukrZalavs amerikel wyvils or bavSvze metis
gaCenas, radgan misi kanonieri/racionaluri Zalaufleba konstituciis Tanax
mad am sferoze ar vrceldeba. kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveloba saSualebas
aZlevs saxelmwifo moxeleebs, gamoiyenon Zalaufleba mxolod konkretul viTa
rebaSi da mocemul donemde. isini moqmedeben mxolod `racionaluri~ sistemis
farglebSi, romelsac gansazRvravs wesebi da regulaciebi.
lideroba xSirad miiCneva mmarTvelobis mxolod erT formad, Tumca, praq
tikulad, SesaZlebelia erTmaneTs ori an sami forma Seerwyas. magaliTad,
nelson mandela iyo kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveli, radgan is sakuTarma
qveyanam prezidentad airCia. amave dros is iyo tradiciuli mmarTveli misi poli
tikuri Tanamdebobidan gamomdinare da qarizmatuli lideri mravali samxreT
afrikelisaTvis.
662
bebi ekuTvnis, sazogadoebis danarCen nawils ekonomikuri dominantobis meS
veobiT akontroleben. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebaSi miwa warmoebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa da amitom mis mflobelebs yvelaze meti Zalaufleba
aqvT. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi es imas niSnavda, rom mmarTvel klass feodalebi
Seadgendnen. Tumca, Zalauflebis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa sxvebis mxardaWerac.
magaliTad, feodalebs sWirdebodaT samxedro aparati _ Sesabamisad aRWurvili
raindebi. raindebma sakuTari funqciisa da rolis wyalobiT (maT feodalebis
dacva evalebodaT), TviTonac sakmarisi Zalaufleba moipoves. aseve didi mniS
vneloba hqonda kaTolikur eklesiasac. kaTolikuri eklesiis meSveobiT kanon
deboda da myardeboda feodalebis Zalaufleba da mmarTveloba. garda amisa,
mRvdlebi da berebi mraval samsaxurs uwevdnen feodalebs _ isini xSirad as
rulebdnen weriT samuSaoebs wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mTavrebisaTvis. ufro me
tic, eklesiebma SeZles mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba da zog SemTxvevaSi Ses
wevdaT ZQAala winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT feodalebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi industriis ganviTarebis paralelurad Za
lauflebam TandaTanobiT gadainacvla feodalebidan industrialistebis anu
burJuebisaken. mowinave industrialistebi uSualod ar marTavdnen mTavrobas.
saxelmwifo moxeleTa didi umravlesoba Zveli arsitokratuli ojaxidan iyo,
romlebic ganswavlulebi iyvnen samarTalSi, diplomatiasa da sxva sferoebSi.
Tumca, marqsistuli analizis mixedviT, maT SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT sakuTari Za
laufleba mxolod imitom, rom isini kapitalisturi elitis interesebs emsaxure
bodnen. rodesac amerikelma muSebma kavSirebis Camoyalibeba daiwyes, mTavrobam
mxari dauWira ara maT, aramed msxvil bizness. radgan kapitalistur sazogadoe
baSi burJuazia warmoebis saSualebebs akontrolebs, is warmarTavs ara mxolod
ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed im institutebis muSaobasac, romlebic gavlenas
axdens qveynis moralur da inteleqtur cxovrebaze iurisprudenciis, mTavro
bis, xelovnebis, literaturis, mecnierebisa da filosofiis CaTvliT.
amerikuli sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturis gaanalizebisas marq
sistebi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmiT aRniSnaven giganturi korporaciebis mier
mTavrobis kontrolis unaris dones (raiTi, 1986w.). magaliTad, federalurma
mTavrobam gakotrebisagan ixsna lokhidisa da kraisleris giganturi korpora
ciebi _ is Tavdebad daudga maT da sesxis aRebis SesaZlebloba misca. reiganisa
da buSis prezidentobis dros gadasaxadebis Semcirebam mniSvnelovani SeRavaTi
gauwia msxvil korporaciebsa da mdidar mosaxleobas da ara saSualo da dabal
fenebs. xolo klintonis administracia CrdiloeT amerikis savaWro SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze biznesmenebis (da ara muSebis) mxares dadga.
marqsi amtkicebda, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi muSebi gaacnobierebdnen, rom
isini eqspluatirebuli arian, gaerTiandebian, daamxoben kapitalistur elitas
da daamkvidreben uklaso sazogadoebas. Tanamedrove marqsistebis azriT, gan
viTarebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi muSebis `mosyidvis~ fasad axerxeben
revoluciebis Tavidan acilebas _ sakredito baraTebisa da xelfasebis meSveo
biT mTavrobebi iolad imoneben maT.
663
elitis Zalaufleba
664
amerikis mosaxleobis 1%-is naxevari marTavs qveynis simdidris daaxloebiT 25
%-s. am adamianebs wamyvani Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT mTavrobasa da biznesseqtorSi.
`mmarTveli klasis~ wevrebi ganaTlebas erTsa da imave skolebSi iReben, arian
erTi da imave klubisa da samoqalaqo asociaciis wevrebi, xSiria maT Soris qor
winebebic, rac sakmaod Caketil wres qmnis. milsi amtkicebs, rom Zalauflebrivi
elitis sxvadasxva ganStoeba _ ekonomikuri, samTavrobo da samxedro _ erTma
neTzea gadajaWvuli. civi omis ganmavlobaSi kongresis gadawyvetilebiT yovel
wliurad miliardobiT dolari ixarjeboda samxedro miznebisaTvis. 1991 wels
mTavrobam SeiaraRebaze 82 miliardi dolari daxarja (strengoldi, 1996w.). sam
xedro miznebisTvis biujetis daaxloebiT 20% ixarjeba. Cndeba kiTxva: ratom vx
arjavT amdens samxedro miznebisaTvis? pasuxi aseTia: nawilobriv erovnuli Tav
dacvisaTvis, nawilobriv, ki imitom, rom samxedro kontraqtebis Sedegad mravali
samuSao adgili iqmneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, exmareba mosaxleobas. erT-erTi faq
tori isicaa, rom am sferoSi bevri seriozuli mimwodebeli mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs kampaniebSi da, garda amisa, isini xSirad asaqmeben yofil saxelmwifo
moxeleebs. dResac ki, rodesac samxedro prokurmentis biujeti Semcirebulia
(1995 wels is 55 miliard dolars Seadgenda), saxelmwifo agrZelebs samxedro in
dustriis daxmarebas _ magaliTad, imiT, rom ar ewinaaRmdegeba gaerTianebebs,
rac antitrastuli kanonmdeblobis darRvevas uwyobs xels. mailsis azriT, sami
ve seqtori _ ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro _ dainteresebulia `mili
taristuli kapitalizmis~ ganviTarebiT.
665
interesTa konfliqti ar zRudavs elituri wreebis SesaZleblobebs. magali
Tad, sociologma arnold rouzma (1967w.) daaskvna, rom sagareo saqmeebs ganagebs
adamianTa mcirericxovani jgufi e.w. Zalauflebrivi elita, magram federaluri
mTavrobis gaZlierebam da sxvadasxva jgufis Camoyalibebam (magaliTad, garemos
damcvelebi, qalTa uflebebis lobistebi, pensionrebi) daasusta msxvili bizne
sis Zalaufleba. rouzis mosazrebiT, amerikaSi ara erTi Zlieri struqturaa da
saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miReba swored am jgufebs
Soris vaWrobiT xdeba (pluralistTa Sexeduleba). Tumca, Zalauflebis mqone
aseT struqturebs (rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, saxelmwifo saagentoebi,
kanonmdeblebi, biznesmenebi da sxva) ufro xSirad marTavs oligarqia (Zalauf
lebrivi elitis Teoria). mokled rom vTqvaT, aSS-is Zalauflebis mqone struq
turebi mravali elituri jgufisagan Sedgeba.
saxelmwifo
666
saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba im gansxvavebis damkvidrebas, ro
melic arsebobs oficialur moxeelebs, rogorc kerZo pirebsa da imave ofi
cialur pirebs, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofebs Soris. es
procesi TandaTanobiT daiwyo jer beladebis, Semdeg ki mefeebis institutebis
CamoyalibebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi mefobis cneba gaimijna am titulis mqone
adamianisagan (glukmani, 1965w. kantorovici, 1957w. mani, 1993w.). am faqtis dadasa
turebaa gamoTqma `mefe mokvda! gaumarjos mefes!~ e.i. imis miuxedavad, rom mefe
gardaicvala, am Tanamdebobas sxva adamiani daikavebs.
me-16 da me-19 saukuneebs Soris evropis saxelmwifoebi mniSvnelovnad gaiz
arda da gaZlierda, rac orma umTavresma faqtorma ganapiroba: pirveli gaxlavT
gafarToeba da politikuri teritoriebis gaerTianeba, xolo meore _ saerTa
Soriso vaWrobis ganviTareba. Tavis mxriv, moxda am ori faqtoris Tanxvedra im
drois ZiriTad politikur tendenciebTan. aseTi tendenciebi iyo: samTavroe
bis gaerTianeba memkvidreobisa da samefo ojaxebs Soris qorwinebebis Sedegad;
satransporto saSualebebis gaumjobeseba, dapyrobiTi omebi, samxreT da Crdi
loeT amerikis, afrikisa da aziis kolonizacia. did da xSirad sxvadasxva re
gionSi ganfenil teritoriebze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT, mTavrebs uwev
daT gadasaxadebis daweseba, gzebis gayvana da mravalricxovani jaris Sekreba.
jars evaleboda zavebis dadeba, gzebisa da zRvebis kontroli da mSvidobis dacva
samSoblos teritoriaze (andersoni, 1974w. holi, 1985w. mani, 1993w.).
miznebisTvis rom mieRwiaT, evropuli saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebma ganavi
Tares axali samTavrobo institutebi, romlebic or umTavres princips eyrdno
bodnen: (1) saxelmwifo movaleobebisa da piradi cxovrebis mkacri gamijvna da (2)
oficialur moxeleTa qcevis maregulirebeli oficialuri wesebi. magaliTad,
saxelmwifo Tanamdebebobis pirebs ekrZalebodaT im informaciiT sargebloba,
romelTanac maTi saxelmwifoebrivi rolis saSualebiT miuwvdebodaT xeli. maSin
del `saxelmwifo msaxurTa~ axal klass axla biurokratiad movixseniebT (veberi,
1922-1968w.w.). biurokratia aris organizaciuli struqtura, romelsac axasiaTebs
Sromis specializacia da dayofa, Tanamdebobrivi ierarqia, mkafiod Camoyalibe
buli wesebi da regulaciebi, miukerZoebloba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proces
Si da dajildoeba da dawinaureba individualuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze (ix. Tavi
3). biurokratia nebismieri Tanamedrove saxelmwifos muSaobis ZiriTadi nawilia.
zog qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki, komunistur qveynebSi) garda imisa, rom sa
xelmwifo funqciebs asrulebs, saxelmwifo biurokratia akontrolebs industri
as da ekonomikas. marqsistul reJimSi mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargebs saxelmwifo
flobs (anu, marTavs xalxis sasargeblod). kapitalistur qveynebSi saxelmwifos
aqvs sakuTari roli ekonomikaSi, magram zogadad ekonomikas marTavs kerZo bi
urokratia, romelic msxvili korporaciebiTaa warmodgenili (harbesoni, 1994w.
msoflio banki, 1995w.). biurokratia gavrcelda mesame rigis naklebad ganviTa
rebul qveynebSic (tomasi da meieri, 1984w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame rigis
qveynebSi Zalauflebis ganawilebisas jer kidev didia piradi kavSirebisa da urT
ierTobis roli, piradi wesebisagan Tavisufali biurokratia farTodaa gavrcele
buli im qveynebSic ki, sadac xSiria reJimis cvlilebebi. aseT qveynebSi TiToeuli
667
gadatrialeba gamarTlebulia wina xelisuflebis korumpirebulobis mizeziT.
is, rac igulisxmeba korufciaSi, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
imaze, Tu ramdenad xerxdeba saxelmwifoebriobis koncefciis dacva da sajaro da
kerZo sferoebis gamijvna.
erebi da nacionalizmi
668
bis damtkicebis mizniT, nacionalistebi iyeneben miTebs saerTo winaprebis,
mCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg brZolisa da gmirobis, warsulis diadi kulturuli miR
wevebis Sesaxeb. erovnuli identoba aranakleb realuri an bunebrivia, vidre, mag
aliTad, komunizmi an kaTolicizmi, an is identobebi, romlebic nawilobriv is
toriuli da socialuri garemoebebisa da piradi arCevanis Sedegebia.
nacionalizmi xazs usvams qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebs, xolo mxars uWers
kulturul erTobas da damyolobas qveynebs Soris. garkveul donemde adamianebi
sxva identobebze win erovnul identobas ayeneben. gansakuTrebiT omis dros erTi
erovnebis adamianebi xazs usvamen msgavsebas imave erovnebis sxva adamianebTan da
maT gansxvavebas mtrebisagan (aleqsanderi da smiTi; 1993w.). nacionalizmi xSirad
iseT piradul sakiTxebsac exeba, rogoricaa Svilosnoba (uotkinsi, 1992w.). me-
18 saukuneSi Sobadobis forma xasiaTdeboda cvalebadobiT adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT. me-19 da me-20 saukuneebSi erovnulobis identobis gaZlierebasTan er
Tad, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gansxvavebebi erebs Soris, xolo Sobadobis forme
bi erebs SigniT sul ufro da ufro msgavsi xdeboda.
iseT qveynebSi, sadac saxelmwifo sazRvari xelovnuradaa gavlebuli da ara
xangrZlivi istoriuli procesebis Sedegad dawesebuli, nacionalizmma SeiZleba
Ziri gamouTxaros saxelmwifos. magaliTad, afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi evro
pelebma koloniuri teritoriebi tomebis sazRvrebisa da adgilobrivi idento
bebis mixedviT daaweses, (vulfi, 1982w.) rac sxvadasxva toms Soris Semdgomi kon
fliqtebis safuZveli gaxda. magaliTad, tutsisa da hutus tomebs Soris 1990-ian
wlebSi mimdinare genociduri Setakebebi nawilobriv imis brali iyo, rom es ori
xalxi daiyo ruandisa da burundis moqalaqeebaDd. sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosav
leT evropaSi komunizmis ideis ngrevam cxadi gaxada, rom komunisturi saxelm
wifoebi mravali sxvadasxva erovnebis adamians marTavda. sabWoTa kavSiris daS
lis Semdeg rusebi, ukrainelebi, qarTvelebi da sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom isini
sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
separatistuli (rogoricaa xorvatiuli an ukrainuli nacionalizmi) da
gamaerTianebeli moZraobebi (rogoricaa pan-slavuri) erTi medlis ori sxvadas
xva mxarea. aRmosavleT evropaSi erebis danawevrebis procesis paralelurad saf
rangeTi, germania, espaneTi da sxva evropuli qveynebi qmnian evrokavSirs. evropis
gaerTianebis moZraoba efuZneba im mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac kulturuli
makavSirebeli faqtorebi da saerTo istoriuli gamocdileba ganasxvavebs ev
ropas danarCeni msofliosagan (ufro metad, vidre kulturuli faqtorebi da
istoriuli gamocdileba ganasxvavebs safrangeTs didi britaneTis an niderlan
debisagan). am moZraobis mizania evropis gaerTianeba politikuri, ekonomikuri
da saganmanaTleblo TanamSromlobis Sedegad, romelic xels Seuwyobs `evropis
gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebis~ Camoyalibebas. evropelebs ukve aRar sWirdebaT
pasporti erTi qveynidan meoreSi wasasvlelad. mimdinareobs muSaoba saerTo fu
lis erTeulis SemoRebazec.
zemoT xsenebul moZraobas safrTxes uqmnian erovnuli moZraobebi da evro
pis SigniT regionuli avtonomiis moTxovnebi. magaliTad, bevr Sotlandiels
surs, rom Sotlandia evrokavSirSi ara didi britaneTis nawilad, aramed calke,
669
damoukidebeli qveynis statusiT Sevides. zog SemTxvevaSi erovnuli moZraobis
dasruleba mSvidobiani gziTac xerxdeba. ase moxda, magaliTad, Cexoslovakiis Ce
xeTisa da slovakeTis respublikebad dayofis SemTxvevaSi. yvela danarCen SemTx
vevaSi nacionalizmma Sedegad moitana sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi. yvelaze cno
bilia dapirispirebebi serbebs, bosnielebs, xorvatebsa da yofil iugoslaviaSi
mcxovreb sxvadasxva jgufs Soris (ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).
gaerTianebul evropas emuqreba meore problemac. msoflios araevropuli
nawilidan evropaSi Sesuli emigrantebis saxiT indoelebi, pakistanelebi da ia
maikelebi britaneTisaken miiswrafvian, alJirelebi da dasavleTafrikelebi _
safrangeTisaken; indonezielebs holandiaSi surT cxovreba; germaniaSi bevri
poloneli, espaneli, Turqi da evropis sxva Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebi sax
loben. imisagan damoukideblad, Raribi da ucodinaria Tu Rrmad ganswavluli
da saerTaSoriso korporaciis TanamSromeli, axali emigrantebis Camosvlaze
sxvadasxva qveyenaSi sxvadasxvagvari reaqcia aqvT. magaliTad, germaniaSi xSiria
emigrantebis dasaxlebebze bandebis Tavdasxmis faqti, rasac nacizmis gamoRvi
Zebad miiCneven.
yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ibrZvis saerTaSoriso bazarze stabiluri
kursis SesanarCuneblad, multinacionalur korporaciebze garkveuli kontro
lis mosapoveblad da farTomasStabiani migraciisa da Sida `tomobrivi~ dayofis
problemis mosagvareblad (kalhauni, 1994w.). globalur politikur arenaze eri-
saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da Zalaufleba mudmivad icvleba. nacionalizmi
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos rogorc erTobasa da TanamSromlobas, aseve dayo
fasa da konfliqts.
670
biT miewodeboda. amis paralelurad Semdeg moxda muSaTa klasis politizireba
da SromiTi partiebi dasavleTevropuli demokratiis mniSvnelovani nawili
gaxda. aSS-Si socialuri programebis inicireba, umTavresad, profesionali da
arapolitikosi qalebis jgufebis mier moxda. sazogadoebriv cxovrebas mow
yvetili amerikeli qalebi, romlebsac 1920 wlamde xmis micemis uflebac ki ar
hqondaT, sakuTar Tavs `sazogadoebis diasaxlisebs~ uwodebdnen da cdilobdnen,
ar dakmayofilebuliyvnen mxolod Sin jdomiT. qalebma ara mxolod umTavresi
roli iTamaSes keTildReobis pirveli polisebis SemuSavebaSi, aramed isini da
maTi Svilebi iyvnen samuSao adgilebze SemoRebuli sapensio da damcavi regula
ciebis pirveli mosargebleebi.
aSS, rogorc sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo, mkveTrad gaizarda prezi
dent franklin ruzveltis `axali garigebiT~ (New Deal). 1930 wels dawyebuli far
TomasStabiani saxelmwifo programebi miznad isaxavda didi depresiiT gamowveul
ekonomikur problemebTan da gaWirvebasTan gamklavebas. sxva qveynebmac daaxloe
biT imave dros daiwyes saxelmwifo mTavrobis rolis gazrda. yvelaze gavleniani
Teoretikosi, romelic mxars uWerda mTavrobis rolis gazrdas, iyo ingliseli eko
nomisti jon meinard kinezi. rogorc meTxuTmete TavSi ganvixileT, kinezis Teoria
gulisxmobda mTavrobis socialuri programebis zrdas Raribebisa da umuSevrebis
daxmarebis mizniT, aseve mSvidobianobis dros samxedro sferos (magaliTad, gamokv
levebi Tavdacvis dargSi) da samTavrobo samuSao Zalis ganviTarebas, rac, Tavis
mxriv, gulisxmobda saxelmwifo biurokratiis mniSvnelovan zrdas.
sayovelTao keTildReobis Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi Rarib mosaxleobas
awvdian koleqtiur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, rasac es mosaxleoba sxvagvarad
verasodes SeiZenda misi siZviridan gamomdinare. koleqtiuri saqonlisa da mom
saxurebis magaliTebad SeiZleba moviyvanoT erovnuli Tavdacva, sufTa haeri da
wyali, sazogadoebrivi transporti da iseTi momsaxureba, romelic uzurnvel
yofilia samTavrobo saregulacio samsaxurebis mier (magaliTad, sakvebisa da
medikamentebis administracia da samoqalaqo uflebebis komisia). garda amisa,
sayovelTao keTildReobis Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi aqtiurad monawileoben
ekonomikis marTvaSi. monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis meSveobiT es saxelm
wifoebi cdiloben, Seamciron umuSevrobisa da inflaciis cikluroba, rac kapi
talizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
sociologTa nawilis azriT, mTavrobebi am pasuxismgeblobas iReben, raTa
kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel problemebze kontrSeteva ganaxorcielon _
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT `kapitalizmi daicvan sakuTari Tavisagan saSvelad~
(o’konori, 1973w. ofe, 1984w. 1985w.). kapitalisturi sistema yovelTvis uqmnis
problemebs maT, vinc konkursSi marcxdeba. arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Cavard
nili adamianebi gaWirvebam SeiZleba aiZulos, eWvqveS daayenon arsebuli sistemis
legaloba. arsebuli struqturebis SenarCunebis mizniT, mTavroba iZulebulia,
SemoiRos socialuri programebi, rac SeiZleba saSualo fenis gadasaxadebis ga
damxdelTa mxridan protestis safuZvlad iqces, Tuki aseTi programebi socialuri
gadasaxadebis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. aqedan gamomdinare, sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifoebis funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad balansis dacvacaa saWiro.
671
gasul wlebSi mTavrobis gazrdil rolTan dakavSirebiT kritikam imata. ro
nald reigani orjer airCies prezidentad, radgan is amomrCevlebs federaluri
mTavrobis saregulacio da socialuri programebis Semcirebas hpirdeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom reiganis administraciam Seamcira im programebis ricxvi,
romelic axdenda msxvili biznesis regulacias, mTavrobis saerTo zoma da Rire
buleba ar Semcirebula.
mTavrobis mier gaweuli xarjebi `uflebis programebiTac~ (entitlement programs)
gagrZelda. es programebi exmareboda konkretul jgufebs, magaliTad, veter
anebs, xandazmulebsa da Raribebs. magram es programebi (Medicare-is da Medicaid-is
CaTvliT) sul ufro Zvirdeboda da axla ukve federaluri mTavrobis danaxar
jis udides nawils Seadgens. klintonis administracia xelisuflebis saTaveSi im
pirobiT movida, rom Secvlida keTildReobis sistemas da xels Seuwyobda axali
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. isini aseve apirebdnen jandacvis seqtoris reorga
nizebas da Medicare-is da Medicaid-is, aseve sxva porgramebis xarjebis Semcirebas.
Tumca, demokratebisa da respublikelebis dapirispirebam, aseve konkretuli in
teresTa jgufebis lobirebam, SeaCera reformis ganxorcieleba. 1994 wels kon
gresSi moxvedrilTagan umetesoba respublikuri partiidan iyo, romlebmac ga
naxlebuli ZalebiT Seuties samTavrobo danaxarjebs. am e.w. `respublikelebis
revoluciis~Tavdapirveli Sedegi is iyo, rom federaluri mTavrobis biujetis
Sesaxeb molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida.
ZiriTadi sakiTxia `uflebebis~ `kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebad~ gardaqmna
(elStaini, 1995w.). im dros, rodesac konstitucia daiwera, `uflebebi~ ZiriTadad
gulisxmobda tiraniisagan Tavisuflebas da imunitets mTavrobis Carevis winaaR
mdeg. amave dros ufleba gulisxmobda pasuixmgeblobas: adamianebs evalebodaT
`Tavis sakuTarze~ zrunva. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi `ufleba~ gadaiqca `ka
noniT miniWebul uflebad~; aseTia: ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, pensiaze gasvlis
Semdeg socialuri uzurnvelyofis miRebis ufleba, kulturulad `gansxvavebu
lad~ yofnis ufleba. magram kanoniT miniWebuli ufleba moiTxovs mTavrobis gaz
rdil rols, gazrdil gadasaxadebs, regulaciebs da a.S.
amerikelTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba maRal gadasaxadebs da mTavrobis did
xarjebs, Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili mxars uWers biu
jetis Semcirebas, maT surT, rom Semcirdes mxolod im programebis biujeti, rom
liTac sxvebi sargebloben. Zalauflebis mqone jgufebi mxars uWeren ZiriTadi
programebis umetesobas da damarcxebiT emuqrebian arCeul oficialur pirebs,
Tu `maT~ programebs safrTxe daemuqreba. magaliTad, pensionerTa amerikuli
asociacia (AARP) ar ewinaaRmdegeba saganmanaTleblo programebis biujetis
Semcirebas, magram protests gamoTqvams, rodesac saqme exeba Medicaid-is an so
cialuri uzrunvelyofis sekvestrirebas. amerikis samedicino asociacia apro
testebs samedicino samecniero gamokvlevebis biujetis Semcirebas, magram ar
ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro skolebis biujetis Sekvecas. am yvelafris ukan dgas is,
rom amerikelTa umravlesobam gaiTavisa sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
ZiriTadi idea da molodini imisa, rom saxelmwifom sakuTari mosaxleoba uamravi
sxvadasxva servisiT unda uzrunvelyos.
672
globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi
omi bosniaSi
673
ris bosnia yvelaze multikulturuli iyo. am regionSi bosnielebi, serbebi da xorvatebi, qris
tianebi da muslimanebi mezoblad cxovrobdnen. bosniis dedaqalaqi saraevo regionSi yvelaze
kosmopolitur qalaqad iTvleboda. magram, rogorc ki bosniam damoukidebloba gamoacxada,
serbebma mis teritoriaze jari Caayenes, raTa serbebiT dasaxlebul nawilebze TavianTi Za
laufleba ganemtkicebinaT. SeiaraRebulma nawilebma gaanadgures an gaasaxles adgilobrivi
bosnieli serbebi. analogiurad, xorvatebmac miitanes ieriSi adgilebze, romlebsac kanonier
xorvatiul teritoriebad miiCnevdnen.
bosniis oTxwliani omis dros daixoca aTi aTasobiT adamiani da milionobiT ltolvilma da
tova qveyana. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela mxare iCenda sisastikes, `eTnikuri wmendis~ ZiriTadi
msxverpli bosnieli muslimanebi iyvnen. maT xocavdnen da Semdeg saerTo saflavebSi marxavdnen,
zogs sakoncentracio banakebSi gzavnidnen, saidanac mxolod mcire nawilma Tu SeZlo dabrune
ba, asaxlebdnen sakuTari saxlebidan, xolo qalebs sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis Tvalwin aupati
urebdnen da Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen.
am saSinelebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, avtoritaruli xelisuflebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, Zvelma SuRlma iCina Tavi da nawilebad daSala iugoslavia. meore Tval
sazrisiT, titos reJimis Secvlis mcdelobis kraxma da efeqturi centraluri mmarTvelobis
SenarCunebis mcdelobam gamoiwvia kulturuli jgufebis mobilizeba avtonomiis mosapoveblad
(pJevorski, 1995w.). ufro metic, politikuri liderebi (maTi umetesoba yofili komunisti iyo),
romlebic cdilobdnen, SeenarCunebinaT an gaezardaT sakuTari Zalaufleba, xels uwyobdnen
nacionalisturi talRebis momZlavrebas sakuTari politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. sxva si
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, eTnikuri konfliqti ar iyo mizezi bosniis omisa, isini ufro politkuri
miznebis miRwevis saSualebebs warmoadgenda.
ram gamoiwvia sxva qveynebis Careva? erTi iyo humanuri mizezi _ msofliom ar unda dauS
vas genocidis faqtebi (ise, rogorc es nacistur germaniaSi holokostis dros moxda). imave
humanurma zraxvebma imoqmeda somaliSi, ruandaSi, irlandiasa da haitize. amgvar situaciebSi,
xSirad xsnis umTavresi wyaroa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (magaliTad, eqimebi sazRvrebs
gareSe). kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc sxva qveynebi amgvar situaciaSi erevian, aris is, rom ad
gilobriv omebs Tan mosdevs mravali uaryofiTi Sedegi. yofili iugoslaviis omma safrTxis
winaSe daayena evropis erToba, radgan germanelebi xorvatebs uWerdnen mxars, frangebi ki _
serbebs. CrdiloeT afrikis yofil evropul koloniebSi TandaTan ufro Zlierdeba muslimuri
fundamentalizmi; garda amisa, evropaSic imata emigranti muslimebis ricxvma, rac, SesaZlebe
lia, amcirebs bosnieli muslimebis mimarT TanagrZnobas. ufro metic, adgilobrivi konfliqte
bi aRar aris Semofargluli mxolod konkretuli qveyniT an regioniT. aSS-ma msoflio savaWro
centris dabombvis Sedegad sakuTar Tavze iwvnia, rom terorizmi _ `sustTa yvelaze Zlevamo
sili iaraRi~ _ ar cnobs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. terorizmis winaSe yvela qveyana daucvelia
da, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela maTgani dainteresebulia msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebaiT. am
`truizmma~ axali mniSvneloba SeiZina civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi.
bosniaSi Tavisi jarebi gagzavna aSS-ma ohaios StatSi, deitonis maxloblad xelmowerili
zavis gasamyareblad. magram es mcdeloba, msgavsad somalisa da haitis magaliTebisa, saboloo
ar aris. jer-jerobiT verc aSS-ma, verc evrokavSirma da gaerom ver moaxerxes, SeemuSavebinaT
erTiani da efeqturi strategia msoflioSi wesrigis dasamyareblad. bosniis omi ar aris am ti
pis ukanaskneli konfliqti.
674
demokratia
demokratiis anu xalxis mmarTvelobis idea, Zalian Zvelia da saTaves Zvel sa
berZneTSi iRebs. TviTon sityva warmodgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan: demos, rac
xalxs niSnavs da kratos, rac mmarTvelobas, xelisuflebas niSnavs. demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi mmarTveloba efuZneba xalxis Tanxmobas, sxva sityvebiT rom vTq
vaT, xalxis uflebas, marTos an, sul mcire, airCios mTavroba. demokratia awe
sebs naTlad Camoyalibebul wesebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTebis ufleba aqvT
saxelmwifo moxeleebs. am sistemis yvela wevri unda daemorCilos iseT princi
pebs, rogoricaa Ria arCevnebi, erTi adamiani_erTi xma, umravlesobis mier mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis qmediToba. umciresobas ki aqvs protestis gamoxatvis
ufleba. kanoni uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo uflebebs sityvisa da presis Tavisu
flebebis CaTvliT, agreTve usafuZvlo gaCxrekisa da dapatimrebisagan dacvas.
demokratia ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul, usityvo erTgulebas xalxisagan. im Sem
TxvevaSi, Tu Tanamdebobis pirebma gadaaWarbes sakuTar uflebamosilebas, xalxs
ufleba aqvs da aris kidec valdebuli, xma aimaRlos da Tanamdeboba daatovebi
nos amgvar pirebs.
demokratiis sapirispiro cnebaa totalitarizmi. totalitarizmis piro
bebSi mTavroba cdilobs, gaakontrolos moqalaqeTa cxovreba da maTi fiqre
bic ki. totalitarul sistemaSi ar daiSveba SewinaaRmdegeba, xolo kulturuli
institutebi (dawyebuli skolebiT da damTavrebuli xelovnebiT) gabatonebuli
ideologiis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyeneba. presa mTavrobis marjvena xelia. mTav
robis cenzuras eqvemdebareba televizia, wignebi, filmebi, Jurnalebi da pira
di korespondenciac ki. mTavroba cdilobs, gaakontrolos moqalaqeebis piradi
mimowera da informaciis gacvla-gamocvla rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis ga
reTac (Tumca es procesi Tanamedrove teqonologiebis gamo sakmaod Znelia). Za
laufleba aqvs mxolod erT mmarTvel partias, romelic saxelmwifosTanaa gai
givebuli. mmarTveli elita irCevs sakuTari saqmis gamgrZeleblebs. saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da biurokratebi pasuxismgeblebi arian partiisa da misi lideris da
ara xalxis winaSe. sakanonmdeblo struqturebs (Tuki amgvari ram saerTod arse
bobs) ar gaaCniaT politikis SemuSavebis funqcia _ isini, ubralod, amtkiceben
ukve miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. moqalaqeebs SeiZleba nebismier dros daakavon
da aukrZalon ojaxTan an advokatTan kontaqti; daapatimron gasamarTlebis ga
reSe; miayenon fizikuri Seuracxyofa da awamon, an `gaqroba~ aiZulon. adamianebi
SeiZleba daajildovon mezoblebis, megobrebis da ojaxis wevrebis dasmenisa da
jaSuSobisaTvis da amiT Seqmnan masobrivi undobloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebrivi movlenaa qveynebis dayofa demokratiul
da totalitarul saxelmwifoebad, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs uzado demokra
tia an sruli totalitarizmi. magaliTad, amerikis istoriis vrcel periodSi
Savkanianebs, qalebs da aborigen amerikelebs ar hqondaT xmis micemis ufleba, rac
imas niSnavs, rom sistema ar iyo mTlianad demokratiuli. dResac ki moqalaqeTa
garkveul kategorias (magaliTad, mdidrebs, msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvane
675
lebsa da gavlenian organizaciebs) ufro meti gavlena aqvs politikur sistemaSi,
vidre sxvebs. magaliTad, CineTis totalitarul saxelmwifoSi imarTeba arCev
nebi da moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT, monawileoba miiRon Sida saqmeebSi, oRond im
pirobiT, Tu isini partiul xazs ar gadauxveven. totalitari liderebis umete
sobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom `arsebobs maTi Zalauflebis raRac zRvari, rom
lis iqiTac maT aRar daemorCielebian~ (mori, 1978w. gv.18). magaliTad, liderebs,
romlebic mudmivad afarToeben sakuTari Zalauflebisa da gavlenis areals sa
kuTari keTildReobis moxveWis mizniT, sabolood gadayeneba emuqrebaT.
676
mosaxleobas mouwoda, SeeqmnaT qalaqis eleqtronuli sabWoebi, romlebic amom
rCevlebs saSualebas miscemda, sakuTari saxlebidan gausvlelad kompiuterebis
saSualebiT miecaT xma ama Tu im gadawyvetilebisaTvis da kanonebic ki daemtkice
binaT. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom `eleqtronuli demokratia~ arastabiluri
iqneboda _ moqalaqeebi konkretul sakiTxebs zogadi konteqstis gauTvaliswine
blad miscemdenen xmas. ufro metic, `eleqtronuli demokratia~ ufro kargi iqne
boda enTuziastebisTvis da ara ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebsac arc dro
gaaCniaT mudmivi monawileobisaTvis da arc saSualeba _ saWiro maRalteqnolo
giuri kompiuterebis SesaZenad (ix. splikali, kalabreze da sparksi, 1994w.).
amerikelebi sxva gzebiTac axerxeben TviTmarTvelobaSi monawileobas: maga
liTad, eswrebian oficialur ganxilvebs da xmamaRla gamoTqvamen sakuTar mo
sazrebas, aqvT mimowera Tavis deputatebTan, uerTdebian organizaciebs, romle
bic lobireben sakanonmdeblo struqturebs an erTvebian socialur moZraobasa
da iseT organizaciebSi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena iqonion sazogadoebrivi
azris Camoyalibebaze an mTavrobis yuradReba mimarTon maTTvis saintereso
romelime konkretuli sakiTxisken (ix. Tavi 20). Tumca, politikuri monawileobis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia xmis micema da kandidaturis wamoyeneba Tanam
debobis dasakaveblad. es aris individualuri moqmedebebi, amave dros, socialu
rad konstruirebuli da organizebuli.
xmis micema
677
vian, vidre saerTo sargeblobisaTvis~, 1964 wels dafiqsirebuli 29 %-dan 1992
wels 80%-mde gaizarda; 1994 wels gamokiTxulTa 66% acxadebs, rom `arCeuli mo
xeleebis umetesobas naklebad ainteresebs Cemnairi anu ubralo moqalaqis azri~
da `mTavroba TiTqmis yovelTvis flangavs biujets da araefeqturad muSaobs~.
1966 wels aseTive pasuxi gasca amerikelTa mxolod 33%-ma. albaT isini, vinc ar
monawileoben arCevnebSi, Tvlian, rom erTi kandidati iseTive TaRliTia, rogo
ric meore da biurokratia ise Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli mTavrobaSi, rom veranairi
reforma ver uSvelis.
678
sqema 16.2. im mosaxleobis dam
TeTrkaniani axasiaTebeli niSnebi, romelTa
rasa
mamrobiTi
mdedrobiTi amis msgavsi monacemebis analizi
saSualebas aZlevs partiebsa da
18-24 wlis kandidatebs, mizanSi amoiRon mo
asaki
SuadasavleTi
samxreTi
wyaro: mosaxleobis aRweris bi
dasavleTi
uros ZiriTadi gverdi,
http://www.census.gov,
1994 noemberi
dawyebiTi: 0-8 weli
ganaTleba
trirebulebi mflobelebad.
arasoflis meurneobaSi
kerZo seqtorSi
samTavrobo seqtori
TviTdasaqmebuli
umuSevari
ar iricxeba samuSao ZalaSi
5000 qvemoT
ojaxis Semosavali3
5,000$-9,999$
10,000$-14,999$
15,000$-24,999$
25,000$-34,999$
35,000$-49,999$
50000$ da meti
ar aris miTiTebuli
sacxovre-
mesakuTre
beli4
mdgmuri
679
meore faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT politikuri nayofiereba an grZnoba imi
sa, rom TiToeul xmas aqvs mniSvneloba (denisi, 1991w.). politikuri nayofiereba,
Tavis mxriv, maRldeba jgufuri SemecnebiT (rogoricaa rasobrivi identifika
cia); interesTa jgufebTan dakavSirebiT (iqneba Tavisufali kavSiri, profesiuli
asociacia, Tu socialuri moZraoba, rogoricaa `sicocxlis ufleba~ an garemos
damcvelTa moZraoba) da im adamianebTan kontaqtiT, romlebic iziareben saerTo
standartebs, miznebsa da problemebs. imaze, Tu vin iRebs da vin ar iRebs monawi
leobas arCevnebSi, bavSvobis periodis socializacia (magaliTad, aqtiuri mSob
lebi, romlebic regularulad monawileobdnen arCevnebSi da maswavlebeli, ro
melic mouwodebda bavSvebs, dainteresebuliyvnen arCevnebiT) axdens gavlenas.
politikuri partiebi
680
maJoritaruli sistema disfunqciur zegavlenas axdens, radgan ar xdeba um
ciresobis mosazrebisa da gansxvavebuli azris mosmena. warmatebis misaRwevad
demokratiuli da respublikuri partiebi iZulebulni arian, imoqmedon amerike
li sazogadoebis farTo jgufze, daikavon neitraluri pozicia, rom vinme ar
gaanawyenon an SeaSinon. es sistema aferxebs politikuri partiebis mier Camoya
libebuli ideologiuri identurobebis ganviTarebas an maT mier myari poziciis
SenarCunebas mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
politikur partiebs asustebs aSS-is Semowmebisa da balansirebis sistemac
(lipseti, 1995). magaliTad, did britaneTsa da kanadaSi saparlamento sistemaSi,
saxelmwifos meTaurs pirdapiri wesiT ar irCeven. am qveyanaSi partia, romelic
parlamentSi adgilebis umravlesobas miiRebs, premier-ministrs sakuTari rige
bidan irCevs. rogorc xmaTa umravlesobis mqone partiis liders, premier-mi
nistrs SeuZlia swrafad imoqmedos da gadamwyveti nabijebi gadadgas. amerikul
sistemaSi ki prezidentisa da kongresis orive palatis wevrebis arCeva sxvadasxva
arCevnebiT xdeba1. maTi samsaxuris vadebic ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. swored ami
tom, maSinac ki, rodesac prezidenti da kongresis orive palatis wevrebi erTsa
da imave partias ekuTvnian, ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom maJoritari deputa
tebi (isini, romlebic warmoadgenen sxvadasxva regions, Stats da a.S) miiReben im
kanons, romelic prezidentma SesTavaza kongress. amis Sedegia xolme kompromisi,
romelmac SesaZlebelia daasustos aRmasrulebeli politika da programebi.
miuxedavad amisa, respublikelebi da demokratebi me-20 saukuneSi TiTqmis
yovelTvis axerxebdnen, saTaveSi moqceodnen amerikis politikas. politikuri
TanamdebobebisaTvis kandidatebis SerCeva xdeboda im partiebis yrilobaze `rom
lebic WeSmaritad iyvnen dainteresebulebi, rom arCeul kandidatebs ezrunaT
patronaJze, dajildoebebze, samsaxurebsa da kontraqtebze~ (lipseti, 1995w. gv.
10). zogadad rom vTqvaT, respublikelebi warmoadgendnen biznesis interesebs,
xolo demokratebi _ mSromeli xalxisas da liberalebisas. qveynis samxreTi
nawili da didi qalaqebi, ZiriTadad, demokratiuli iyo, xolo Sua dasavleTi _
respublikuri. politikuri orientacia aseve efuZneboda socialur maxasiaTe
blebs. magaliTad, ufrosi asakis, kargi ganaTlebisa da reputaciis mqone ada
mianebi (menejerebi da profesionali kadri) ufro xSirad xmas respublikelebs
aZlevdnen, xolo arc Tu ise kargi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdebi da dabal Se
mosavalze momuSave `cisfersayeloanebi~ umeteswilad demokratebs uWerdnen
mxars iseve, rogorc kaTolikeebisa da ebraelebis umetesoba demokratebs emxro
boda, xolo protestantebi respublikelebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas.
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli garkveuli mizezebis gamo partiebis mniSvne
loba amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. upirveles yov
lisa, politikurma reformebma Ziri gamouTxara patronaJis sistemas, romelic
saSualebas aZlevda e.w `bosebs~ (aseTi iyo, magaliTad, Cikagos meri _ keili), ae
1 prezidentsa da vice-prezidents saarCevno kolegiebis meSveobiT irCeven. gamarjvebis mosapoveblad
prezidentobis kandidatma unda miiRos kolegiis wevrebis xmaTa umravlesoba. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom erT Stats SeiZleba meore Statze meti eleqtorati hyavdes, konkretuli Statis erTi xma Sei
Zleba aRematebodes meorisas. amgvarma sistemam qveyanas 10 `umciresobis~ prezidenti misca _ anu
isini, vinc saarCevno kolegiis xmaTa umetesoba moipova, magram ara xalxis xmebis umetesoba. am prezi
dentebs Soris arian abraam linkolni, hari trumeni, jon kenedi, riCard niqsoni da bil klintoni.
681
muSavebinaT `partiuli manqanebi~, romlebsac garkveul safasurad stabilurad
mohqondaT xmaTa saWiro raodenoba. Statebis arCevnebs (praimeri) ufro didi
roli daekisra, vidre partiis yrilobas, sadac kandidatis sakiTxi ixileboda _
gamokiTxvebma msjeloba-kamaTebi Caanacvla.
meore mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda masmedia, gansakuTrebiT ki televizia,
romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo winasaarCevno kampaniebis ramdenime funqcia, rac
adre politikuri partiebis saqme iyo. erT-erTi aseTi funqcia gaxldaT eleq
toratisaTvis kandidatebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba (salmori da salmori,
1985w.) _ axali ambebis meSveobiT, romlebic yovel Rame gadis eTerSi, sastumro
oTaxSi mokalaTebul moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT miiRon yvelanairi informacia kan
didatebis Sesaxeb. satelevizio axali ambebis programebi politikur Sous ems
gavseba da cdilobs gamoarkvios, romeli politikuri figuraa ufro Sesaferisi
ama Tu im TanamdebobisaTvis _ Tanac karga xniT adre, sanam es adamianebi ofi
cialurad dasaxeldebian kandidatebad. satelevizio gancxadebebi, romlebsac
xSirad braldebis forma aqvs, xandaxan ufro mniSvenlovania, vidre axali ambebi
(aseTi gancxadebebi axal ambebsac xSirad Seicavs). Zvelad axalgazrdebi, romleb
sac warmatebis miRweva surdaT, nel-nela ikafavdnen gzas partiuli Tanamdebo
bebisaken, isini kardakar dadiodnen, arigebdnen pamfletebsa da samkerde niSnebs.
dRes partiuli gamocdilebis armqone, magram fulian kandidatebs (magaliTad,
ros peroti da stiv forbsi) SeuZliaT gverdi auaron politikur partiebs da
pirdapir mimarTon amomrCevlebs satelevizio gancxadebebis meSveobiT.
Mmediaze orientirebulma kampaniebma Seamcira partiuli organizaciebis mniS
vneloba da gazarda Tanxebis moZiebis mniSvneloba. kampaniis menejerebis, me
dia-konsultantebis, interviuerebis, sfiCraiterebis da sareklamo kompaniebis
daqiraveba arCevnebis ori etapisTvis (wina da ZiriTadi arCevnebi) ukiduresad
Zviri jdeba. ufro metic, teqnologiis winsvla saSualebas aZlevs kandidatebs,
awarmoon ufro personalizebuli kampaniebi.
am sami cvlilebis Sedegad arCevnebi naklebad xdeba partiaze orientirebuli
da ufro meti yuradReba kandidats eqceva (dali, 1993w. praisi, 1986w. salmori
da salmori, 1985w.). aseve gaizarda specialuri interesTa jgufebis (magaliTad,
amerikel veteranTa kavSiri) da sxvadasxva sakiTxze momuSave jgufebis gavlena
(magaliTad, garemos dacva da aborti). socioekonomikuri indikatorebi nak
lebad dasayrdeni gaxda im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rogor moiqcevian amomrCev
lebi. magaliTad, 1994 wlis arCevnebSi SromiTi kavSirebis xmaTa 40%-ze meti res
publikelebma miiTvales (baroni, 1995w.).
garkveul donemde politikuri centrisa da amomrCevlebis konservatorebad
da liberalebad dayofis niSnuli gaqra. gaizarda im amomrCevlebis wili, rom
lebic sakuTar Tavs `damoukideblad~ miiCneven. imata partiis gamocvlis SemTx
vevebis ricxvebma. mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis pasuxebis
gaanalizebisas interviuerebi selinda leiki da ed goeasi im daskvnamde mivid
nen, rom amerikeli amomrCeveli axali kriteriumebiTaa dayofili (sqema 16.3).
maTi mosazrebiT, `amJamad amomrCevlis damokidebulebas ufro metad kultura
gansazRvravs, vidre rasa, geografia, sqesi an politikuri ideologia~ (citire
682
liberali aqtivistebi (amomrCevlebis 20 %)
poziciebi: tolerantuli rasisa da sqesobrivi orientaciis mxriv winaaRmdegia samxedro sferos
gazrdili biujetisa da msxvili biznesebisa, myarad demokratiulia.
maxasiaTeblebi: SedarebiT axalgazrda, kargi ganaTlebis mqone, yvelaze naklebadaa religiuri,
qalaqebis macxovrebelia (am jgufSi Sedis momuSave an martoxela dedebis da afro-amerikelebis
yvelaze didi raodenoba).
undobloba: religiuri uflebebi, msxvili korporaciebi, iaraRis mflobelebi, radio Toq-Souebi.
stiuardebi (amomrCevlebis 15 %)
poziciebi: mkacrad promenejmentuli, kavSirebis mowinaaRmdege, regularulad gulgrili, xSirad
memkvidreobiT respublikeli, iaraRze kontrolis Tavgadakluli mowinaaRmdege, dadebiTadaa gan
wyobili institutebis umetesobis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: SeZlebulebi, kolejis kursgavlili an kursdamTavrebuli, daqorwinebulia, magram
Svilebi saxlSi ar cxovroben, xSirad pensioneri, cxovroben komfortul gareubnebSi.
undobloba: saxelmwifo daxmarebis beneficiarebs, SromiTi kavSirebs, Cxrekis erovnuli asociacias.
agnostikosebi (amomrCevlebis 12 %)
poziciebi: kulturulad tolerantebi, konservatulebi arian, roca saqme ekonomikas exeba,
ar uyvarT konfliqtebi, mxars uWeren rogorc korporaciebs, aseve kavSirebs da iSviaTad aqvT
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba romelime jgufis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: `beibibumerebi~, romlebic 50 wlis asaks uaxlovdebian an ufro xandazmulebi,
umeteswilad sekularulebi, xarisxiani ganaTlebiT da saSualoze odnav maRali SemosavliT, my
arad saSualo klasia.
undobloba: pikis saatis satelevizio gadacemebs, radio Toq-Souebs da Cxrekis erovnul
asociacias.
dauejerebi (amomrCevlebis 12 %)
poziciebi: uyureben satelevizio axali ambebis programebs, magram zustad ar ician romeli jgu
fia mtrulad ganwyobili an megobruli, savaraudod uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilebi umcireso
bebis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: ZiriTadad, xandazmuli qalebi, sakuTar Tavs saSualo fenas miakuTvneben, magram
dabali Semosavali da dabali ganaTlebis done aqvT, cxovroben SuadasavleTisa da floridis
patara qalaqebSi.
undobloba: iuristebs, erovnuli Cxrekis organizacias, feministebs, emigrantebs,
homoseqsualebs.
wyaro: maikl barni, 1995w. `axali amerika~, aSS-s axali ambebi da msoflios ambebi
(tomi 119, 2) gv. 18
683
bulia baronSi, 1885w., gv. 18). mokled rom vTqvaT, amerikulma politikam Zalze
fragmentuli xasiaTi miiRo (dali, 1993w.).
amerikeli amomrCevlis meryeobisa da stabiluri koaliciis ararsebobis gamo
ukve didi xania saubari mimdinareobs mesame partiis Sesaxeb. 1992 wlis saprezi
dento arCevnebis dros ros perotma miiRo amomrCevlebis xmis umaRlesi pro
centuli maCvenebeli (19%), rac aRemateba mesame partiis yvela kandidatis mier
miRebuli xmebis raodenobas amerikis mTel istoraSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens
Teodor ruzvelti (1912w.). 1996 wlis arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad Catarda
gamokiTxva mTeli qveynis masStabiT, romlis SedegebiTac gamoirkva, rom xuTidan
erTi gamokiTxuli upiratesobas aniWebda ros perots, vidre moqmed prezident
klintonsa da respublikelebis kandidat rober douls (lipseti, 1995w.). mwvaneTa
partiam, axalma partiam da liberalurma partiam warmateba moipoves adgilobriv
doneze niu-iorSi da sxva qalaqebSi (kantori, 1995w. difri, 1995w.). magram mesame
partiis mxardaWera, xSirad protestis gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad. Cveni sistema
_ `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ mesame partiis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs. arCevnebis
dRes, mesame partiis kandidatis mxardamWerebma SeiZleba gadawyviton, rom misT
vis micemuli xma gadagdebuli xmaa (radgan kandidati ver gaimarjvebs), rac, Sesa
Zlebelia waexmaros respublikelebis an demokratebis misTvis saZulveli kandi
datis gamarjvebas. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom mesame partia (da damoukidebeli
amomrCevlebi) iseT sakiTxebs wamoswevs wina planze, romlebsac ZiriTadma par
tiebma, Tu surT, rom xmebi ar dakargon, aucileblad unda miaqcion yuradReba.
684
gaxlavT formaluri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba da warmateba, romlebsac aqvT
uzarmazari sareklamo biujeti, kargad ganviTarebuli Tanxebis moZiebis prog
ramebi da hyavs lobisti kadrebi. am organizaciebis mizania konkretuli intere
sebis mudmivad warmoCena. bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi vaSingtonSi lobistebis
ricxvi gaizarda da daaxloebiT 7000-s miaRwia (lipseti, 1995w.).
1970-iani wlebis Sua periodSi kongresis mier saarCevno kampaniebis dafinan
sebis reformis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanoni arCevnebSi msxvili biznesis interesebis
Semcirebas da ubralo moqalaqeebis monawileobis waxalisebas isaxavda miznad. axa
li kanonebis mixedviT, calkeul pirs an jgufs ar SeuZlia 1000 dolarze meti gai
Ros saprezidento an kongresis saarCevno kampaniisaTvis. am kanonis mizani iyo, See
Cerebina msxvili korporaciebi, SromiTi kavSirebi da profesiuli organizaciebi,
raTa maT sapasuxo samsaxuri ar moeTxovaT gamarjvebuli kandidatisagan, romelsac
isini arCevnebis procesSi daexmarebodnen. Tumca kanoni ar ukrZalavs kandidatebs,
gamoiyenon e.w. `rbili fuli~ anu is Tanxa, romelsac partia agrovebs.
saarCevno kampaniebis dafinansebis reformis Sesaxeb miRebulma kanonma
xeli Seuwyo politikuri moqmedebis komitetebis Camoyalibebas. es komiteti
interesTa jgufma daarsa da miznad isaxavs misi politikuri miznebis miRwevas
nawilobriv Sesabamisi kandidatis saarCevno kampaniis finansuri daxmarebis
gziT. komitetebi Sedgeba mravali calkeuli donorisagan da, aqedan gamomdinare,
TiToeul komitets ufleba aqvs, TiToeuli kampaniisas kandidatisaTvis 5000
dolaramde gaiRos (sawyisi, ganmeorebiTi da ZiriTadi arCevnebi). komitetebs
SeuZliaT `rbili fulis~ (rbili fuli anu Sewiruloba partiisaTvis) SeuzRu
davi odenobiT gaRebac. interesTa jgufs SeuZlia daafuZnos komiteti da Semdeg
Tavi mouyaros Semowirulobas aTasobiT wevrisa da mxardamWerisaTvis. United
Parcel Service-is politikuri moqmedebis komitetma 1.4 milioni dolari gaiRo de
mokratebis, xolo 1.1 milioni dolari respublikelebis sasargeblod 1994 wlis
Sualeduri arCevnebis dros. politikuri kampaniebis Rirebulebis zrdasTan er
Tad izrdeba politikuri moqmedebis komitetebis raodenobaca da mniSvnelobac.
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da Zveli interesTa jgufia TiTqmis erTi
saukunis win daarsebuli iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia (NRA), ro
melic 2 milion wevrs iTvlis. 1994 wlis arCevnebis dros NRA-m mizanSi amoiRo
demokratebis is ubnebi, romlebmac xma misces bradis kanonisa (kanons saxeli
ewoda reiganis pres-mdivnis pativsacemad, romelic mZimed daiWra reiganze gan
xorcielebuli Tavdasxmis dros) da Tavdasxmis iaraRis akrZalvis Sesaxeb ka
nonis miRebas. rogorc amboben, komitetma 1 milioni dolari pirdapir gadauxada
kandidatebs, reklamaze daxarja daaxloebiT 1.5 milioni dolari (am Tanxis daax
loebiT naxevari daixarja sareklamo rgolebze oponentebis winaaRmdeg); 280000
dolari respublikelebis erovnul komitets aCuqa da kidev 200000 dolari
wevrebis telefonebsa da komunikaciebze daxarja (babsoni da st. honi, 1994w.).
kampaniam gaamarTla, 24 paraleluri arCevnebidan 19 kandidatebma moiges. vaSing
tonSi erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi lobi ekuTvnis amerikel pensionerTa asociacias,
romlis wevrebis ricxvi 1960 wels dafiqsirebuli 400.000-dan 1993 wels 33 mili
onamde gaizarda da Sedegad asociacia msoflioSi sididiT meore kerZo orga
685
nizaciad iqca (pirvel adgils kaTolikuri eklesia ikavebs) (putnami, 1995w.). aso
ciaciis 50 wels gadacilebuli, SeZlebuli wevrebi qveynis eleqtoratis yvelaze
did nawils Seadgenen.
jerjerobiT yvelaze gavleniani da xelgaSlili komitetebis damfinanse
blad msxvili biznesebi gvevlineba (sqema 16.4). federalur saarCevno komisias
Tan daregistrirebuli 4618 komitetidan TiTqmis ori-mesamedi warmodgenilia
korporaciebiT, kooperativebiTa da savaWro organizaciebiT. 1993-1994 wlebis
arCevnebSi aseTma jgufebma 128.7 dolari daxarjes komitetebis mier daxarjuli
189.4 dolaridan (salanti da klaudi, 1995). es komitetebi, rogorc wesi, irCeven
usafrTxo strategias da mxars uWeren imJamad moqmed Tanamdebobis pirebs, anu
maT, visac kongresSi ukve aqvT Zalaufleba da arCevnebis mogebis Sansi. wlebis
ganmavlobaSi bizneskomitetebi axerxebda SeenarCunebina zRvari demokratebsa
(romlebic akontrolebdnen kongress) da respublikelebs Soris, romlebic ide
ologiurad ufro axlos idgnen biznesTan (da akontrolebdnen TeTr saxls pre
zidentebis _ reiganisa da buSis dros). bizneskomitetebis umetesoba ori par
tiis kandidatebs Soris met-naklebad Tanabrad anawilebda Semowirulobebs.
686
lisxmobda gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, mTavrobis mier dawesebuli regulaciebis
gauqmebasa da moqalaqeTa mxridan korporaciebisaTvis zaralis anazRaurebis
xelis SeSla, axlos idga biznesinteresebTan. 1994 wlis arCevnebamde amerikel
bankirTa asociaciam, AT&T-ma da amerikel anesTeziologTa sazogadoebam saku
Tari wvlili ase gadaanawila _ 60-40, da upiratesoba demokratebs mianiWa. ar
Cevnebis Semdeg maTi Senatani respublikelebis sasargeblod iyo 87, 80 da 92 %
Sesabamisad (salanti da klaudi, 1995w.).
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi arRveven
kanons saarCevno kampaniis reformis Sesaxeb da mTavrobaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
axal saSualebebs igoneben. kritikosTa nawilis azriT, politikur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT xmis micema yidva-gayidvis sagani gaxda. `TviTon politikosebi ba
zris gavlenas ganicdian~ _ wers nikolas o’Sognesi (1990w.), `xdeba aqtualuri
sakiTxebis gayidva, Seferxeba da ignorireba~. gonivrulia vifiqroT, rom
komitetebi Sewyvetdnen fulis gacemas, amis sanacvlad garkveul sargebels rom
ar iRebdnen. qrTami, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, saxifaToa rogorc mimcemis,
aseve amRebisTvisac; magram araferia ukanono kanonmdeblebisaTvis informaciis
miwodebaSi, kanonproeqtebis SemuSavebaSi, moxsenebebis werasa da usityvod gage
baSi. amis Sedegad Znelia konkretuli donaciis romelime xmasTan an politikur
qmedebasTan dakavSireba. miuxedavad amisa, msxvil donorebs aSkarad miuwvdebaT
xeli arCeul saxelmwifo moxeleebamde. 1996 wlis ianvarSi gamarTul yovelwliur
vaxSamze (es vaxSami Tanxebis moZiebas emsaxureba) respublikelebis erovnulma
komitetma 16 milioni dolaris mogroveba SeZlo, rac sarekordo maCvenebelia
erTjeradi movlenisaTvis (fritSi, 1996w.). amisaTvis maT satyuarad gamoiyenes
Ria mopatiJebebi, sadac xvdebodnen kongresisa da senatis komitetis mniSvnelo
van wevrebs, kongresis spikers niut gingriCs da senatis maJoritars liders bob
douls, xolo 250000 dolaris fasad msurveli SeZlebda respublikelebis pre
zidentobis kandidatTan sauzmobas. rasakvirvelia, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis
umetesobam ver SeZlo am sadilze daswreba.
uSualod kandidatebis sasargeblod gakeTebulma donaciebma politikuri
moqmedebis komitetebs politikuri suraTis Secvlis saSualeba misca. rogorc
sakampanio fondebis ZiriTadma mimwodeblebma, komitetebma didi wvlili Sei
tanes politikuri partiebis dasustebaSi. konkretuli interesTa jgufebis
msgavsad, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben moklevadian miznebsa da gegmebze, es
komitetebi mxars uWeren erT konkretul sakiTxze orientirebul politikas da
sargebloben mTavrobis susti wertilebiT. magaliTad, klintonis administra
ciis gegma jandacvis reformis Sesaxeb CixSi Sevida, rac, nawilobriv, gamoiwvia
uamravi interesTa jgufis winaaRmdegobam. es jgufebi cdilobdnen daecvaT sa
kuTari wevrebis interesebi. politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi, savaraudod,
ufro xSirad uWeren mxars TeTrkanian mamakac profesionalebs, romlebic kenWs
iyrian saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, vidre qalebsa da umciresobis warmomadge
nel kandidatebs. dabolos, am komitetebis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis faqtori
687
badebs kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin marTavs amerikas realurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
SesaZlebelia, ubralo moqalaqeebs politikur procesebSi monawileobis xalisi
daukargos.
interesTa jgufebis Seqmnas Tan dadebiTi Sedegic axlavs, kerZod, isini aqti
ur adamianebs saTanamSromlod iwveven, agvareben sxvadasxva sakiTxs, agroveben
informacias da aiZuleben kanonmdeblebs, yuradReba gaamaxvilon sazogadoebi
saTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. ufro metic, politikuri moqmedebis komitete
bi erTmaneTis muSaobas amowmeben da, aqedan gamomdinare, qmnian `urTierTga
damkveT dinebebs~ amerikul politikaSi. am urTierTgadamkveTi interesebisa
da politikuri mrwamsebis arsebobis gareSe qveyana SeiZleboda erTmaneTisadmi
mtrulad ganwyobil jgufebad dayofiliyo (lipseti, 1963w.).
688
boi-skautebic ki. zemoT naTqvamis sailustraciod putnams mohyavs saintereso
magaliTi: 1980-1993 wlebSi amerikel boulerTa ricxvi 10%-iT gaizarda, magram
boulerTa ligis wevrebis raodenoba 40%-iT Semcirda (es ar aris trivialuri
magaliTi: 1993 wels 80 milionma amerikelma erTxel mainc iTamaSa boulingi, rac
samjer aRemateba im adamianebis ricxvs, romlebmac 1994 wlis arCevnebSi miiRo
monawileoba!). solo-boulingis popularizaciam mniSvnelovnad daazarala jgu
furi boulingis moednebis mepatroneebi: gunduri moTamaSeebi samjer met picas
da luds moixmaren, vidre solo-moTamaSeebi, mflobelebs ki sakmaod didi Semo
savali aqvT am produqciis gayidvebidan. Tumca, socialuri interaqciis mxriv
yvelaze mniSvnelovania danaklisi. putnamisaTvis boulingis magaliTi, iseve ro
gorc xelisuflebisadmi undobloba da arCevnebSi monawileebis dabali ricxvi,
samoqalaqo monawileobis dakninebas moaswavebs.
putnamis azriT, siera klubis, NOW-sa da AARP-is msgavsi dRiTidRe mzardi
organizaciebi ukve cvlian arsebul organizaciebs. Tumca, amgvari organi
zaciebis wevroba Semoifargleba mxolod wliuri registraciiTa da sainfor
macio biuletenis gacnobiT. Red Sox-isa da hondas mflobelebis msgavsad, am
organizaciis wevrebi saerTo interesebs iziareben da erTi gundis wevrebic
arian, magram ar xvdebian erTmaneTs Sekrebebze da ar icnoben wevrebis umete
sobas. es ufro `mesame rangis asociaciebs~ waagavs, sadac urTierToba emyareba
eleqtronul komunikaciebs an formalur organizaciebs (ix. Tavi 3). `socialuri
kavSiris TvalsazrisiT, garemos dacvis fondi da boulerTa liga erT katego
riaSi ar xvdeba~ (putnami, 1995w.).
sociologma robert vutnoum aRmoaCina, rom xuTi amerikelidan ori Tvlis
Tavs `patara jgufis wevrad, romelic xSirad xvdeba jgufis sxva wevrebs da
cdilobs, daexmaros maT~. aseTi jgufebia kiTxvis moyvarulTa klubebi, alko
holizmiT daavadebulTa jgufebi da sxv. romlebic udavod did rols TamaSo
ben bevri adamianis cxovrebaSi. magram tradiciuli samoqalaqo jgufebisagan
gansxvavebiT, e.w. `mxardaWeris jgufebi~ ar moiTxovs erTgulebas (wevrebi ar
arian valdebulni, daeswron Sexvedras, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri). socialuri
kavSirebis mxardaWeris nacvlad, es jgufebi `saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, yur
adReba gaamaxvilon sakuTar pirovnebaze sxvebis TandaswrebiT~ (vutnou, 1994w.).
samoqalaqo monawileobis dasustebas mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganapirobebs.
aseTebia, magaliTad, dasaqmebul qalTa ricxvis zrda (maT naklebi dro rCebaT
saTemo aqtivobebisaTvis); geografiuli mobiloba (rodesac adamianebi xSirad
icvlian sacxovreblebs, maT dasamkvidreblad dro sWirdebaT); ojaxuri forme
bis cvlileba (daojaxebulebis naklebi raodenoba, saSualo fenis mSoblebi);
masStabebis cvla (ojaxuri tipis bostneulis maRaziebis nacvlad supermar
ketebis momravleba da axla ukve anonimuri internet-momsaxureba SeZenili
saqonlis adgilze mitaniT). magram putnami amtkicebs, rom yvelaze didi cvli
lebaa `Tavisufali drois~ privatizacia: umetes SemTxvevebSi televizori cvlis
ojaxis wevrebTan da mezoblebTan socializaciis process, video aparatura _
kinoTeatrebs; iyo dro, rodesac mTeli ojaxi ikribeboda radios mosasmenad,
axla ki `uolqmenebi~ msmenelis `izolacias axdenen~.
689
gadasvla demokratiaSi
690
saxleobas Soris arsebuli naprali metismetad Rrmaa, maT Zalze mcire saerTo
interesi aqvT demokratiis warmatebaSi. saSualo fenis arseboba demokratiis
mniSvnelovani struqturuli sayrdenia. gansxvavebiT mosaxleobis Raribi fenisa
gan, saSualo fenis moqalaqeebi ufro metad arian dainteresebulni sakuTari
qveynis politikuri sistemiT. maT ufro Tavisuflad SeuZliaT sakuTari mosaz
rebis gamoxatva maSinac ki, rodesac isini elitas upirispirdebian. is faqti, rom
maRali produqtuloba SedarebiT mdidar kapitalistur qveynebSi qmnis saSualo
klass, aris demokratiisa da kapitalizmis xSiri dakavSirebis mizezi (bergeri,
1987w. Sumpiteri, 1942w.). kulturul doneze kapitalizmi amtkicebs individu
alur ekonomikur arCevans, rac politikur sferoSi individualuri arCevanis
modelad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
dabolos, adamianebs sWirdebaT imis codna, Tu rogor funqcionirebs de
mokratiuli sistema da agreTve gamocdileba, romelsac gamoiyeneben koleq
tiuri interesebis dasacavad. tipur komunistur reJims ar axasiaTebda arc erTi
zemoT moyvanili Tviseba, Sesabamisad, gardamavali procesi Zalian rTulad mim
dianreobda.
691
da arsebuli institutebis reformirebas gulisxmobda. xolo aRmosavleT evro
paSi saqme sxvanairad iyo. `yvelaferi, rac gansazRvravs socialur sistemas _
erovnuli identoba, socialuri struqtura, saxelmwifo da misi urTierToba mo
qalaqeebTan, ekonomika da saerTaSoriso sistema _ intensiuri molaparakebebis
sagania postkomunistur sistemaSi~ (bunsi, 1995w. gv. 22)
nacionalizmsa da demokratias Soris rTuli kavSiri arsebobs. komunizmis
reJimis cenzura axSobda identurobis yvela wyaros _ religiis, profesiis,
samecniero sazogadoebebis, literaturuli moZraobebisa da politikuri in
teresTa jgufebis CaTvliT (bunsi, 1995w. kalhauni, 1994w.). komunizmis gauqmebis
Semdeg nacionalizmi iyo erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi identoba, romlis meSveo
biTac adamianebs sakuTari suliskveTebis gamoxatva SeeZloT. zog SemTxvevaSi
elitam SeiZleba mimarTos nacionalizmiT manipulirebas, raTa masebTan erTobis
grZnoba Canergos da yuradReba gadaitanos diskriminaciis sxva wyaroebidan (amis
erT-erTi magaliTia iugoslavia). nacionalizmi religiuri radikalizmisa da ko
munizmis msgavsad cdilobs, monopolia moipovos kanonier identobebze: `Sen xar
erT-erTi Cvengani, an _ ara. sxvas danarCens mniSvneloba ara aqvs~. radikali na
cionalistebi ara marto Cagraven sxva adamianebs, aramed xalxs sakuTari azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasac ukrZalaven.
ruseTsa da aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi situacia, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
qaosuria. partiis yofili muSakebi, industriuli damgegmareblebi da yofili
samxedro maRalCinosnebi konkurencias uweven ultranacionalistebs, Tavisu
fali bazris saqmosnebs, populist demagogebs da axlad gaaqtiurebul eTnikur
jgufebs, romlebic warmatebas ver aRweven gaerTianebaSi (mensfildi da snai
deri, 1995w.). umuSevrobis done maRalia, meSaxteebi da saavadmyofoebis medper
sonali Tveebis ganmavlobaSi ver iRebs kuTvnil anazRaurebas, inflacia matu
lobs, izrdeba naprali Raribebsa da biznesmenebs (romelTa nawili kriminalur
saqmianobaSia Cabmuli) Soris, matulobs danaSaulebebisa da Zaladobis done.
yofili socbanakis bevr yofil qveyanaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi arCevnebis gziT
movidnen `reformirebuli~ komunistebi, risi erT-erTi mizezic aris is, rom ada
mianebs warsuli dReebis nostalgia aqvT da fiqroben, rom mxolod komunistebs
SeuZliaT daabrunon wesrigi da samarTlianoba. meore mizezi aris komunistebis
organizebuloba, romliTac isini aRematebian yvela danarCen jgufs. 1989-1991
wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis Sedegad komunistebma dakarges politikaze mo
nopolia, magram partiis wevrebi da muSakebi ase ubralod ar gauCinarebulan
(bunsi, 1995w.), isini jer kidev monawileoben politikur scenebSi, oRond sxva sa
xeliT an saxelebiT. magram komunistebis arCeva ar niSnavs totalitaruli reJi
mis dabrunebas. 1989 wlamde komunisturi partia erTaderT partiad iTvleboda.
partiaSi gawevrianeba iyo erTaderTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac axalgazrda, am
biciur, liderobis mosurne axalgazrdebs _ maTac ki, vinc reformebis saWiroe
bas xedavda _ gzis gakafva SeeZloT. maT, axla ukve saSualo asakis adamianebs,
romlebsac aqvT marTvis unar-Cvevebi da gamocdileba, aRar SeuZliaT an, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, aRar surT drois ukan dabruneba.
692
samxreT afrikis respublika
693
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. orive maTgani erTmaneTzea damokidebuli _ `orives
erTad SeuZlia marTos qveyana, magram ugunurebis gamo qveyanas umarTavs xdian~
(giliomi, 1995w.).
gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT evropisagan, samxreT afrikis respublikaSi de
mokratiisaken gardaqmna gamoiwvia mTavrobisa da opoziciis gaerTianebulma Za
lisxmevam. TiToeuli mxare moqmedebda naTlad gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT,
romelic eyrdnoboda arsebul demokratiul institutebs da miznad isaxavda,
rom Savkanianebsa da feradkanianebsac esargeblaT samoqalaqo uflebebiT da im
etapisaTvis arc kapitalistur ekonomikas damuqreboda safrTxe. samxreT afri
kis 300 wlovanze meti istoriis ganmavlobaSi pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebisas
(romelic 1994 wlis aprilSi gaimarTa), afrikis erovnulma kongresma parlamentSi
adgilTa 62%-ze meti moipova da ministrTa kabinetis marTvis saTaveebic igdo
xelSi. TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa 90%-ze metma xma `sakuTari kanis feris mixed
viT~ misca. Tu es tendencia gagrZelda, samxreT afrikis respublika, savarau
dod, erTpartiuli saxelmwifo gaxdeba (giliomi, 1995w.). amasobaSi mTavrobas
mouwevs, miiRos zomebi saSinel siRatakesTan gasamklaveblad; arada siRatakeSi
Savkanianebis umravlesoba cxovrobs.
demokratiisaken gadasvla Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS
vnelovani sakiTxia. rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi adasturebs, gardaqm
nis procesi arasodes mimdinareobs iolad _ process Tan axlavs sxvadasxva sa
Sualeba da mosdevs sxvadasxva Sedegi. aRmosavleT evropasa da samxreT afrikaSi
politikuri sistemebi ar aris demokratiuli am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT,
magram, miuxedavad problemebisa, am qveynebma SeZles, ukan CamoetovebinaT to
talitarizmi.
694
Tanamedrove samyaroSi omi, rogorc wesi, iwyeba maSin, rodesac aRar moq
medebs politikur konfliqtSi monawileobisa da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis
ufro mSvidobiani saSualebebi. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebs Soris omis dawyeba
damokidebulia moqalaqeebis mxardaWeraze, romlebic masobriv Setakebebsa da
Zaladobas, savaraudod, mxolod maSin mimarTaven, Tu miznis misaRwevad sxva sa
Sualebebi aRar arsebobs da CaTvlian, rom maTi mTavrobis an liderebis gadaw
yvetileba omis dawyebis Sesaxeb kanonieria. amave dros sazogadoebam unda gansaz
Rvros sakuTari pozicia da gaiazaros, rom sxva qveyana an xalxi safrTxes uqmnis
maT sicocxles. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebisaTvis Znelia
omis warmoeba (rogorc es moxda aSS-sa da vietnams Soris omis dros).
omi uZvelesi `gamogonebaa~, romelsac adamianebi konfliqtis mosagvareblad
da uflebebis aRsadgenad uxsovari droidan iyeneben. gven deiri wers:
Tanamedrove omi
695
bolos da bolos, daamarcxes karTageni da mTeli qalaqi gaanadgures. dapyrobil
miwaze marili moayares, ramac niadagi, faqtobrivad, unayofo gaxada. karTagenis
mTeli mosaxleoba daatyveves da monebad aqcies, ris Semdegac qalaqSi 100 wlis
ganmavlobaSi aravin cxovrobda. am magaliTidan naTlad Cans, rom miuxedavad im
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli primitiuli teqonologiebisa, mainc SesaZlebeli
iyo mowinaaRmdegis mTlianad ganadgureba, rac didad ar gansxvavdeba im efeqtis
agan (mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ganadgurebis masStabis garda), rac SeiZleba atom
urma bombma gamoiwvios. magram Tu omis mizezi iyo imperiis gafarToeba da xarkis
mokreba, azri ar hqonda mTliani qveynis ganadgurebas.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebam, Zalauflebis centralizebulma
struqturam da teritoriis mkacrma kontrolma safuZveli Cauyara socialuri
organizaciis axal saxeobas _ moqalaqeTa armias. uZveles omebSi profesionali
jariskacebi ibrZodnen, romlebsac saxelmwifos gafarToebisTvis an mmarTvelis
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisTvis safasurs uxdidnen. Tanamedrove omebSi samoqa
laqo jariskacebi ibrZvian, romlebic icaven sakuTar ersa da sicocxles. amis
pirveli yvelaze miniSvnelovani mgaliTia frangebis masobrivi mobilizacia 1793
wels, rodesac 770000 frangi ramdenime TveSi jariskacad iqca (dieri, 1985w.). iqi
dan gamomdinare, rom samoqalaqo jariskacebs amoZravebdaT ara gamdidrebisa da
fulis moxveWis interesi, aramed samSoblos dacvis survili, maTze naklebi kon
troli xorcieldeboda, vidre daqiravebul jariskacebze, rac maTi sxvadasxva
miznisTvis gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleoda. magaliTad, mcire jgufebs SeeZloT,
adgilmdebareobis codnis gamoyenebiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWer
iT dampyrobTa gacilebiT didi jari daerbiaT. brZolis es forma, romelic par
tizanuli brZolis saxeliTaa cnobili, bevr Tanamedrove oms axasiaTebs. parti
zanuli brZola Zalze efeqturia ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, radgan
gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad gamowveuli zarali imdenad didia, rom damp
yrobeli iZulebuli xdeba, ukan daixios (es iyo is ZiriTadi problema, romelic
aSS-is armias vietnamSi Seeqmna).
industriulma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo iaraRis warmoebis teqnologiis gan
viTarebas. me-19 saukunis bolos avtomaturi iaraRis, xolo Semdeg bombebis Se
moRebis Sedegad samxedro teqnologia bevrad momakvdinebeli gaxda, xolo manZi
li mkvlelsa da msxverpls Soris bevrad gaizarda. garda amisa, transportirebis
gaumjobesebuli meTodebis Sedegad gaiolda jaris momarageba. jariskacebs axla
ukve aqvT saSualeba, Tan waiRon sursaTisa da amuniciis sakuTari maragi Soreul
adgilebSi da mkacr klimatur pirobebSic ki.
miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnologiebma gaaadvila omis warmoeba da ufro `efeq
turi~ gaxada is, amave dros gaaZvira kidec. Tanamedrove armiebi damokidebulebi
arian ZviradRirebul iaraRze da sabrZolo masalebis did raodenobaze. warmoe
bis xarjebis wyalobiT nebismieri mniSvnelovani omi saSinao produqtadac iqce
va xolme. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive msoflio omi moigo im mxarem, romelsac ufro
didi industriuli SesaZlebloba hqonda (maknili, 1982w.). gamarjvebulebma bo
lomde amowures damarcxebulebis resursebi. rodesac ori dapirispirebuli
696
mxare mkveTrad gansxvavdeba produqtiulobis TvalsazirisT, SedarebiT Zlier
mxares SeuZlia iolad gaanadguros metoqe.
sparseTis yureSi 1990-1991 wlebSi mimdinare omma kidev erTxel warmoaCina in
dustriuli da teqnologiuri Zalauflebis mniSvneloba. aSS iranis didi armiis
dasamarcxeblad, ZiriTadad, sahaero Zalebs eyrdnoboda. am omma aseve daadastu
ra samxedro brZolebis dros socialuri organizebis mniSvneloba. aSS-sa da mis
mokavSireebs aTi aTasobiT adamianis mobilizeba da iaraRisa da resursebis Sor
manZilze sahaero gziT gadatana dasWirdaT. rodesac aSS-ma Seteva ganaxorciela
erayze, man miznad daisaxa ara mxolod sakomunikacio da satransporto saSuale
bebis ganadgureba da erayis samxedro funqcionaluri integraciis moSla, ara
med industriuli warmoebisa da samoqalaqo armiis ganadgurebac. aSS-is mizani
iyo, gaenadgurebina erayis armiis maragi da moralurad gaetexa moqalaqeebi im
imediT, rom isini daamxobdnen sadam huseinis diqtats.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg farTomasStabiani omis wamowyebis saSiSroeba
SesamCnevad Semcirda. birTvuli omis safrTxe axla aRar momdinareobs aRmosav
leTsa da dasavleTs Soris dapirispirebidan. amjerad am safrTxes qmnis is faqti,
rom birTvuli iaraRi SeiZleba aRmoCndes teroristebis an mcire erebis diqta
torebis xelSi, romlebsac mis gareSe ar gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba. am
dilemis winaSe dgas ara mxolod aSS, aramed sxva qveynebic. erTi mxriv, am qvey
nebs uwevT tradiciuli omisaTvis mzadyofna, meore mxriv ki _ terorizmTan da
partizanul omebTan gamklaveba. amas adasturebs bosniis omic (ix. CanarTi glo
baluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi). bosniaSi samSvidobo misiiT ganlagebuli
natos jarebi aRWurvilni arian uaxlesi teqnikiTa da iaraRiT, romlebic gankuT
vnilia umTavresad omis tradiciuli formisaTvis. magram mSvidobasa da natos
jariskacebs mainc emuqreba mniSvnelovani safrTxe _ regularuli partizanuli
Tavdasxmebi da snaiperebi. terorizmi damokidebulia mis unarze, daarRvios ru
tinuli socialuri cxovreba; farTomasStabiani, maRalteqnologiuri samxedro
moqmedebebi ki damokidebulia socialur organizebaze rogorc samxedro, aseve
samoqalaqo socialur cxovrebaSi. orive maTgani, savaraudod, momdevno wlebSic
darCeba tradiciuli politikis saSiS alternativad.
Sejameba
697
lisxmeba ara mxolod Zalauflebis mqone pirebi, aramed isinic, vinc maT
eqvemdebareba. legitimur Zalauflebas mmarTveloba ewodeba. veberi ganasx
vavebs mmarTvelobis sam tips: 1. tradiciuli mmarTveloba, romelic momdi
nareobs Zveli rwmena-praqtikidan da Taobidan Taobas gadaecema; 2. qariz
matuli mmarTveloba, romelsac safuZvelad udevs gamorCeuli pirovnuli
Tvisebebi da 3. kanonze dafuZnebuli samarTlebrivi/racionaluri mmarTve
loba. mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, arakanonieri Zalaufleba moqmedebs
socialuri Tanxmobis gareSe da xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebasac gu
lisxmobs. politikuri sistemebis umetesoba Zalauflebasa da mmarTvelobas
efuZneba.
3. sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Taobaze ramdenime mosazreba
arsebobs. magaliTad, marqsistebi fiqroben, rom kapitalistur sazogadoe
baSi Zalaufleba aqvT mxolod garkveuli adamianebs _ maT, vinc flobs war
moebis saSualebebs da manipulirebs muSebiT sakuTari klasis interesebis
dasacavad. marqsistebi aseve fiqroben, rom Zalauflebis amgvari ganawile
ba arastabiluria, radgan is warmoSobs klasTa Soris konfliqts, rac, Ta
vis mxriv, SeiZleba revoluciiT dasruldes. marqsistebs Zalauflebrivi
elitis Teoretikosebic eTanxmebian da acxadeben, rom Zalaufleba Tavmoy
rilia mcirericxovani jgufebis xelSi, magram miiCneven, rom es aris mudmivi
da Seucvleli forma. maTgan gansxvavebiT, pluralistebi miiCneven, rom Za
lauflebis gadanawileba cvalebadia. sxvadasxva jgufi gamudmebiT ebrZvis
erTmaneTs Zalaufleblis mopovebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac aliansi dgeba an
iSleba.
4. saxelmwifo garkveuli instititutebis erTobaa. es institutebi floben
Zalauflebasa da mmarTvelobis sadaveebs. am SemTxvevaSi institutebSi
igulisxmeba sasamarTloebi, sakanomdeblo organoebi, aRmasrulebeli sam
saxurebi, samxedro Zala, maregulirebeli saagentoebi da sxva oficialuri
samsaxurebi. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebi saerTod ar ar
sebobda. saxelmwifo aRmocenda mas Semdeg, rac zogma mmarTvelma scada, gae
farToebina teritoriebi da komerciuli interesebi. Tanamedrove cxovreba
Si saxelmwifo da piradi interesebi mkafiodaa gamijnuli. saxelmwifo aseve
gulisxmobs biurokratiisa da sajaro moxeleebis ierarqiuli organizaciis
arsebobas.
5. eri gulisxmobs kulturul kavSirebs, romelic warmoSobs saerTo iden
tobis grZnobas adamianTa jgufebSi, romlebsac uWiravT konkretuli geo
grafiuli teritoria (an cdiloben mis dakavebas). nacionalizmi anu mosaz
reba imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi da imave kulturuli identobis mqone adamianebi
unda marTavdnen sakuTar Tavs _ Tanamedrove cnebaa.
6. sayovelTao keTildReobaze dafuZnebulia saxelmwifo, romelic awarmoebs
farTo socialur da samTavrobo programebs, raTa ufro meti pasuxismgeb
loba aiRos sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildReobaze. is ara marto exmareba
moxucebulebs, Raribebsa da daavadebulebs, aramed moqalaqeebis dacvis
mizniT cdilobs, ekonomika ufro stabiluri gaxados da kerZo sawarmoebi
698
daareguliros. moqalaqeebis keTildReobisaTvis daxarjuli Tanxebis Sem
cirebis amJamindeli tendencia winaaRmdegobas awydeba adamianTa garkveuli
jgufebis mxridan, romlebic saxelmwifos daxmarebas sakuTar uflebad miiC
neven.
7. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mmarTveloba sazogadoebis Tanxmobas efuZneba.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi ar arian uSualod demokratiulebi, maT SeiZle
ba warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis qveynebi vuwodoT, romelTa moqalaqee
bic sajaro moxeleebs sakuTari survilisa da interesebis dasacavad irCeven.
demokratiis antonimiaa totalitarizmi, sadac mTavroba cdilobs, sruli
kontrolis qveS moaqcios moqalaqeebi da saxelmwifo mxolod erT partias
Tan asocirdeba. amgvar saxelmwifoebSi opozicia Ralatad miiCeva da Zalau
flebis gamoyeneba pirobiTia.
8. qveynis marTvaSi masebis monawileoba demokratiis qvakuTxedia. aSS-Si gamar
Tul arCevnebSi mxolod mosaxleobis 55% iRebs monawileobas. arCevnebSi
monawileobas ganapirobebs iseTi socialuri faqtorebi, rogoricaa asaki,
Semosavali da ganaTleba.
9. aSS-Si saxelmwifo moxeleebi martivi, maJoritariuli sistemiT irCevian.
imarjvebs is kandidati, romelic sxvebze met xmas daagrovebs. es sistema
aZlierebs amerikul orpartiul struqturas. zog sxva dasavlur qveyanaSi
upiratesobas aniWeben proporciul sistemas: partiis mier mopovebuli ad
gilebi utoldeba mis mier arCevnebSi mopovebuli xmebis raodenobas. poli
tikurma reformebma, masmediam da saarCevno kampaniebis siZvirem, agreTve
imedgacruebam rogorc demokratebis, aseve respublikelebis mimarT, gamoi
wvia is, rom amJamad amerikuli politika kandidatebze ufroa orinetirebu
li, vidre partiebze.
10. interesTa jgufebi da politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi dRiTidRe ixveWen
gavlenas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno kampaniebis gaZvirebis pirobebSi, rode
sac teqnologiebi saSualebas aZlevs kandidatebs, uSualod, partiis gareSe
daamyaron kavSiri amomrCevlebTan.
11. demokratia damokidebulia ara mxolod oficialur politikur institu
tebze, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebazec _ anu im asociaciebze, romlebic
arc mTavrobis mieraa organizebuli da arc bazris mier. magram, socialuri
struqturis cvlilebam da axali teqnologiebis SemoRebam ganapiroba samo
qalaqo seqtoris mniSvnelobis daqveiTeba aSS-Si.
12. msoflioSi sul ufro meti eri cdilobs damoukideblobis mopovebas, ris
Sedegadac demokratiisaken gadasvla umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi gaxda. im
qveynebis gverdiT, romlebic periodulad icvlian mmarTvelobis reJims,
arseboben iseTi qveynebic, romlebsac yvelafris safuZvelianad Secvla uw
evT. bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa Tavisufali
presa, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, politikuri partiebi da kulturuli ga
mocdileba, rac demokratiis fundamentia.
13. uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli konfliqtebis gadaWrisa da sakuTari ufle
bebis dacvis mizniT, sazogadoebebi iyeneben organizebul Zaladobas _ oms.
699
Tanamedrove omis warmoeba daiwyo mowaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebisa da dacu
li qalaqebis warmoSobis Semdeg. droTa ganmavlobaSi is transformirda te
qnologiebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT industriuli revoluciis Semeg. omis
Tavidan acileba da amavdroulad misTvis mzadyofna dRes mravali saxelm
wifos prioritetia.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
700
tura Sedgeba mravali erTmaneTis konkurenti elituri jgufebisagan; sax
elmwifos mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli sistema.
politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi (PAC) _ organizaciebi, romlebic Seiqmna
interesTa jgufebis politikuri miznebis miRwevis dasaxmareblad, nawilo
briv, politikuri Tanamdebobis kandidatebisaTvis finansuri mxardaWeris
meSveobiT.
politikuri partia _ organizacia, romlis mizania kanonieri politikuri Za
lauflebis mopoveba da SenarCuneba.
politika _ socialuri procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi ixveWen, iyeneben da
kargaven Zalauflebas.
Zalaufleba _ (a) adamianebis SesaZleblobisa da gamocdilebis kontrolis un
ari, maSinac ki, rodesac amas sxvebi ewinaaRmdegebian; (b) konkretuli miznis
miRwevis unari.
Zalauflebrivi elita _ samxedro liderTa, samTavrobo moxeleTa da biznesis
aRmasruleblebis koalicia, romelsac aerTianebs saerTo interesebi da so
cialuri warmomavloba. s. raiT milis mosazrebiT, dRes amgvari elita mar
Tavs aSS-s.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia _ demokratiuli sistema, romelSic xalxi
uSualod ar akeTebs politikur arCevans, aramed irCevs sajaro moxeleebs.
saxelmwifo _ abstraqtuli erTeuli, romelic Sedgeba politikuri institu
tebisagan da sxva organizaciebisagan, romelTa funqciacaa konkretuli
teritoriis marTva (aq igulisxmeba sajaro skolebi, socialuri administri
reba da sxv).
totalitarizmi _politikuri sistema, romelic krZalavs sawinaaRmdego mosaz
rebis an politikuri partiis arsebobas da saxelmwifos SeuZlia akontro
los moqalaqeTa cxovrebis umetesi aspeqti.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba _ mmarTvelobis tipi, romelic, veberis mosazrebiT,
efuZneba Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul tradiciul rwmena-praqtikas.
omi _sabrZolo saSualebebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebebs an sazogadoebis nawi
lebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis mosagvareblad.
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo _ saxelmwifo, romelic iRebs pasux
ismgeblobas sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildReobaze iseT sferoebSi, ro
goricaa jandacva, ganaTleba, sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, socialuri
usafrTxoeba da samuSao pirobebi.
701
702
Tavi 17
miwaTmoqmedeba: safuZveli
. glexebi . umiwawylo muSaxeli
industrializacia da urbanizacia
. bazrebi, uTanasworoba da zrda . araformaluri seqtori
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
civi omis Sedegebi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
`globaluri sofeli Tu globaluri Zarcva~?
703
704
`m didrebi ufro mdidrdebian da Raribebi _ ufro Raribdebian~. amerikele
bi xalxuri sibrZnis am nimuSs, ZiriTadad, calkeul pirebTan da ojaxebTan
dakavSirebiT warmoTqvamen xolme (rac socialuri stratifikaciis SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevrebis ZiriTadi samiznea; ix. Tavi 9). Tumca, mdidrisa da Raribis cnebebi
qveyanaSi arsebul sxvadasxva sazogadoebasac exeba da Tavad qveynebsac. aqedan ga
momdnare, niu-iorkSi Sua manheteni ufro mdidaria, vidre bronqsis samxreTi
nawili; kaliforniis Stati arkanzasis Statze mdidaria, xolo aSS gacilebiT mdi
dari qveyanaa, vidre, vTqvaT, mali an sudani. calkeuli pirebis saSualo simdidre
ufro mcirea Rarib qveynebSi da SedarebiT naklebadaa xelmisawvdomi iseTi sax
elmwifo saqmeebisTvis, rogoricaa sajaro skolebis, saavadmyofoebisa da gzebis
mSenebloba. ufro metic, evropuli, Crdilo-amerikuli da sxva ganviTarebuli
qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT iaponiis) simdidre da Zalaufleba kidev ufro izrdeba
(`mdidrdebi ufro mdidrdebian~) maSin, rodesac Raribi, dabalganviTarebuli
qveynebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ganicdian ekonomikur, bunebriv Tu politikur
kriziss, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zirs uTxris maT mier miRweul progress nebismier done
ze (`Raribebi ufro Raribdebian~). cxadia, mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris arsebu
li zRvari mudmivad izrdeba: 1970 wels msoflios umdidresi qveynebis pirveli
xuTeulis Semosavali 30-jer aRemateboda msoflios yvelaze Raribi qveynebis xu
Teulis Semosavals. es sxvaoba 1989 wels 60-mde gaizarda. swored amis Sedegia is,
rom `globaluri namcxvris~ 80%-ze mets msoflios upirvelesi xuTeuli inawi
lebs, xolo msoflios yvelaze bolo xuTeuls mxolod namcecebi rCeba (1.4 %)
(gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis programa) [U.N.D.P.], 1993w.).
qvemoT moyvanili malisa da manhetenis magaliTebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ram
denad araTanabradaa ganawilebuli dRevandel msoflioSi ganviTarebis donee
bi. manhetenis centrSi mdgari SuSisa da foladis caTambjenebi korporaciuli
amerikis swrafi zrdis simboloebia. mexuTe aveniuze Camwkrivebuli maRaziebi
mxolod saukeTesos sTavazobs myidvels FAO Schwarz-is saTamaSoebiT dawyebuli,
tifanis b208 riliantebiT damTavrebuli. manhetenze mdebare apartamentebi mil
ionze met dolarad iyideba, sastumroSi nomrebi erTi RamiT 300 dolari da meti
Rirs, lanCi or adamianze erT-erT karg restoranSi SeiZleba 100 dolari dagij
deT. turistebi Tavs iyrian manhetenze muzeumebis, Teatrebisa da maRaziebis vi
trinebis dasaTvaliereblad. danaSaulis, usaxlkarobis, xalxis uwyveti nakadis
miuxedavad, manheteni mainc msoflios erT-erT uZvires da umdidres centrad
iTvleba: mas `did vaSls~ uwodeben.
afrikis dasavleTSi malis saxelmwifo manhetenTan kontrastis klasikuri ni
muSia. malis Sida erovnuli produqciis Rirebuleba erT sul mosaxleze mxolod
270 dolaria. is msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze Raribi qveyanaa (msoflio banki,
1995w.). manhetenze momuSave erTi Cveulebrivi mdivani erTi Tvis manZilze gacile
biT mets gamoimuSavebs, vidre saSualo maleli mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba maliSi 45 welia (aSS-Si _ 76 weli), oridan erTi
bavSvi xuT wlamde iRupeba. 21180 sul mosaxleze mxolod erTi eqimi modis (aSS-
705
Si 470 sul mosaxleze erTi eqimia). 1970 wlis Semdeg malim ori umZimesi gvalva
da SimSiloba gadaitana. zrdasruli malelebis 68%-ze metma wera-kiTxva ar icis,
bavSvebis mxolod 20%-ze naklebi swavlobs skolaSi. mxolod mcirericxovani
axalgazrdebi iReben saSualo ganaTlebas da maTi umetesoba spilos Zvlis sana
piroze an safrangeTSi midis sezonuri an mudmivi samuSaos povnis imedad, radgan
naklebad savaraudoa, rom samSobloSi iSovnian raime saxis samsaxurs.
malis amJamindeli yofa gansakuTrebiT kontrastulia misi mdidari istoriis
fonze _ mali dasavleTafrikuli civilizaciis samSoblod iTvleba (imperato,
1989w.). Cv. w. aR-mde 1200 wels mali roms utoldeboda kulturisa da teqnolo
giis TvalsazrisiT. ganas, malisa da songais sami udidesi imperia ministrebiT,
biurokratebiT, mwerlebiTa da sasamarTloTi iwonebda Tavs. strategiuli mde
bareobis gamo (maTze gadioda CrdiloeT afrikidan momavali savaWro gza, ro
melic saharis udabnos kveTda) samive saxelmwifo savaWro an `sabazro~ imperia
iyo (harisoni, 1984w.). am saxelmwifoebma simdidre, ZiriTadad, oqros, spilos
Zvlisa da monebis CrdiloeTidan Semotanil cxenebze, marilze, samkaulebsa da
tansacmelze gadacvliT daagroves. ganas mefeebi calke mdgom samefo qalaqeb
Si cxovrobdnen, saidanac gzas uxsnidnen CrdiloeT afrikidan Camosul uamrav
vaWars; keitas dinastia malis oTx saukuneze metxans marTavda. me-15 saukuneSi
maTi saarako qalaqi timbuqtu islamuri swavlebebisa da transafrikuli komer
ciis centri iyo. Tumca, faqtia, rom konkretuli periodis simdidre da Zleva
mosileba ar aris momavali simdidrisa da Zlevamosilebis sawindari.
globalizacia ara mxolod fulisa da produqtis, aramed informaciis (satel
ituri Cvenebebisa da internetis daxmarebiT), globaluri daTbobis gamomwvevi
airebisa da ltolvilebis nakadis CaTvliT _ Tanamedrove cxovrebis aucilebe
li nawilia. situaciis asaxsnelad sociologebi unda gascdnen calkeuli saxelm
wifoebis, magaliTad, malisa da aSS-s istoriebis Seswavlas. eri-saxelmwifoebi
funqciurad dRes ufro metada integrirebuli globaluri sistemis nawilia, vid
re odesme; ase rom, rac xdeba erT qveyanaSi an regionSi, gavlenas axdens meoreze.
amis erT-erTi magaliTia Sidsi. es daavadeba afrikis Soreuli adgilebidan mTels
planetaze gavrcelda (nawilobriv, gaiolebuli transportirebis Sedegad). dRes
arc erTi saxelmwifo araa daculi am daavadebisagan, Tumca, qveyana warmatebiT
gaumklavdeba Sidsis epidemias, Tu masSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli jandacva,
ganaTleba da sakomunikacio saSualebebi. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania kulturis
faqtoric. aseTia globaluri uTanasworobis Sedegebi.
es Tavi, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs globaluri uTanasworobis struq
turaze, kolonizatoruli Zalebis wvlilze am struqturis CamoyalibebaSi; ga
nixilavs, ratom ar mohyva damoukideblobas ekonomikuri zrda da politikuri
stabiluroba bevr yofil koloniaSi da ra strategiebma SeiZleba Seaferxos, an,
piriqiT, xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebas momavalSi.
706
globaluri uTanasworoba: mimoxilva
•
mTliani Sida produqcia qveynis ekonomikuri saqmianobis sazomia. masSi Sedis is Semo
savalic, romelsac moqalaqeebi gamoimuSaveben ucxouri investiciebis Sedegad, magram
ar Sedis ucxoeli investorebis mier Sida bazarze miRebuli Semosavali.
707
c x r i l i 17.1
ganviTarebis doneebi da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi. ZiriTadi indikatorebi (arCeuli qveynebi). mTliani Sida
produqcia erT sul mosaxleze
mozrdilTa Soris
mTliani Sida produqcia wera-kiTxvis
erT sul mosaxleze maCvenebeli
(procentebi)
mosaxleoba teritoria zrdis saSualo sicocxlis
(milionebSi) Sua 1993 (aTasi kvadratuli dolari, 1993w. wliuri maCvenebe saSualo qali sul
kilometri) li (1980-1993w.w.) xangrZlivoba, 1990w.
1993w.
susti qveynebi 3,092.7 39,093 380 3.7 62 53 41
vietnami 71.3 332 170 . . 66 16 12
kenia 25.3 580 270 0.3 58 42 31
mali 10.1 1.240 270 -1.0 46 76 68
nikaragua 4.1 130 340 -5.7 67 . . ..
egvipte, 56.4 1.001 660 2.8 64 66 52
708
arabeTis respublika
saSualo qveynebi 1,596.3 62,452 2,480 0.2 68 . . 17
indonezia 187.2 1,905 740 4.2 63 32 23
bolivia 7.1 1,099 760 -0.7 60 29 23
tunisi 8.7 164 1,720 1.2 68 44 35
TurqeTi 59.6 779 2,970 2.4 67 29 19
meqsika 90.0 1,958 3,610 -0.5 71 15 13
korea 44.1 99 7,660 8.2 71 7 *
Zlieri qveynebi 812.4 32,145 23.090 2.2 77 . . ..
singapuri 2.8 1 19,850 6.1 75 * *
aSS 257.8 9,809 24,740 1.7 76 * *
norvegia 4.3 324 25,970 2.12 77 * *
iaponia 124 378 31,490 3.4 80 * *
* iuneskos monacemebiT, wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis maCvenebelia 5 % (yuradReba miaqcieT, rom `..~ niSnavs monacemTa ararsebobas).
wyaro: msoflio banki, msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 199), gv. 162-163
Tod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. qalebi mamakacebze mets muSaoben, magram maTze
naklebs gamoimuSaveben (Tanac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saerTod iReben anazRaurebas
gaweuli SromisaTvis). garda amisa, qalebs naklebi Sansi aqvT, gaxdnen profesio
nali menejerebi an administratorebi; kidev ufro naklebia maRalCinosani poli
tikosi qalebis ricxvi. bevr qveyanaSi qalebs jer kidev naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli
ganaTlebasa da jandacvaze, xdebian diskriminaciisa da Zaladobis msxverplni
(dawyebuli sqesobrivi ZaladobiT, damTavrebuli ojaxuri ZaladobiTa da omiT,
romelic uamrav qalsa da bavSvs iwiravs) (gaeros ganviTarebis programa, 1995w.).
meore faqtori, romelic msoflio bankis yuradRebis miRma rCeba, aris Semo
savlis ganawileba qveynebs Soris. `TeTri samxreT afrika~ rom calke qveyana iyos,
im qveynebs Soris iqneboda, romlebsac msoflio ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgilebi
ukaviaT, `Savi samxreT afrika~ ki, piriqiT, yvelaze CamorCenilebs Soris daika
vebda adgils. gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT, aSS-Si mcxovrebi
TeTrkanianebi daimsaxurebdnen 1-s, Savkanianebi _ 27-s xolo laTinuri warmo
Sobis amerikelebi _ 32-s (urugvaisTan erTad) (gaeros ganviTarebis programa,
1995w.). qveynebis dayofa Sida uTanasworobas bundovans xdis.
am problemebis gadaWris mizniT, msoflio banki muSaobs axal sistemaze (par
seli, 1995w.). qveynebis simdidris tradiciuli sazomi finansur (anu investici
ebSi dabandebul fuls) da fizikur (qarxnebi, saamqroebi, satransporto saSu
alebebi) kapitals eyrdnoba. msoflio banki apirebs, kapitalis am or saxeobas
daumatos `bunebrivi kapitali~ (sawvavis, sabadoebis, gamoyenebadi miwebis, na
krZalebis, sufTa wylis CaTvliT) da `adamianuri da socialuri kapitali~ (cod
nis da unar- Cvevebis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri organizaciis CaTvliT). es
axali sazomebi arsebul informacias ara mxolod axliT Seavsebs, aramed Secvlis
qveynis adgils kategoriebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Zveli standartebis mixed
viT, romelic iTvaliswinebda mxolod mimdinare transaqciebs da ara resursebs,
norvegiis fizikuri kapitali 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis 10%-iT gaizarda, rac
udavod STambeWdavia. Tumca, zrdis es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gaiqviTa nor
vegiis navTobisa da gazis maragis SemcirebiT. Sesabamisad, axali standartebis
mixedviT, romelic amgvar danakargebs iTvaliswinebs, norvegiis simdidre mxo
lod umniSvnelod gaizarda. evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT Rarib portu
galias mdidari savargulebi aqvs (bunebrivi kapitali), rasac emateba skolebSi
daswrebis SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli da jandacvis standartebi (adamianuri
da socialuri kapitali). ase rom, Tu Zveli standartebis mixedviT, protugalia
132 qveyanas Soris 106-e adgils ikavebda, axali standartebis mixedviT, mas 41-e
adgilze gadanacvleba SeeZleba.
magram gadauWreli rCeba sxva problemebi. globaluri sakiTxebis Seswavlis
procesSi eri-saxelmwifoebis ZiriTad erTeulad miCneva TavisTavad Secdomaa
(skleri, 1995w.). eri-saxelmwifoebi ar aris erTaderTi moqmedi piri saerTaSor
iso scenaze. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios wamyvani 100 kor
poraciis CamonaTvalSi 47 iseTi korporaciacaa, romelTagan TiToeulis qoneba
msoflios 130 qveynis qonebas aRemateba. aliansebi auqmebs sazRvrebs korpora
ciebs Soris. magaliTad, avtomanqanebis industriaSi fordi mazdas 25%-s flobs,
709
jeneral motorsi da toiota erTi biznesgarigebis monawileebi arian, jeneral
motorsi flobs fiatis aSS-s filialis nawils, nisani ki folksvagenebs awarmoebs
iaponiaSi. msxvili korporaciebi kargaven sakuTar erovnul identobebs (ix. bar
neti da kavanagi, 1994w. b. harisoni, 1994w.). meore _ damoukidebeli, saerTaSor
iso finansuri institutebi, rogorebicaa saerTo SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarife
bze, damoukidebeli monetaruli fondi da msoflio banki, gavlenas axdenen mravali
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze imiT, rom sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT gascemen
sesxebs garkveuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. mesame _ regionaluri or
ganizaciebi, magaliTad, evrokavSiri, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
kavSiri (NAFTA), romelSic Sedis kanada, aSS da meqsika, aseve, SvidTa jgufi (G-7)
samxreT-dasavleT aziis qveynebis asociacia (ASEAN) da sxvebi TiTqmis mTavro
bis funqciebs iTavseben (briCeri da kostelo, 1994w.). nawilobriv, globaluri
korporaciebisa da institutebis, regionaluri jgufebis zrdis Sedegad mniS
vnelovnad Semcirda mTavrobebis mier qveynebis simdidris kontroli. es gansa
kuTrebiT msoflios Rarib qveynebs exeba.
kolonializmisa da imperializmis
memkvidreoba
710
jariskacebs da am investiciis sanacvlod iRebdnen nadavlis nawils. aziasa da af
rikaSi pirveli britanuli da holandiuri dasaxlebebi vaWrobiT irCendnen Tavs,
rac kerZo wamowyebis Sedegi iyo da ara samTavrobo iniciativisa. saxelmwifo
mxolod maSin Caeria (da arcTu didi enTuziazmiT), roca vaWrebs TanamSrolo
bis arakeTilmosurne adgilobrivi liderebis, mekobreebis an moqiSpe kompaniebs
daemuqrnen. zog qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT CineTsa da indoeTSi), pirdapir dapiris
pirebas arasodes hqonia adgili. savaWro garigebis miRwevis mizniT ufro xSirad
evropelebi imuqrebodnen sasurveli samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT da axdendnen Za
lis demonstrirebas. gamonaklisi iyo afrika, romlis damorCileba 1880-ian wle
bamde ver moxerxda. am droisaTvis imdeni evropuli saxelmwifo Caeba teritoriis
dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi, rom upiratesoba politikurma faqtorebma aiRo.
meore _ adreuli imperiebi arsebul socialur da ekonomikur struqturas
eyrdnoboda. dampyroblebs gahyavdaT monebi da gahqondaT simdidre, magram isini
xelSeuxeblad tovebdnen warmoebis arsebul sistemebs. Tavdapirvelad, evrope
li dampyroblebic Zarcvis tradiciul gzas misdevdnen _ inkebisa da actekebis
imperiebidan gahqondaT Zvirfasi oqros nakeTobani, magram Semdeg kapitaliz
mis ganviTarebam da industrializaciis procesma evropaSi axali moTxovnebi
warmoSva. qarxnebs esaWiroeboda nedleuli, xolo qalaqebis mzard mosaxleo
bas _ sakvebi. am saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad evropelebma xeli mihyves
koloniebis tradiciuli ekonomikis restruqturizacias. miwebis did nawils
itacebdnen da plantaciebs aSenebdnen, kerZo sakuTrebiT anacvlebdnen miwis
sakuTrebis egalitarul sistemas. daiwyo axali, komerciulad momgebiani mosav
lis warmoeba (Saqari, bamba, kauCuki, yava); yiddnen monebs; garda amisa, koloniza
torTa dasaxlebebi gaCnda CrdiloeT amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
evropelebs axali bazrebi sWirdebodaT TavianTi meqanizebuli SromiT warmoe
buli saqonlis gasasaReblad, risTvisac isini kvlav koloniebs miubrundnen.
zog adgilas maT mizanmimarTulad gaanadgures adgilobrivi industriebi (mag
aliTad, indoeTis qsovilebis warmoeba), raTa SeeqmnaT moTxovna maT mier warmoe
bul saqonelze. aSS-is msgavs dasaxlebul koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
rezervaciebSi gamoketes an gaJlites, raTa evropeli fermerebis mzardi mo
saxleobisaTvis teritoriis gafarToebis saSualeba miecaT. ganadgurebul iqna
mmarTvelobis tradiciuli sistemebi, adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Caenacvlnen ev
ropeli gubernatorebi da administratorebi, romlebic dasavlur kanonebsa da
sasamarTloebs amkvidrebdnen, reformebis gasatareblad da gasamkacreblad ki
SeiaraRebul Zalas iyenebdnen (magdofi, 1982w.).
dasavluri kolonializmis mesame gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli iyo `kulturuli
imperializmi~ (harisoni, 1984w.). adreuli dampyroblebi, rogorc wesi, saxlde
bodnen axal miwebze, xSir SemTxvevaSi qorwindebodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaze
da iTvisebnen maT tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs. Tumca, evropelebi gansxvavebule
bi iyvnen. maT Sorisac iyvnen met-naklebad rasistebi, magram yvela maTgani eTno
centrizmiT xasiaTdeboda (ix. Tavi 4). isini miiCnevdnen, rom maTi ena, religia,
zneoba da manerebi aRmatebuli iyo nebismieri araevropul religiaze, kulturasa
711
da zneobaze da amitom arc cdilobdnen maTTan asimilacias. misioneruli (da Sem
dgom ukve saxelmwifo) skolebis meSveobiT, mcirericxovani adgilobrivi elita
evropuli kulturis doqtrinis gavlenis qveS eqceoda. sxvebis SemTxvevaSi es ga
mocdilebis safuZvelze xdeboda _ maT specialurad uqmnidnen iseT situaciebs,
rom rac SeiZleba xSirad egrZnoT Tavi Sercxvenilad sakuTari kulturisa da ra
sis gamo. evropul koloniebSi socialuri mobilobis zemoTa safexurebis miRwevis
erTaderTi gza iyo morCileba da SezRudva TeTrkanianebis mier nakarnaxevi gziT.
garegnobiTa da qceviT gamoxatuli dasavluroba modurobas niSnavda.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg evropulma Zalebma dasusteba daiwyo. moxda
koloniebis sakuTrebis gadanawileba da sazRvrebis gadanacvleba gamarjvebu
lebis saWiroebebis mixedviT. komunisturi revolucia, romelic kapitalisturi
kolonialisturi reJimis Semcvlelad moiazreboda, STagonebis wyarod iqca ara
mxolod koloniebis erovnuli liderebisaTvis, aramed SromiTi partiebisa da im
inteleqtualebisaTvis, romlebic evropasa da aSS-Si cxovrobdnen. ufro metic,
aSS da iaponia SejibrSi Caebnen did britaneTTan da evropasTan. iaponiam daipyro
manjuria da 1937 wlidan mTeli CineTis dapyrobis kampania wamoiwyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom aSS oficialurad arasodes yofila koloniebis mesakuTre, man daaarsa
proteqtoratebi guamSi, puerto-rikosa da panamis arxis zonaSi, aseve aliaskasa
da havaize. amerikulma imperializmma (romelic gabatonebiTa da eqspluataciiT,
magram ara farTomasStabiani dasaxlebebiT xasiaTdeba) militaristuli Carevisa
da ekonomikuri infiltraciis forma miiRo, gansakuTrebiT _ laTinuri amerikis
qveynebSi da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT _ arabuli samyaros navTobis mwarmoe
bel qveynebSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aSS ekonomikis erTpirovnul liderad
iqca dasavleTSi. sabWoTa kavSirma ki aRmosavleT evropaSi gaamyara sakuTari hege
monia _ man Camoayaliba politikuri bloki da savaWro qseli. 1949 wlis komunistu
ri revoluciis Semdeg CineTma sakuTari gza airCia: sazRvrebi Caketa, ekonomikuri
daxmareba uaryo (1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan CineTma daxmarebaze uari Tqva
sabWoTa kavSirisganac ki) da mxolod sakuTari resursebis gamoyeneba gadawyvita.
evropuli koloniebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT iwyebdnen damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolas da imarjvebdnen kidec. es procesi 1947 wels indoeTma daiwyo.
Tumca, politikuri damoukidebloba TavisTavad ar niSnavs ekonomikur da
moukideblobas. aSS-is politika erovnuli moZraobebisa da axali damoukidebeli
qveynebisadmi mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli imaze, undodaT Tu ara am qvey
nebs kapitalistur sistemaSi darCena (swored amis msgavsad, sabWoTa politika
iTvaliswinebda axladaRmocenebuli qveynebis survils sabWoTa kavSiris gavle
nis sferoSi darCenasTan dakavSirebiT). aSS-is daxmareba damoukidebeli qvey
nebisadmi miznad isaxavda msoflioSi usafrTxoebisa da momgebianobis gaZliere
bas multinacionaluri korporaciebis muSaobisaTvis. marketingma da reklamam,
romelsac aZlierebda dasavluri gasarTobi biznesi, gza gaukvala dasavlur
saqonels, dawyebuli koka-kolaTi da jinsebiT, damTavrebuli traqtorebiTa da
tankebiT (ix. CanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).
712
mokled rom vTqvaT, dasavlurma kolonializmma da imperializmma Seqmna
globaluri ekonomika, romlisTvisac Tavis arideba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli
gaxda axali qveynebisaTvis. erT dros TviTkmari sazogadoebebi evropuli Zalau
flebis danamatebad, nedleulis eqsportiorebad da warmoebuli produqciis
momxmareblebad gadaiqcnen. damkvidrda Sromis globaluri dayofa, romelic
dResac moqmedebs.
damoukideblobas yofili koloniebisaTvis arc ekonomikuri damoukide
bloba moutania da arc politikuri stabiluroba. maT Soris Zalze mcirea imaTi
ricxvi, romelsac SeiZleba `eri~ ewodos: xalxi saerTo istoriiTa da kulturiT.
es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa afrikaSi, sadac arsebuli saxelmwifoebis saz
Rvrebi kolonialur periodSi dadginda. kolonizatorebma ver gaiTvaliswines
adamianebisa da resursebis gadanawilebis faqtori. zog qveyanaSi mimdinareobs
samoqalaqo omi, rac gamowveulia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemis gaerTianebiT.
sudanis kolonizaciisas britanelebma ara marto erTad Seyares ori erTmaneTi
sagan gansxvavebuli eri, aramed xeli Seuwyvees maT daSorebasa da dapirispire
bas imiT, rom mxari dauWires qristiani misionerebis saqmianobas samxreTSi, maSin
rodesac CrdiloeTSi Zalas ikrebda islami. TiTqmis yvela afrikul saxelmwifos
daZabuli urTierToba aqvs Tavis mezobelTan, rac, nawilobriv, gamowvulia mwiri
resursebisaTvis brZoliT, xolo, nawilobriv, xelovnurad dawesebuli sazRvre
biT, romelic orad yofs erT toms an kulturul jgufs. zogi afrikuli qveyana,
magaliTad, mali, mTlianad xmeleTiTaa SemosazRvruli, radgan kolonialistur
xelisuflebas surda qveynis Sida nawilis gamocalkeveba sanapiro zolisagan. xe
lisuflebis saTaveSi mosaxvedrad mebrZoli bevri sxvadasxva Zala, Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri sistemis marTvisaTvis saWiro profesionali kadri da kapitalis na
kleboba afrikuli qveynebis mTavrobebs sul ufro da ufro asustebs. urbanuli,
naxevrad dasavluri cxovrebis macduri wesi kidev ufro uTxris Zirs tradiciul
socialur oragnizaciebs da mmarTvelobas.
g asul saukuneSi yvelaze pozitiuri axali ambavi gaxldaT civi omis dasasruli, romelic
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas daemTxva. 1945 wlis 6 agvistodan moyolebuli msoflio gamud
mebiT birTvuli katastrofis SiSis qveS cxovrobda. am dRes aSS-ma pirveli atomuri bombi Camo
agdo iaponiaSi, qalaq hirosimaSi. Semdgomi oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi komunistur (gansa
kuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTis saxalxo respublikis saTaveebSi myof) da kapitalistur
Zalebs Soris konfliqti mimdinareboda. am konfliqtis dasasruli namdvilad Rirda zeimad.
Tumca, Zvel konfliqtebs grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvT xolme. oTx aTwleulze meti xnis gan
mavlobaSi komunisturi qveynebi da maTi mokavSireebi birTvuli iaraRis arsenals hgavdnen. ase
Tive STabeWdilebas tovebdnen kapitalisturi demokratiuli qveynebic. civi omis dasrulebam
bolo mouRo am iaraRis mesame msoflio omSi afeTqebis safrTxes. magram am kargma axalma am
bavma safuZveli Cauyara cud axal ambavs _ axla ukve es birTvuli iaraRi SeiZleboda Tavisu
713
fali vaWrobis gziT iolad aRmoCeniliyo imis xelSi, vinc yvelaze mets gadaixdida. globaluri
civi omis dasasrulma cxel wertilebSi iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis gaxSireba gamoiwvia.
bedis ironiiT, rogorc aSS, aseve sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobdnen, ar gaemwvavebinaT adgilobrivi
omebi. orive mxares hyavda sakuTari klientebi, romlebsac iaraRiT amaragebda, magram, amave
dros, orive maTgani cdilobda maT SezRudvas. 1989 wlis Semdeg es SezRudva Semcirda. 1990-
1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omi swored aseTi SezRudvebis Sedegad dawyebuli erT-erTi adgi
lobrivi omi iyo.
1970 wlidan civi omis dasasrulamde Sua aRmosavleTSi Seitanes 168 miliardi dolaris Ri
rebulebis tradiciuli (ara birTvuli) iaraRi, afrikaSi _ 65 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebi
sa, samxreT afrikaSi _ 50 miliardi dolaris, Soreul aRmosavleTSi _ 61 miliardi dolaris,
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi ki _ 44 miliardi dolarisa (globaluri mTavrobis dawyeba, 1995w.).
yovelive amis Sedegad msoflio `kbilebamde SeiaraRda~. civi omis dros daaxloebiT 50 milioni
adamiani daiRupa mcire masStabis adgilobriv omebSi, ZiriTadad, swored mcire kalibris, masobri
vi warmoebis iaraRiT, romliTac ori dapiripirebuli qveyana da maTi momxreebi amaragebdnen me
brZolebs. (kigani, 1993w.). zesaxelmwifoebis mier miwodebuli iaraRi aseve xels uwyobda samxedro
diqtaturis batonobas msoflios dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT, afrikis qvey
nebSi. mZimed SeiaraRebul Rarib qveynebSi gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs Tavisuflebis nacvlad
represia mohqonda Sedegad, xolo ekonomikuri keTildReobis nacvlad _ ukiduresi siRatake.
civi omis dasrulebam ver SeaCera iaraRis Sejibri an birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba. piri
qiT _ axali, potenciurad ufro saSiSi konkurencia fexs nel-nela ikidebs (Commission o Global
Governance, 1995). mopovebuli monacemebiT, daaxloebiT 150 kg. plutoniumi, romlisganac Sei
Zleba gakeTdes 50 atomuri bombi elodeba yvelaze kargi fasis gadamxdels evropis Sav bazarze
(krozieri, 1994w.). axla SesaZlebelia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli sferos mecnierebis
daqiraveba. birTvuli iaraRis arsenalis dagrovebas sxva qveynebic, kerZod, CrdiloeT korea da
erayic cdiloben. saqmeSi CarTulia masobrivi ganadgurebis instrumentebi, qimiuri da biolo
giuri iaraRebis CaTvliT. igive iaraRi axla ukve narkosindikatebs, organizebul danaSauls da
teroristul dajgufebebsac swvdeba.
civi omis dros iaraRiT vaWroba racionalizebuli iyo politikuri safuZvlebiT. dRes mas
ukve mogebis survili marTavs. civi omis logikis erT-erTi nawilidan gamomdinare, aSS da sab
WoTa kavSiri aSenebdnen masiur samxedro-industriul kompleqsebs, sadac milionobiT adamiani
muSaobda. arc ruseTs da arc aSS-s ar SeswevT Zala, win aRudgnen am procesebs. sabWoTa kavSiris
mier gamoSvebuli manqanebi, televizorebi, saojaxo mowyobiloba da msgavsi produqti, cudi
xarisxiT iyo cnobili. ruseTs (da sabWoTa kavSiris danarCen respublikebs) ar SeuZliaT awar
moon iseTi samomxmareblo saqoneli, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba globalur bazarze.
aqedan gamomdnare, iaraRi aris is erTaderTi produqti, romelic SeiZleba ruseTma gayidos
(xripunovi, 1994w.). cxadia, bevri analitikosi miiCnevs, rom ruseTi `gamococxlebul ekonomi
kas~ iaraRiT vaWrobas unda umadlodes. gasakviri araa, rom ruseTi agresiulad ukeTebs reklam
as sakuTar iaraRs da eZebs axal myidvelebs axal regionebSi, asaRebs TavisTvis gadanaxul teq
nologiur Sedevrebs da xandaxan barterul garigebebsac debs (magaliTad, ruseTma malaizias
mihyida 18 MiG-29 tipis iaraRi, romelmac palmis zeTiT gadaixada iaraRis safasuris nawilSi).
ruseTi marto ar aris. muxedavad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da federaluri biujetis Semci
rebisa, aSS-is mier samxedro sferoSi daxarjuli Tanxa igivea, rac civi omis dros iyo. aSS-ze
msoflioSi iaraRis eqsportis wilis naxevari modis. iaraRi, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebul qveyneb
Si Sedis (Commission of Global Governance, 1995). xSirad uyuradRebod datovebuli msubuqi iara
RiT vaWroba kanonieri (da arakanonieri) vaWrobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia. avtomaturma
714
iaraRma kidev ufro gaamwvava aSS-is qalaqebis quCebSi gaCaRebuli omi narkomovaWreebs Soris,
iseve rogorc avRaneTSi, sudansa da yofil iugoslaviaSi _ samoqalaqo omebi (karpi, 1994w.).
adgilobrivi omebis dasruleba SeiZleba ufro rTuli aRmoCnda, vidre civi omisaTvis bo
los moReba. bolos da bolos, adgilobriv omebs uTvalavi Sedegi mohyveba. adgilobriv omebSi
Carevam jerjerobiT saTanado Sedegi ver gamoiRo. bedis ironiiT, msoflios yvelaze didi samx
edro riskis _ civi omis _ safrTxis mospobis Sedegad arsebobs axali safrTxe, rom birTvuli
iaraRi SesaZlebelia im adgilebSi gavrceldes, sadac adgilobrivi omebi mimdinareobs.
modernizaciis Teoria:
kultura da funqcionaluri integracia
715
ekonomikis jgufebi
dabalSemosavliani ekonomika
saSualoSemosavliani ekonomika
maRalSemosavliani ekonomika
monacemebi ar arsebobs
wyaro: `msoflio banki~, moxseneba msoflios ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, 1995 w. (oqsfordis uni
versitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995 w.)
716
qveynebs ar gaaCndaT warmoebis teqnologiuri da materialuri saSualebebi da
kapitalisturi urTierTobebi, romlebzec karl marqsi amaxvilebda yuradRebas.
v. v. rostovi (1990w.) modernizaciis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi gamoyofs eko
nomikuri zrdis xuT sxvadasxva stadias:
717
dis mewarmeebis gamoCena, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad muSaoben isini _ saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo seqtorebSi. am mewarmeebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon kapitalis mobilizeba da
arc riskisa eSiniaT. izrdeba investiciebi, gansakuTrebiT transportis, komuni
kaciebisa da eqsportirebuli nedleulis mxriv, izrdeba vaWroba, ixsneba bankebi
da sxva iseTi institutebi, romelTa funqciacaa kapitalis marTva; aseve, ixsneba
da viTardeba Tanamedrove qarxana-fabrikebi.
yvelaze didi wvlili, rac albaT modernizaciis Teorias miuZRvis, aris misi
aqcenti kulturaze, im ideebsa da damokidebulebaze, romelic xels uwyobs fu
ladi danazogebis, investiciebisa da ekonomikuri siaxleebis danergvis waxalise
bas (ix. aizenStadti, 1973w. inklisi, 1983w.). Teoriis meore siZlierea yuradRebis
gamaxvileba funqciur integraciaze. am Teoriis mixedviT, ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiroa sazogadoebis sxvadasxva elementebis erToblivi muSaoba. zogma qveyanam
uaryo soflis meurneobis ganviTareba da mxolod industriis ganviTareba daisaxa
miznad, rasac damangreveli Sedegebi mohyva. qveynebis nawilma jerovani yuradReba
ar miaqcia fizikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas (gzebi, rkinigzebi, teleko
munikaciebi da am sferoebTan dakavSirebuli sareabilitacio servisebi).
1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi, Raribi qveynebisken mimarTuli politika, ZiriTa
dad, modernizaciis Teorias efuZneba(iseve rogorc politikuri sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswinebas). saerTo hipoTezis mixedviT, siRaribis daZlevis gza gadioda
dasavluri stilis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. Raribi qveynebis
718
daxmareba gamoixateboda kaSxlebis da gzebis mSeneblobaSi, traqtorebisa da sa
suqi nivTierebebis miwodebaSi soflis meurneobis nayofierebis zrdis mizniT,
skolebis mSeneblobiT da stipendiebis uzrunvelyofiT dasavlur universite
tebSi swavlisTvis da im zomebis miRebaSi, rac daexmareboda am qveynebs adgili
daemkvirebinaT Tanamedrove samyaroSi. am yvelafers safuZvelad edo mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom yvela Rarib qveyanas unda gaevlo is gza, rac Tavis droze did
ma britaneTma da SeerTebulma Statebma gaiara.
modernizaciis Teoria garkveul warmatebebs iTvlis. cxadia, rom aziis “pa
tara vefxvebma” _ samxreT koream, taivanma, hong kongma da singapurma, moaxerxes
gzis gakvalva. magram indoeTma, tailandma da malaiziam – vera. mosalodnelma da
dagegmilma modernizaciam ver gaamarTla Raribi qveynebis umetesobaSi. am waru
mateblobis erT-erTi axsnaa damokidebulebis Teoria.
719
pricnipze dayrdnobiT uweven daxmarebas qveynebs, romlebsac isini megobrebad
Tvlian. nawilobriv politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare, aSS xSirad exmareba
diqtatorebs, rogorc es moxda nikaraguasa (anastazio simonza) da filipinebis
SemTxvevaSi (ferdinand markosi). analogiurad, msxvili korporaciebic mxolod
im qveynebSi axorcieleben investiciebs, romlebsac megobrebad miiCneven. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom politikur liderebs yuradReba unda mieqciaT ucxoelebisa
Tvis, romlebic daxmarebas uwevdnen maT an bizness awarmoebdnen maT qveyanaSi;
uyuradRebod ar unda daetovebinaT arc sakuTari mosaxleobis moTxovnebi da
saWiroebebi. met-naklebi xarisxiT, qveynis liderebi xdebian msoflios ekonomi
kis agentebi da maTi mTavari mizani qveynis samuSao Zalis SenarCunebaa. yvela
lideris Zalaufleba damokidebulia damxmare mdidar qveynebTan alianssa da
saerTaSoriso korporaciebTan TanamSromlobaze. Sedegad demokratiuli pro
cesebi xSirad ferxdeba.
msgavsi mizezebidan gamomdinare, damokidebuli ganviTareba xSirad neli
tempiT mimdinareobda da xels uSlida mZlavri, avtonomiuri saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebas, rac ganviTarebisa da demokratiis winapirobaa (ix. Tavi 16). ad
gilobrivi bizneselitis warmomadgenlebi damokidebulebi xdebodnen sakuTar
(xSirad korumpirebul) xelisuflebaze. magaliTad, xelisuflebas SeeZlo qrTa
mis an mogebidan wilis sanacvlod neba daerTo konkretuli biznesmenisaTvis
yofiliyo avtomobilebis erTaderTi importiori qveyanaSi. am SemTxvevebSi im
portiors SeeZlo maRali mogeba enaxa sakuTar qveyanaSi msxvili investiciebis
ganxorcielebis gareSec ki. biznesmenebis nawili Suamavali an agenti xdeboda xe
lisuflebasa da msxvil korporaciebs Soris. sakuTari saqmianobis wamowyebisa
da ucxouri kompaniebisaTvis konkurenciis gawevis nacvlad, isini TanamSrom
lobdnen am kompaniebTan, yiddnen maT produqts an marTavdnen maT fabrikebsa da
qarxnebs. ufro metic _ isini sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT baZavdnen ucxour eli
tas da amiT xels uSlidnen sakuTar qveynebSi potenciur investirebebs. saukeTe
so ganaTlebis mqone da ambiciuri moqalaqeebi xSirad gadadiodnen londonSi,
niu-iorkSi da sxva dasavlur qalaqebSi sacxovreblad.
ucxouri daxmarebac ki, romelic, rasakvirvelia, garkveulwilad exmareba
qveynebs, SeiZleba problemad gadaiqces im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli qveyana
xangrZlivad sargeblobs amgvari daxmarebiT. ucxourma teqnologiebma SeiZle
ba mwyobridan gamoiyvanos adgilobrivi ekonomika _ damokidebuli gaxados is
eqsportirebul saqonelsa da ucxoel specialistebze. aSS-is daxmarebiT sxva
qveyanaSi aSenebuli fexsacmlis fabrika qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs, magram
Semosavlis gareSe tovebs fexsacmlis adgilobriv mwarmoeblebs. Tu fabrikaSi
mwyobridan gamovida romelime mowyobiloba, mflobeli iZulebuli xdeba, aSS-
Si SeiZinos ZviradRirebuli nawilebi. xSirad daxmarebis mimReb qveyanaSi ar
moiZebneba ucxouri danadgarebis specialisti da amitom saWiro xdeba ucxoeli
specialistebis Camoyvana. damatebiT problemas qmnis isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
daxmarebas sesxis saxe aqvs da Tu qveynis ganviTareba gegmis mixedviT ar warimar
Ta, qveyanas SeiZleba problemebi Seeqmnas sesxis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT.
SedarebiT mdidari qveynebi xSirad Suamdgomlobdnen bankebTan, raTa maT ufro
720
meti sesxi gamouyon Rarib qveynebs, ramac dRes mimdinare sesxebis saerTaSoriso
krizisi gamoiwvia.
piter evansis mier Catarebuli braziliis kvleva damokidebuli ganviTarebis
klasikur kvlevadaa aRiarebuli (1979w.). 1970-ian wlebSi brazilias ekonomikur
saswauls uwodebdnen. am qveyanam SeZlo yavis erTi didi plantaciidan msoflio
klasis industriul saxelmwifod qceuliyo. qalaqSi mcxovrebi elitaruli wree
bis garkveulma nawilma isargebla swrafi industrializaciiT, iseve rogorc sof
lebSi mcxovrebma miwebis mepatroneebma, romlebic warmoebul yavasa da banans
aSS-Si yiddnen. Tumca, braziliis mosaxleobis didma nawilma ver isargebla am
situaciiT. braziliis swrafi, magram araTanabari ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, gamoi
wvia xelisuflebis msxvil saerTaSoriso korporaciebTan partniorobam. ucxouri
investiciebis mozidvisa da SenarCunebis mizniT saWiroa, rom qveyana iyos keTil
ganwyobili da damokidebuli. avtoritarul mTavrobebs SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon
msxvili multinacionaluri korporaciebi maTTvis sasurveli pirobebiT.
amgvari korporaciebi, upirveles yovlisa, politikur stabilurobas eZeben.
mTavrobam unda moaxdinos imis demonstrireba, rom kontrolis sadaveebi mis xelSia
da ucxouri biznesisTvis ar arsebobs radikaluri politikuri moZraobebis an Sei
araRebuli nacionaluri dajgufebebisgan gamowveuli safrTxe. braziliaSi 1960-
iani wlebis bolos mosulma samxedro xelisuflebam SeZlo amgvari garantiebis
micema korporaciebisaTvis. multinacionalur korporaciebs aseve esaWiroebaT
iafi da morCili muSaxeli, romlis uzrunvelyofac iolad SeZlo braziliis xe
lisuflebam. mesame, rac aseve mniSvnelovania amgvari korporaciebisTvis, aris
ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura (transporti, komunikaciebi, energomomarageba,
nedleulze xelmisawvdomoba). braziliis xelisuflebam am mxrivac SeZlo daek
mayofilebina korporaciebis moTxovnebi. dabolos, korporaciebisaTvis aseve
saWiroa sasurveli pirobebi, romlisganac SeZleben mogebis miRebas. braziliis
mTavrobam maT SesTavaza gadasaxadebis TandaTanobiT gadaxda, dabali saeqsporto
gadasaxadi da regulaciebis minimaluri raodenoba. Sesabamisad, braziliis eko
nomikam daiwyo ganviTareba, Tumca, qveynis erT-erTma yofilma prezidentma aRniS
na, `win midis brazilia, magram ara misi mosaxleoba~.
ucxour msxvil korporaciebTan TanamSromlobas da saerTod damokidebul
ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs garkveuli `safasuri~ _ mogeba miedineba qveynidan da
ar xdeba misi dabandeba adgilobriv biznes-seqtorSi. ucxouri kompaniebis mo
zidvis mizniT, xelfasebi xelovnurad mcirdeba, ase rom, dasaqmebulebis umete
soba ver xedavs veranair sargebels ganviTarebisagan, ris Sedegadac politikur
da biznes-elitasa da ubralo moqalaqeebs Soris sxvaoba kidev ufro izrdeba, rac
Tavis mxriv, socialuri arastabilurobis safuZvelia. Cveulebriv, amgvar situ
aciebSi, xelisufleba cdilobs gaanadguros misi mowinaaRmdegeebi. rac ufro
represiulia mTavroba, miT ufro uwyobs xels socialur aSlilobas. aseT dros
erTaderTi gamarjvebuli globaluri korporaciebia, sul mcire, droebiT mainc.
damokidebulebis Teoria adasturebs, Tu ramdenad zRudavs da amaxinjebs
ganviTarebas daxmarebaze damokidebuleba (gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-is daxmareba
721
ze). es gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis qveynebs exeba, romlebsac moepovebodaT
bunebrivi resursi imisaTvis, rom ganviTareba momgebiani yofiliyo. mdidari qvey
nebidan miRebuli daxmareba, ZiriTadad, mdidari elituri wreebis sakeTildReod
gamoiyeneba. damokidebulebis Teoria gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenadaa gavrcobili
uTanasworoba. Tumca, sakiTxavia, saidan warmoiSva TviTon es uTanasworoba?
722
moeblebs manqana-danadgarebiT uzrunvelyofen. am qveynebSia daarsebuli globa
luri korporaciebic da, Sesabamisad, maTken miedineba mogebis umetesi nawili.
periferiuli qveynebi msoflio sistemis ganapiras imyofebian ara imitom,
rom gardamaval stadiaSi imyofebian, aramed imitom, rom yidian iaf nedleuls. am
qveynebis umetesobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo dargebia ganviTarebuli. periferiuli
qveynebi garkveulwilad damokidebulebi arian ucxour daxmarebaze da mdidari
qveynebis mier dadgenili wesebiT moqmedeben. am qveynebidan bevrs ar SeuZlia gaer
Tiandes saerTaSoriso savaWro qselSi, radgan faseuli araferi ar gaaCniaT, risi
gayidvac SesaZlebeli iqneboda. am kategoriaSi arian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa
Cadi, botsvana, peru da gvatemala. maTi ekonomika Zalian neli tempiT viTardeba,
xolo zog maTanSi regresic ki aRiniSneba gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
ZiriTad da periferiul qveynebs Soris aris naxevrad periferiuli qvey
nebis kategoria, anu qveynebi, romlebic am sistemaSi zemoT-qvemoT moZraoben.
isini aqtiurad monawileoben msoflio sistemaSi, magram ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi
Zala saimisod, rom gavlena moaxdinon am sistemaze. am jgufs ganekuTvnebian
aziis axladindustrializebuli qveynebi. TurqeTi, meqsika da malaizia, romleb
mac bolo wlebSi SesamCnevad gaiumjobeses mdgomareoba, naxevrad periferiuli
qveynebia. SesaZlebelia, rom ZiriTadma qveyanam, romelic ver gauZlebs saerTaSo
riso konkurencias, naxevrad periferiuli qveynebis kategoriaSi gadainacvlos.
zogi mecnieris mtkicebiT, swored es procesi mimdinareobs dRes did britaneTSi,
Tumca am qveynis `gadarCena~ jer kidev SesaZlebelia. mecnierTa nawili (rostovi,
1990w.) uaryofs im mosazrebas, TiTqos naxevrad periferiuli qveynebis katego
ria imisTvisaa Seqmnili, rom adgili gamoenaxos qveynebs, romlebic arc erT sxva
kategoriaSi ar xvdeba. volerStaini (1974w. 1979w.) Tvlis, rom naxevrad perifer
iuli qveynebi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSoben msoflio sistemaSi, radgan aba
lanseben situacias periferiul Rarib qveynebsa (sadac arsebobs gadatrialebis
moxdenis saSiSroeba) da ZiriTad qveynebs Soris. realurad, naxevrad periferi
uli qveynebi msoflio sistemis saSualo fenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
volStainis azriT, qveynis SesaZlebloba ganviTarebis mxriv mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli am qveynisave adgilze kapitalistur savaWro sistemaSi, sadac
`TamaSis wesebs~ mdidari da ganviTarebuli qveynebi adgenen. isini akontroleben
msoflio savaluto sistemas, gadazidvebs, komunikaciebsa da bazrebs. garda ami
sa, yidian ZviradRirebul manqanebsa da teqnologiebs da yiduloben nedleuls,
soflis meurneobis produqts da iaf produqcias, romlis warmoebasac naklebi
teqnologiebi da dabali kvalifikaciac yofnis. warmoebuli produqcia dabal
fasebSi iyideba da asaqmebs im qveynis mosaxleobis mcire nawils, sadac mzaddeba.
kidev erTi problema isaa, rom uamravi periferiuli qveyana cdilobs, gamouSvas
erTi da igive produqcia, magaliTad, Saqari da kauCuki.
naxevrad periferiuli qveynebisaTvis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erTader
Ti gza maqsimalurad dabali xelfasebis SenarCuneba da investiciebis mozidvaa
_ gansakuTrebiT ki, Sida investiciebisa. Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT politika,
romelic xels uwyobs politikuri da biznes-elitis kidev ufro gamdidrebas
da masebis gaRaribebas (rogorc es meqsikasa da koreaSi xdeba). amgvar qveynebSi
723
muSebis jerovani anazRaureba mxolod Soreul momavalSia mosalodneli. aseTma
politikam SeiZleba droebiT gaamarTlos ZviradRirebuli bunebrivi resurse
biT mdidar qveynebSi (aseTia, magaliTad, meqsika); aseve, koreis msgavs qveynebSi.
korea gamoirCeva profesionali da kvalificiuri samuSao ZaliT, saRi infra
struqturiTa da (xSirad) avtoritaruli xelisuflebiT. Tumca, es politika ar
muSaobs afrikis qveynebSi, sadac jer kidev mimdinareobs mwvave eTnokonfliq
tebi kolonialur periodSi dawesebuli sazRvrebis gamo.
modernizaciis Teoriis mixedviT, yvela qveyana ganviTarebis erT gzas mi
hyveba, oRond sxvadasxva tempiT, romelzec gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi,
rogoricaa kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba. rac Seexeba msoflio sistemebis Teorias,
is ganixilavs globalur struqturas, sadac sxvadasxva qveyana ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva gzas adgas. es Teoria aseve kargad xsnis imas, Tu ratom esadageba
damokidebulebis Teoria ukeT laTinuri amerikis qveynebs da ratom gadauxvies
aziisa da afrikis qveynebma am models. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar
gentina, Cile da brazilia arasodes yofilan ZiriTadi qveynebi, maSinac ki, rode
sac maTi mdgomareoba msoflios umaRles standartebs Seesabameboda. maT ara
sodes daudgeniaT wesebi msoflio ekonomikaSi da arasodes miuRiaT monawileoba
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. rodesac romelime maTganSi xdeboda gadatrialeba, es
faqti arasodes asaxula msoflio saaqcio birJaze, rac aucileblad moxdeboda aSS-
Si an iaponiaSi momxdari gadatrialebis dros. radgan es qveynebi yiddnen minera
lebsa da soflis meurneobis produqcias, isini warmatebiT gaerTiandnen msoflio
sistemaSi: isini uSeveben produqcias, romelic moTxovniT sargeblobs msoflio
bazarze (Tumca, yovelTvis Zviri ar Rirs); dakavSirebulebi arian saerTaSoriso
korporaciebTan da, garda amisa, samive qveyana mniSvnelovani bazris funqcias as
rulebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmoebuli saqonlis sarealizaciod.
argentinis, braziliisa da Cilesagan gansxvavebiT, afrikis qveynebi perife
riulebi arian da TiTqmis ar aRiqmebian msoflio sistemis nawilad. saerTaSoriso
korporaciebi ver xedaven sakmaris safuZvels imisaTvis, rom biznesi awarmoon
afrikaSi; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini mainc gadawyveten, wamoiwyon saqmianoba afri
kaSi, Semoifarglebian mxolod moTxovnadi saqonlis gayidviT (magaliTad, yidian
koka-kolasa da pepsis) an mcire raodenobis soflis meurneobis produqtis (maga
liTad, yava) SeZeniT. afrikuli qveynebidan bevri gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebareba
sagareo gavlenas, radgan mxolod erTi saxeobis produqciis eqsports awarmo
ebs. amas ki savalalo Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. amis magaliTia zambia. mas 1970-ian
wlebSi kauCukze fasebis dawevam mniSvnelovani dartyma miayena.
aziuri qveynebi kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba periferiuli qve
yana jer ganviTardes naxevrad periferiulamde, xolo Semdeg _ ZiriTadamde.
es gza iaponiam ganvlo. am qveyanas hyavda Zlieri xelisufleba da xasiaTdebo
da kulturuli erTgvarobiT (gansxvavebiT laTinuri amerikisa da afrikisagan),
rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom am qveynis CamoyalibebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT
kolonialur Zalebs. iaponiaSi tradiciulad ojaxis, jgufis an eris interesebi
yovelTvis win dgas individualur iteresebze, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli
iaponiis warmatebas. sxva aziurma qveynebma iaponiis magaliTs mibaZes.
724
miwaTmoqmedeba: safuZveli
c x r i l i 17.2
siRaribe dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis soflebSi
725
da elementaruli sanitaruli pirobebis ararsebobas; xeli ar miuwvdebaT jan
dacvaze, ganaTlebasa da sazogadoebriv transportze (ix. cxrili 17.2). dabal
ganviTarebuli qveynis fermerebi or ZiriTad kategoriad _ glexebad da umi
wawylo muSaxelad iyofian.
glexebi
726
Raribebs miwa da samuSao ise, rom moxdes anazRaurebisa da riskis ganawileba. meo
re mxriv, glexebi skeptikurad arian ganwyobili ucxoebisa da siaxleebis mimarT
da ebRauWebian Zvel, tradiciul meTodebsa da praqtikebs. es ki xSirad winaaRm
degobas uqmnis sasargeblo cvlilebebis danergvas, rasac SeiZleba ekonomikuri
ganviTareba mohyves.
afrikis CrdiloeTSi, burkina-fasoSi (yofili zemo volta) mcxovrebi mou
mouni ouedraogos ojaxi dRevandeli glexobis tipuri warmomadgenelia _ ma
sac igive problemebi awuxebs, rac bevr glexs (harisoni, 1984w.). upirveles yov
lisa, maT Zalian mcire miwa, wyali, sasuqi da sxva saSualeba gaaCniaT imisaTvis,
rom Tundac minimalurad daikmayofilon sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebi. rode
sac moumouni bavSvi iyo, mamamisis ojaxi Tormeti sulisagan Sedgeboda, dRes ki
misi wevrebis ricxvma ukve ocdaToTxmets miaRwia, garda im xuTi axalgazrdisa,
romlebic spilos Zvlis sanapiroze muSaoben. gaizarda sofelSi mcxovrebi sxva
ojaxebic. Tumca, miwebi imave moculobisa darCa da axla mravalricxovan ojaxebs
mcire nakveTiT uwevT dakmayofileba.
meore _ glexebi miwas SedarebiT primitiuli teqnikiT amuSaveben. moumounis
ojaxi tradiciulad iyenebs saxnavsa da guTans, rac mosaxerxebelicaa tropikebis
fxvieri niadagisaTvis. fermeri asufTavebs miwis mcire monakveTs buCqebisagan.
Semdeg buCqebs axmobs da wvavs. ferfli anoyierebs niadags, xels uSlis niadagis
eroziis warmoqmnas da spobs miwaSi CarCenil kunZebs. mosufTavebul nakveTs da
saTesad iyenebs. Tesavs primitiuli samuSao iaraRebis daxmarebiT. ori an sami
wlis Semdeg miwa ifiteba da fermeri axla ukve sxva nakveTis gasufTavebas iwyebs.
Zveli nakveTi ubrundeba tyes da daaxloebiT 15 wlis Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi
ganmeorebiT damuSaveba. es sistema kargad muSaobs mcirericxovani mosaxleobi
saTvis, romlebic ar ganicdian dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwis naklebobas, magram
ara burkina-fasos da afrikis didi nawilis mosaxleobisaTvis. ar iyeneben mou
mouni da misi mezoblebi ganaxlebul teqnikas? uxvmosavlianobis drosac ki mou
mouni da misi mezoblebi ki ar yidian mosavals, aramed gaWirvebisaTvis inaxaven.
mesame problema ekologiur dazianebaSi mdgomareobs. moumouni saxelSi
cxovrobs _ gvalvian regionSi, romelic aTeulze met qveyanas aerTianebs saha
ris samxreTiT. mTel regionSi, hiperkultivaciam da burRviTma samuSaoebma piks
miaRwia. mounmounis sofelSi, faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobs miwis safari. wvima
mTlianad recxavs miwis Zvirfas zedapirs da tovebs moSiSvlebul Tixis fenas,
romelic mcxunvare mzeze iwveba da xmeba. am niadagis gamococxlebis perspeqtiva
Soreulia. birkina-faso is adgilia, romelsac sahara nel-nela utevs da yvela
sulier arsebas samxreTisaken mierekeba garemos degradaciis axali ciklis da
sawyebad (ix. Tavi 19). miuxedavad amisa, bevr TanasoflelTan SedarebiT moumouni
mainc ukeTesad cxovrobs.
727
umiwawylo muSaxeli
728
sakuTari miwa. aseTi mizezebia: mosaxleobis ricxvis zrda, memkvidreobis gada
cemis sistema, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ojaxis ufros vaJs an iseT mcire na
kveTebad yofs samemkvidreo miwas, rom SeuZlebelia misiT arseboba; aseve, omebi,
romlebic warmoSobs ltolvilebs, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, mzad arian, Seasrulon
nebismieri samuSao nebismier fasad; mniSvnelovani mizezebia gvalva da infeq
ciuri davaadebebic, romelmac SeiZleba gaakotros glexi da saSualeba misces mi
webis mdidar mesakuTreebs, iyidon an waarTvan glexebs miwebi da es ukanasknelni
Tavadve daiqiraon.
xSirad umiwawyloba kolonializmis gagrZelebaa. magaliTad, laTinoamerikaSi
konkistadorebma da maTma STamomavlebma saukeTeso miwebi miisakuTres, xolo
indielebi aiZules dasamuSaveblad gamousadegar miwebze dasaxlebuliyvnen da
Sedegad nel-nela miaRwies imas, rom indielebi axla maTTvis daqiravebuli muSax
elis statusiT muSaoben. rodesac indielebma Tavs uSveles an daixocnen SimS
ilisa da evropidan kolonizatorebis mier Semotanili infeqciuri daavadebebis
Sedegad, evropelebma afrikidan daiwyes monebis Semoyvana. me-19 saukuneSi mono
bis ukanonod gamocxadebis Semdeg miwis mflobelebma SemoiRes axali forma _
pionaJi, romlis mixedviTac muSebs aZlevdnen sesxs sakvebis, tansacmlisa da sxva
aucilebeli nivTebis SesaZenad, magram Tan yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom
muSas arasodes hqonoda imdeni gamomuSaveba, rom aRebuli sesxi daefara. garda
amisa, amgvari sistema, romelsac muSebi `uRels~ uwodebdnen, avaldebulebda (da
zog qveyenaSi axlac avaldebulebs) muSebs, weliwadSi ramdenime kvira ufasod
emsaxuraT miwis mflobelebisaTvis. dRes laTinoamerikis qveynebSi msxvili mepa
troneebis umetesoba espaneli da protugalieli kolonistebis STamomavalia,
xolo maTi muSebis winaprebi afrikeli monebi an indielebi iyvnen.
evropeli kolonistebi erTaderTi moZaladeebi ar yofilan. aSS-Si rasizmi
sagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gaTavisuflebuli monebi axal samSoblos liberiaSi
(afrikaSi) poulobdnen, sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas miwebs arTmevdnen (xSir
ad aSS-is samxedro mxardaWeriT) da uerTdebodnen multierovnul korporaciebs,
raTa eqspluatacia gaewiaT umiwawylod darCenili glexebisaTvis. liberiaSi mde
bare faiarstounis kauCukis plantacia msoflios umsxvilesi plantaciebis siaSi
iyo manam, sanam kauCukis fasi ar daeca da Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani darCa umuSe
vari. 1980 wels liberielebma revolucia moawyves yofili monebis STamomavali
`proamerikuli liberielebis~ winaaRmdeg. iq samoqalaqo omi axlac grZeldeba.
glexebis Sromaze dafuZnebuli soflis meurneobis ekonomikidan bazarze
orientirebul `agrobiznesze~ gadanacvlebam Tan uamravi socialuri Sedegi
moitana. didi zomis danadgarebisa da sairigacio sistemis daxmarebiT fermidan
miRebuli mosavali gacilebiT aRemateba patar-patara da xeliT damuSavebuli
miwis nakveTebidan miRebuls. magram miwaze momuSaveni ver iyeneben Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT miRebul sakvebs. ufro metic, amgvari sakvebi ar aris gankuT
vnili adgilobrivi moxmarebisaTvis _ mas saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis amzadeben.
komercializacia _ gadanacvleba glexebis mier moyvanili sakvebis warmoebidan
kerZo samflobeloSi moyvanil marcvleulze, Zirs uTxris TviTganviTarebas ro
729
gorc individualur, aseve erovnul doneebze. bevri dabalganviTarebuli qveyana
damokidebulia pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportze (magaliTad, sawvavi,
mineralebi, metali da soflis meurneobis produqti). fasebi, romlebsac Temebi
gansazRvraven, saerTaSoriso bazarze meryeobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, arTu
lebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis biujetirebas da dagegmarebas (ix. sqema 17.2). bevri
naklebad ganviTarebuli qveyana iyenebs akrobiT miwas xilis, bostneulisa da
bambis mosayvanad, romelTac Semdeg ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi yidis,
imis nacvlad, rom scados sakvebis moyvana sakuTari mosaxleobisaTvis. mdidari
qveynebi yavis, Saqrisa da bananis imports ewevian maSin, rodesac Rarib qveynebs
SemoaqvT fqvili, xorbali da brinji. bolo wlebSi kidev ufro gaizarda Raribi
qveynebis damokidebuleba importirebul sakvebze.
kaliumis qloridi sqema 17.2/ saerTaSoriso bazar
yava (kg)
kakao (kg) ze moxmarebis xuTi dasaxelebis
kauCuki (kg) produqtis fasebis cvlileba.
Saqari (kg)
msoflio bazarze nedleulis
fasebis momateba da vardna ara
fasebi (erTEeulze 1980 dolarebSi)
weli
730
muSaveba unda iyos SesaZlebeli, rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi ukiduresad mZime ekolo
giuri Sedegebi mohyveba xolme (ix. Tavi 18). braziliaSi mTavrobam umiwawylo
muSebs SesTavaza aeTvisebinaT amazonis tyeebSi arsebuli fermebi usasyidlod
an subsidiebis meSveobiT, Tumca tropikuli niadagi ar gamodga vargisiani mi
waTmoqmedebisaTvis. yovel wels amitom ikafeba amazonis tyeebis mniSvnelovani
nawili, rac, savaraudod, mZime ekologiur Sedegs gamoiwvevs mTeli msofliosaT
vis. afrikis did nawilSi tyeebis gaCexva da niadagis erozia gaudabnoebas iwvevs
(msgavsad burkina-fasoSi mimdinare movlenebisa, romelic zemoTaa aRwerili).
SimSilobam milionobiT adamiani imsxverpla afrikaSi. gvalvebis dros fermerebi
iZulebulebi arian, Tavad moixmaron dasaTesad gamzadebuli marcvleuli. ase
Tive Sedegs iwvevs wvima gvalvebis Semdeg, romelic mTlianad recxavs noyier
niadags. wyaldidobebi da sxva bunebrivi katastrofebi afrikaSi xSiria, rac,
Tavis mxriv, saSinel gavlenas axdens garemoze. mniSvnelovania, rom aTidan cxra
bunebrivi katastrofa dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi xdeba (seni, 1990w.).
industrializacia da urbanizacia
731
swored inglisi iTvleba pirvel urbanul qveynadac. mas Semdeg, rac soflis
meurneobis produqtulobam gadaaWarba momxmarebelTa moTxovnas, meurneebma
qalaqebSi gadasaxleba daiwyes qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi muSaobis dawyebis mizniT.
magram yvela adgilnacvali fermeri rodi poulobda samuSaos. umuSevroba prob
lemad gadaiqca (es dResac asea). qarxnebSi muSaoba sulac ar aRmoCnda `sasiamov
no~, Senobebi cudad niavdeboda, manqana-danadgarebTan muSaoba saSiSi iyo, samu
Sao saaTebi _ grZeli, xolo anazRaureba _ dabali. magram soflis meurneobis
produqtis siWarbe saSualebas aZlevda arafermer muSebs, gamoekvebaT ojaxebi,
xolo qalaqSi momuSave muSebi sazrdos Soulobdnen manufaqturebis meSveobiT
da droTa ganmavlobaSi sacxovrebeli standartebic aimaRles.
cxadia, rom teqnologiebma ZiriTadi roli Seasrula manufaqturis ganviTa
rebaSi; Tumca, industrializaciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala mainc vaWroba
iyo. istoriuli Canawerebis gaCenisTanave (da savaraudod manamdec) xalxi erTma
neTSi cvlida saqonels. vaWroba mxolod adgilobrivi iyo da ojaxebis umetesoba
mxolod maTTvis saWiro sakvebsa da saqonels awarmoebda. mxolod me-19 sauku
neSi gaxda vaWroba ZiriTadi saqmianoba. didi socialuri Teoretikosi, karl po
lani naSromSi `didi gardaqmna~ wers: `...Cvens dromde ar arsebobda bazris mier
kontrolirebadi ekonomika~ (1944w. gv. 43). `winasabazro~ (anu winaTanamedrove)
ekonomikaSi vaWrobas barteris saxe hqonda, pirispir, uSualod movaWreebs So
ris warmoebda da tradiciebis gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli. bazris mier kontro
li niSnavs, rom moTxovna, maragi, warmoeba, gadazidva, yidva-gayidva cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawili xdeba. bazrebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis erT-erTi ZiriTa
di ganmsazRvreli niSania. isini mWidrod akavSirebs bevr adamians, romlebic
sxva SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs ver Sexvdebodnen. funqciuri integraciis formebi
ar aris yovelTvis samarTliani an keTilganwyobili, magram maTi arseboba mniS
vnelovania Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisaTvis (kalhauni, 1992w.).
farTo bazrebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebebis zrda me-19 saukuneSi dai
wyo da dRemde grZeldeba msoflios masStabiT. bazrebma gaafarTova eri-sa
xelmwifoebis sazRvrebi da xeli Seuwyo msoflio integracias globalur so
cialur da ekonomikur sistemaSi. inglisSi me-19 saukuneSi gaCenilma orTqlze
momuSave saqsovma manqanebma gza dauTmo amwyob-damfasoebel danadgarebs, ener
giis axal wyaroebs da kompiuterul dizainsa da manufaqturas. teqnologiis do
nis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove industria damokidebulia im saqonlis warmoebaze,
romelic mTel msoflioSi iyideba da amiT uzrunvelyofs simdidres kapitali
stebisaTvis, xolo muSebisaTvis _ anazRaurebas.
dRes dabalganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi imave sirTuleebis winaSe dganan, ra
sirTuleebis winaSec aRmoCndnen evropis saxelmwifoebi me-19 saukuneSi. indus
triuli warmoeba _ anu fizikuri saqonlis warmoeba _ yvelaze mniSvnelova
nia kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis. mzard urbanul dasaxlebebs sWirdebaT sakvebi,
sacxovreblebi da samsaxurebi. aseve saWiroa gzebis arseboba, romelic manufaq
turul centrebsa da portebs erTmaneTTan daakavSirebs, mniSvnelovania sakomu
nikacio sistemac saqmianobis koordinaciisaTvis da a.S.
732
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom me-19 saukunis mijnaze ganviTarebis pirobebi sxva
dasxvaa. globaluri bazrisaTvis infrastruqturebis ganviTareba moiTxovs ara
mxolod gzebsa da portebs, aramed ZviradRirebul aeroportebsa da satelitebs.
mdidari da ganviTarebuli qveynebi daxmarebisa da investiciebis wyaroebs war
moadgenen RaribebisaTvis, magram amave dros isini Seubralebeli konkurentebic
arian. ufro metic, rogorc soflis meurneobis teqnologiebma Seasusta ferme
rebis saWiroeba dasavleT evropaSi da mogvianebiT aSS-Si, swored imave safrTxes
uqmnis industriul sferoSi dasaqmebul muSebs axali teqnologiebi.
Sedegad miviReT msoflio, sadac qveynebis nawili TandaTanobiT miiwevs win
industriul sferoSi, maSin rodesac, sxva qveynebSi ZiriTadi industriebic ki ar
aris ganviTarebuli _ es gansakuTrebiT im produqts exeba, romelic konkuren
tunariani iqneba msoflio bazarze. im qveynebSic ki, romlebic stabilurad miiw
even win (magaliTad, korea da taivani), ganviTareba Zvirad fasobs. konkurentu
narianebad gaxdomis mizniT, msoflio bazarze dabali xelfasebisa da moTxovnis
Semcirebis Sedegad dazogili Tanxa ganviTarebas xmardeba. magram taivanisa da
koreis mdgomareoba ukeTesia sxva qveynebTan, magaliTad, malisTan SedarebiT,
romelic saerTod ar viTardeba. malis SeuZlia daikvexos mdidari kulturu
li istoriiTa da sayovelTaod ganTqmuli varskvlaviT, salif keitaTi, Tumca,
wignebi am qveynis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb safrangeTSi ibeWdeba, xolo keitas kom
paqturi diskebi aSS-Si gamodis.
733
samgzavro fulic ki ar gaaCnia. garda amisa, seulSi ufro maRalia dasaqmebis
SesaZlebloba, vidre bombeiSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom satransporto kompaniebma
avtobusis mZRolebs sakmarisi Tanxa unda gadauxadon, raTa maT sxva samsaxuris
Sovnaze ar ifiqron.
wlis ganmavlobaSi
734
amave periodSi aRmosavleT aziaSi mdebare malaiziam win waiwia. mTavroba
icavda saxelmwifo kompaniebs (soflis meurneobis seqtoris CaTvliT), magram am
qveynis ekonomika bazarze iyo orientirebuli. 1960-1990 wlebSi mTliani erovnu
li produqcia erT sul mosaxleze wliuri 4%-iT gaizarda, siRaribe Semcirda,
xolo xelfasiani dasaqmebis ricxvi gasammagda. ufro da ufro metma muSam iSova
samsaxuri Tanamedrove industriasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi, gaizarda maRal
kvalificiuri da maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis Sovnis SesaZlebloba. iqidan
gamomdinare, rom ufro met adamians mieca fulis xarjvis SesaZlebloba, Sesabam
isad, gaizarda quCis movaWreebis, dalaqebis da satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebis
Semosavalic.
poloneTis ekonomika, malaiziis ekonomikis msgavsad, swrafad ganviTar
da 1959-1070 wlebSi, magram sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebis gamo. poloneTis
ekonomika dagegmili ekonomika iyo, rogorc es komunisturi reJimis sxva wevr
qveynebSi xdeboda. mTavroba aTasobiT fermers asaqmebda qalaqebSi arsebul qar
xana-fabrikebSi da maqsimumamde zrdida dasaqmebuli qalebis ricxvs. aqedan ga
momdinare, industrializacia TavisTavad xorcieldeboda bazris maragisa da
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. saxelmwifo pasuxismgebeli iyo TiToeuli
muSis samsaxurze, fiqsirebul xelfasebsa da fasebze. poloneTi sabWoTa blokis
Semadgenel TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifosTan awarmoebda savaWro urTierTobebs.
radgan industriul seqtorSi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba izrdeboda, izrde
boda warmoebuli saqonlis moculobac. magram produqtuloba _ anu TiToeu
li muSis mier warmoebuli saqonlis raodenoba _ igive rCeboda. 1980-ian wleb
Si daiwyo xelfasebis Semcireba. 1980-1992 wlebSi poloneTis mTliani eronuli
produqcia 9%-iT daeca, xolo manufaqturis sferoSi miRebuli gamomuSaveba _
meoTxediT. komunisturi mTavrobis gadagdebis Semdeg poloneTi (iseve rogorc
aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis umetesoba) moZvele
buli qarxnebis, mcire fizikuri SesaZleblobebisa da dabinZurebis maRali do
nis problemis winaSe dadga, rasac daemata ZiriTad samomxmareblo produqtze
(magaliTad, saponze) maRali moTxovna da Warbi muSaxeli.
msoflio bankis (1995w.) daskvnis mixedviT, bazarze orientirebulma ganviTa
rebam malaiziaSi sacxovrebeli standartebis gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia, xolo meore
mxriv, mTavrobis mier warmoebulma politikam, rac samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da
xelfasebisa da fasebis kontrolSi gamoixateba, mniSvnelovnad daazarala gana
da poloneTi. ekonomikuri zrda ara mxolod aumjobesebs ojaxebis Semosavals,
aramed cvlis muSebis dasaqmebis statussac. ecema industriasa da momsaxurebis
sferoebSi TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebis proporcia, maSin rodesac Tanamedrove
idustriul da momsaxurebis sferoebSi dasaqmebuli xelfasze momuSave muSebis
proporcia izrdeba. gardaqmna gzas ukvalavs Semdgom ekonomikur zrdas, radgan
xels uwyobs kvalifikaciis amaRlebis SesaZleblobebs da qmnis garantirebul Se
mosavals. mogebis survili xels uwyobs biznesmenebs _ dawyebuli ojaxuri biz
nesis mepatroneebidan da damTavrebuli saerTaSoriso korporaciebiT _ inves
ticia Cadon axali manqana-danadgarebis SeZenaSi, teqnologiebis gaumjobesebasa
da muSebis gadamzadebaSi. Sesabamisad, gaizarda ojaxebis kapitali gaumjobese
735
buli jandacviT, kvebiTa da ganaTlebiT. mTavrobis funqciaa investicia ganaxor
cielos sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan da sasargeblo saqmianobaSi, kerZod, ga
naTlebasa da periferiebSi gzebis mSeneblobaSi da `rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
xeli Seuwyos biznesisa da ojaxebis TviTinvesticias~. (msoflio banki, 1995w. gv.
19). msoflio bankis mosazrebiT, dabali Semosavlis mqone qveynebisaTvis arse
bobs SesaZlebloba, gadainacvlon jer saSualo Semosavlis, xolo Semdeg maRali
Semosavlis mqone saxelmwifoebis kategoriaSic ki, Tu mTavrobebi, biznesebi da
ojaxebi sabazro strategias SeimuSaveben. Tumca, globaluri bazari yvelas sa
keTildReod ar muSaobs (ix. CanarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi).
Sromisunariani
saharis samxreTi mosaxleobis zrda
afrika
laTinuri amerika da
karibis zRvis auzi
samxreT azia
aRmosavleT azia da
wynari okeanis auzi
736
ganaTleba mniSvnelovania, magram arasakmarisia ganviTarebisaTvis (msoflio
banki, 1995w.) (ix. sqema 17.5). 1960-90 wlebSi msoflioSi xuTjer gaizarda daswrebis
maCvenebeli skolebSi, wera-kiTxvis mcodne mosaxleobis maCvenebelma dabal da
saSualo Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi erTi-mesamedidan TiTqmis naxevramde imata.
maS ratom aris zog qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrda moCvenebiTi? ganaTleba ar aris
kompensacia calkeuli adamianisa da saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu ar arsebobs Sesabam
isi bazari. magaliTad, filipinebSi didi xania SeimCneva wera-kiTxvis mcodne mo
saxleobis maRali ricxvi da miRwevebi ganaTlebis mxriv samxreT-aRmosavleT azi
is sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, magram ganviTareba mainc CamorCeba ganaTlebas, ris
Sedegadac bevrma ganaTlebulma filipinelma sazRvargareT gadawyvita sakuTari
ganaTlebis gamoyeneba. zog qveyanaSi mTavroba ufro mets xarjavs ganaTlebis bi
urokratiaze da skolebis mSeneblobaze, vidre kvalificiur maswavleblebsa da
saskolo inventarze. SesaZloa, skolebis raodenobam da moswavleTa daswrebis
maCvenebelma moimata, magram imaves ver vityviT swavlebis xarisxze. rogor wesi,
mTavrobam ufro meti investicia ganaxorciela umaRles ganaTlebaSi, vidre daw
yebiTsa da saSualoSi. eqimebis mzardi raodenoba SesaZlebelia sasargeblo iyos,
magram Tanabrad sasargebloa informirebulobis maRali done jandacvisa da jan
saRi kvebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. ufro warmatebul ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ganaTleba da Sromis saWiroeba gverdigverd viTardeba.
procenti weliwadSi
indonezia
singapuri
malaizia
tailandi
filipinebi
vietnami
737
qveynebisa da warmomavlobis analizi globalur ekonomikaSi arsebul kidev
erT uTanasworobas Crdilavs: anu uTanasworobas kacebsa da qalebs Soris. gen
deruli uTanasworobis erTi mizezia (rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli) `qalebis au
nazRaurebeli Sroma~, romelic ar iTvleba Sromad, rac imas niSnavs, rom amgvari
Sroma ar Sedis erTiani erovnuli produqciis gamoTvlebsa da sxva parametrebSi
da ar fasdeba mamakacis Sromis msgavsad. maSin, rodesac mamakacebis ganaTlebisa
da dasaqmebis maCvenebeli mTels msoflioSi TiTqmis erTnairia, igive maCvenebeli
qalebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze cvalebadia. magaliTad, 20-24 wlamde asakis rumineli
qalebis 80% muSaobs da iRebs xelfass. braziliaSi es maCvenebeli 40%-ze metia,
xolo pakistanSi _ 20%-ze naklebi (msoflio banki, 1995w.). genderul uTanasworo
baze sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciebi da saxelmwifo politika moqmedebs.
c x r i l i 17.3
genderuli ganviTareba arCeul qveynebSi
`adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi imis dadgenis mcdelobaa, cxovroben Tu ara adamianebi xangrZlivad da janmrTe
lad, rogoria maTi ganaTleba da ganswavluloba, aqvT Tu ara normaluri sacxovrebeli standartebi. indeqsi 1.0
miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi mocemul qveyanaSi srul potencials iyeneben. genderuli ganviTarebis indeqsi ki gend
eruli uTanasworobis maCvenebelzea morgebuli~.
wyaro: gaeros ganviTarebis programa. 1992 wlis angariSi (oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki,
1992w.) cxrili 3.1. gv. 76-77.
738
gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSSi mocemulia, rom `ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, romelic Tanabrad epyroba qalebsa da mamakacebs~ (gaeros ganvi
Tarebis programa, 1995w. gv. 75). 17.3 cxrilis mixedviT, genderuli Tanasworo
ba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia sazogadoebebs Soris, magram ar aris damokidebuli
qveynis Semosavlis doneze. genderuli Tanasworobis mxriv CineTi aTi adgiliT
uswrebs saudis arabeTs, magram CineTis Cemosavali erT sul mosaxleze saudis
arabeTis igive maCveneblis mxolod erTi mexuTedia; tailandi uswrebs espaneTs,
magram misi Semosavali espaneTis Semosavlis mxolod naxevars udris; poloneTi
win uswrebs sirias, Tumca am or qveyanas erTnairi Semosavali aqvs. skandina
viis qveynebi (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania da fineTi) mowinave adgilebs ikaveben im
qveynebs Soris, romelTa mTavrobebi mxars uWeren genderul Tanasworobas. siis
boloSi arian avRaneTi, siera-leone, mali, nigeria da burkina-faso. am qveynis
qalebi ormagad aramomgebian mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan maT SezRudul Sesa
Zleblobebs emateba genderuli uTanasworoba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTeli
rigi, magaliTad, barbadosi, bahamis kunZulebi, urugvai da tailandi sakmaod
maRal poziciebs ikaveben am mxriv. idealur SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis programeb
ma unda gaiTvaliswinos qalebis aunazRaurebeli Sroma da izrunos yvela samuSao
asakis adamianis SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaze.
739
igive SeiZleba iTqvas msoflios mravali qveynis Sesaxeb. globalizacia erT-erTi yvelaze
didi safrTxea, romlis gamoc bevri rusi isev komunistebs uWers mxars (an memarjvene naciona
listebs). igive faqtori aSfoTebs Zaladobisaken midrekil induist nacionalistebs. Tumca es
safrTxe mxolod mesame msoflios qveynebs rodi awuxebT. swored globalizacia ganapirobebs
respublikeli patrik biuqenenis popularobas aSS-Si. SeiZleba NAFTA–s mohqondes mogeba wamyvani
korporaciebisTvis, magram is zrdis konkurencias samuSao adgilebze.
debatebi
globalizacia kargia Tu cudi? erTi didi sofeli vxdebiT Tu planetisa da misi mosaxleo
bis Zarcvis TviTmxilvelni (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w. gv. 33)? am debatebis erT mxares dganan
isini, romlebic fiqroben, rom Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri momavlis gasaRebia. rogorc Ceiz
manheten bankis warmomadgenelma deivid rokfelerma ganacxada daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis win,
`adamianis farTo interesebs yvelaze ukeT ekonomika akmayofilebs, sadac Tavisufali sabazro
Zalebi floben saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gadalaxvis unars~ (International Finance, 1975 wlis 18 maisi;
citirebulia brexerisa da kostelos naSromSi, 1994w. gv. 15). konkurentul globalur bazarze
qveynebi Seecdebian, daxelovdnen im produqciis warmoebaSi, romelic yvelaze ukeT gamosdiT
(magaliTad, italiaSi _ Rvino, iamaikaze _ Saqari). gaumjobesebul warmoebas Sedegad fasebis
daweva mosdevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas problemebi, sabolood yvela moge
buli rCeba. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi komunisturi reJimis damxoba
adasturebs, rom mTavrobis mxridan kontroli aferxebs ekonomikis ganviTarebas.
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom globalizacia ufro metad tkivils ayenebs, vidre exmareba mo
saxleobas (magaliTad, breCerisa da kostelos naSromebi, 1994w.). maTi mosazrebiT, globaluri
korporaciebi zrdis mogebas ara warmoebis zrdis mixedviT, aramed qveynebisa da adamianebis erT
maneTTan dapirispirebiT. roca dabalganviTarebuli qveynebi investorebis mosazidad iaf muSax
els, yvelaze dabal gadasaxadebsa da TiTze CamosaTvlel regulaciebs sTavazoben, maTi saxelm
wifos ekonomika SeiZleba gaizardos mxolod da mxolod qveyanaSi arsebuli dabali sacxovrebeli
standartebis gamo. ganviTarebul qveynebSi adgili hqonia rogorc `cisfersayeloiani~, aseve
`TeTrsayeloiani~ momsaxure personalis sarekordo ricxvis gaTavisuflebas samsaxurebidan,
rasac globaluri korporaciebi `Statebis Semcirebas~ ukavSireben xolme. axlad Seqmnili samuS
ao adgilebis umetesoba droebiTi an naxevarganakveTiania da xSir SemTxvevaSi ar iTvaliswinebs
raime saxis damatebiT SeRavaTs. mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili globalizaciis wyalobiT aRwevs
ekonomikur keTildReobas, magram `umetesoba msoflios bevr qveyanaSi cxovrobs im probleme
biT, romlebic gamowveulia umuSevrobis mzardi doniT, Semosavlebis SemcirebiT, samsaxurebi
dan masobrivi daTxovniT, saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi samuSao adgilebis SekveciT, gauaresebuli
samuSao pirobebiT, garemos ganadgurebiTa da sakuTar mTavrobasa da sazogadoebaze kontrolis
demokratiuli meqanizmebis dakargviT.~ (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w. gv. 4).
analizi
740
korporaciebi naklebad iTvaliswineben sazRvris faqtorebs da uamravi sawarmos meSveobiT
(romlebic asaqmebs aTeulobiT sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebs), kidev ufro zrdis areals.
globalizacia kvlavac gagrZeldeba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mxolod erTi forma
eqneba. amJamad globalizacia imaSi gamoixateba, rom Zalauflebis koncentracia xdeba mxolod
multinacionaluri kapitalisturi korporaciis menejmentis wreebsa da zogi ganviTarebuli
qveynis saxelmwifo elitur jufebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo elitas SeuZlia moTo
kos korporaciebis mogeba (magaliTad, SemoiRos dabinZurebis kontrolis standartebi, gansa
kuTrebiT, dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi), ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi maT ise sWirdebaT investici
ebi an ise sustebi arian, rom es yvelaze karg alternativad ar iTvleba.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, struqturis sakiTxi: Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebi imgvaradaa
organizebuli, rom politikuri Zalaufleba, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebSia Tavmoy
rili. swored maTzea damokidebuli, ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis demokratia niSnavs Tu ara axal
SesaZleblobebs politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis gziT. magram eko
nomikis struqtura sul ufro Seesabameba saerTaSoriso masStabebs da efuZneba mTavrobebisa da
saxelmwifoebis mier arakontrolirebad institutebs. erTi SexedviT, amerikul korporaciebs
SeuZliaT awarmoon biznesi msoflios nebmismier adgilas ise, rom aSS-is mTavrobam is TiTqmis
ver gaakontrolos. aSS-is kanonebi garemos dacvis Sesaxeb ar exeba braziliaSi amazonis tyeebis
ganadgurebas. brazilias SeuZlia miiRos zomebi dazianebis Sedegebis Semcirebis mizniT, magram
is am dros Zalze mkacri arCevanis winaSe dgas: garemos dasacavad mimarTulma RonisZiebebma
SeiZleba SezRudos qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, rac, demokratiis pirobebSi, SeiZleba
mTavrobis damxobiT dasruldes. Tu brazilia an sxva nebismieri qveyana Seecdeba, metismetad
mkacrad akontrolos esa Tu is biznesi, globaluri korporaciebi sxva qveynebSi gadaitanen in
vesticiebs. kapitali _ biznesis ukan mdgari simdidre _ Tavisuflad gadaedineba sazRvrebze.
kompiuterizaciis procesisa da globaluri telekomunikaciis daxmarebiT, kapitalis moZraoba
dReSi 1 trilion dolarsac ki aRwevs. aSS-Si es procesi `deinvesticiis~ TanxlebiT xorcield
eba, risi magaliTicaa miCiganidan an ohaiodan kompaniebis mier sakuTari saqmianobis malaiziaSi
an meqsikaSi gadatana. amis Sedegad ki uamravi amerikeli rCeba samuSaos gareSe da Cndeba eko
nomikuri krizisis safrTxe. warmoebis procesis sazRvargareT gadatanam 1979 wlis Semdeg aSS-
Si 43 milioni adamiani datova umuSevrad. rasakvirvelia, amave dros, saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis
gamiznulma warmoebam mravali axali samuSao adgili Seqmna aSS-Si, Tumca am axal samsaxurebSi
xSirad ver xvdebian is adamianebi, romlebmac dakarges samsaxuri warmoebis sazRvargareT ga
datanis Sedegad. investiciebis mopovebisaTvis paeqrobisas qveynebma SeiZleba miaRwion eko
nomikur zrdas, magram amis xarjze isini xSirad kargaven politikasa da qveynis kursze gavlenis
moxdenis Zalauflebas, garemos dacvisa da usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis kontrols. indonezia
samuSao adgilebs iRebs ara mxolod aSS-sgan, aramed aziis mdidari qveynebisganac, magaliTad,
iaponiisa da koreisagan (sadac anazRaureba da saxelmwifo regulaciebi mniSvnelovnad amci
rebs korporaciebis mogebas). Reebock-i da Nike-i sakuTar produqcias malaiziaSi awarmoeben.
magram am qveyanaSi minimaluri anazRaureba imdenad dabalia _ 1.30 dolari dReSi _ rom mo
muSave qalebis 90% kvebis deficits ganicdis (Boston Globe, 1994 wlis 10 ivlisi). qalebi, rom
lebic iZulebulebi arian, dReSi 12 saaTs imuSaon, barakis tipis sacxovreblebSi cxovroben,
romlis datovebis uflebac mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvT, Tu menejeris werilobiT nebarTvas
miiReben. indoneziis mTavroba ki cdilobs korporaciebis keTilganwyobis SenarCunebas, ro
melic represiebis meSveobiT axSobs organizaciebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas da gaficvebis
dros SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiTac sargeblobs.
globaluri ekonomika funqciuradaa integrirebuli. es imas ar niSnavs, rom is yvelas sasik
eTod moqmedebs, Tumca, yvelaferi, rac erT adgilze an erT seqtorSi xdeba, dakavSirebulia
741
meore seqtorSi mimdinare procesebTan. magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi ekonomikurma stag
naciam SesaZlebelia aziaSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli gazardos imitom, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
mcirdeba moTxovna azieli muSebis mier gamoSvebul produqtze. rodesac optikur-boWkovani
kabelebi enacvleba tradiciul spilenZis kabelebs los-anjelesSi, mniSvnelovnad klebulobs
spilenZis kabelebis fasi, romelic, ZiriTadad, afrikaSi iwarmoeba. funqciuri integracia ma
xeebs ugebs im qveynebs, romlebic ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT sxvebis magaliTs mihyvebian.
magaliTad, saerTaSoriso eqspertebma, SesaZloa, urCion ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mosurne
qveynebs, gayidon mineralebi an soflis meurneobis produqtebi (Saqari an yava). saerTaSoriso
eqsports marTlac Semoaqvs saWiro Semosavlebi, romelic aucilebelia adgilobriv doneze
funqciuri institutebis SenarCunebisTvis, magram Tu msoflio banki da sxva eqspertebi erTsa
da imaves urCeven bevr sxvadasxva qveyanas, es, savaraudod, gamoiwvevs bazris gadatvirTvas da
aRniSnul produqtze fasebis dacemasac (paseli, 1995w.ix. cxrili 17-2). yvelaze uaresi, rac
kubam gadaitana, SeiZleba sulac ar iyos kastros reJimi an aSS-is mier gamocxadebuli boikoti
kuburi produqciisadmi, aramed Saqris fasis dacema saerTaSoriso bazarze.
globaluri integracia gavlenas kulturazec axdens. TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi xalxs
surs, gaiumjobesos cxovreba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT surT, kultura gadaiqces mul
tinacionalur korporaciul proeqtad, romelic enacvleba adgilobriv tradiciebsa da gansx
vavebul erovnul kulturas. adamianebis umetesobas surs, SeinarCunos sakuTari kulturuli
identoba da, amave dros, gaiumjobesos cxovreba. magram globaluri integraciis arsebuli
formebi aZnelebs am process. globalizacia aseve gulismobs process, rodesac masmediis saSu
alebebi (kerZod, aSS-is televizia) mTels msoflios daipyrobs da adamianebSi Canergavs dasav
luri modis miyolis survils(magaliTad, gogonebi Caicvamen mini qvedaboloebs, romlebic,
SesaZloa, ar Seesabamebodes adgilobriv tradiciebs), gadamuSavebuli sakvebis SeZenis tenden
cias (es sakvebi ufro Zviria da naklebad sasargeblo adgilobriv produqtTan SedarebiT), gasw
evs Tambaqos propagandas da a.S. bedis ironiiT, vesternalizaciaze reaqcia, kerZod, muslimuri
fundamentalizmis gaZliereba, aris globaluri integraciis kulturaze zemoqmedebis da ara
mxolod Tavad am tradiciuli kulturebis moqmedebis Sedegi.
regularuli winaaRmdegoba dasabams aZlevs moqmedebas. cxadia, rom globaluri ekonomika
ubralod ar `xdeba~. korporaciebis aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs in
vesticiebTan dakavSirebiT da agvareben problemebs, rac TanamSromlebis mier ukmayofilebis
gamoxatvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios; bankirebi fiqroben, Rirs Tu ara ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis
sesxis micema; saxelmwifo moxeleebi bWoben, Tu vin unda miiRos daxmareba da ra kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT. analogiurad, mTel msoflioSi mcxovrebi adamianebi irCeven samsaxurebs; wyveten,
ra Tanxa unda daabandon sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaSi, romel politikur liders miscen xma
(Tu, rasakvirvelia, maT aqvT arCevanis ufleba). Tumca, SeiZleba moxdes sxvagvaradac: meqsika
Si, kerZod ki CiapasSi, soflis mosaxleobam iaraRi aiRo da win aRudga federalur mTavrobas,
radgan ar moswonda is, Tu rogor uZRveboda meqsikis xelisufleba qveynis globalur ekonomi
kaSi integracias. meqsika yovelwliurad milionobiT dolaris odenobis sawvavs da sxva saqonels
yidda, magram mogebis didi nawili viwro elitarul wreebSi nawildeboda. elita ki cdilobda,
kidev ufro mWidrod daekavSirebina meqsikis ekonomika aSS-is ekonomikasTan nafta-s meSveobiT,
rac ajanyebulebma `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sasikvdilo ganaCenis~ tolfasad miiCnies (mar
kosi, 1994w). amave dros, aSS-Si bevri muSa SiSobda, rom maT samuSaos meqsikelebi daikavebdnen.
xandaxan mowinaaRmdegeebi imedovneben, rom erTiani ZalebiT SeZleben globaluri eko
nomikuri integraciis procesis SeCerebas. Tumca, faqtobrivad, amis mtkicebuleba ar arse
bobs. magram koleqtiur moqmedebas mainc SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos integraciis formebsa da
mimarTulebebze. `nestles~ produqtebis mimarT 1980-ian wlebSi gamocxadebulma sayovelTao
742
boikotma kompaniis menejmenti nel-nela aiZula, Seewyvita mesame rigis qveynebSi warmoebuli
xelovnuri rZis formulis sareklamo kampania, sadac is bunebrivi rZis Semcvlelad iyo war
modgenili. sociologiuri analizis mixedviT, mizanSewonili ar aris debatebis gamarTva iseT
radikalurad gansxvavebul sakiTxebze, rogoricaa `Tavisufali vaWroba~ an `proteqcionizmi~,
`globalizacia~ an `izolacia~ (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w.). unda vaRiaroT, rom globalizacia
aris Rrmad fesvegadgmuli tendencia da ar dasruldeba Tanamedrove ekonomikis mTeli struq
turis cvlilebis gareSe (kalhauni, 1992w.). amave dros, globalizacias SeiZleba hqondes mravali
forma. sazogadoebas namdvilad aqvs imis potenciali, rom Tavad airCios es formebi da ar miiRos
isini calsaxad. mZlavr socialur moZraobasTan gaerTianebuli globalizacia (kavSirebis CaTv
liT), mxars dauWers mogebis, sul mcire, ufro samarTlian da Tanabar gadanawilebas (ruzSemei
eri, stivensi da stivensi, 1992w.). moqalaqeTa aseTi aqtivobis gareSe globalizacia, savaraudod,
ufro gaamwvavavebs radikalur uTanasworobas, rogorc es Tanamedrove braziliaSi xdeba.
araformaluri seqtori
743
maZiebelTa mZlavri da myari nakadi; arc erT qalaqs ar SeuZlia aaSenos saxlebi,
saavadmyofoebi da skolebi, moapirkeTos gzebi, uzrunvelyos transporti, gai
yvanos kanalizacia, Cayaros wylis milebi da Searemontos eleqtrogayvaniloba
ise swrafad, rom ar CamorCes mozRvavebuli adamianebis talRas. mesame msofli
os qveynebi ar arian mdidrebi. im qveynebisa garda, sadac saxelmwifo emigracias
akontrolebs (magaliTad, navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebi), urbanuli dagegmareba
da biujetireba Zalze rTulia. ra uwyobs xels Raribebis gadarCenas? araofi
cialuri ekonomika.
dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi muSebis meoTxedidan or mesamedamde raodeno
bas ar aqvs stabiluri, xelfasiani samuSao. isini Tavs araoficialuri seqtoriT
irCenen (porteri da kastelsi, 1989w.). es gulisxmobs damsaqmebelisgan damouki
debel Semosavals, romelic ar eqvemdebareba daqviTvas, magram arc myaria da
nebismier dros SeiZleba gaqres. araoficialuri ekonomikis qvakuTxedia barteri
da garigebebi naRd fulze. Tu Sens Zmas saxls SeuRebav da amis sanacvlod is Sen
sakuTar Zvel manqanas mogcems, es ukve barteria da niSnavs, rom Tqven arafor
malur seqtorSi moqmedebT. Sesabamisad, Tu manqanis SemkeTebel xelosans naRdi
fuliT gadauxdiT, ise rom mas ar dasWirdeba miRebuli Tanxis gacxadeba saga
dasaxado samsaxurSi da, Tavis mxriv, is Tqven sakuTari survilisamebr fasdak
lebiT mogemsaxurebaT, esec araformaluri ekonomikaa. araoficialuri seqtori
arsebobs aSS-Si da sxva industriul qveynebSi, magram mas ekonomikis SedarebiT
dabali wili ukavia. Tumca dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi saqme sxvagvaradaa, sa
dac araoficialur seqtors ekonomikis centraluri adgili uWiravs. arafor
maluri seqtoris meSveobiT soflebidan qalaqebSi wamosul mosaxleobas xeli
miuwvdeba im saqonelze, momsaxurebasa da Semosavalze, rasac sxvagvarad veraf
riT miiRebda. formaluri seqtori ar aris xelmisawvdomi RaribebisaTvis. maT ar
SeuZliaT SeiZinon produqti an gamoiyenon formaluri seqtoris SesaZleblo
bebi. maT muSaobisaTvis Sesabamisi kvalifikaciac ar gaaCniaT. araformaluri se
qtoris ZiriTadi upiratesoba isaa, rom is ar iTxovs mniSvnelovan kapitals an
formalur ganaTlebas (sxva gansxvavebebisaTvis ix. sqema 17.6). TiTqmis yvelas
SeuZlia gaxsnas maRazia. Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom formaluri da araformal
uri seqtorebi srulad ar aris gamijnuli: quCis movaWreebi da gareubnebSi gan
lagebuli saxelosnoebi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofen saerTaSor
iso korporaciebs da maT TanamSromlebs (skleari, 1995w.).
araformaluri seqtoris erT-erTi aspeqtia Savi bazari, sadac moparuli,
daubegravi, ukanonod Semotanili saqonliT, narkotikebiT, sxva kontrabandiTa
da ucxouri valutiT vaWroben. araformaluri seqtori aseve Sedgeba restor
nebis, silamazis salonebis, samkervaloebis, fotostudiebis, sxvadasxva sagnis
SemkeTebeli saxelosnoebisagan. es dawesebulebebi qalaqis miyruebuli nawilebi
sa da barakebis macxovreblebs umsaxureba. isini araformalur seqtorad iTvleba
ara imis gamo, rom ukanonoa, aramed imis gamo, rom maT ar aqvT licenzia, ar xdeba
maTi dabegvra da inspeqtireba. mewaReebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT mudmivi samuSao
adgili da mxolod mcire kapitali, Cveulebrivi araformaluri seqtoris wevrebi
arian, iseve rogorc formaluri registraciis gareSe momuSave gidebi, taqsebisa
744
da rikSebis mZRolebi; aseve, Sinamosamsaxureebi da quCis movaWreebi. araforma
luri seqtoris viwro specializaciaa gamousadegari an naxmari produqciis ga
damuSaveba. aq sandlebi Zveli saburavebisagan mzaddeba, xolo qoTnebi da tafebi
gadayrili Tunuqis qilebisgan. imis gamo, rom araformaluri mewarmeebi Tavs
arideben saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs, maT SeuZliaT RaribebisaTvis xelmisawvdom
fasebSi uzrunvelyon isini momsaxurebiTa da saqonliT. magram arc klientebi da
arc maT mier dasaqmebulebi (Tu saerTod hyavT danamSromlebi) ar arian uzrun
velyofilebi janmrTelobis dazRveviT an samuSao ganawesiT. araformaluri seq
toris meSveobiT calkeuli pirebi mdidrdebian, magram ufro metia maTi ricxvi,
romlebic kotrdebian an mxolod periodulad muSaoben.
araformaluri
• iolad xelmisawvdomi
• efuZneba adgilobriv resursebs
• sawarmoebs floben ojaxebi
• mciremasStabiania
• Sromaze orientirebuli da inovaciuri
•saWiro unar-Cvevebi ar moiTxovs formalur ganaTlebas
• dauregulirebeli da konkurentuli bazari
formaluri
• Znelad xelmisawvdomia
• damokidebulia importze
• sawarmoebs floben korporaciebi
• farTomasStabiania
• orientirebulia kapitalsa da importirebul teqnologiebze
• saWiro unar-Cvevebis SeZena xSirad sazRvargareT xdeba
• bazari daculia tarifebiT, importiTa da valutis gadacvlis
licenziiT
745
qveyanam mainc moaxerxa, swrafad mieRwia progresisaTvis da axla industriali
zebuli qveynebis kategoriaSi gadasasvlel mijnaze imyofeba. Tumca es procesi
ar yofila ise ioli, rogorc amas modernizaciis Teoria gulisxmobda. damokide
bulebis Teoretikosebis molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, progresi ufro metad azia
Si ganxorcielda. magram, rogorc msoflio sistemebis Teoria iTvaliswinebda,
gza ganviTarebisaken moiTxovs socialuri moqmedebis mkacrad disciplinebul
da xSirad avtoritarul models, rac Zalzed Zvirad fasobs.
samxreTi korea erT-erTi magaliTia im qveynisa, romelmac mZime gza gaiara
da ekonomikur ganviTarebas miaRwia. jer kidev meore msoflio omamde iaponiis
mier okupirebuli da koreis omiT (1950-1953w.w.) orad gaxleCil koreas burusiT
moculi momovali edo win. 1950-ian wlebSi samxreT korea, ZiriTadad, aSS-is dax
marebasa da importze iyo damokidebuli. magram 1961 wlis gadatrialebis Semdeg
samxreT koream ekonomikuri gafarToebis ambiciuri gegmis Sesruleba daisaxa
miznad (grifini, 1989w. hagardi, 1990w.). man aqcenti industriul ganviTarebaze
da ara soflis meurneobis aRorZinebaze gadaitana. warmoeba ufro xangrZlivi
warmatebis perspeqtivebs iZleoda msoflio bazarze. pirveli qarxnebi nawilebis
gasayidad primitiul dizains iyenebdnen, magram koreelebma maleve daiwyes das
rulebuli nawarmis gamoSveba da samizneebad mrewvelobis is dargebi airCies, sa
dac maT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT dabali fasis SeTavazeba SeeZLoT. aseTebi iyo,
magaliTad, eleqtrosaqoneli, foladis mopoveba, gemTmSenebloba. isini mizan
mimarTulad irCevdnen sxvadasxva dargs, raTa ar yofiliyvnen damokidebulebi
erT romelime eqsportze. garda amisa, imis nacvlad, rom ZiriTadi qveynebidan
SemoetanaT eleqtrosaqoneli, manqana-danadgarebi da produqti, koreelebma
maTi damzadebac iswavles. ucxouri investiciebi mkacrad kontroldeboda.
nebadarTuli iyo mxolod is bizneswamowyebebi, sadac koreelebs wili hqondaT,
xolo gegma iTvaliswinebda ucxoeli specialistebis koreelebiT Canacvlebas.
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikur gafarToebas mTavroba warmarTavda. samxedro
mTavrobis mier gatarebuli erT-erTi pirveli aqti kerZo wilis komerciul
bankebSi Setanas da ori saxelmwifo safinanso dawesebulebis gaxsnas iTva
liswinebda. ekonomikuri dagegmarebis sabWo ixilavda dagegmarebasa da biuje
tirebas, Semdeg sagadasaxado politikis, sesxebisa da fasebis kontroliT ajil
doebda saxelmwifo regulaciisadmi morCil firmebsa da kompaniebs, xolo urCebs
Sesabamisad ajarimebda. aqcenti keTdeboda msoflio bazarze gasatan produqci
aze. procesSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli eqsportis ganviTarebis komiteti, romelic
yvelanair daxmarebas uzrunvelyofda dawyebuli teqnikuridan da damTavrebuli
marketingiTa da ucxoeli klientebis vizitebis mogvarebiT.
koreis biznes-seqtori, taivanisa da, nawilobriv, iaponiis msgavsad, ZiriTa
dad, ojaxuri biznesebiTaa dakompleqtebuli. es samewarmeo elita evropul
aristokratias waagavs, romlis gamdidreba, nawilobriv, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom
maTi Svilebi xSirad erTmaneTze qorwindebian. rogorc socialuri kavSirebi, ise
formaluri biznes-asociaciebi emsaxurebian arasaWiro Sida konkurenciis Sez
Rudvas da resursis dagrovebas saerTaSoriso konkurenciisaTvis. biznesmenTa
ojaxebi Zalian mdidrebi arian nebismieri standartis mixedviT, Tumca, Semo
746
savlis ganawileba koreel muSebsa da fermerebs Soris ufro Tanabaria, vidre
mesame rigis sxva qveynebSi. miwis reformebis seriis Sedegad Seiqmna kerZo fer
mebze dafuZnebuli soflis meurneobis sistema. koreisaTvis namdvilad ar aris
mwvave problema sxva qveynebSi mcxovrebi umiwyawylo glexebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom dabalia qarxnis muSebis xelfasi, umuSevrobis maCvenebelic dabalia. kore
ul qarxnebSi dRemde adamianebis Sromas iyeneben manqana-danadgarebis nacvlad.
garda amisa, mTavrobam mniSvnelovani investiciebi ganaxorciela `adamianuri
kapitalis~ mxriv, rac, ZiriTadad, jandacvasa da ganaTlebaSi gamoixateba, qveya
naSi moqmedebs konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sauniversiteto sistema, romelic
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas teqnologiebsa da mecnierebebs aniWebs. mokled
rom vTqvaT, koreis warmateba ar yofila SemTxveviTi _ es dagegmarebis Sedegad
moxda. cxadia, rom korea kapitalisturi qveyanaa, sadac maRal doneze dgas kerZo
sakuTreba, magram misi warmateba daigegma da ganxorcielda mTavrobis mier met-
naklebad gaerTianebul samewarmeo elitasTan erTad. wminda ekonomikuri Tval
sazrisiT, Sedegebi warmatebuli iyo. 1961 da 1972 wlebSi koreis mTliani eqspor
ti 40-jer gaizarda, xolo manufaqturis eqsporti _ 170-jer.
modernizaciisaken gadadgmuli warmatebuli nabijis socialuri fasia uki
duresad represiuli politikuri reJimi (variavala, 1988w. gv. 250). ganviTarebis
adreul etapebze totalitaruli reJimi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda mosaxleobis
mxridan, radgan saWiro iyo omiT gamowveuli danakargebis aRdgena da ekonomi
kuri safuZvlis Cayra. Tumca, koreis, rogorc qveynis simdidris zrdasTan erTad,
ar umjobesdeboda mosaxleobis keTildReoba, ramac mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego
demostraciebi gamoiwvia. sapasuxod koreis mTavroba `SezRuduli demokratiis~
politikidan myisve saomar reJimze gadavida: opozicioneri politikuri li
derebi gadaasaxles an sapyrobileebSi da sakoncentracio banakebSi gamoketes.
aikrZala glexTa gaerTianebebi da profesiuli kavSirebi; aseve mkacrad isje
boda studentebis gamosvlebi. magram, demonstraciebi kvlav grZeldeba: muSebi
iTxoven xelfasebis momatebas da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebas, studentebi
_ sityvis Tavisuflebas. koreis warmateba `ganviTarebis diqtaturasTan~ dakav
SirebiT, ramac tradiciuli sazogadoeba industriulad aqcia, Tavis gverdiT
movlenebs imkis.
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg vaWrobis, fulisa da energiis sakiTxebi ufro
da ufro mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs politikaSi. korea da sxva axlad industria
lizebuli qveynebi Tu qalaqebi (gansakuTrebiT ki taivani, singapuri da hon-kon
gi) ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdebian _ zog SemTxvevaSi ZiriTad qveynebze ufro
mniSvnelovanic ki. mTel msoflioSi jer kidev arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi
kiTxva: SeZleben Tu ara dabalganviTarebuli, periferiuli qveynebi sakuTari
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da ra Sedegs moitans es gaumjobeseba garemosaTvis?
swored am wuTs, sanam Tqven am abzacs kiTxulobT, msoflioSi 100 bavSvi ibadeba
_ amaTgan 6 industriul qveynebSi, xolo 94 _ dabalganviTarebulSi. msoflio
bankis mixedviT `msoflios grZelvadiani usafrTxoeba da ayvaveba ganviTareba
zea damokidebuli~ (gv. 157).
747
Sejameba
748
toves sakuTari miwebi da axla mizeruli anazRaurebisaTvis xSirad autanel
pirobebSi uwevT muSaoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdam da soflis meur
neobis komercializaciam Ziri gamoacala sakvebiT TviTmomaragebas da mTel
rig qveynebSi seriozuli ziani miayena garemos.
8. Tanamedrove, industriuli qveynebis aRmoceneba (dawyebuli inglisidan)
ganapiroba soflis meurneobis produqtulobis gaumjobesebam, teqnolo
giurma inovaciebma, fabrika-qarxnebis ganviTarebam da urbanizaciam. magram
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mTavari maxasiaTe
belia ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika, sadac vaWroba, anazRaurebadi Sro
ma da miwodebisa da moTxovnis principebi cvlis TviTkmarobas.
9. Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuladaa ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika sxvadasxva
qveyanasa da regionSi, CaAns globalur uTanasworobaSi. ganviTarebul qvey
nebs Soris konkurencia da mTavrobebis mcdeloba, akontrolon sabazro Za
lebi an gverdi auaron maT, aferxebs yofili koloniebisa da yofili social
uri banakis qveynebis ganviTarebas.
10. hiperurbanizaciiT damZimebuli bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana, romelsac
globaluri ekonomikis sivrceSi araTanabar pirobebSi uxdeba brZola, ro
gorc bunebrivi resursebisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqspor
tiors, iZulebulia kvlav globaluri bazris periferias dasjerdes. amgvari
qveynebis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili Tavs araformalur seqtorSi
muSaobiT irCens. samwuxarod, arc maT da ar maT Svilebs ar icavs saxelmwifo,
ar aqvT garantirebuli Semosavali an momavali.
11. momavlis imedismomcemi niSnebi axlad ndustrializebuli qveynebidan mo
dis. magaliTad, samxreT koream swraf progress miaRwia, rodesac mniS
vnelovani investicia Cado globaluri ekonomikisadmi mimarTul industri
alizaciaSi da ganaxorciela miwis sakuTrebis reforma soflis meurneobis
sferos TviTganviTarebis mizniT. samxreT koreaSi saxelmwifo moqalaqeebs
jandacviTa da ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofs (gansakuTrebiT mecnierebisa da
teqonologiebis dargSi) da inarCunebs mkacr kontrols biznessa da finanse
bze, Tumca es yvelaferi mkacri xelisuflebis fonze xdeba.
imsjeleT
749
5. ra aris ekonomikis araformaluri seqtoris dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare?
6. ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli samxreT koreis warmatebul ekonomikur ganviTa
rebas?
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
750
lobiT irCendnen, magram axla iZulebulebi arian, daqiravebuli muSaxelis
statusiT sarCo gamoimuSavon.
modernizaciis Teoria _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac ekonomikuri ganviTa
reba damokidebulia kulturul damokidebulebaze (da, albaT, ucxo qveynis
daxmarebaze), romelic xels uwyobs industriul sawarmoebSi investirebas
da mis mxardamWer sistemas.
glexebi _ wvrili fermerebi, romlebic ojaxebisa da martivi teqnikis daxmare
biT Tavs mosavliTa da saqonliT irCenen.
periferiuli qveynebi _ qveynebi msoflios sistemebis TeoriaSi, romle
bic globaluri kapitalisturi ekonomikis zRvarze imyofebian. TiTouli
amgvari qveynis roli Semofarglulia ZiriTadad nedleulis miwodebiTa da
umniSvnelo samomxmareblo saqonlis SeZeniT.
naxevrad periferiuli qveynebi _ qveynebi msoflios sistemebis TeoriaSi, rom
lebic aqtiurad monawileoben globalur kapitalistur ekonomikaSi, magram
mxolod SezRuduli gavlena aqvT vaWrobis wesebsa da pirobebze.
dabalganviTareba _ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri zrdis nakleboba, rac axasiaTebs
naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs mdidar da ganviTarebul qveynebTan Seda
rebiT.
msoflios sistemebis Teoria _ imanuel valerStainis Teoria, romlis mixed
viTac qveynis ganviTareba ganisazRvreba misi adgiliT msoflios sistemaSi,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs, kapitalisturi vaWroba. msoflios
sistema yofs msoflios sam kategoriad: ZiriTadi, periferiuli da naxevrad
periferiuli qveynebad.
751
752
Tavi 18
mosaxleoba da garemo
mosaxleobis dinamika
. SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRwera
. mosaxleobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
Sefaseba
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
tropikuli tyeebis samyaroSi
753
754
w armoidgineT 2,190,431,000 (2,19 miliardi). es aris CineTis saxalxo respub
likis mosaxleoba (redi, 1994w., gv. 194) _ msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis
erTi mexuTedi. CineTma, romlis teritoriac SeerTebuli Statebis teritori
aze mxolod umniSvnelod aris didi (da, masTan SedarebiT, CineTSi sasoflo-sa
meurneo raionebi bevrad ufro cotaa), unda uzrunvelyos oTxjer meti mo
saxleoba.
CineTis mosaxleoba saukuneebis manZilze mravalricxovani iyo, magram
dRevandeli aseTi didi maCvenebeli, ZiriTadad, gaxlavT mmarTvelobis axali
mimarTulebis Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac, is teritoriebi, sadac sayovelTa
od gabatonebulia masobrivi epidemiebi da SimSili, maragdebian meti sakvebiT,
uzrunvelyofili arian ukeTesi samedicino momsaxurebiT da gaumjobesebuli
sanitaruli pirobebiT. 1949 wlis komunisturi revuluciis Semdgom Sobadobis
koeficienti darCa maRali, xolo gardacvalebis koeficienti daeca. yvelaze
mkveTri da mniSvnelovani cvlileba aRiniSna bavSvTa sikvdilianobis SemTxveva
Si: 1950-1975 wlebSi gardacvalebis maCvenebeli xuT wlamde asakis bavSvebSi 1.000
cocxal nayofze 266-dan daeca 83-mde (msoflio resursebi(World Resourcecs, 1990
_ 1991ww.). CineTis janmrTelobis dacvis sistema gaxldaT modeli ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis. mTavrobam, imis nacvlad, rom moexdina mwiri resursebis investi
reba ZviradRirebul teqnologiebSi, koncentrireba moaxdina janmrTelobis
profilaqtikuri zomebis gatarebaze, gansakuTrebiT _ farTomasStabian pro
eqtebze, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen sanitaruli pirobebis gaumjobesebasa da
bavSvTa sayovelTao acrebis Catarebas. dRevandeli situaciis Tanaxmad, SanxaiSi
axalSobilebs sicocxlis SenarCunebis ufro meti Sansi aqvT, vidre niu-iorkSi;
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba aq aris 75.5 weli maSin, rodesac niu-iorkSi es
maCvenebeli TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisaTvis aris 73 weli, xolo araTeTrkaniani
mosaxleobisaTvis _ 70 weli (kristofi da vudani, 1994w.).
es, razec visaubreT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos movlenis dadebiT mxared. xolo
CineTis mosaxleobis iseTi tempiT zrda, romelic safrTxes uqmnis qveynis Ses
aZleblobebs _ gaaumjobesos an SeinarCunos mainc misi cxovrebis standarti _
namdvilad bevr problemas qmnis da am sakiTxs pozitiurad ver ganvixilavT. Ci
neTis ekonomikis swrafi tempiT zrdis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis mxolod sakvebi
Ta da sxva saWiroebebiT momaragebac ki qveynis ekonomikuri Semosavlebis umetes
nawils moiTxovs. 1990 wels rekorduli mosavlianobis miuxedavad, TiToeul ada
mianze modioda ufro naklebi sakvebi, vidre xuTi wlis winaT, radganac mosaxleo
ba bevrad ufro meti iyo (oka, 1991w.). mimdinare zrdis tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
CineTis mosaxleoba 1990-iani wlebis bolosaTvis saSualod 150 milioniT gaiz
rdeba da am axal mosaxleobas 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi dasWirdeba dasaxlebac da
dasaqmebac.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CineTs eqneboda milionobiT axali sacxovreblis Seqmnisa
da xalxis dasaqmebis saSualeba, maSin garemoze zemoqmedeba sakmaod SemaSfoTe
755
beli iqneboda. is, rasac mwerali perl buki eZaxda CineTis `karg niadags~, piriqiT
mobrunda (harisoni, 1992w.; smili, 1984w., 1989w.). qalaq pekinis Semogareni yov
elTvis masiuri tyeebiT iyo Semofargluli. amJamad xeebi TiTqmis gaqra, mzardma
mosaxleobam tye saSeSe masalad gaCexa. Ram-RamobiT gaSiSvlebuli gorakebidan
wamosuli mtvris fena eSveba quCebSi da, meore dRis moZraobis Sedegad, isev
swrafad adis haerSi, ereva ra bitumizebuli qvanaxSiris gamonabolqvs, romelsac
amJamad iyeneben gasaTbobad, sakvebis mosamzadeblad da mrewvelobaSic. pekinis
macxovreblebs mudmivad awuxebT respiratoruli daavadebebi. gautyeureba did
problemas warmoadgens mTels CineTSi, rac gamowveulia sawvavis, xis masalisa
da qaRaldis ukmarisobiT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs niadagis eroziasa da atmos
feruli haeris dabinZurebas. CineTis yviTeli mdinare (xuanxe) saxels iRebs im
talaxisagan, romelic moedineba momijnave sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebidan,
tovebs ra niadagze kacis simaRlis tol napralebs. eroziis, gadaWarbebuli ganaS
enianebisa da sabinao mSeneblobebis gamo, CineTi weliwadSi milion heqtarze met
sasoflo-sameurneo teritorias kargavs (smili, 1989w.). mdinare ianZis totebi
mxolod talaxiani ki ar aris, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkvdaria: did qalaqebSi
adamianisa da samrewvelo obieqtebidan arsebuli dabinZurebis Sedegia is, rom
mdinareSi cocxali Tevzi aRar arsebobs. industrializacia didi qalaqebidan pa
tara qalaqebsa da raionebSi gavrcelda, Seiqmna axali samuSao adgilebi da axali
produqcia, ramac gamoiwvia qveynis atmosferuli haerisa da adgilobrivi wyalsa
dinarebis dabinZureba.
CineTis resursebze zewola SesaZlebelia ufri Zlieri yofiliyo, rom ara
seriozuli mcdelobebi CineTis sokoebiviT mzardi mosaxleobis SesaCereblad.
TiTqmis ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac revolucioneri lideri mao Ze
duni marTavda qveyanas, CineTis mosaxleobis zrdis sakiTxs saerTod ar eqceoda
yuradReba. mao Zeduni iziarebda marqsis Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac e. w.
sazogadoebrivi problemebi gaxlavT susti ekonomikuri ganviTarebis an saqon
lis araswori ganawilebis realuri simptomebi. igi calmxrivad udgeboda ar
sebul sakiTxs da misi azriT, am problemis gamomwvevi mizezi iyo arasakmarisi
sakvebi da ara _ adamianTa simravle; aseve _ samuSao adgilebis simcire da ara _
Zalze bevri muSaxelis arseboba. 1976 wlidan, mao Zedunis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
CineTis axalma liderebma yuradReba gaamaxviles socialur kvlevebze, romlis
Tanaxmadac, swored sazogadoebis zrda edo safuZvlad sxva problemebis wamoW
ras (smili, 1990w.). 1979 wels, im warumatebeli kampaniis Semdeg, romelic miznad
isaxavda mcirericxovani ojaxebis stimulirebas ganaTlebis kuTxiT, CineTis
mTavrobam wamoiwyo axali politikuri kursis gatareba, romlis Tanaxmadac
wyvils mxolod ori bavSvis yolis ufleba eZleoda. mTavroba imedovnebda, rom
am kursis gatarebis Sedegad, 2001 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis raodenoba 1.2 mili
ards ar gadaaWarbebda (mofeti, 1994w.). 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mTavrobam
gaaTviTcnobiera, rom es ar iyo sakmarisad Zlieri qmedeba da amitom TiToeul
ojaxs mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis neba darTo. mTavrobas rom ar daewesebina
aseTi mkacri kontroli, qveynis mosaxleoba, dRevandelTan SedarebiT, 240 mi
lioniT meti iqneboda _ CineTis mosaxleobis zrdis es maCvenebeli Seesabame
756
ba SeerTebuli Statebis mTeli mosaxleobis raodenobas (kristofi da vudani,
1994w; vudani, 1991w.).
zemoaRniSnuli erTSvilianobis politika gulisxmobs Semdegs: Tu wyvili mi
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom hyavdes Svili, maT unda aiRon oficialuri nebarTva
patara wiTeli serTifikatis saxiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT unda gamoiyenon
damcavi saSualebebi an gaikeTon sterilizacia, rasac ufasod uzrunvelyofs
saxelmwifo. politikis am kursis gansaxorcieleblad, mTavrobam daawesa uamra
vi saxis wamaxalisebeli saSualebebi da jarimebi (smili, 1990w.). wyvilebi, rom
lebsac hyavT mxolod erTi Svili, bavSvis ToTxmeti wlis asakamde iReben yovel
Tviur stipendias, specialurad ganixileba maTi sakiTxi aradamakmayofilebeli
sacxovreblis SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba exmareba maT, rom bavSvma karg skolaSi iswav
los, aqvT ufaso samedicino momsaxureba da sapensio danamati. aRniSnuli poli
tikis zewola sakmaod mkacria. erTi bavSvis Semdeg, qals SesaZlebelia, Cautardes
regularuli gamokvlevebi, raTa dazRveuli iyos Semdegi orsulobisagan. Tu
qali orsulad aris da Tan ukve hyavs erTi Svili, maSin partiuli warmomadgenle
bi, mezoblebi da uxucesebi mivlen masTan saxlSi, raTa daarwmunon, rom gaikeTos
aborti. wyvils, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba ganxorcielebul zewolas da mainc iyo
liebs erTze met Svils, SeiZleba daekisros sxadasxva jarima, CamoerTvas miwa an
gamoZevebul iqnes sakuTari sacxovreblidan.
miuxedavad amisa, ojaxebi mainc ar emorCilebian am wess. SeiZleba es gamowveu
lia imis gamo, rom maT Zalian didi survili aqvT, rom gauCndeT vaJiSvili _
ojaxis gvaris gamgrZelebeli; qaliSvili xdeba misi meuRlis ojaxis wevri da,
amgvarad, ar iTvleba Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxis warmomadgenlad. duo Zi duo fu-
s(duo zi duo fu) tradicia (meti vaJiSvili _ meti bedniereba) mkacrad aris Senar
Cunebuli provinciebSi. amasTanave, agrarulma reformebma, romlebic gatarda
CineTSi, xeli Seuwyo qalaqSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis winaaRmdegobas aRniSnuli
erTSvilianobis politikis mimarT (grinhalgi, 1990w.). sakvebi produqciis gazr
dis mizniT, mTavrobam glexebs misca saSualeba, rom imaze ufro meti produqcia
gaetanaT bazarze gasayidad, vidre awarmoebdnen. axlad gamoCenili warmatebuli
fermerebi mzad iyvnen da SesaZleblobac hqondaT, rom gadaexadaT seriozuli
jarimebi (an miecaT qrTami) erTze meti Svilis yolis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac See
Zleboda ojaxis meurneobaSi emuSava. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgen
lebi ki ise iqceodnen, TiTqos es maT ar exebodaT. gegma warmatebuli aRmoCnda
sakvebi produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, magram amasTanave daibada milionobiT
`aralegaluri~ bavSvi.
erTSvilianobis politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi arsebuli darRvevebis
aRmosafxvrelad, 1983 wels CineTis mTavrobam gamosca dadgenileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, qalebi, romlebsac ukve hyavdaT erTi Svili, valdebulni iyvnen saS
vilosnoSi CaedgaT daorsulebisagan dasacavi spirali (IUDs), xolo im wyvilebi
saTvis, romlebsac ukve hyavdaT ori an meti Svili, savaldebulo xdeboda
sterilizaciis an abortis gakeTeba. Zalian cota xanSi amis Semdeg, msoflio pre
saSi amotivtivda informacia gviani orsulobis asakSi ZaldatanebiTi abortebis,
aranebayoflobiTi sterilizaciisa da mdedrobiTi sqesis axalSobilebis mok
757
vlis Sesaxeb. ganxorcielebuli ZaldatanebiTi qmedebebis faqtebis zusti ci
fri cnobili ar aris, magram yovelwliurad saSualod 10 milioni aborti keT
deboda (oka, 1991w.). mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebi yvelaze metad daucvelni arian.
CineTis dRevandeli kanonmdebloba eqimebs ukrZalavs, rom prenataluri testis
Catarebis Semdeg, momaval mSoblebs Seatyobinon nayofis sqesi, magram zogi
erTi eqimi garkveuli safasurad amas mainc akeTebs. mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebi
SeiZleba gaxdnen abortis msxverplni, momxrCvalni mSobiarobis dros, gaSvileb
ulni, uzrunvelyofilni ufro cota sakvebiT, vidre mamrobiTi sqesis warmomad
genlebi, an SesaZlebelia ar iyvnen miyvanilni eqimTan janmrTelobis kritikuli
mdgomareobis dros. rodesac gogona daiRupeba, maSin mis mSoblebs aqvT iurid
iuli ufleba, rom izrunon vaJiSvilis gaCenaze. CineTis 1990 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT, romelic mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis Tanafardobas exeboda, de
mografbma gamoTvales da aRmoCnda, rom 30 milioni mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomad
geneli `gamqralia~ CineTidan (da milionze meti aris sadRac aziisa da axlo aR
mosavleTis qveynebSi). CineTis mTavrobis gancxadebiT, mdedrobiTi sqesis aseTi
dabali procentuli maCvenebeli imis Sedegia, rom wyvilebi mSobiarobis dros ar
aregistrireben mdedrobiTi sqesis axalSobilebs imis gamo, rom aiRon nebarTva
da ecadon vaJiSvilis gaCenas (kristofi da vudani, 1994w.). saerTaSoriso zewolis
Sedegad, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, CineTis mTavrobam Seamsubuqa arsebuli wesebi,
magram 1992 wlidan Zalisxmeva Sobadobis maregulirebel programebze aSkarad
gaizarda (hartmani, 1995w; kristofi, 1993w).
CineTis mosaxleobis maregulirebeli Zalisxmevis warmateba damokidebu
lia im miznebze, rac gamoyenebul iqna miRwevebis SefasebaSi. mosaxleobis zrda
aSkarad dabali iyo. TiToeul mSobiareze cocxali nayofebis saSualo raode
noba 1970-iani wlebSi iyo 6, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi daeca 2.1-mde (gaeros mo
saxleobis fondi, 1993w.). CineTi 1980-iani wlebSi pirvel adgilze iyo msoflioSi
nayofierebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. magram mTavari miznis _ stabiluri mo
saxleobis miRweva jer Sors aris realobisagan. imis gamo, rom 1965-1975 wlebSi
Zalian bevri bavSvi daibada (da gadarCa), amJamad CineTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis
erTi meoTxedi aris an uaxlovdeba reproduqtiul asaks. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ojaxi SezRudulia mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis uflebiT, mosaxleobis raode
noba 21-e saukunisaTvis weliwadSi 15 milioniT gaizrdeba. zrdis es maCvenebe
li Seesabameba niderlandebis mTeli mosaxleobis raodenobas (smili, 1989w.) da
ekonomikam da garemom SesaZlebelia, veRar gauZlos aseTi WarbmosaxleobiT ga
mowveul zewolas.
CineTis mosaxleobis dilema naTeli ilustrirebaa imisa, rom monacemebi mo
saxleobis Sesaxeb Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebaze saubris dros. xalxis
raodenobis absoluturi maCvenebeli (mosaxleobis rocxovnoba) aris sazoga
doebis Sesaxeb sasaubro Temis mxolod nawili. mosaxleobis struqturas _ misi
wevrebis asaks, sqess, ganaTlebas, Semosavals, dasaqmebas, ojaxur mdgomareobas,
rasasa da religias _ mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis
bunebaze. tradiciulad, Cinelebi, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, eTayvanebodnen asako
758
van xalxs, nawilobriv imitom, rom soliduri asakis miRweva sakmaod iSviaTi mov
lena gaxldaT. Tumca, dRevandeli monacemebiT, CineTis mosaxleobis asaki kvlav
swrafad izrdeba. navaraudevia, rom CineTis mosaxleoba 64 wlis asakze zeviT,
romlis procentuli maCvenebeli 1982 wlisaTvis aris 5, 2050 wlisaTvis miaRwevs
25%-s (msoflio banki, 1995w.).
asakis cvlilebis aseTma koeficientma SesaZlebelia radikaluri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvios CineTis socialur, ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sistemebSi.
ojaxis SemTxvevaSi, yovelma bavSvma, romelsac ar hyavs da an Zma, unda izrunos mis
orive asakovan mSobelze. erovnul doneze ki, mosamsaxureTa ufro mcire raode
nobam unda awarmoos saqoneli da moemsaxuros pensionerTa gazrdil raodenobas
(es aris saerTo problema CineTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis). SesaZloa, rom moxucebuloba privilegirebuli mdgomareobidan
problemaSi gadaizardos (vudani, 1991w.).
aseve, seriozuli Sedegebi mosdevs mosaxleobis ganawilebas _ xalxis gan
Tavsebas msoflio regionebSi, qveynebSi, provinciebSi, StatebSi, dedaqalaqebSi,
raionebsa da sacxovrebel masivebSi. ase magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 80-ian wleb
Si CineTSi mosaxleobis zrdisa da agraruli reformebis kombinaciam gamoiwvia
soflis milionobiT macxovrebli gaTavisufleba sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoe
bidan (smili, 1989w.). zogma samsaxuri iSova patara adgilobriv qarxnebSi, mag
ram sul cota 90 milioni mainc miawyda CineTis ukve xalxiT gadatvirTul did
qalaqebs (Tieni, 1991w.), ramac Seqmna seriozuli problemebi. pekinis 10 milion
mudmiv macxovrebels Seeria mozRvavebuli myidvelebis, quCis gamyidvelebisa da
samuSaos maZieblebis milioniani talRa. qalaqi guanjou(Guangzhou) iZulebuli
gaxda moeTxova saxelmwifo daxmareba 2.5 milioni migrantis sakiTxis gadasaw
yvetad, romlebic samuSaosa da TavSesafris ZiebaSi iyvnen. yoveldRe SanxaiSi
nankinis gza(Nanjing Road) 1.5 milioni myidveliT ivseba. qalaqis ZiriTadi samsa
xurebi gadatvirTulia. CineTis umetes qalaqebSi wyalmomaragebis sakiTxi seri
ozul problemas warmoadgens; tokiosa da los-anjeless Tu SevadarebT, atmos
feruli haeris xarisxi aq bevrad uaresia; da miuxedavad reciklirebis arsebuli
tradiciisa, sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gatanis sakiTxi TiTqmis gadauWrel
problemad iqca.
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis, maTi ganawilebisa da koncentraciis Temebs gan
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynebis resursebisa da garemos sakiTxebSi.
msoflios sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis mxolod erTi meTxuTmetedidan, CineTma
unda gamokvebos msoflios mosaxleobis TiTqmis meoTxedi. amJamad aseTi mdgo
mareoba miRweul iqna intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis gamo
yenebiT, rac gulisxmobs didi raodenobiT qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis
moxmarebas. soflis meurneobis intensiurma ganviTarebam SesaZlebelia migviyva
nos moklevadian mogebebze, magram gamoiwvios grZelvadiani danakargebi, vinai
dan sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi ifiteba, toqsikuri qimiuri nivTierebebi akumu
lirdeba niadagsa da wyalSi, rac sul ufro met adamians aiZulebs mowydes miwas
da gadasaxldes qalaqebSi.
759
mosaxleobisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis sakiTxebis Seswavlam sociolo
giaSi wamyvani adgili daikava. saxelmwifo moxeleebs, wamyvan biznesmenebsa da
Cveulebriv mosaxleobas ar ZaluZT globalur garemoze mosaxleobis zemoq
medebis ignorireba. cxadia, mxolod mosaxleoba ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
msoflios garemos mdgomareobas Semcvlel faqtorad. wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvas,
qlorftorornaxSirwyalbadebis msgavs sxvadasxva teqnologiebis gamoyenebas da
gzebis Ziebas narCenis gansaTavseblad Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs garemos mdgomareo
bis SecvlaSi. magram mosaxleobis zegavlena mainc mTavaria, ris gamoc Cven mo
saxleobasa da garemos erTad ganvixilavT. Cven am Tavs daviwyebT imis mimoxil
viT, Tu rogor gansazRvres da Seafases sociologebma mosaxleobis rocxovnoba,
struqtura da ganawileba. mecnierebas, romelic Seiswavlis Sobadobis, gardacva
lebis da migraciis zemoqmedebas mosaxleobis zemoaRniSnul aspeqtebze, ewodeba
demografia. Semdeg TavSi Cven ganvixilavT msoflios mosaxloebis Tanamedrove
da samomavlo mimarTulebebs, sadac mTavari kursi aRebulia nayofierebis dabali
maCveneblisaken, rac unda ganxorcieldes ekonomikis ganviTarebiT da qalTa sta
tusis amaRlebiT. mesame nawilSi mimovixilavT sakvebiT momaragebis sakiTxebs,
raTa movaxdinoT mosaxleobisa da garemos kavSiris ilustrireba. bolo nawilSi
ki, vnaxavT, Tu ratom aris Cveni planeta safrTxis qveS da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
imisaTvis, rom SevaCeroT an aRmovfxvraT masze miyenebuli ziani.
ZiriTadi xuTi sociologiuri koncefciidan, TiToeuli ganxiluli iqneba
mosaxleobisa da garemos Sesaxeb Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebSi. gamom
dinare im faqtidan, rom demografia warmoadgens erT-erTi ZiriTad midgomas
socialur struqturasTan, es Tavi Sesabamisad aqcents akeTebs mosaxleobis
struqturul ganzomilebebze. magram mosaxleobas aseve mWidro funqciuri
urTierToba aqvs koleqtiuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan, magaliTad: bazari
(formirebuli mTeli rigi xalxis mier), transporti da migracia (formire
buli maTi sivrculi ganawilebiT), janmrTelobis dacva da sapensio sakiTxebi
(formirebuli maTi asakobrivi ganawilebiT). mosaxleobis struqtura agreTve
imyofeba kulturis zegavlenis qveS _ magaliTad, arseboben garkveuli normebi,
romlebic iTvaliswineben qalis gaTxovebis/an reproduqtiul asaks. rogorc Ci
neTis erTSvilianobis politikis magaliTze vnaxeT, mTavrobas da aqtivistebs
SeuZliaT gamoiyenon politikuri Zala mosaxleobis formirebisa da socialuri
qmedebis ZiriTadi modelebis Sesacvlelad.
mosaxleobis dinamika
760
mokle periodSi (msoflio banki, 1995w.). umetesad cvlilebebi sazogadoebis
struqturasa da sxva aspeqtebSi xorcieldeba etapobrivad da arc mkveTrad Sesa
mCnevi ar aris. eseni ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT raRac gansakuTrebul movlenebs,
aramed unda ganvixiloT, rogorc mimarTulebebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania mx
olod momavlis gadmosaxedidan an zusti statistikuri analizis kuTxiT. es aris
demografiis sakiTxi, rac exmareba sociologebs ara marto warsulis gaanalize
baSi, aramed samomavlo kursis gansazRvris prognozirebasa da im problemebis
aRweraSi, rac, SesaZloa, warmoiSvas momavalSi.
demografiuli monacemebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro gaxlavT mosax
leobis aRwera, mTeli mosaxleobis perioduli daTvla da ara mxolod SerCeviTi
gamokiTxva (ix. Tavi 2). zogadad, mosaxleobis aRweraSi mocemulia regionuli
struqtura da xalxis ganawileba maTi asakis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, eTnikuri
warmoSobis, unar-Cvevebis, dasaqmebis, Semosavlebisa da sxva maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT. mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi iZleva ekonomikuri analizis gan
xorcielebis safuZvels, ayalibebs saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebs da gansazRvravs
Sobadobis regulirebis (famili planning) saWiroebas. adre ganxorcielebul aR
werebTan SedarebiT, 1990 wlis CineTis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi yvelaze
masStaburi iyo. SeerTebuli Statebis bevrad ufro mcirericxovani mosaxleobis
aRwerac ki Zalze seriozul process warmoadgens.
761
Cvens winaSea naSromi SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris Sesaxeb.
maisSi mosaxleobis aRweris biuro mis ZiriTad siaSi arsebul yvela misamarTze
fostiT agzavnis formebs. es sia Sedgenilia biuros sakuTar Canawerebze dayrd
nobiT, sadac damatebulia komerciuli adresatebis siebi da samjeradad aris
Semowmebuli fostis da biuros TanamSromlebisa da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo
moxeleebis mier. 1990 wels es sia Sedgeboda 106 milioni rezidentisagan. magram,
aRniSnuli siidan, yvela ar exmaureba gagzavnil formebs. samwuxarod, 1990 wels
miRebuli pasuxebis procentuli maCvenebeli iyo mxolod 64. aprilSi, mosaxleo
bis aRweris samsaxuris TanamSromlebma piradad moinaxules 37 milioni rezidenti,
visganac maT gamoxmaureba ver miiRes (mecniereba, 10 maisi, 1990w.). xSir SemTxvevaSi,
maT SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom TiToeuli rezidentisagan piradad miiRon informa
cia, magram zogjer monacemebis Segroveba uwevT meore pirisagan, rogorebic ari
an maTi uSualo xelmZRvaneli pirebi, mezoblebi, fostaSi momuSave personali an
sacxovrebeli saxlebis administratorebi. 1990 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris dros 7
milionze meti respodentis monacemi mopovebul iqna swored aseTi gziT (niu-iork
Taimsi, 23 Tebervali, 1990w., gv. A10). 1990 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebSi,
agreTve, aris informacia usaxlkaro adamianebis Sesaxeb `S night~ (S niSnavs quCas da
TavSesafars, xolo night _ Rames), romlebisganac mosaxleobis aRweris samsaxuris
TanamSromlebi cdilobdnen intervius aRebas da awarmoebdnen usaxlkaroTa aR
ricxvas. aqve aris `T night~ (T niSnavs droebiT macxovrebels) _ informacia daax
loebiT 70.000 sastumrosa da motelSi myofi adamianebisagan. yvela kiTxvaridan
informacia Sevida kompiuteris programaSi, romelic amowmebda Secdomebs, maga
liTad, erTi da imave informaciis orjer gameorebas an iseT ararealur monace
mebs, rogoricaa 130 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis arseboba (gleiki, 1990w.).
ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi diskusiis sagans warmoadgens.
faqtobrivad, mosaxleobaSi yvela mamakacis, qalisa da bavSvis aRricxva SeuZle
belia da adamianebic da kompiuterebic uSveben Secdomebs. bevri damkvirvebeli
eTanxmeba im azrs, rom mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi arasrulia da efuZneba
Raribi, axalgazrda, umciresobis, emigrantebis da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgen
lebisagan miRebul interviuebs, romelTagan yvelani cdiloben iyvnen mobilur
ni da eWvis TvaliT uyureben saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebs. es,
erTis mxriv, zians ayenebs qalaqebsa da Statebs, sadac es jgufebi arian koncen
trirebulni da, meores mxriv, demokratebs, visTvisac isini apireben xmis micemas.
rodesac niu-iorkma da ToTxmetma sxva qalaqma moiTxova 1990 wlis mosaxleobis
aRweris monacemebis gadaTvla, savaWro departamenti (romelic zedamxedvelo
bas uwevs mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebs) daTanxmda mosaxleobis aRweris arse
buli Sedegebis SerCeviTi meTodiT Semowmebaze. am Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
rom mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebs SesaZlebelia, akldes 4-dan 6 milionamde
adamiani. magram sxva kvelevebis safuZvelze sawinaaRmdego mosazreba dafiqsir
da (nio-iork Taimsi, 17 oqtomberi, 1990w.; 19 aprili, 1991w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom
4 milionsa da 6 milions Soris uzustobis zRvari ar aris umniSvnelo, is migvaniS
nebs aseTi farTomasStabiani mimoxilvis maRali donis sizusteze. 250 milionis
762
SemTxvevaSi, 4 milioniT meti an naklebi, Seadgens 2 %-s, TiTqmis uaxlovdeba
`sando intervals~(`confidence interval~). yvelaze metad mkvlevarebs aRelvebT is
faqti, rom isini, vinc ar iyvnen aRwerilni, SesaZlebelia, garkveuli kategoriis
adamianebs Soris iyvnen koncentrirebulni.
l
i
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani
d T
z
v
g
a b
aRwera
sqema 18.1/SeerTebuli Statebis rezidenti mosaxleoba misi yoveli aRweris SemTx
vevaSi, 1790-1990ww.
SeerTebuli Statebis 200-wliani istoriis periodSi Catarebul iqna mosaxleobis ocda
erTi aRwera, an mcdeloba, rom aRricxuli yofiliyo qveynis yvela macxovrebeli. mo
saxleobis aRweris am monacemebiT gamovlenil iqna Zalze mniSvnelovani tendenciebi,
magaliTad: soflidan qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadaadgileba, cvlilebebi mosaxleobis
eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi da mniSvnelovani migraciebi CrdiloeTidan dasavleTsa da
samxreTSi.
wyaroebi: niu-iork Taimsi, 1 aprili, 1990w., gv. 27; SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aR
weris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis mokle statistikuri mimoxilva, 1982-1983ww., vaSing
toni, cxrili 1.
d
1890 _ pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli eleqtronuli gamomTvlel-analitikuri
xelsawyo, romelic gamoigones mosaxleobis aRweris biuros TanamSromlebma.
robert porterma(Robert Porter), aRniSnuli biuros xelmZRvanelma, aRmoaCina,
rom sazRvrebi gaqra, radganac SeerTebuli Statebi amJamad mTlianad dasaxle
buli iyo.
763
v 1920 _ pirvelad dafiqsirda, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba aRmoCnda qa
laqebSi, da ara soflebSi. kongresma, mxolod erTxel mTeli istoriis ganmav
lobaSi, gaaprotesta kongresSi warmomadgenlebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSire
buli dadgenilebis miReba.
nayofiereba
764
bi Catardes. amisaTvis gvesaWiroeba nayofierebis saerTo maCvenebeli (xSirad
mocemulia, rogorc TFR - Total Fertility Rate, an nayofiereba). es gaxlavT mSobiaro
bebis saSualo ricxvi, rac SesaZlebelia qalis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebis saerTo maCvenebelma 1957 wels piks miaR
wia da iyo 3.77. Semdgomi orasi wlis Semdeg _ 1976 wels ki daeca 1.77-mde. es `So
badobis ucabedi dacema~, ZiriTadad, gvian asakSi mSobiarobebis Sedegi iyo: de
mografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebuli bevri adamiani ojaxs qmnida 20-30
wlis asakSi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodidan maT daiwyes bavSvebis gaCena da 1990
wlisaTvis nayofierebis maCvenebeli umiSvnelod _ 2.1-iT gaizarda, xolo Semdeg
kvlav Semcirda (SeerTebuli Statebis mokle statistikuri mimoxilva(Statistical
Abstract of the US, wliuri). demografebi nayofierebis maCvenebel cifrs _ 2.1-s
ganixilaven rogorc Canacvlebis koeficients (replacement rate), an im dones,
romelzec mosaxleobis ricxovnoba stabilurad aris SenarCunebuli (imigraciis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, avadmyofobis an ubeduri Sem
Txvevebis Sedegad daRupuli bavSvebis danakargis SemTxvevaSi, or mSobelze unda
modiodes 2.1 mSobiaroba, raTa moxdes TavianTive `Canacvleba~ sazogadoebis
ricxovnobis gazrdis gareSe.
mosaxleobze, nayofi
erebis saerTo maCvenebeli
an TiToeul qalze mSobia
robis saSualo ricxvi, aris
2.1 Canacvlebis doneze da
bali. es aris is done, ro
melic saWiroa mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis stabilurad
SesanarCuneblad migraciis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca, gansxvavebul eTni
kur jgufebSi nayofierebis
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad
TeTr- Sav- mkvidri azielebi laTino-
kanianebi kanianebi amerikelebi amerikelebi
meryeobs 1.9-dan TeTrkanian
amerikelebSi _ 2.9-mde la
Tino-amerikuli warmoSobis
xalxSi. laTino-amerikuli eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxis, romelTa dawyvileba da migracia
grZeldeba, nayofierebis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ratom aris mo
salodneli is faqti, rom laTino-amerikelebi male gadaaWarbeben afro-amerikelebs, ro
gorc qveynis eTnikur umciresobas.
765
saerTo jamSi, SeerTebuli Statebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli am doneze qve
viT dgas, magram sazogadoebaSi arsebuli jgufebis nayofierebis maCveneblebi
sakmaod meryeobs (ix. sqema 18.2). sxva maRali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebTan Se
darebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebis maCvenebeli SedarebiT ufro maRa
lia. msoflios mdidari qveynebisaTvis es koeficienti gaxlavT 1.7. sakiTxavia,
Tu wava SeerTebuli Statebi am mimarTulebiT. TiTqos ufro metad Sobadobis
miaxloebiTi koeficientis daweva aRiniSneba, vinaidan, rodesac demografiuli
afeTqebis periodis Taoba gadascildeba reproduqtiul asaks, xdeba Cveni mo
saxleobis socialuri struqturis cvlileba. magram nayofierebis maCvenebeli
nawilobriv damokidebulia socialur aqtivobaze: Tu ramxela ojaxis yolas
gadawyveten momavali Taobis potenciuri mSoblebi.
saerTod, SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSneba tendencia mcirericxovani ojaxebi
saken. saukunis bolos, amerikelebis umetesobas gauCnda survili, rom sami an meti
bavSvi hyoloda ojaxSi. amJamad orbavSiani ojaxi yvelaze metad aris gavrcele
buli. am kulturuli cvlilebis zemoqmedeba Sobadobis suraTze winaswar iyo
navaraudevi. Tu gamovricxavT demografiul afeTqebasa da bolo drois `demo
grafiul aJiotaJs~, SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebisa da Sobadobis koefici
entebis qveviT daweva met-naklebad mdgradia, rogorc Cven aRvwereT es `me-11
TavSi (ixile agreTve Cerlini, 1995w.). cvlileba, gamowveuli aRniSnuli koefi
cientebis dawevis Sedegad, damokidebulia socio-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.
Sobadobis koeficientebi, pirvel rigSi, daeca sazogadoebis maRali da saSualo
fenis ojaxebSi, xolo Semdeg _ Rarib ojaxebSi. agreTve, TeTrkanianebis Sobado
bis koeficientma ufro adre daiwyo daweva, vidre afro-amerikelebisam. saerTo
jamSi, Savkanianebis Sobadobis koeficienti amJamad dabla iwevs, magram socio-
ekonomikuri stratifikacia aqac adgilzea: saSualo fenis Savkanian ojaxebs
ufro naklebi bavSvi hyavT, vidre amave fenis TeTrkanian ojaxebs, magram Rarib
Savkanianebs ufro meti bavSvi hyavT, vidre Rarib TeTrkanianebs. garda amisa,
rogorc sqema 18.2 gviCvenebs, nayofierebis maCvenebeli laTino-amerikelebsa da
azielebs Soris aris bevrad ufro maRali, vidre TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs
Soris. aseT situaciaSic ki, SeerTebuli Statebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli
ufro dabalia, vidre Canacvlebis done. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom SeerTe
buli Statebis mosaxleobis saSualo asaki izrdeba. ar aris sakmarisi raode
noba axlad dabadebuli bavSvebisa imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos demografiuli
afeTqebis mravalricxovani Taobis amJamindeli zegavlena saSualo asaksa da
Semdgom periodze.
sqemaze 18.3 mocemulia nayofierebis maCveneblebi mTels msoflioSi. Soba
doba ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magaliTad, iseTSi, rogoric aris SeerTebuli
Statebi, SedarebiT dabalia, vidre msoflios danarCen qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT
ki yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi). es is sakiTxia, romelsac Cven mog
vianebiT kvlav davubrundebiT.
766
mSobiaroba
1 qalze
5 an meti
4,0-4,9
3,0-3,9
2,0-2,9
2-ze naklebi
ucnobia
sikvdilianoba
gardacvalebis miaxloebiTi koeficienti aris gardacvlilTa raodenoba
1.000 adamianze mocemul weliwadSi. 1994 wels SeerTebul StatebSi gardaicvala
2.1 milionze meti adamiani, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom 1.000 adamianze gardacva
lebis miaxloebiTi koeficienti iyo 9 (SeerTebuli Statebis janmrTelobisa
dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamenti, 1995a, gv. 1). Tumca, gar
dacvlil adamianTa raodenoba ar aris zusti ganmsazRvreli faqtori, vinaidan
zogierTis gardacvaleba ufro adre xdeba, zogisa ki mogvianebiT. ufro mniS
vnelovani gaxlavT asakis mixedviT diferencirebuli sikvdilianobis koeficienti
(age-adjusted mortality rate ).
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti aris mocemul weliwadSi erTi wlis
asakamde gardacvlil bavSvTa raodenoba 1.000 cocxal nayofze. es maCvenebeli
farTod gamoiyeneba, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebisa da
cxovrebis donis sazomi. 1993 wels SeerTebul StatebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti 1.000 cocxal nayofze iyo 8.6. es gaxldaT yvelaze dabali maCvenebe
li, rac ki iqamde dafiqsirebula qveyanaSi. amave dros, es koeficienti sxva ganvi
Tarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRalia. iaponiaSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti yvelaze dabalia (4 _ 1.000 cocxal nayofze), mas mosdevs SvedeTi
da fineTi (5) da taivani da Sveicaria (6) (msoflio banki, 1995w.). bavSvebis gar
dacvalebis koeficientebi am qveyanaSi ufro maRalia SavkanianebSi (15.1), vidre
TeTrkanianebSi (7.3); bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficientebi ufro maRalia aSS-is
767
yvelaze Rarib raionebSi, rogorc soflad, aseve qalaqad. sqema 18.4 gviCvenebs
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficients msoflio masStabiT.
sikvdilianoba
1 000 Cvilze
20-ze naklebi
20-40
40-60
60-100
100-150
150-200
200-ze meti
ucnobia
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis fondi, 1995w. mokle angariSi 1995 wlis msoflio
mosaxleobis situaciis Sesaxeb, niu-iorki.
768
asaki
50-ze naklebi
50-64,9
65-69,9
70-72,9
73-ze meti
ucnobia
migracia
769
yovelwliurad wasuli da Camosuli xalxis raodenobaSi, mocemuli 1.000 adami
anze. emigracia aris migracia mosaxleobidan gareT; imigracia aris migracia
mosaxleobaSi. es terminebi Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba, rodesac saubaria saerTa
Soriso migraciaze. magram, Sida migracia _ gadaadgileba TviT qveynis SigniT,
rogoric gaxlavT SeerTebul StatebSi erTi Statidan meoreSi gadasvla _ aseve
Zalze mniSvnelovania.
xalxis migracia uamravi mizeziT aris gamowveuli, magaliTad, bunebrivi
katastrofebiT, mTavrobis an religiuri devnis safuZvelze, Tavgadasavlebis
Ziebisa Tu cxovrebis gaumjobesebis surviliT. rodesac iwyeba migracia, Cndeba
im ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan yofnis survili, romlebic ukve wasulebi
arian (petersoni, 1975w). yvela am mizezma moiyvana xalxi SeerTebul StatebSi.
1840-iani wlebis kartofilis SimSilma _ bunebrivma katastrofam _ daiwyo
irlandiuri imigraciis talRa. me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasaw
yisSi ruseTSi dawyebulma Zlierma antisemiturma moZraobam (romelic moicav
da organizebul gasaxlebebs, rac cnobilia `pogromebis~ saxeliT) gamoiwvia
rusi ebraelebis swrafad wamosvla da maTi SeerTebul StatebSi dasaxleba. 1910
wlisaTvis, ekonomiuri keTildReobis survilma gamoiwvia 6 milioni adamianis
imigracia samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan. 1970-1990-iani wlebis
farglebSi mimdinare politikurma movlenebma aiZula samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziis bevri qveynis macxovrebeli, daetovebina Tavisi saxl-kari da TavSesafari
epova SeerTebul StatebSi. maTma ekonomiurma warmatebebma, TavianT qveyanaSi
mimdinare problemebis fonze, sxvebsac gauCina am mimarTulebiT migraciis sur
vili. bevri xalxi miedineboda Statebisaken miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro da ufro
rTuli xdeboda es procesi _ SeerTebuli Statebi qmnida barierebs imigraciis
sawinaaRmdegod.
imigracia yovelTvis iyo SeerTebuli Statebis zrdis da mravalferovnebis
mTavari wyaro, iseve, rogorc klasTaSorisi daZabulobis da sxva problemebisa
(voldingeri, 1996w.). 1820 wlidan 50 milionze meti adamiani Camovida SeerTebul
StatebSi sacxovreblad. maT ricxvSi iyo 3 milionze meti mona, romlebic afrikidan
maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod Camoiyvanes. imigrantebi 1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Seadgendnen am qveynis mosaxleobis zrdis sul cota erT mesameds mainc.
imigrantebSi Sobadobis maRalma koeficientma seriozuli wvlili Seitana 1980-
iani wlebis bolos momxdar demografiul `aJiotaJSi~. imigrantebma aseve zegavle
na iqonies mosaxleobis ganawilebis sakiTxSi: maSin, rodesac mkvidri amerikelebi
CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan midiodnen samxreTsa da dasavleTSi, bevri im
igranti fuZndeboda Zvel industriul qalaqebSi, amaragebda ra `axali sisxliT~
am qalaqebis ekonomikas (suro, 1990w.). imigraciis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli erT-
erTi mTavari Sedegi gaxlavT cvlileba SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis eTnikur
SemadgenlobaSi. aRiniSneba aziuri da laTino-amerikuli mosaxleobis Zalze swrafi
zrda. rasakvirvelia, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi, iqneba dro, rodesac laTino-ameri
kuli mosaxleoba, savaraudod, gadaaWarbebs afro-amerikul mosaxleobas, rogorc
SeerTebuli Statebis yvelaze did umciresobis jgufs.
770
amJamad, imigraciam msgavsi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia evropaSic, SeSfoTebulia
bevri erovnebis xalxi (brubakeri), 1992w.; enzenbergeri, 1994w.). maSin, rodesac
SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgens SedarebiT axlad dasaxlebulebisa da mimdi
nare imigrantebis sazogadoebas, evropuli qveynebi Tavs Tvlian ufro metad
imigrantebis gamgzavnebad, vidre maT mimRebebad. aRniSnuli situacia am bolo
wlebSi Seicvala, xSiria gaRizianeba da aRSfoTeba axalCamomsvlelebis mimarT.
bevri evropelisaTvis Sokis momgvrelia televiziiT gadmocemuli axali am
bebi, sadac naCvenebia, Tu rogor iReben germanelebi StormiT Senobebs, sadac
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebidan wamosuli ltolvilebi arian dasaxle
bulni, rogor esxmian Tavs frangi mozardebi arabi imigrantebis mier aSenebul
meCeTebs, an rogori sisastikiT uswordebian britaneli `sqinhedebi~ (`skinheads~)
pakistanel imigrantebs.
migracia yovelTvis iyo msoflio istoriis mniSvnelovani faqtori. me-20
saukunis bolo mSfoTvare wlebSi sakmaod farTomasStabiani gaxda iZulebiTi mig
racia. sqema 18.6 gviCvenebs bolo aTwleulebSi ltolvilebis saocarad mzard
ricxvs, gansakuTrebiT aziasa da afrikaSi da am bolo wlebSi ki _ evropaSi. xalxi
ltolvili xdeba nebismier dros, rodesac raime krizisis Sedegad is gamoZevebu
lia Tavisi sacxovreblidan. ltolvilebi Cndebian omebis, diqtaturis reJimis,
genociduri eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli katastro
febis Sedegad.
771
mezobel qveynebSi. ltolvilebi saSinlad mZime pirobebSi arian, xSirad uwevT
cxovreba droebiT banakebSi iseT qveynebSi, romlebic TviTonac gaWirvebulni
arian da TavianTi moqalaqeebisTvisac ki Zalze mwiri resursebi gaaCniaT janmr
Telobis dacvisa da sakvebiT momaragebis sakiTxebSi. ltolvilTa miReba Ses
aZlebelia Zalze mZime tvirTad daawves sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs, Tumca
maTi umetesoba aseT mZime tvirTs didsulovnad iRebs. gaerTianebuli erebis
umaRlesi komisris warmomadgenloba ltolvilTaTvis daxmarebas uwevs maT da
xels uwyobs SesaZlo repatriaciis sakiTxSi. maSin, rodesac ltolvilTa umete
soba gadaadgildeba mezobel qveynebSi, maTi mciredi nawili (rogorc wesi, ufro
ganaTlebulebi) ufro Sori qveynebisaken miiwevs. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris,
SeerTebul Statebs, kanadas, avstralias da skandinaviis qveynebs tradiciulad
dadgenili aqvT SedarebiT msubuqi SezRudvebi ltolvilTa miRebis raodenobis
Taobaze.
asakobrivi Semadgenloba
ganviTarebuli ganviTarebadi
asakobrivi piramida
qveynebi qveynebi
772
Sobadobis, gardacvalebis da migraciis koeficientebis gavlena SesaZlebe
lia vnaxoT mosaxleobis asakobriv SemadgenlobaSi, modelSi, romelic iqmneba,
rodesac xalxi sazogadoebaSi dajgufebulia asakis mixedviT (ix. Tavi 10). sqema
18.7-ze mocemuli mosaxleobis piramida aris asakobrivi Semadgenlobis grafi
kuli warmodgena. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis koefi
cienti erTnairad maRalia, asakobrivi Semadgenlobis modeli iRebs samkuTxedis
formas. modeli, sadac bevri bavSvi ibadeba, magram mcire nawili aRwevs moxuce
bulobis asaks, damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. amis sapirispi
rod, Sobadobis dabali koeficientiTa da axalgazda asakSi gardacvlilTa mcire
ricxviT, ganviTarebuli qveynebis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis modeli ufro metad
marTkuTxedis formisaa da viwrovdeba mxolod wverisaken. radganac Sobadobi
sa da gardacvalebis koeficientebi Semcirebulia, amitom TiToeul asakobriv
jgufSi xalxis raodenoba TiTqmis tolia.
asakobrivi piramida
mln adamiani
773
arian is adamianebi (rogorc Cven vnaxeT me-10 TavSi), romlebic daibadnen imave
an Semdgom ramodenime weliwadSi. aseTi swrafi da seriozuli namati SeerTebu
li Statebis mosaxleobaSi, ZiriTadad, Sedgeba im xalxisagan, romlebic amJamad
30 wels gadacilebulni an 40 wlisani arian, rogorc es mocemulia sqema 18.8-ze.
2000 wlis Semdeg, rodesac demografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebuli xalxi
miaRwevs 60 wlis asaks, isini ukve pensiaSi gavlen. demografiuli afeTqebis Tao
bis pensiaSi gasvlis asakis pikis dros (daaxloebiT 2020 wels), SesaZlebelia, rom
58 milioni asakovani amerikeli iyos. bolo wlebSi, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan
ebraelTa masiuri imigraciis Sedegad, israelis mosaxleobis struqturaSic ms
gavsi swrafi da seriozuli namati dafiqsirda. amis sapirispirod, masiurma emi
graciam an omma, SesaZlebelia, rom axalgazrdebis deficiti gamoiwvios maSin,
rodesac isini reproduqtiul asakSi imyofebian. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirma
meore msoflio omSi 20 milioni adamiani dakarga, xolo 15 milioni stalinis
represiebs Seewira. am danaklisma Zalze didi naWdevi warmoqmna qveynis mosaxle
obis piramidaSi. bolo wlebSi mimdinare omebma eraysa da irans Soris da eraysa
da SeerTebul Statebs Soris, TiTqmis gaanadgura axalgazrda mamakacebis Taoba
axlo aRmosavleTis am orive qveyanaSi. es danakargi aucileblad imoqmedebs yvela
faqtorze, dawyebuli maTi erovnuli ekonomikiTa da politikuri strategiebiT,
damTavrebuli axalgazrda qalebis gaTxovebis SansebiT.
sazogadoebis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis codna exmareba politikis SemmuSave
blebsa da sociologebs winaswar gansazRvron, Tu ra saxis saqoneli da momsa
xureba iqneba saWiro momavalSi. magaliTad, bavSvebis didi proporciuli maCvene
beli niSnavs, rom saWiro gaxdeba skolebis raodenobis gazrda, maSin, rodesac
asakovani xalxis raodenobis zrdisas saWiroa sapensio gegmebsa da janmrTelo
bis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebaze fiqri.
asakobrivi Semadgenloba aseve axdens zegavlenas mosaxleobis zrdis koefi
cientze. rogorc aRniSnaven pol da ana erlixebi (1990w.), mosaxleoba, romelic
swrafad izrdeba, inarCunebs zrdis temps maSinac ki, rodesac Sobadobis koefi
cienti cotaTi dabla iwevs Canacvlebis donesTan SedarebiT. es gamowveulia im
xalxis didi raodenobiT, vinc aRwevs an ukve reproduqtiuli asakis sawyis fa
zaSia. magaliTad, 1989 wels, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis sa
Sualod 40 procenti axalgazrdobis fenas warmoadgenda. am qveynebis 15-30 wlis
miliardze meti axalgazrda ukve reproduqtiul asakSi iyo. aseTi viTarebisas
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TiToeul qalze bavSvebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcird
eba, momavalSi ufro met qals eyoleba bavSvi da swored amitom mosaxleoba mainc
gaagrZelebs zrdas.
774
msoflio demografiuli problemebi
Tanamedrove
epoqa
miliardobiT adamiani
Zveli Sua
qvis brinjaos rkinis sauku-
xana axali qvis xana neebi
xana xana
sqema 18.9 / msoflio mosaxleobis zrda Cv. w.-mde 8000 wlidan dRemde.
mosaxleobam. daiwyo neli tempiT zrda, magram amJamad Zalian swrafad izrdeba. mimdinare
tempiT miliardi adamiani emeteba msoflio mosaxleobas yovel Tormet-camet weliwadSi.
amis sapirispirod ki, saSualod aTi aTasi weli iyo saWiro, rom xuT milion adamians, romle
bic cxovrobdnen miwaTmoqmedbis ganviTarebis periodSi, miliardi STamomavali hyoloda.
775
msoflios mosaxleoba dRes ufro neli tempiT izrdeba, vidre 1960-ian da 1970-ian
wlebSi, yovel erT wuTSi ibadeba 275 adamiani, yovel erT saaTSi _ 16.482, yovel
dRiurad _ 395.579 da yovelwliurad _ 144 milioni. masiuri SimSilobebis, epi
demiebisa Tu birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi ganadgurebis
Sedegad, mosalodnelia, rom 2000 wlamde mosaxleobis raodenobam 6 miliards mi
aRwios, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis ki _ 8.1 miliards (msoflio banki, 1994w.).
meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, rac iwvevs msoflio mosaxleobaze zemo
qmedebis Secvlas, aris misi ganawileba. 1950 wlidan, rodesac ganviTarebulma
qveynebma, romlebic msoflios mosaxleobis erT mesameds Seadgendnen, daiwyo
Tanabrad Semcirdeba. navaraudevia, rom momavali 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi msofli
os mosaxleoba 3.2 miliardiT gaizrdeba, 3 miliardi (95 %) daibadeba samxreT na
xevarsferos naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, xolo CrdiloeT naxevarsferos
ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki _ 200 milioni (keifici, 1989w; gaeros mosaxleobis
fondi, 1993w.). dadebiTi kuTxiT aris aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, im dros, rode
sac mosaxleoba izrdeba aseTi swrafi tempiT, zrdis koeficientis aweva mainc
ar xdeba; Sobadobis maregulirebelma Zalisxmevam garkveul warmatebul Sedegs
miaRwia (brauni, lensenida keini, 1995w.). SvedeTSi Tu SenarCunebuli iqneba ar
sebuli zrdis koeficienti, 350 weli iqneba saWiro imisaTvis, rom moxdes misi
mosaxleobis gaormageba. meore ukiduresobaa imis varaudi, rom 20 weliwadSi
indoeTis mosaxleoba gaormagdeba da indoeTi gaxdeba ufro xalxmravali qve
yana, vidre CineTi. ase, rom msoflio mosaxleoba metad polarizebuli xdeba _
mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT msoflios mdidar raionebSi da meti
raodenobiT im regionebSi, sadac yvelaze naklebi SesaZleblobebia maT uzrun
velsayofad.
ramdenad didi unda gaxdes sabolood msoflios mosaxleoba da, ufro konkre
tulad, ra raodenobiT adamianis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia Cvens planetas
da ra raodenobiT adamianis zewolas SeuZlia gauZlos garemom? es kiTxvebi siax
les ar warmoadgens. amaze xSirad fiqrobda ingliseli mecnieri Tomas malTusi
(1766-1834ww.), romelmac 1798 wels Tavisi Teoria Camoayaliba naSromSi `ese mo
saxleobis principebze~. malTuss hqonda ukiduresad pesimisturi xedva, amt
kicebda ra, rom sazogadoeba gardauvlad aris CaTreuli konfliqtSi `sakvebis
saWiroebisa~ da `sqesTa Soris vnebas~ Soris. is miuTiTebda, rom sazogadoeba
izrdeba geometriulad (2, 4, 8, 16, . . . , da amgvarad ganuwyvetlad ormagdeba) ma
Sin, rodesac sakvebiT momaragebis zrda ariTmetikulad mimdinareobs (2, 3, 4, 5,
. . . ). arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba, gaizardos ganusazRvreli raodenobiT,
radganac xalxi zrdis Tavis ricxvs mxolod saarsebo pirobebis zRvramde. rogorc
ki progresi sakvebis warmoebaSi gaaumjobesebs xalxis sasicocxlo standarts,
776
ambobs malTusi, udavoa, rom sazogadoeba elviseburi siswrafiT aiTvisebas da,
xatovnd rom vTqvaT, `STanTqavs~ maRal sasicocxlo standartebs. erTaderTi
gamosavali iyo is, rom xalxisaTvis eswavlebinaT seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis
moTokva _ daqorwinebuliyvnen mogvianebiT da hyolodaT cota Svili (malTusi
ar aRiarebda arc Sobadobis regulirebas da arc abortebs). Tu es ar moxdeboda,
maSin mosaxleobis ricxovnoba gaizrdeboda iqamde, sanam ar moxdeboda misi Se
Cereba Zalze Zlieri saSualebebiT: SimSiliT, epidemiiTa da omiT.
malTusis erT-erTi pirveli gamakritikebeli iyo karl marqsi. malTusi Warb
mosaxleobasa da siRaribes abralebda sazogadoebis individualur wevrebs,
romelnic eqceodnen TavianTi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis qveS. marqsisaTvis
ki gansaxilveli gaxldaT ara Warbmosaxleoba, aramed produqciis nakleboba.
marqsi fiqrobda, rom malTusma ver SeZlo warmoedgina industriuli revolu
ciis mTeli SesaZleblobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiuri winsvla soflis
meurneobaSi. ase magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi ganviTarebul Tanamedrove
sasoflo-sameurneo danadgarebs, sasuqebs, pesticidebs, irigacias, hibridul
nargavebsa da genetikurad SerCeul cxovelebs wvlili aqvT Setanili erovnuli
soflis meurneobis produqciis ufro swraf zrdaSi, vidre maTi mosaxleobis
zrdaSi (Tumca, SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis produqciis namatma
ar mouRo bolo SimSils msoflios sxva qveynebSi). faqtobrivad, bolo 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba asponsorebda programebs, rom
lebic mimarTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Semcirebisaken: fermer
ebi iRebdnen subsidiebs mTavrobisagan, rom maT ar daemuSavebinaT miwebi. mar
qss Rrmad swamda, rom kapitalizmis sistemas gaaCnda SesaZleblobebi, Seeqmna
produqti da sxva saWiroebani ganusazRvreli raodenobis mosaxleobisaTvis.
mxolod kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _ socialuri simdidris
araTanabari gadanawileba _ iseT STabeWdilebas tovebda, TiTqos mosaxleobis
bunebriv SezRudvas unda hqonoda adili. garda amisa, marqsis SexedulebiT, ka
pitalistur wyobaSi sakuTrebis sistema isea mowyobili, rom produqcia Raribi
xalxis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad ki ara, kapitalis dagrovebis gazr
disakenaa mimarTuli. kapitalistebs sargebeli hqondaT im faqtidan, rom Warbi
mosaxleoba ejibreboda erTmaneTs samsaxurisaTvis, amitom isini amcirebdnen
xelfass da maqsimumamde ahyavdaT mogeba. marqsi Warbmosaxleobis problemis
gadaWris gzas socializmSi xedavda. amgvarad, maSin, rodesac malTusi yuradRe
bas amaxvilebda individualur qmedebebze da fiqrobda, rom pasuxi mosaxleobis
problemebze iyo moralur SezRudvaSi, marqsi fokusirebas axdenda sazogadoe
bis ekonomikur struqturaze da fiqrobda, rom problemis gadaWra SesaZlebeli
iqneboda axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi.
mao Zeduni iyo marqsis ideis mimdevari, rodesac daadgina, rom CineTs Soba
dobis SezRudva ki ar sWirdeboda, aramed _ ekonomikuri zrda. miuxedavad amisa,
CineTis mTavrobaSi myofi maos memkvidreeebi ar daeTanxmnen am mosazrebas. isini
Tvlidnen, rom, Tu ar moxdeboda mosaxleobis zrdis intensiuri Semcireba, gaum
jobesebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sedegad miRebuli ekonomikuri efeqti
777
moxmardeboda ara cxovrebis standartis awevas, aramed ufro mravalricxovani
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofas. amitomac daadgines maT SezRudva ojaxze, romlis
Tanaxmadac wyvils mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis ufleba eZleoda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marqsi zedmetad optimisturad uyurebda Cvens Sesa
Zleblobebs mravalricxovani mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi, magram
malTusi namdvilad zedmetad pesimisti gaxldaT. miuxedavad bevri krizisisa,
msoflios mosaxleoba (da individualuri qveynebis umetesoba) agrZelebda zr
das da gamokvebili iyo imdenad, rom SimSiliT ar iRupeboda. marqsi marTali iyo,
rodesac fiqrobda, rom teqnologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi _ ara mxolod
bunebrivi SezRudvebi _ gansazRvraven, Tu ramdeni adamianis uzrunvelyofa Seu
Zlia Cvens planetas. magram verc marqsma da verc malTusma ver gaTvales yvelaze
mTavari wvlili, rac Seitana Tanamedrove demografiam am mimdinare debatebSi:
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom ekonomikuri ganviTareba iwvevs ara mxolod sakvebiT
momaragebis zrdas da gardacvalebis koeficientebis dawevas (amgvarad qmnis
ufro mravalricxovani mosaxleobis arsebobis saSualebas), aramed, grZelva
diani periodis Semdeg, ZiriTadad, mivyavarT patara ojaxebis arCevanamde da,
amgvarad _ sazogadoebis zrdis Semcirebamde. es procesi cnobilia, rogorc mo
saxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi(demographic transition).
demografiuli tranzicia
778
raodenoba Sesabamisad stabiluria. me-2 stadiaze, Sobadobis koeficienti rCeba
maRali maSin, rodesac gardacvalebis koeficienti mcirdeba kvebis, janmrTelo
bis da sanitaruli pirobebi gaumjobesebis xarjze. kerZod, bavSvTa sikvdiliano
bis koeficienti ecema, Sedegad ufro meti bavSvi gadarCeba, romlebic Semdgom
TviTon xdebian mSoblebi. aRniSnuli situaciidan gamomdinare, am stadiidan
Cndeba demografiuli afeTqebis SesaZlebloba. me-3 stadiaSi isev xdeba Soba
dobis koeficientis daweva, vinaidan ojaxebi acnobiereben, rom maT moxucebu
lobaSi aRar sWirdebaT amdeni bavSvi. me-4 stadiaSi Sobadobis da gardacvalebis
koeficientebi dabalia da kvlav dabalansebulia.
Sobadobis koeficienti
gardacvalebis koeficienti
779
badobis koeficientebi isev maRali rCeba, magram gardacvalebis koeficientebi
ki dabla iwevs. es aris mosaxleobis intensiuri zrdis stadia. me-3 stadiis mag
aliTs warmoadgens CineTi, sadac Sobadobis regulireba sayovelTaod vrcel
deba. evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia arian meoTxe (da savaraudod) bolo
stadiaze, Sobadobis dabali, magram cvalebadi koeficientiTa da gardacvalebis
dabali, magram ucvleli koeficientiT. sinamdvileSi, zogierT industriul
qveyanaSi, magaliTad, germaniaSi, mSobiarobebis ricxvma gardacvlilTa ricxvze
qveviT daiwia.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi ar unda iqnes ganxilu
li, rogorc raime fiqsirebuli Sedegi. yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac kulturul,
politikur da sxva faqtorebs bevrad ufro seriozuli zegavlena mouxdeniaT
nayofierebisa da sikvdilianobis suraTze, vidre ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
magaliTad, swored axla, aRmosavleT evropis yofil komunistur qveynebSi nayo
fierebis maCveneblebi bevrad ufro swrafad ecema, vidre gardacvalebis _ rac,
faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia, rom gaizardos. arastabiluri ekonomikuri situa
ciis pirobebSi xalxs urCevnia, rom Svilebi ar hyavdeT. 1989 da 1991 wlebSi ru
seTSi Sobadobis koeficienti daeca 15-20 %-iT, xolo rumineTSi 30 %-iT (niu-
iork Taimsi, 31 dekemberi, 1991w.). imave dros, janmrTelobis dacvisa da kvebis
sakiTxebi seriozul problemebs ganicdida komunizmis ngrevis gamo.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodis me-2 stadias serio
zuli problemebi moaqvs bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis. magaliTad, indoeTSi
gardacvalebis koeficientis ucabedi dacema pirdapir kavSirSi iyo vaqcinaciasa
da sxva importirebul teqnologiebTan (kvebisa da sanitaruli pirobebis gaum
jobeseba, sikvdilianobis koeficientis masobrivi daweviT gamowveuli kriti
kuli situacia _ aq SedarebiT msubuqi iyo). kalkuteli Suaxnis kacis sityvebSi
gadmocemulia am cvlilebis moulodneloba:
780
Sobadobis donis dacema
yovel ojaxs surs, rom hqondes avtomobili [erTi mainc], raTa ufro
damoukidebelni da mobilurni iyvnen, magram maSin, rodesac Zalian
bevr adamians hyavs avtomobili, isini xSirad xvdebian sagzao sacobe
bSi, avtomagistralebi gadatvirTulia, sazogadoebrivi transporti .
. . klebulobs da Sedegad xdeba is, rom xalxs uwevs bevrad ufro Sori
gzis gavla samsaxurSi misasvlelad, vidre maT babuebs uwevdaT Tavis
droze tramvaiT mgzavrobisas. vinaidan yvela iltvis Tavisuflebisa
da mobilobis misaRwevad, sabolood xdeba is, rom maTi Tavisufleba da
mobiloba SezRudulia ise, rogorc arasodes yofila uwin. asevea bavS
vebTan dakavSirebiTac. xalxs aqvs didi ojaxebi, raTa siRaribes Tavi
daaRwion, magram siRaribe ufro metad izrdeba, vinaidan yvela am gzas
adgas (1984w., gv. 226-227).
781
radganac SesaZlebelia, rom mosaxleobis swrafi zrda ganviTarebis mteri
aRmoCndes, amitom politikis SemmuSaveblebi eZeben nayofierebis maCveneblis
Semcirebis gzebs. erTi warmatebuli gza aris kontracefciis mudmivad xelmi
sawvdomoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sobadobis maregulirebeli Tanamedrove saSu
alebebiT arsebobs Sobadoba Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, es mainc rTuli gansa
xorcielebelia. iqac ki, sadac es saSualebebi xelmisawvdomia, isini yovelTvis
ar gamoiyeneba. Sobadobis maregulirebeli programebi SemoqmedebiTi da mudmi
vad ganaxlebadi unda iyos.
magaliTad, tailandSi, Sobadobis regulirebaze dadebuli tabus moxsnis
sakiTxSi CarTuli iyo, rogorc Temi, aseve gamoyenebul iqna materialuri dain
teresebac. karnavalebze, soflis bazrobebsa da qorwilebzec ki imarTeboda
Sobadobis regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad,
Sejibri prezervativebis gabervaSi. Sromis dReze da samefo dabadebis dReze
imarTeba vazeqtomiis maraTonebi, sadac eqimebisa da eqTnebis gundebi ejbrebian,
Tu romeli ufro met operacias Caatarebs. daregistrirebuli pirebi, romlebic
xels uwyoben Sobadobis regulirebas TavianT TemebSi, SesaZlebelia dajildovd
nen fasdaklebiT TavianTi miwebis mosaxnavad xarebis daqiravebaSi, sasuqebisa da
Teslis SeZenisas da transportze, romelsac iyeneben TavianTi saqonlis bazarze
gasatanad. 16.000-ze met sofelSi arsebobs Sobadobis maregulirebeli centrebi.
tais wyvilebis daaxlovebiT 60 % mimarTavs Sobadobis maregulirebel praqtikas,
ris Sedegadac Sobadobis saerTo maCvenebeli daeca 6.1-dan 1965-1970-iani wlebi
dan 2.1-mde 1994 wlisaTvis (redi, 1994w.; msoflio banki, 1990w.). magram yvela pro
grama ar aris aseTi warmatebuli. magaliTad, 1967 wels keniaSi daiwyo Sobadobis
maregulirebeli programebi, magram misi organizeba da mTavrobis mxardaWera
sakmaod susti iyo. kenia, nayofierebis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebiT, msoflioSi
dRemde erT-erTi pirvelTagania da misi mosaxleoba msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad
mzardia (evromonitori, 1992w.).
1965 wel mTeli mesame samyaros qveynebSi qalebs saSualod 6 meti Svili hyav
daT; 1991 wlisaTvis nayofierebis maCvenebeli daeca 3.9 bavSvamde. CineTma sakmao
warmatebebs miaRwia am sakiTxSi, magram bolomde ver ganaxorciela aRniSnuli
politika. gaeros mosaxleobis fondis monacemebiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis qa
lebis 55 %-ze meti 1994 wlisaTvis iyenebda kontracefciis saSualebebs (sadiki,
1994w.). yvelaze didi zegavlena qveynis nayofierebis maCvenebelze aqvs imas, Tu
ramdeni bavSvis yola surs xalxs da es ricxvi damokidebulia am xalxis kulturasa
da ekonomiur SesaZleblobebze (harisoni, 1992w.). bavSvebis siyvaruli aris maTi
yolis universaluri mizezi, magram aq aseve did rols TamaSobs sxvadasxva kul
turebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifika. magaliTad, vaJkacobis (machismo)
tradiciis Tanaxmad, mamakacebi laTinur qveynebSi TavianT mamakacobas amtkice
782
ben Svilebis raodenobiT. ufro metic, ZiriTadad, kulturuli Rirebulebebi ma
terialur dainteresebasTan erTad, did ojaxebs ufro mimzidvels xdis.
mesame msoflios qveynebis umetes nawilSi ojaxuri funqciebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom kerZo korporaciebs waagavs (harisoni, 1984w.). ojaxis ufrosi, rogorc wesi
es gaxlavT mamakaci, pasuxismgebelia ojaxis yvela wevris bedze. misis warmate
ba damokidebulia ara kapitalis dagrovebaze, Tanamedrove gagebiT, aramed _
ojaxSi xalxis simravleze. ojaxis wevrebi, bavSvebis CaTvliT, warmoadgenen mis
ZiriTad dasayrdens an mTlian samuSao Zalas. bavSvebi asruleben patar-patara
samuSaoebs maSinve, rogorc ki amis fizikuri SesaZleblobebi CamouyalibdebaT,
xolo 13 wlis asakSi isini ukve srulfasovani momuSaveebi xdebian. soflebSi
isini muSaoben velze an cxovelebs uvlian; qalaqebSi isini SeiZleba gagzavnon
quCebSi Camomtarebel gamyidvelebad an _ samaTxovrod. didi ojaxis ufrosi se
riozuli Zalis mflobels warmoadgens, rasac zegavlena aqvs mis TemSi. is mar
Tavs mTel Tavis sanaTesao `jars~ da, miuxedavad imisa, rom qorwinebis Sedegad
myardeba kavSirebi sxva gvaris warmomadgenlebTan, yvela maTgani SesaZlebelia,
rom mowveuli iyos miwasTan, wylis savargulebsa Tu valebTan dakavSirebuli sa
davo sakiTxebis gasarCevad. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom didi ojaxi gansakuTrebu
li saxis dazRvevas warmoadgens moxucebulobis winaaRmdeg im qveyanebSi, sadac
ar xorcieldeba moxucebulTa daxmarebis programebi. rac ufro meti Svili hyavs
ojaxs, miT ufro ukeT iqnebian isini moxucebulobis asakSi.
zogadad, ojaxebSi, rogorc wesi, undaT rom hyavdeT vaJiSvilebi. amis mizezi
ar aris mxolod is, rom vaJiSvilebi ojaxis gvaris gamgrZeleblebi arian (ro
gorc Cven aRvniSneT CineTis magaliTze). saerTod, mamakacebi ufro mets gamoi
muSaveben, vidre qalebi. Sedegad, vaJebi sanam daqorwindebian, ufro mets deben
ojaxis biujetSi da ufro ukeT SeuZliaT moxuci mSoblebis Senaxva. ufro metic,
aziaSi mamakacebi qorwinebisas tradiciulad iReben meuRlis mziTevs (fuli an
saqoneli sacolis ojaxisagan). rac ufro meti vaJiSvili hyavs ojaxs, miT ufro
meti mogeba aqvs. amis sapirispirod ki, rac ufro meti qaliSvili hyavs ojaxs, miT
ufro mets kargavs. qveynebSi, sadac axalSobilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianoba
farTod aris gavrcelebuli, erTi vaJiSvilis yola ar aris sakmarisi, vinaidan
SesaZlebelia, rom is ver gadarCes. Cinuri andazis Tanaxmad: `erTi biWi _ ara
biWi, ori biWi _ viTom biWi, sami biWi _ marTla biWi~. iranelebi amboben, rom `The
first two sons are for the crows~ (harisoni, 1984, gv. 220). ase, rom mamakacebs SurT im
mamebis, visac ramodenime Zlieri vaJiSvili hyavs, xolo qalebs ki _ im dedebis,
vinc isini gaaCina, radgan aseTi ojaxebi xSirad ufro mdidrebi da Zlierebi arian
da gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT.
Zalian Znelia aseTi msoflmxedvelobis Secvla maSinac ki, rodesac samedi
cino miRwevebisa da gaumjobesebuli kvebis pirobebis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia,
rom ufro metma bavSvma miaRwios zrdasrul asaks. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
gabatonebuli iyo azri, romlis Tanaxmadac iTvleboda, rom Sobadobis SezRud
vis gasaRebi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTareba. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qveyanam unda
miaRwios modernizaciis im garkveul dones (industrializaciis, urbanizaciisa
da ganaTlebis sferoebSi), rodesac xalxi ukve gaaanalizebs patara ojaxebis
783
ekonomiur upiratesobas. am mosazrebis (rac ZiriTadia mosaxleobis bunebrivi
moZraobis gardamavali periodis `bunebrivad~ muSaobaSi) momxreebi miuTiTeben
Sobadobis koeficientis swraf dacemaze, rac ganicades axlad industrialize
bulma qveynebma _ singapurma da koream. miuxedavad amisa, modeli ar aris erTgva
rovani. nayofiereba isev daeca im qveynebSi, sadac aseTi ekonomikuri warmatebebi
ar aRiniSneboda (magaliTad, Sri-lanka da kosta-rika), da SenarCunda im qvey
nebSi, romlebmac miaRwies seriozul ekonomikur progress (brazilia da meqsika)
(erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.).
784
alebiTac maT SeuZliaT miiRon usafrTxoeba da garkveuli statusi. amgvarad,
qalebi adreul asakSi Txovdebian da xSirad orsuldebian, Tumca nayofsac xSi
rad kargaven.
ZiriTadi kvlevebi gviCveneben, rom rac ufro met ganaTlebas iRebs qali, miT
ufro cota bavSvs aCens. keniaSi Catarebulma erTma kvlevam gviCvena, Tu rogoria
qalis pirvelad gaTxovebis asakis, ganaTlebis donis, adgilmdebareobis (sofe
li qalaqis sapirispirod), ojaxuri mdgomareobis, religiis, kontraceptivebis
moxmarebisa da samuSao mdgomareobis zegavlena qalTa nayofierebaze (agiei da
mbamanio, 1989w.). mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebidan,
yvelaze didi gavlena hqonda ganaTlebas. qalebs, romlebsac miRebuli hqondaT
saSualo skolis an umaRlesi ganaTleba, saSualod 3.12-iT naklebi Svili hyavdaT
gaunaTlebel qalebTan SedarebiT. meore mniSvnelovani faqtori nayofierebis
SemcirebaSi aRmoCnda pirvelad gaTxovebis asaki. es ori faqtori xSirad erT
droulad moqmedebs: qalebi, romelTac xeli miuwvdebaT ganaTlebaze, ufro gvi
an Txovdebian, vidre isini, romlebic ar fiqroben ganaTlebaze.
ganaTleba da qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba aris ori SesaZlo ZiriTadi wina
piroba nayofierebis dasawevad (sadiki, 1994w.). ganaTleba qalebs aZlevs saqmis
codnasac da maTi ojaxebis zomis SezRudvis motivaciasac. ganaTlebuli qalebi
ufro xSirad axerxeben anazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnas, amitom gvian ojax
debian da bavSvebsac gvian aCenen. anazRaurebadi samsaxuri qalebs xdis ara marto
naklebad damokidebulebs TavianTi mamebsa da qmrebze, aramed aZlevs maT alter
natiul dedobriv statuss. ganaTlebulma qalebma ukeT ician Sobadobis maregu
lirebeli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb da kontraceptivebsac iyeneben. ufro metic, gana
Tleba aZlevs saSualebas orive sqesis warmomadgenlebs, rom ifiqron cxovrebis
alternatiul gzebze, amitom kontracefcia maTTvis saSiSi ara aris.
785
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis maRali done ar aris mxolod is erTi saSualeba,
riTac Cven vaxdenT zewolas dedamiwis ekologiaze _ biologiur organizmebs
Soris (maT Soris adamiani), da organizmebsa da maT garemomcvel samyaros So
ris urTierTobebis modelze. msoflios mdidar qveynebSi momxmareblebi, rom
lebsac usazRvro raodenobis moTxovnilebebi aqvT energiasa da sakvebze (xare
biviT), bevrad ufro met zewolas axdenen dedamiwaze, vidre dasaSvebia. maTi
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad saWiroa Zalze didi raodenobiT bunebrivi
resursis gamoyeneba, rac warmoqmnis aseve didi raodenobis narCenebs (romelTa
umetesobac saxifaTo narCens warmoadgens). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dedamiwa
zewolas ganicdis ara marto xalxis raodenobis, aramed maTi cxovrebis niris
gamoc. mcirericxovani mZRolebi, aravegetarianelebi, narCenebis warmomqmneli
amerikelebi, romlebic qaCaven wyals Sori manZilebidan da iyeneben kondicio
nerebs da, amgvarad, komfortulad cxovroben gaudabnoebul adgilebze, magali
Tad iseTze, rogoric aris Aarizona, aTjer ufro met zians ayeneben garemos, vid
re mesame samyaros qveynebSi mcxovrebi Raribi xalxi.
miuxedavad amisa, mravalricxovani mosaxleoba aris garemosdacviTi prob
lemebis wyaro da zemoqmedebas axdens resursebze. teqnologiis ganviTarebis
dabal donezec ki, swrafad mzardi mosaxleoba TiTqmis aSiSvlebs tyeebs, rasac
ZiriTadad sawvavisaTvis iyenebs. aseve xdeba wylis gadaWarbebuli moxmareba da
maTi dabinZureba narCenebiT. albaT yvelaze kargi magaliTi mosaxleobis zrdasa
da resursebis ganawilebas Soris daZabulobis Sesaxeb, dakavSirebulia sakvebiT
momaragebasTan. istoriulad, SimSilobas xSirad hqonda adgili, magram ZiriTa
dad lokaluri xasiaTis iyo. transporti da Senaxvis sistemebi ar iyo sakmaod
kargi imisaTvis, rom daeZlia klimaturi da mavneblebiT gamowveuli adgilobri
vi Sedegebi. transportisa da Senaxvis sistemebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, Sesa
Zlebeli gaxda msoflios sakvebiT momarageba. aman SeRavaTi moitana SimSilobis
sakiTxSi, magram aseve Seqmna SimSilobis globaluri problemis SesaZlebloba.
ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom msoflioSi kvebis bazrebis zrda niSnavs, rom fer
merebi awarmoeben ufro nakleb produqcias adgilobrivi momxmareblisaTvis.
yvela damokidebulia bazarze da krizisebi ufro seriozul saxes iRebs.
msoflio mosaxleobis 5 miliardidan, saSualod 1 miliard adamians sak
marisze meti sakvebi aqvs (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). msoflios mwvane safaris
TiTqmis erTi mesamediT ikvebeba saqoneli, romlis xorciTa da rZis produqte
biT umetesad maragdebian pirveli samyaros mdidari qveynebis macxovreblebi.
albaT 3 miliardze met adamians aqvs sakmarisi sakvebi, magram maTi kvebis racioni
ZiriTadad vegetarianulia. maT ricxvSi ar Sedis 1 miliardamde adamiani, romelic
qronikulad mSieria da 400 milionze meti adamiani, romelsac imdenad arasakma
risi sakvebi aqvs, rom maTi janmrTeloba safrTxis qveS imyofeba da zrdis Sefer
xebac ki aRiniSneba. SimSilobis ZiriTadi wili modis mesame samyaros qveynebze,
ZiriTadad laTinur amerikasa da afrikaze, sadac garemo seriozul zemoqmede
bas ganicdis da ekonomikuri ganviTareba SezRudulia. aq mosaxleoba daucvelia
mimdinare farTomasStabiani krizisebisagan. sahelSi(Sahel), romelic mdebareobs
saharis samxreT nawilSi, TiTqmis mudmivi SimSilobaa, rac faqtobrivad, malTus
786
iseuli koSmaris realobaSi asaxvas waagavs. Warbmosaxleobam migviyvana gadaWar
bebuli Zovebis, kultivirebisa da wylis moxmarebis faqtebamde; amas Tu davu
matebT msoflio oms, es sabolood masobrivi SimSiliT damTavrdeba. SimSili ar
aris mudmivi, magram xSiria. 1980-iani wlebis bolos mniSvnelovani movlena iyo
is, rom yovelwliurad xuTi axalSobilidan erTi iRupeboda SimSilobis faqtor
Tan dakavSirebuli mizezebis gamo (damoukidebeli komisia saerTaSoriso humani
taruli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, 1985w.).
Tu msoflioSi arsebuli mTeli sakvebi Tanabrad ganawildeboda (da Tu dasav
leTis macxovreblebi nakleb xorcsa da rZis produqts miirTmevdnen), dReisaT
vis SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rom dedamiwis yvela mkvidrs sakmarisi sakvebi hqono
da. Tumca, ar darCeboda zedmeti sakvebi im 95 milioni adamianisaTvis, romlebic
yovelwliurad ematebian samyaros. lester braunis, soflis meurneobis doqto
risa da msoflio dakvirvebebis institutis(Worldwatch Institute) prezidentis Se
fasebiT, 28 milion tonaze meti marcvleulis moyvanaa saWiro mxolod imisaTvis,
rom ar CamorCe 1990-iani wlebis mosaxleobis zrdis temps (brauni da sxv., 1990w.).
braunis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, sakvebi produqciis aseTi zrda ararealulia. faq
tia, rom 1984 welTan SedarebiT, 1994 wels msoflioSi mTeli marcvleulis mo
savali 10 %-iT daeca (brauni, lenseni da keini, 1995w.).
1950 wlidan 1984 wlamde marcvleuli produqcia mTel msoflioSi Tanabrad
gaizarda (Tumca misi ganawileba araTanabari iyo). mTavari mizezi gaxldaT e.w.
mwvane revolucia _ marcvleuli kulturebis, rogorebic arian simindi, xor
bali da brinji, axali Stamebis gamogoneba. aman gamoiwvia TiToeul akr miwis nak
veTze mosavlis gaormageba an gasammagebac ki. 1950-ian wlebSi, rodesac moxda am
Stamebis gamogoneba, indoeTsa da PpakistanSi es maRalmosavliani marcvleuli
kulturebi aRiarebulni iyvnen, rogorc msoflio SimSilobis problemis gadam
Wrelebni. mwvane revoluciis warmateba, romelic Zalze mokle droSi ganxor
cielda, udavod STambeWdavi iyo. magram es gaxldaT warmateba garemoze miyene
buli grZelvadiani zianis fasad.
mwvane revoluciis marcvleuli kulturebis miReba damokidebulia inten
siur miwaTmoqmedebaze, sadac irigacias, sasuqebsa da pesticidebs didi gamoy
eneba aqvT. zemoaRniSnuli kombinacia sagangaSoa garemosaTvis. erTi problema
gaxlavT miwis erozia. yovelwliurad fermerebi saSualod niadagis 24 miliard
tona nayofier Sres kargaven (brauni da sxv., 1990w.; brauni, lenseni da keini,
1995w.). dabolos, miwebi gamofitulia intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoe
bis Sedegad. yovelwliurad mravali akri miwa amoRebul unda iqnes sakultivacio
samuSaoebidan. SesaZlebelia, rom isini Canacvldes axali sasoflo-sameurneo mi
webiT, magram es ar xerxdeba, radgan miwebi ukve arasakmarisia. qimiur sasuqebs ar
SeuZliaT arc aRadginon es gamofituli miwebi da arc Secvalon niadagis bune
brivi nayofiereba (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). ufro metic, isini droebiT niR
baven eroziis Sedegebsa da niadagis ZiriTadi nutrientebis dakargvis faqtebs.
am sasuqebis Carecxva mdinareebsa da dinebebSi iwveves dabinZurebas. dabinZureba
xdeba imis gamo, rom sasuqebi xels uwyoben wyalmcenareebis zrdas, rac iwvevs
787
Jangbadis STanTqmas, es ki, Tavis mxriv, Rupavs Tevzs. maRalmosavliani marcv
leuli kulturebis mosarwyavad fermerebs uxdebaT miwisqveSa wylebis doneze
ufro Rrma WaburRilebis gakeTeba, raTa amoqaCon ufro meti wyali, vidre bune
brivadaa SesaZlebeli. nebismieri warmatebuli irigacia aris droebiTi, vinai
dan is iwvevs gamarilianebas an daWaobebas, rac niadags isev gamouyenebels xdis.
mokled rom vTqvaT, mwvane revolucias mivyavarT Semcirebul ukugebamde.
marcvleulis warmoeba Tanabrad iqna SenarCunebuli mxolod 1990-ian wleb
Si maSin, rodesac mosaxleoba weliwadSi saSualod 1.8%-iT izrdeboda (brauni,
lenseni da keini, 1995w.). Sedegi aris is, rom msoflio iyenebs arsebul marcvleu
lis maragebs da sul ufro metad ganicdis mis naklebobas. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT dabinZurebisa da globaluri daTbobis zemoqmedebas sasoflo-sameur
neo produqciaze, msoflios gamokveba 1990-an wlebSi da Semdgom periodSi mainc
problematuri iqneba. msoflio marcvleuli produqcia SesaZlebelia gaizardos,
magram sakvebis raodenoba TiToeul adamianze Semcirdeba (ix. sqema 18.11). zogi
erTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom problema SesaZlebelia gadaiWras teqnologiuri
midgomiT, rac gulisxmobs sakvebiT momaragebis gazrdas mosaxleobis raodeno
bis SezRudvis gareSe. Tanamedrove bioteqnologiuri kvlevebi (gansakuTrebiT
genuri inJineria) mimarTulia sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze danaxarjebisa
Tu fasis Semcirebisaken da ara miRebuli produqciis gazrdisaken. saboloo Ses
wavlis Sedegad Cans, rom problemis gadaWra socialur sferomde midis. fran
gi agronomi rene diumoni wers, rom `msoflios momavali damokidebulia imaze,
SegviZlia Tu ara msoflio mosaxleobis SemaSfoTeblad swrafi tempiT zrdis mo
Tokva da Semdeg ki _ SeCereba~ (1990w., gv. 37).
788
msoflios sakvebiT momaragebis SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebuli prob
lemebis garda, mosaxleobis swrafi tempiT zrda gulisxmobs gaZlierebul ze
wolas SezRuduli, xSirad araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebaze da
wylis da atmosferuli haeris ufro metad dabinZurebas, romlebic aucilebelia
arsebobisaTvis. safrTxis qveS myofi dedamiwis gadasarCenad saWiroa kargi mene
jmenti da saerTaSoriso urTierTTanamSromloba.
pirvelad dedamiwis dRe 1970 wlis aprilSi aRiniSna. es iyo erovnuli movle
na, romelic organizebuli iyo aqtivistTa jgufebis mier. dRes, dedamiwis dRe
yovelwliurad aRiniSneba 140 qveyanaSi da masSi yvela asakis adamiani iRebs mona
wileobas. oTxidan sami amerikeli Tavs `garemos damcvelad~ miiCnevs. mTavrobis
bevrma warmomadgenelmac ki Tavi daaneba imis mtkicebas, rom garemos dazogva
gamoiwvevs samuSaos Semcirebas da isini ejibrebian kidevac, Tu romeli ufro me
tad aris `mwvane~ (voldi, 1990w.). amerikuli arwivi, romelic erTxel gadaSenebis
safrTxis winaSe dadga diqlordifeniltriqloreTanis (DDT) gamo, SesaZlebe
lia, amoRebul iqnes gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi frinvelebis siidan; aRar
xdeba mdinare kaiaxogas aaleba, romelic Caedineba klevlandSi; axali avtoman
qanebis gamonabolqvis gamosaSvebi milebi uSveben 75-95 %-iT nakleb toqsikur
gazebs, vidre Zveli modelis avtomanqanebi.
samwuxarod, garemosTan dakavSirebuli warmatebebi kompensirdeba arasa
surveli movlenebiT. avtomanqanebis raodenobis zrda niSnavs, rom, miuxedavad
maTi gamonabolqvis mkacri regulirebisa, amerikelebis TiTqmis naxevari cxov
robs garemoSi, sadac xdeba atmosferuli haeris federaluri standartebis dar
Rveva. mdinare kaiaxogaSi dabrunebul TevzSi iseTi raodenobiT iqna aRmoCenili
momwamlavi nivTierebebi, rom es Tevzi sakvebad uvargisi gaxda. 1970-1990 wlebSi
mTel msoflioSi 500 milioni akri (es tolia SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleTiT
mdebare misisipis mdinaris farTobis) tye iqna gaCexili; udabnoebi yvela konti
nentzea; mimdinareobs miwisqveSa wylebis rezervuarebis amoSroba; mTel rig qa
laqebSi atmosferuli haeri imdenad dabinZurebulia, rom bavSvebisTvis gareT
TamaSic ki saSiSia. ufro metic, gaCnda axali problemebi, romlebic aravis ar
hqonda gagonili dedamiwis dRis pirvelad aRniSvnisas. esenia: saTburi gazebis
efeqti, ozonis Sris xvrelebi da mJavuri wvimebi.
am nawilSi Cven mimovixilavT socialur sakiTxebs da resursebis amowurvisa da
dabinZurebis Sedegebs. Tumca sadiskusiod saWiroa garemoze zemomqmedi am ori
faqtoris cal-calke ganxilva, magram realurad isini urTierTgadajaWvulni
arian. orive kapitalisturi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegia. rogorc soci
ologi jeims o’konori aRniSnavs, `msoflios bunebrivi simdidre Zalze mcirdeba
da gardaiqmneba sayofacxovrebo narCenad, xSirad _ saxifaTo sayofacxovrebo
789
narCenad, razec mimarTulia mTeli msoflio kapitali~ da arasasurveli Tana
produqtebi _ dabinZureba _ moqmedeben resursebis Semcirebasa [Tu] amowur
vaze~ (1989w. gv. 11). magaliTad, navTobis mopoveba xdeba niadagidan (resursebis
Semcireba) da xdeba misi transportireba samrewvelo centrebamde, sadac is saw
vavad gamoiyeneba (dabinZurebis gamowveva) an gardaiqmneba praqtikulad dauSlel
produqtebad, magaliTad plastmasad (Semdgomi dabinZurebis gamomwvevi).
am sistemam aseve gamoiwvia msoflios dayofa mdidar da Rarib qveynebad.
ZiriTadad mesame samyaros qveynebi amarageben kapitalistur qveynebs nedleu
liT da Sedegad ganicdian resursebis seriozul Semcirebas. maSin, rodesac, in
dustriuli qveynebi awarmoeben ufro met dabinZurebas, vidre maT wilad unda
modiodes. pirveli samyaros qveynebi aseve awarmoeben dabinZurebis `eqsports~
mesame samyaros qveynebSi, qimikatebis gadataniT ara marto haeris da wylis sa
SualebiT, aramed avtomobilebiT, qarxnebiT, gazirebuli wylis balonebiTa da,
zog SemTxvevebSi, produqciiTa da warmoebis meTodebiT, romlebic usafrTxod
ar iTvleba da akrZaluli aqvT sakuTar qveynebSi.
resursebis amowurva
xalxi yovelTvis moixmarda garemos, rac niSnavs, rom sunTqavda haers, ikvebe
boda mcenareebiTa da cxovelebiT, svamda sasmel wyals da iyenebda tyavsa da xis
masalas tansacmlisa da sacxovreblisaTvis. magram yvela es resursi ganaxleba
dia da, amasTanave, kacobriobis arsebobis umetes periodSi mosaxleoba iyo mcir
ericxovani da aramWidrod dasaxlebuli. `amitom adamianTa jgufebi moixmardnen
[bunebriv resursebs] imaze ufro neli tempiT, vidre maTi bunebrivad warmoqmna
xdeboda~ (erixi da erixi, 1990w., gv. 49). mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi daiwyo
am balansis darRveva. amis pirveli mizezi gaxldaT is, rom adamianebma daiwyes
araganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyeneba _ pirvelad metalebis, xolo Semdeg _ wia
Riseuli sawvavis (navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi gazi da torfi), ris Seqmnasac
milionobiT wlebi sWirdeba da risi aRdgenac SeuZlebelia. meore mizezi gaxl
daT mosaxleobis zrda, ramac, saqonlis moTxovnilebis zrdasTan erTad, migvi
yvana ganaxlebadi resursebis (xeebi da wyali) ufro swraf moxmarebamde, vidre
maT ganaxlebas sWirdeba. xSirad es procesebi mimdinareobda dedamiwaze zianis
miyenebamde.
wiaRiseul sawvavs, romelsac Cven dRes viyenebT, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, milio
ni weli dasWirda rom Seqmniliyo (gibonsi(Gibbons), bleiri(Blair) da gvini(Gwin),
1989w.). navTobi saSualod iZleva msoflios energiis 40 procents, qvanaxSiri _
30 procents da bunebrivi gazi _ 20 procents. birTvuli da hidro-eleqtro sad
gurebi da, mesame samyaros qveynebSi _ SeSa da organuli narCenebi, ki iZleva da
narCen procents. am resursebis moxmareba araTanabrad mimdinareobs. msoflios
790
mosaxleobis erT meoTxedze naklebi industriuli qveynebi moixmaren msoflioSi
arsebuli komerciulad xelmisawvdomi energiis sam meoTxedze mets (hauCleri da
kenedi, 1994w.). SeerTebul Statebze modis udidesi wili: erTi amerikeli moixmars
ufro met energias, vidre ori iaponeli an germaneli, xuTi meqsikeli, ocdaTxuT
meti indoeli an indonezieli da ormocdaTeqvsmeti nigerieli (darningi, 1990w.).
amerikelebi navTobs, ZiriTadad, moixmaren avtomobilebisaTvis. SeerTebul
StatebSi samidan ori bareli navTobi moixmareba avtomobilebis bakebSi da sxva
msubuq satransporto saSualebebSi. mTels msoflioSi, gzebze satransporto
saSualebebi _ naxevari miliardi _ ufro swrafad matulobs, vidre mosaxleo
ba (evromonitori, 1992w.). avtomobilebisa da mZRolebis umetesoba aris indus
triul qveynebSi, magram mesame samyaros qveynebi (gansakuTrebiT, azia da samxreT
amerika) ukve ewevian maT. Tumca mesame samyaros qveynebi moixmaren bevrad ufro
nakleb navTobs, vidre pirveli samyaros qveynebi, maTi moqalaqeebi, procentu
lad, TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro mets xarjaven navTobze da, amasTanave,
yvelaze metad zaraldebian navTobisa da gazis miwodebis ferxebis SemTxvevaSi.
wiaRiseul sawvavze damokidebuli yofna problematuria sxvadasxva mizeze
bis gamo. erTi aris adgilmdebareoba. msoflios navTobis damtkicebuli maragis
saSualod ori mesamedi aris sparseTis yuris teritoriaze. igive SegviZlia vTq
vaT bunebrivi gazis Sesaxebac. 1990 wels, rodesac erayi SeiWra quveiTSi, moxda
imis demonstrireba, rom axlo aRmosavleTi, romelic aris navTobiT msoflios
ZiriTadi mommaragebeli, ar aris politikurad stabiluri da navTobiT momarage
ba araprognozirebadia. meore problema, arsebuli energetikuli sistemis SemTx
vevaSi, aris dabinZureba. wiaRiseuli sawvavi aris ZiriTadi wyaro, rogorc adgi
lobrivi smogisa, aseve msoflio problemebisa, rogoric aris mJavuri wvimebi da
globaluri daTboba (ganxilulia qvemoT). samwuxarod, qvanaxSiri _ erTaderTi
wiaRiseuli sawvavi, romelic didi raodenobiT arsebobs yvela kontinentze _
amasTanave, aris garemos yvelaze didi damabinZurebeli. `qvanaxSiris moxmarebas
Zalian mZime Sedegebic moaqvs adamianisa da garemosaTvis~, wers nikolas lenseni,
`gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac wva mimdinareobs Sesabamisi dabinZurebis makon
trolebeli mowyobilobis gareSe~ (1995w., gv. 50). misi mopoveba azianebs niadags,
xolo wvis dros warmoiqmneba atmosferuli haeris orjer an samjer meti dama
binZurebeli, vidre nebismieri sxva sawvavis wvisas. qvanaxSiri aseve iwvevs mJavur
wvimas, romelic azianeb mosavals, tyeebsa da Senoba-nagebobebs.
msoflios mTeli mosaxleoba aRdga TavianTi mTavrobebis mier SeTavazebuli
energetikuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis winaaRmdeg. erT-erTi pirveli de
monstracia centraluri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, romelic gaimarTa sabWoTa kav
SirSi, daiwyo garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT da es xdeboda 1986 wlis aprilSi Cer
nobilSi momxdar avariamde. imis gamo, rom xalxs aqvs garkveuli SiSis grZnoba
birTvuli avariebis, radioaqtiuri narCenebis, mcire doziT regularuli radi
aciuli gamosxivebis (rac SesaZlebelia, rodesac xalxi muSaobs atomur eleq
trosadgurebSi an maTTan axlos cxovrobs) da atomuri bombebis saidumlo war
moebaSi (rogorc eraySi) gamoyenebuli energetikuli teqnologiebisa, msoflio
791
masStabiT mimdinare atmuri sadgurebis mSeneblobebi SeCerebul iqna. ger
maniis moqalaqeebma Caagdes birTvul energiasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebis
gavrcelebis mcdeloba TavianT qveyanaSi. indoeTSi hidroeleqtro sadgurebis
aSenebis gegmasac didi protestiT Sexvda mosaxleoba. SeerTebul StatebSi qvana
xSiris, iseve, rogorc birTvuli energiis qarxnebis mSeneblobac dablokil iqna
amomrCevlebis mier. moqalaqeebma SesaZlebelia zustad arc ki ician Tu ra saxis
energia undaT, magram zustad aqvT gansazRvruli, Tu ra ar undaT. Sedegad moxda
is, rom SeerTebuli Statebis energetikuli politika da praqtika Seicvala erTi
ukiduresobidan meorisaken.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, amerikelebs hqondaT ra dauokebeli survili,
rom hyolodaT uzarmazari araekonomiuri manqanebi, amtkicebdnen iaf energiaze
xelmisawvdomobis SesaZleblobas. Semdeg, 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciam (OPEC) daado embargo SeerTebul Statebs
navTobis gayidvaze. gazis fasma saocrad aiwia da federalurma mTavrobam da
bevri Statis mTavrobam SeimuSava mravali programa sakuTari resursebis kon
servaciis xelSesawyobad: fasi energomatareblebze gaTavisuflebul iqna, efeq
turobis minimaluri standartebi iqna dadgenili avtomanqanebisa da sxva mow
yobilobebisaTvis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi iqna SeTavazebuli saxlis saukeTeso
izolaciisaTvis, fondebi gamoiyo energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis ganviTarebisa
da maTze Casatarebeli kvlevebis dasafinanseblad. 1973_1986 wlebSi SeerTe
bul StatebSi energoefeqturobis maCvenebeli gaizarda daaxloebiT 30 procen
tiT, navTobis importi dReSi 9 miliardi barelidan daeca 5 miliardamde, mTeli
mosaxleobis wliuri gadasaxadi sawvavze Semcirda 150 miliardi aSS dolariT
(flavini(Flavin), 1991w.). ganviTarda axali teqnologiebi, rogoric aris foto
galvanuri elementi, romelic mzis energias pirdapir gardaqmnis eleqtroe
nergiad (romelic albaT amuSavebs Tqvens jibis gamomTvlel manqanas). gaizarda
dafinanseba kvlevebisaTvis mzis, geoTermuli da sxva iseTi teqnologiebis Sesa
muSaveblad, sadac energiis gamosamuSaveblad saWiro ar aris sawvavi. aRdgenil
iqna Zveli teqnologiebi, rogoric aris qaris wisqvilebi da qaris turbinebi. Sem
deg, 1985-1986 wlebSi, rodesac msoflioSi navTobis fasi daeca, misma importma da
moxmarebam isev daiwyo aRmavloba da dRes TiTqmis piks aRwevs (brauni, nelseni da
keini, 1995w.). garemosdacviTi kanonmdebloba Serbilda da sakonservacio prog
ramebma gadauxvies TavianT principebs. yovelive amis safuZveli iyo is, rom isini
zians ayeneben ekonomikas. Tumca, eqsperimentebi ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebze
kvlav mimdinareobs. marTlac, mTels msoflioSi, marto 1994 wels qaris genera
torebiT energiis gamomuSaveba gaizarda 22 procentiT, Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia,
rom SeerTebul StatebSi warmoeba igive tempiT viTardeba (flavini, 1995w.).
SeerTebul StatebSi energiis moxmarebis aseTi mokle mioxilva, pirvel rig
Si gviCvenebs, rom xalxi SesaZlebelia motivirebul iqnes, rom Secvalos Tavisi
damokidebuleba energomoxmarebis mimarT. amasTanave, vxedavT, rom ukve arse
bobs teqnologia energiis ufro efeqturi wyaroebisaTvis. magaliTad, sparse
Tis yureSi omis dros, iordaniaSi, israelsa da kviprosSi muSaobas ganagrZobda
mzis batareis panelebi, romlebsac ar eqmnebodaT saSiSroeba navTobis momwode
792
beli saSualebebis dazianebis gamo. indoeTSi daaxloebiT 6.000 sofeli eleqtro
energias iRebs fotogalvanuri elementebis saSualebiT (flavini da lenseni,
1991w.). `superizolirebuli~, hermetuli saxlebi SvedeTSi moixmaren 90 pro
centiT nakleb energias, vidre saSualo amerikuli saxli (msoflio resursebi,
1990-1991ww., 1990w.). kaliforniaSi zogierTi saxli Tavisi eleqtroenergiis 40
procents iRebs haeris turbinebidan (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). vercerTi am te
qnologiebidan marto ver Caanacvlebs wiaRiseul sawvavs, magram maTi kombina
ciis Sedegad SesaZlebeli iqneba Semcirdes damokidebuleba ufro saxifaTo da
naklebad saimedo energiis wyaroebze.
gautyeureba
793
problema: bevri adamiani mesame samyaros qveynebSi SeSas iyenebs saWmlis mosamza
deblad, gasaTbobad, gasanaTeblad, iseve, rogorc saxlebis asaSeneblad da avejis
gasakeTeblad. rac ufro meti adamiania, miT ufro meti xe iWreba. axali xeebi ver
izrdebian ise swrafad, rom Caanacvlon Zvelebi, gansakuTrebiT tropikebSi. ufro
swored, gautyeurebuli miwa gardaiqmneba balaxis mdelod an tyis raionad, zo
gierT SemTxvevaSi _ udabnod. Sedegad, xalxs yoveldRiurad uwevs Sors wasvla
SeSis mosapoveblad da garemos degradaciis procesic ufro farTod vrceldeba.
tropikuli tyeebis Semcirebis meore seriozuli mizezi gaxlavT komerciuli
ganviTareba msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad. ucxoeli investorebi an adgilob
rivi mewarmeebi Wrian tropikuli tyeebis did teritoriebs xis morebisa da sa
sargeblo wiaRiseulis gasatanad, an ranCoebisa da plantaciebis dasaSeneblad.
ocdaTeqvsmeti qveynis monacemebis mixedviT, ekologi Tomas rudeli (1989w.)
askvnis, rom aseTi maRali procentiT gautyeurebis mTavari mizezi aris mesame
msoflios qveynebSi mimdinare mosaxleobis zrda. garda amisa, tropikuli tyee
biT mdidar qveynebSi, politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebic did rols TamaSo
ben. amgvarad, amazonSi saqonlis fermebi uSveben iaffasian xorcs SeerTebuli
Statebis swrafi kvebis dawesebulebebis qselisaTvis maSin, rodesac, iaponiaSi
damzadebul eleqtroaparaturis kardonis yuTebSi SesafuTad xis masalas iRe
ben papua axali gvineis, tailandis, malaiziis, kolumbiis da kamerunis tyeebidan
(erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.).
braziliaSi aRiniSneba orive _ demografiuli problemac da komerciuli
ganviTarebac. amazonSi brazilia flobs udides tropikuli tyeebsac da aq mimdi
nareobs msoflioSi yvelaze maRalprocentiani gautyeurebis procesic (goldem
bergi, 1989w. msoflio resursebis instituti, 1991w.). 1960-ian wlebSi dawyebuli
programis farglebSi, braziliis mTavrobam es teritoria gaxsna ganviTarebi
saTvis _ rogorc trans-amazonis magistralisa da sxva gzebis mSeneblobis meS
veobiT, aseve miwis nakveTebis TiTqmis ufasod SeTavazebiT, sagadasaxado Se
RavaTebiT da wliuri anazRaurebiTac ki, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaxldebodnen am
teritoriaze (harisoni, 1984w.). programa SemuSavebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT:
dawyebuliyo amazonis resursebis aTviseba da gadaWriliyo braziliis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT da samxreT nawilSi arsebuli Warbmosaxleobis problema, sadac ko
merciuli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia bevri glexis miwis gareSe
datoveba. amasTanave, proeqtis mimdinareobis procesSi naklebi yuradReba eT
moboda amazonis auzis ekologiasa da, aseve mis tradiciul macxovreblebsac.
erTi moTxovna iyo is, rom iq dasaxlebul xalxs `gaeumjobesebina~ an gaeTavi
suflebina miwebi xeebis moWriTa da maTi dawviT. 1980-1990 wlebSi amazonis Stat
rondoniaSi xalxis dasaxlebam gamoiwvia saerTo tyis safaris Semcireba 97 pro
centidan 76 procentamde, am tempiT tyeebis ganadgureba kvlavac grZeldeba (ax
aria, 1995w.). dasaxlebuli xalxi iswrafvoda miwaTmoqmedebisaken, magram xSirad
niadagi mxolod ramodenime wliT iyo gamosadegi amisaTvis. tropikuli tyeebis
ZiriTadi energia Tavs iyris xeebSi da ara niadagSi; rodesac maT Wrian, niadagSi
nutrientebis moculoba Zalian swrafad iklebs. amitomac aris, rom tradiciuli
794
mosaxleoba miwis damuSavebis procesSi axorcielebs mis gakafvasa da gadawvas, am
dros xdeba mcire teritoriebis xSiri cvla, rac tyes aZlevs ganaxlebis saSuale
bas. zogierTma dasaxlebulma adamianma xeli mihyo miwis gaTavisuflebas, yidda
ra mas ufro mZlavr fermerebze, romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas komer
ciuli mizniT misdevdnen.
1980-iani wlebis bolos, amazonis tropikul tyeebSi ganxorcielebuli saq
mianobebi da misi ganadgureba msoflio yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. saerTaSo
riso zewolis Sedegad, braziliis mTavrobam SeaCera sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
developerebisaTvis da, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, SeuerTda amazonis paqts, ro
melic exeba bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas, konservacias da adgi
lobrivi mosaxleobis dacvas. miuxedavad amisa, amave dros, iaponiasTan daiwyo
molaparakeba avtomagistralis aSenebis dafinansebis sakiTxebze, romelic ama
zonis tyes perus dedaqalaq limas wynari okeanis portTan daakavSirebda, raTa
gamartivebuliyo magarmerqniani morebis eqsporti. msxvili miwaTmflobelebi
braziliaSi kvlav sargebloben sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT saqonlis saZovrebad
miwis gaTavisuflebisaTvis (msoflio banki, 1990w.); maTi qmedebebi ekonomikurad
racionaluria (hexti, 1993w.).
braziliis mTavroba amtkicebs, rom SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva industria
lizebul qveynebs, romelTa moqalaqeebic moixmaren TxuTmetjer ufro met ener
gias, vidre brazilielebi, aranairi ufleba ar gaaCniaT moiTxovon, rom brazilia
gaxdes wamyvani qveyana konservaciis sakiTxebSi. SesaZlebelia, Cven vzRoT imis
sanacvlod, rom, gvinda, ufro Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebma SezRudon TavianTi
ganviTareba tyeebis SenarCunebis mizniT imisaTvis, rom gautyeureba daexmaros
dRevandel mdidar qveynebs ganviTarebis `yidvis~ sakiTxSi. amazonisa da sxva
tropikuli tyeebis momavali damokidebulia saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevaze, rac
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso dacvis fondis saxiT an SeTanxmebiT
mesame samyaros qveynebTan, rom moxdes maTi ucxouri valebis nawilis gacvla
bunebrivi arealebis dacvaze (ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi box).
dabinZureba
Tovli mexikoSi? es aris is, rasac ekatepekis(Ecatepec) CrdiloeT gareubnis bi
nadarni uwodeben wminda TeTr mtvers, romliTac yovel diliT ifareba maTi saxle
bi da qalaqis quCebi. axlomdebare kaustikuri sodis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnidan
wamosuli qimiuri mtvris Rrubeli axmobs xeebsa da buCqebs, wvavs iqauri macxov
reblebis Tvalebsa da yels, da albaT misgan aris gamowveuli kanze gamonayari da
respiratoruli daavadebebi, romlebic ase xSiria aq. es toqsikuri Tovli aris
mxolod erTi simptomi mexikoSi mimdinare mzardi ekologiuri krizisisa. atmos
feruli haeris dabinZureba iwvevs an didi wvlili miuZRvis respiratoruli daa
vadebebisa da infeqciebis 90 procentSi (harisoni, 1992w., gv. 176).
bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi mexikos mosaxleoba 5 milionidan 16 mi
lionamde gaizarda. 3 milionamde satransporto saSualeba da aTeulobiT aTa
si gaumarTavi qarxana, romelTaganac zogierTi wvavs saburavebs an sawvavSi
795
dasvelebul naxerxs, yovelwliurad 4.35 milion tona damabinZurebels afrqvevs
atmosferoSi. dedaqalaqis uzarmazar ukanono dasaxlebebSi sapirfareSo da
kanalizacia iSviaTobas warmoadgens; mtverTan Sewonilia mSrali fekaluri
nivTierebebi da infeqciuri mikroorganizmebi, magaliTad _ salmonella da
streptokoki. mdinare rio de los remediosis napirebi nagviTa da narCenebiT
aris mofenili da TviTon mdinarec Savi Slamis saxiT miedineba. sawarmoebidan
Camdinare navTobi livlivebs mdinaris zedapirze, xolo gauwmendavi Camdinare
wylebis mier mdinareSi Catanili organuli masis lpobis Sedegad, mis zedapir
ze gazis buStukebi Cndeba. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba Tavis diplomatiur
korpuss uxdis 10 procentian danamats, radgan isini mexikos haeriT sunTqaven,
qiraobs maTTvis saxlebs qalaqis gareT da urCevs qalebs, rom ar gaaCinon Svile
bi iq yofnis dros (niu-iork Taimsi, 1991w. 12 maisi). mexiko SeiZleba CaiTvalos
dabinZurebis yvelaze mZime SemTxvevad, aq fiqsirdeba mosaxleobis SeuzRuda
vi zrdis, urbanizaciisa da industrializaciis zegavlena garemoze _ magram
swored es aris gamafrTxilebeli niSani.
narCenebis warmoqmna arsebobis bunebrivi nawilia. narCeni xdeba damabinZu
rebeli maSin, rodesac imdeni narCenia warmoqmnili, rom aWarbebs bunebrivi ga
damuSavebis procesebs an, rodesac adamianebi awarmoeben iseT masalebs (rodor
ic aris plastmasa da radioaqtiuri mtveri), romlebic ar iSlebian bunebrivi
procesebiT. dabinZureba krizisamde midis ori socialuri faqtoris Sedegad: (1)
axali teqnologiebi axali tipis narCenebiT da (2) mosaxleobis simWidrovis ise
Ti done (xalxis raodenoba kvadratul milze), romelic jer ar axsovs msoflio
istorias.
796
wileobas iReben gaeros globaluri garemosdacviTi monitoringis sistemaSi
(GEMS)). SvedeTSi, avstriaSi, Sveicariasa da germaniaSi, avtomobilebis gamo
nabolqvze mkacri zomebis dawesebiT da eleqtrosadgurebze gamwmendi mowyo
bilobebis moTxovniT, TiTqmis ori mesamediT Semcirda dabinZureba.
yvela warmatebul saqmianobas mosdevs Cavardnebi da uaryofiTi Sedegebic.
yofili komunisturi qveynebi, romelTa mizansac warmoadgenda produqciis war
moeba, msoflioSi yvelaze didi damabinZureblebi iyvnen (ix. Tavi 16). aRmosavleT
evropis, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis umetesobasa da msoflios bevr ganviTarebad
qveyenaSi jerac ar aris emisiis kontroli mrewvelobis obieqtebsa da satrans
porto saSualebebze. poloneTis erT-erT uZveles da ulamazes qalaq krakovSi
istoriuli Senobebi imdenad aris dazianebuli, rom xalxi saubris dros am qvis
kedlebs moixseniebs, rogorc `mdnars~(melting). MEMS-is monacemebis mixedviT,
CineTis ToTxmet qalaqSi gogirdis zeJangis donem aiwia da amJamad sam- xuTjer
ufro maRalia, vidre CrdiloeT amerikaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saWiroebis gamo, xSirad mTavroba ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos
dacviT problemebs.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis problemebis garda, bevr Tanamedrove midgomasa
da teqnologias didi wvlili miuZRvis atmosferos ganadgurebaSi. atmosfero
iWers mzis simxurvales da icavs mdinareebsa da okeaneebs gayinvisagan, dedami
was ki ultraiisferi gamosxivebis mavne moqmedebisagan. bolo wlebSi adamia
nis qmedebebis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneba orive zemoaRniSnul faqtors. saTburi
efeqti, saTburis saxuravis msgavsad, moqmedebs atmosferuli airebis siTbos Se
makaveblad. yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli `saTburi gazebi~ aris wylis orTqli,
naxSirorJangi, meTani, azotis mJavebi da ozoni. sicocxle dedamiwaze damokide
bulia atmosferoSi saTburi gazebis garkveuli koncentraciis SenarCunebaze.
Tu Zalian cota iqneba es koncentracia, maSin dedamiwa iseve SeiZleba gaiyinos,
rogorc marsi, xolo Tu bevri iqneba, maSin iseTive cxeli iqneba, rogorc venera.
am gazebis koncentracia, romelTa warmoqmnac daiwyo industriuli revoluciis
dasawyisidan, bolo aTwleulebSi daCqarda. amis mTavari mizezi gaxlavT wiaRi
seuli sawvavis wva da xe-tyis Wra-wva (cocxal xeebSi grovdeba naxSirbadi, ro
melic gamoiyofa maTi wvis Sedegad). Tanamedrove mecnierebis azriT, Tu amgvari
qmedebebi kvlav gagrZeldeba, maSin SesaZlebelia, mivaRwioT globaluri daTbo
bis Zalze saSiS zRvars (rudmeni, 1995w.). saSualo temperaturis awevam SesaZle
belia gamoiwvios polaruli yinulovani safaris dnoba da okeaneebis moculobaSi
momateba; mravali qalaqis datborva; msoflios ZiriTadi marcvleuli raionebis
niadagis gamoSroba; masobrivi migraciebi; mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis
gaqroba; cvlilebebi avadmyofobis gadamtani organizmebis gavrcelebaSi. aravin
icis, Tu ra mZime Sedegis motana SeuZlia globalur daTbobas, romlis gaRrmave
baSi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs TiTqmis erTnairi wvlili miuZRviT
(ix. sqema 18.12).
797
1. SeerTebuli Statebi, 2. evrogaerTianeba,
3. sabWoTa kavSiri, 4. brazilia, 5, CineTi, 6. indoeTi,
7. iaponia, 8. indonezia, 9. kanada, 10. meqsika
sqema 18.12 / aTi qveyana saTburi gazebis yvelaze didi emisiebiT, 1987w. rodesac xdeba
emisiebis gaTvla, romlebic iwveven saTburis efeqts da globalur daTbobas, msoflioSi
yvelaze didi wvlili miuZRvis Semdeg oTxeuls: SeerTebul Statebs, evrogaerTianebis
qveynebs, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebsa da brazilias. iaponiam, romelic gaxlavT in
dustrirebuli qveyna sakmaod didi ekonomikuri sargebliT, warmatebiT moaxdina atmos
feros am damabinZureblebis misi wilis Semcireba.
798
bankic~ (citata raianisagan, 1991w., gv. 8.). tu’os xalxi penani(Penan) uxsovari droidan cxovrobs
saravakis(Sarawak) tyeSi, sadac isini nadiroben, Tevzaoben da mohyavT mosavali miwis patara na
kveTebze. bolo aTwleulSi tyis mWrelebi intensiurad Sevidnen am regionSi, Seaviwroves adgi
lobrivi mosaxleoba, daabinZures mdinareebi, gaaSiSvles mTis ferdobebi da datoves ganadgure
buli tye. zogierTi kompaniis dReSi ocdaoTxsaaTiani uwyveti muSaobis Sedegad, yoveldRiurad
TiTqmis 2.200 akri tye ikargeba (karoTersi, 1990w., raiani, 1991w.). aziuri regioni aris xe-tyis
msoflioSi yvelaze didi da swrafad mzardi adgili. moWrili xis didi nawili iyideba saerTa
Soriso bazarze morebis saxiT. penenis da maTi mezobeli kelabitis(Kelabit) xalxi winaaRmdegobas
uwevs yovelive amas. aTasobiT adamiani iRebda monawileobas gzebis gadaketvaSi. bevri maTgani
daapatimres. malaiziis sasamarTlom maleve gaaTavisufla isini, magram axali kanonis Tanaxmad,
xis moWrasa da transportirebis procesSi Careva saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleba.
braziliaSi amazonis regionis ganviTarebis mowinaaRmdegeebi cud pirobebSi imyofebod
nen, magram, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ufro ukeT cxovrobdnen, vidre penanis xalxi. mraval
ricxovani diskusiebisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebis Sedegad, romlebic xalxis gardacvalebiT
mTavrdeboda, 1991 wels misuris toli nakrZali gamoyofil iqna amazonis ianomamos(Yanomamo)
indielebisaTvis. brazilieli muSaTa klasis liderma Ciko mendesma Camoayaliba kidev erTi
erovnuli politikuri Zalis mqone jgufi _ amazoneli kaloSiani Ratakebi(Amazonian rubber
tappers). es xalxi, romelic Tavs irCenda xis wveniTa da braziliuri TxiliT (romelTaganac arc
erTi ar iwvevda resursebis Semcirebas), gaZevebul iqnen fermerebisagan. mendesis xelmZRva
nelobiT, am jgufma braziliis mTavrobisagan moigo oTxi daculi teritoria da daarwmuna in
ter-amerikuli ganviTarebis banki, rom braziliisaTvis daewesebina garemosdacviTi SezRud
vebi samomavlo sesxebis gacemis sakiTxSi. mendesma am miRwevebs Tavisi sicocxle Seswira: is
mokles 1988 wlis dekemberSi. saerTaSoriso amnistiis(Amnesty International) (1989w.) monaceme
biT, 1980-iani wlebis periodSi 1.000-ze meti gaerTianebis lideri, kaloSiani Rataki, glexi da
indieli iqna mokluli amazonis SetakebebSi.
SiravakSi penanis xalxisa da amazonis ianomamo indielebisa da kaloSiani Ratakebis qmede
bebma aCvena, rom gautyeureba ar mxolod garemosdacviTi, aramed socialuri samarTlianobis
sakiTxicaa (msoflio resursebi, 1990_91ww., 1990w.). globaluri ekologiuri krizisi _ nawi
lobriv garkveuli qveynebis fufunebis cxovrebis stilisa da socialuri organizaciebis ener
giisa da resursebis didi raodenobiT saWiroebis produqti _ exeba adgilobriv habitatebsa
da asobiT aTasi mkvidri mosaxleobis ekologiurad arasaxifaTo mdgomareobas. rogorc poli
geizi wers:
1992 wlis ivnisSi, rio de-Janeiros msoflio samitis [romelsac mTeli msoflios qveynebis
xelmZRvanelebi eswrebodnen] monawileebi SeTanxmdnen, rom daicavdnen tyopikul tyeebs, sadac
msoflios cocxali organizmebis TiTqmis naxevari binadrobs. sazogadoebasaTan urTierTo
bebis kompaniebi gaRizianebuli iyvnen xe-tyis saerTaSoriso lobizmiT, romelic xels uwyobdnen
dasavleTis sazogadoebas mcdari azris CamoyalibebaSi, TiTqos amazonisa da misi mosaxleobis
momavali daculi iyo. realoba ki SesaZlebelia, sul sxvagvari iyos . . . aris niSnebi imisa, rom
bevri qveynis 180 tomi axlos aris kulturul da fizikur gadaSenebasTan. (1994w., gv. 46).
799
wylis dabinZureba
adamianis qmedebebis Sedegad wylis dabinZureba uxsovari droidan xdeba,
magram problemis masStabebi da simwvave izrdeba. msofloSi wylis dabinZurebis
sami ZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs (msoflio resursebis instituti, 1991w.). erTi aris
sayofacxovrebo narCenebi, romelic, mexikos msgavsad, kritikuli gaxda mesame
msoflios qveynebisaTvis. gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi Caedinebian wyalsadi
narebSi, romlebic ara marto janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi baqteriebis matareblebi
arian, aramed wyals aRaribeben Jangbadisagan. mtknari wylis dabinZurebis meore
wyaro gaxlavT samrewvelo narCeni, rac problemas warmoadgens yvela qalaqisaT
vis, gansakuTrebiT ki industriuli raionebisaTvis. mesame wyaro aris miwaTsar
gebloba. rodesac miwa gaTavisuflebulia sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis,
ufro xSiria erozia da pesticidebisa da sasuqebis moxvedra miwisqveSa wylebsa
da wyalsadinarebSi. mWidrod dasaxlebuli sacxovrebeli adgilebi _ qalaqebi
_ ufro damRupvelia mtknari wylisaTvis, vidre soflis meurneoba.
wylis dabinZureba wylis maragis SemcirebasTan erTad qmnis sufTa sasmeli
wylis mwvave deficits. msoflioSi ukve bevri adamiani ganicdis sufTa sasmeli
wylis deficits. tbebisa da mdinareebis umetesoba msoflioSi dabinZurebulia
(gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si). mexiko, mosaxleobis uzarmazari raodenobiT, yovelwli
urad ufro da ufro metad iyenebs miwisqveSa wylebs, xmarobs ra bevrad ufro met
wyals, vidre wvimis saxiT mosuls. Sedegad, mexiko ufro ukan ixevs _ aTi nabi
jiT ukan daixia 1980-ian wlebSi. mimdinare wyalmomaragebis Semcirebis Sedegad
darCenili miwisqveSa wylebi ufro mariliani xdeba da dalevamde aucilebelia
maTi gawmenda. gauwmendavi saxiT wylis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod samrewvelo
miznebisaTvis (g. gardneri, 1995w.).
mdidari qveynebis mosaxleobas miaCnia, rom wylis maragi Zalian didia da Se
sabamisad, is TiTqmis ufaso unda iyos. magram bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi am
Jamad xalxi Tavisi Semosavlidan seriozul procents ixdis sasmeli wylisaT
vis (harisoni, 1992w., gv. 195-201). zogi dReSi or saaTze mat dros xarjavs wylis
mosapoveblad. es aris naTeli magaliTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sociologiuri
fenomenisa: bunebrivi resursebis maragebi Tu mcirdeba da dabinZureba matulo
bas, xelmisawvdomoba resursebze, romlebic erT dros Tanabrad nawildeboda
adamianebze, ufro metad damokidebuli xdeba gadaxdis SesaZleblobaze. visac
SesaZlebloba aqvs, sufTa haerisaTvis qalaqidan gadadis gareubanSi. qalaqebi,
los-anJelesis msgavsad, wyals yiduloben asobiT miliT daSorebuli adgilebi
dan, xSirad momatebul fasadac ki im fermerebisagan, romlebic axlos arian wyal
Tan. navTobi da gazi TiTqmis xelmiuwvdomelia mesame samyaros qveynebis udidesi
nawilis momxmareblisaTvis.
arsebobs mcire eWvi, rom adamianTa qmedebebma, gansakuTrebiT ki bolo sau
kuneSi, safrTxis qveS daayena planeta. ismis kiTxva: SeZlebs ki adamiani, rom
SeinarCunos dedamiwa? warmatebuli Zalisxmeva damokidebli iqneba ara mxolod
uSualod garemos pirdapirmimarTul konservaciasa da gasufTavebaze, aramed
planetis mravalricxovani mosaxleobis mier bunebrivi garemos dazogvasa da
gafrTxilebaze.
800
Sejameba
801
vagvarad, mosaxleobis zrdis SeCereba moxdeba iseTi radikaluri gzebiT,
rogoric aris omi, epidemia an SimSili.
7. karl marqsi gamodioda malTusis doqtrinis winaaRmdeg, Tvlida ra, rom
problama aris ara mxolod WarbmosaxleobaSi, aramed arasakmaris produq
ciasa da msoflio simdidiris araTanabrad gadanawilebaSi. maSin, rodesac
malTusi problemis gadaWris gzas xedavda moralur SezRudvaSi, marqsi am
gzas socializmSi moiazrebda.
8. ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTSi mosaxleobis raodeno
bis, Sedgenlobisa da ganawilebis cvlilebebis ZiriTadi modeli cnobilia,
rogorc mosaxleobis bunebrivi gadaadgilebis gardamavali periodi. 1-l
stadiaze Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis maRali koeficientebi mosaxleo
bis raodenobas stabilur doneze inarCunebs. me-2 stadiaze gardacvalebis
koeficienti dabla iwevs mosaxleobis higienuri da sanitaruli pirobebis
gaumjobesebis xarjze da sakvebiT momaragebac bevrad ukeT xorcieldeba.
mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeba. me-3 stadia Sobadobis koeficientic ecema. da
bolos, me-4 stadiaze, rogorc dRes aRiniSneba industrializebul qveynebSi,
Sobadobis da gardacvalebis koeficientebi dabalia da isev dabalansebulia.
9. demografebi did sifrTxiles iCenen, rodesac mosaxleobis bunebrivi
gadaadgilebis gardamaval periods usadageben ganviTarebad samyaros. mesa
me samyaros bevr qveyenaSi gardacvalebis koeficientebi Zalian swrafad
daeca drois mcire monakveTSi, rac importirebuli teqnologiis Sedegi iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, Sobadobis koeficientebi maRalia da albaT aseve Senar
Cundeba iqamde, sanam adamianebi privilegias mravalricxovan ojaxebs aniWe
ben. kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze saimedo gza nayofierebis Sesamcire
blad aris qalTa statusis aweva.
10. malTusiseuli koSmari milionobiT adamianisaTvis ukve realobas war
moadgens. vinaidan mosaxleobis zrda mZime tvirTad awveba xelmisawvdom
resursebs, Tavs iCens da matulobs SimSiloba, garemos mdgomareobis gaua
reseba, arasakmarisi samuSao adgilebi da samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba.
11. adamianma sakmaod kargad gaacnobiera mis mier garemoze miyenebuli zaralis
saSiSroebis faqti, magram ara imdenad, rom SeaCeros an Seamciros bunebrivi
resursebis amowurva Tu dabinZureba. resursebis amowurvis faqti yvelaze
naTlad Cans araganaxlebadi wiaRiseuli sawvavis gamoyenebis (gansakuTrebiT
amerikeli mZRolebis mier) da tyeebis ganadgurebis magaliTebze (ufro
xSirad samxreT naxevarsferos tropikuli tyeebis).
12. dabinZureba yvelaze aSkaraa mesame msoflios qveynebis qalaqebSi. moqalaqee
bi ukve acnobiereben, rom dabinZureba ar aris mxolod lokaluri probleba,
aramed mas ufro farTomasStabiani Sedegebi mosdevs, romelTaganac gansa
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saTburis efeqti da globaluri daTboba, ozonis Sris
Semcireba da mJavuri wvimebi. yovelive amis gamosworebisaTvis saWiroa prio
ritetebis Tavidan dasaxva, romelic globalur doneze unda ganxorcieldes.
802
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
803
sityvari
804
mosaxleobis zoma _ xalxis absoluturi raodenoba mosaxleobaSi.
mosaxleobis struqtura _ modeli, romelic gamomdinareobs mosaxleobis
wevrebis asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis, Semosavlis, samuSao adgilis, ojaxuri
mdgomareobis, rasisa da religiis Sedegad.
Canacvlebis(replacement) koeficienti _ nayofierebis maCvenebeli, romelzec
mosaxleoba stabilurad iqneba SenarCunebuli (imigraciis ararsebobis Sem
TxvevaSi).
nayofierebis jamuri maCvenebeli (TFR) _ mSobiarobebis saSualo ricxvi, rac
SesaZlebelia qals hqondes misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
805
806
Tavi 19
Temi da urbanizacia
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
Temis ganviTareba Tu Temis dazaraleba?
807
808
a iovas StatSi mdebare daiagonali amerikelebis umetesobis TvalsazrisiT
patara qalaqia (handli, 1989w.). ZiriTadi quCa mxolod sami kvartlisagan
Sedgeba da maRaziebis wyebis gaswvriv jenTl-hilamde adis. jenTl-hilidan
mwvaned, yavisfrad da qarvisfrad iSleba vrceli teritoria da horizonts
uerTdeba. daiagonalis gulia skolis sportdarbazi, romelic 1000 mayurebels
itevs. zamTris RameebSi kalaTburTis gundis TamaSisas darbazSi teva ar aris,
miuxedavad imisa, rom daiagonalis mTeli mosaxleoba sul raRac 362 adamiania.
1938 wels am patara dasaxlebis skolis gundma didi qalaqebis skolebs ajoba da
Statis Cempioni gaxda. es sportuli sezoni adgilobriv legendad iqca da masze
ambebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
legenda dResac cocxlobs: ormocdaaTi wlis Semdegac skolas, sadac mxo
lod 42 moswavle swavlobs, sistematurad hyavs kalaTburTis gamarjvebuli
gundebi. TiTqmis yvela moswavle biWi eswreba gundis TamaSebs da imedi aqvs,
rom am sezonsac Rirseulad CaaTavebs. `kalaTburTis Rameebs~ Tu ar CavTvliT,
mozardebi daiagonals saSinlad mosawyen qalaqad miiCneven, magram ufrosebis
umetesobas, romelTa didi nawili am qalaqSia dabadebuli da gazrdili, verc ki
warmoudgenia, sadme Tu SeiZleba iyos ukeTesi cxovreba. qvemoT moyvanilia im
adamianis monaTxrobidan citata, romelic filadelfiaSi cxovrebis Semdeg dab
runda daiagonalSi:
809
axal maRaziebSi, vaxSmoben restornebSi, svamen barebSi, es adamianebi mainc TiTq
mis aravis icnoben. zemoTa vestsaidis Temi erTmaneTisTvis ucxoebisagan Sedgeba.
yoveli 100000 mcxovrebidan erTmaneTs mxolod TiTo-orolas Tu icnobs.
yvela TvalsazrisiT daiagonali da manhetenis zemoTa vestsaidi sruliad
gansxvavebuli adgilebia. daiagonalSi yvela icnobs erTmaneTs; isini masobrivad
monawileoben saTemo RonisZiebebSi (da maT, vinc ar aris CarTuli am RonisZie
baSi, antisocialur adamianebad miiCneven) da TiToeuli maTganis saqmianoba
Zirfesviani Seswavlis sagania. Worebi daiagonalis mosaxleobas yuradRebis mo
dunebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. rasakvirvelia, xandaxan xdeba xolme sqesobriv
niadagze Cadenili, simTvralesTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli da mozardebis
vandalizmis faqtebic, magram seriozuli danaSauli am qalaqSi iSviaTia. zemo
Ta vestsaidSi adamianebis umetesoba mxolod Tavis korpusSi macxovrebel mci
rericxovan adamanebs Tu icnobs, yvelas nacnob-megobrebis sakuTari wre hyavs
da saTemo RonisZiebebic iSviaTia (SeiZleba xandaxan moawyon wveuleba). mezob
loba xSirad xmaurad aRiqmeba. anonimuroba normaa da danaSauli _ xSiri. zemo
vestsaidelebis umetesoba an TviTon gamxdara yaCaRobis da Zarcvis msxverpli,
an icnobs amgvar adamians.
nuTu sruliad araferi aqvT saerTo niu-iorksa da daiagonals? mTlad asec ar
aris. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, tradiciuli Temebi da xSirad sruliad axali
tipis Temebic SeiZleba aRmocendes da ayvavdes yvelaze urbanizebul adgilasac
ki. niu-iorki yvelaze mWidrod SekavSirebuli orTodoqsi ebraelebis qalaqicaa
(isini, ZiriTadad, bruklinSi saxloben) da grinviC-vilijSi mcxovrebi Zalze or
ganizebuli cisferebis Temisac. tendencia, romelsac adamianebi amJRavneben Te
mad Camoyalibebis mxriv, gacilebiT met faqtorzea damokidebuli, vidre es mo
saxleobis simWidrovea.
810
socialuri struqtura da funqciuri integracia _ ganxiluli iqneba rogorc
Temebis, aseve urbanizaciis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas.
rasakvirvelia, urbanizacia gavlenas axdens kulturazec. Tems aqvs sakuTari
adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebi, rogorc es daiagonalis da vestsaidis mag
aliTebidanac davinaxeT. es tradiciuli kultura SeiZleba iseTi struqturuli
transformaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndes, rogoricaa urbanizacia an samuSao
adgilebis gadanacvleba. es ki SeiZleba qalaqebis daberebam da dakninebam gamoi
wvios. amgvari struqturuli transformaciebi ar aris Tavidan bolomde `bune
brivi~ procesi. es socialuri moqmedebisa da Zalauflebis gamoyenebis Sedegia.
calkeuli pirebi iReben gadawyevitlebas ufro did qalaqebSi gadasvlis an pata
ra qalaqSi darCenis Sesaxeb. maTi gadawyvetileba, Tavis mxriv, emyareba msxvili
korporaciebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad unda daxuron
an gaxsnan qarxana _ SesaZlebelia sofladac, rac dabali fasebiTaa ganpirobe
buli. los-anjelesma dRevandeli forma Zlieri individebisa da jgufebis mier
aqtiurad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad miiRo. maT qalaqSi samanqano moZ
raoba aaRorZines. sxvadasxva xasiaTis Temi sxvadasxva xasiaTis socialur moq
medebas uyris safuZvels _ dawyebuli qvelmoqmedebiT, damTavrebuli danaSau
liT. aqedan gamomdinare, policiisa da eklesiis roli damokidebulia imaze, Tu
sad uwevT maT muSaoba _ did, urbanul teritoriebze Tu patara qalaqebSi, sadac
mcxovreblebis umetesoba erTmaneTs icnobs.
am Tavis dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, gavigoT, urbanizacia (anu did qalaqebad
gardaqmnis procesi) anadgurebs Tems, Tu ubralod axal formas aZlevs mWidro
urTierTobas, rac daiagonalis msgavs patara qalaqebs axasiaTebs. amis Semdeg
ganvixilavT urbanizaciis istoriul process _ rodis da sad gaCnda pirveli
qalaqebi da ratom da ra gziT ganviTardnen isini. Semdeg etapze ufro detalu
rad mimovixilavT Tanamedrove urbanul garemos da SevajerebT ramdenime. Tavs
davasrulebT Tanamedrove tendenciebis ganxilviT.
811
urbanizaciis Sedegebis ganxilvisas sociologebi ver Tanxmdebian. nawili
xazgasmiT miuTiTebs dadebiT mxareze. maTi TvalsazrisiT, qalaqi civiliza
ciis umaRlesi mwvervalia: es aris adgili, sadac sxvadasxva warmomavlobis ada
miani erTad cxovrobs, cvlis mosazrebebs, ideebs, adgils, sadac waxalisebulia
inovaciebi biznesSi, teqnologiaSi, mecnirebasa da xelovnebaSi. sociologebis
meore nawils miaCnia, rom qalaqSi cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gada
wonis mis sargeblebs; qalaqebi dabinZurebulia, maRalia danaSaulis maCvenebeli,
garemo qaoturi da mouwesrigebelia, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs stressa da fsiqi
kur daavadebebs.
am TavSi moTavsebuli debatebis mTavari Temaa imis gaazreba, aris Tu ara ur
banizacia Temebis ganadgureba. `Temi~ sociologisaTvis niSnavs ufro mets, vi
dre adamianebiT dasaxlebuli konkretuli teritoria. es termini aseve aRwers
damokidebulebebis garkveul donemde siRrmes da erT TemSi gaerTianebuli
adamianebi saerTo Rirebulebebsa da interesebs iziareben, maT mWidro kavSiri
da xSiri kontaqti aqvT erTmaneTTan, agreTve aqvT siaxlovis grZnoba da erTma
neTze, rogorc erTi jgufis wevrebze, ise fiqroben.
ra gavlena iqonia urbanizaciam Temebze? sociologebi sam sxvadasxva pasuxs
gvTavazoben (hanteri, 1978w.), erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, didma da mWidrod
dasaxlebulma zemo vestsaidismagvarma adgilebma sruliad mospes Temis arse
bobis yvela SesaZlebloba. meore mosazrebis mixedviT, Temis grZnoba ufro
mWidrod dasaxlebul da did qalaqebSic SeiZleba gaCndes, magaliTad, niu-iork
Si, Cikagosa da bostonSi patara qalaqebismagvari mtkice kavSirebi da mWidro
urTierTobaa Semonaxuli. mesame mosazrebis Tanaxmad, urbanizaciam warmoSva
axali tipis Temi anu is, romelic ar aris damokidebuli adamianebis sacxovre
blebis teritoriul siaxloveze. qvemoT Cven samive mosazrebas detalurad gan
vixilavT.
Temis dezintegracia
812
Sedegad viRebT imas, rom sakuTar identobaze fiqrisas adamianebi mas TemSi maT
mier dakavebul adgilTan aigiveben.
toniesis azriT, urbanuli, industriuli sazogadoeba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
zemoT aRwerilisagan. es aris gezelSafti, sadac adamianebs erTmaneTTan for
maluri organizaciebi da bazrebi akavSirebs da ar arsebobs araformaluri kav
Sirebi da kuTvnilebis grZnoba. Cqari tempiT mzardi qalaqebi gezelSaftebis
TvalsaCino magaliTebia. misi mWidrod dasaxlebuli adgilebi ganapirobebs
imas, rom adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTs erTi Cveulebrivi dRis ganmavlobaSi
xvdebian, sruliad ucxoebi arian erTmaneTisaTvis. urTierTobebi Zalze zeda
pirulia mezoblebs Sorisac ki. xSirad mezoblebs erTmaneTisagan sruliad
gansxvavebuli warmomavloba aqvT da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar gaaCniaT saerTo
winaprebi, Rirebulebebi, normebi an damokidebulebebi. garda amisa, naklebsa
varaudoa, rom isini erTad muSaobdnen samsaxurSi. yvela gansxvaveba erTad qmnis
socialur distancias. urbanul adgilebSi mcxovrebTa kavSirebi ar aris mWidro.
megobrebi SeiZleba qalaqis sxvadasxva boloSi cxovrobdnen, TanamSromlebi _
ramdenime milis daSorebiT, xolo naTesavebi _ qveynis meore boloSi. patara qa
laqebSi, maTi mcire struqturis gamo, mezoblebi xSirad TanamSromlebic arian,
erTad eswrebian saeklesio msaxurebas, erTad atareben Tavisufal dros, rac maT
erTian da mWidro Temad aqcevs (kalhauni, 1980w.). urbanuli adgilebis mcxovre
blebi gacilebiT maRali mobilobiT gamoirCevian, vidre patara, tradiciuli qa
laqebis mkvidrni. aSS-Si, am urbanizebul qveyanaSi, yovelwliurad yoveli meaTe
adamiani gadadis sacxovreblad ufro did qalaqSi. isini socialuradac wydebian
am qalaqs, sadac toveben Zvel megobrebsa da axloblebs.
toniesi miiCnevda, rom urbanizacia anu gemainSaftidan gezelSaftisaken
gadasvlis procesi Tanamedrove epoqis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da
Tvlida, rom urbanizacias TemisTvis kargi araferi moaqvs. sxva evropeli soci
ologebi aseve amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas urbanuli cxovrebis arapirad urTier
Tobebze, Tumca, zogi maTgani pozitiur mxareebsac xedavda. meore gavleniani
germaneli sociologi georg zimeli Tavis klasikur naSromSi `metropolisebi
da sulieri cxovreba~ (1902-1903w.w.-1950w.), aseve ganixilavda urbanul adgileb
Si urTierTobis formebs. is nawilobriv amaxvilebda yuradRebas urbanul adgi
lebSi macxovreblebis yoveldRiur qaotur, xmaurian da xalxmraval garemoze.
zimelis mixedviT, aseTi mudmivi stimulacia adamianebSi aviTarebs gulgri
lobis grZnobas garSemo mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT. es damokideb
uleba saSualebas aZlevs maT, yuradRebis miRma datovon mosmenili da nanaxi da
amgvarad daicvan Tavi emociuri gamofitvisagan anu imisagan, rasac dRes fizikur
gadatvirTvas vuwodebT (milgrami, 1970w.). amis Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom qalaqis
macxovreblebi civebad da uguloebad aRiqmebian, romlebic indeferentulebi
arian sxvebis gancdebis mimarT. es damcavi naWuWi naklebad moqmedebs patara qa
laqebSi, sadac adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTmaneTze zrunva da wuxili.
meore mxriv, zimeli fiqrobs, rom urbanuli cxovreba ufro mosaxerxebelia in
dividualuri ganviTarebisaTvis, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia im socialuri
813
struqturiT, romelic anonimurobisa da piradi urTierTobebis survilisamebr
Camoyalibebis saSualebas iZleva.
aSS-Si luis uirti (1938w.) gamoexmaura rogorc toniesis, aseve zimelis
ideebs. uirti iyo Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetis wevri. man
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana urbanuli sociologiis, rogorc dargis ganvi
TarebaSi. 1920-1930-iani wlebis Cikagos Seswavlis safuZvelze man daaskvna, rom
qalaqis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva sami ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTebliT: si
didiT, simWidroviTa da adamianebis heterogenurobiT (anu sxvadasxvagvarobiT).
rogorc uirti ambobs, am maxasiaTlebidan TiToeuli ganapirobebs axlo pirad
urTierTobebs. magaliTad, mravalricxovan mosaxleobaSi SeuZlebelia, yvela
erTmaneTs icnobdes. imis gamo, rom manhetenis zemo vestsaidSi 100000 adamiani
cxovrobs da es raioni Svidmilioniani qalaqisa da 20 milioniani metropoli
tanis mxolod erTi nawilia, socialuri SemTxveviTi kavSirebis umetesoba, ro
gorc wesi, ucnobebs Soris xdeba. es, rasakvirvelia, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom
niu-iorkelebs sxva adgilas mcxovreb adamianebze naklebi megobrebi hyavT an
naklebad zrunaven sayvarel adamianebze. magram mniSvnelovania, rom megobrebi
im adamianebis SedarebiT mcire nawilia, visac niu-iorkelebi dRis ganmavlobaSi
xvdebian. amis msgavsad, xalxmravlobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos arapirad da SemTx
veviT socialur Sexvedrebs. uirti eTanxmeba zimers da acxadebs, rom rac ufro
axloa fizikuri kontaqti ucxo adamianTan, miT ufro distanciuri iqneba maTi
socialuri urTierToba. dabolos, heterogenurma mosaxleobam SeiZleba Ziri
gamouTxaros mWidro pirad kavSirebs. rodesac mezoblebi ar iziareben Rireb
ulebebs, normebsa da damokidebulebebs, isini kargaven TemisaTvis damaxasiaTeb
el erTobis grZnobas.
uirti qalaqis cxovrebis impersonalur bunebas seriozuli socialuri prob
lemebis gavrcelebas ukavSirebda. Tu adamianebi Tavs gariyulad da emociuri
mxardaWerisagan mowyvetilad grZnoben, isini ufro daucvelebi xdebian depre
siisa da sulieri aSlilobis mimarT. aseT dros ki xSiria TviTmkvleloba. amis
msgavsad, indiferentuli damokidebuleba sxvebis mimarT SeiZleba danaSaulis,
xulignobisa da korufciis maCveneblebis zrdis safuZveli gaxdes. urbanuli
macxovreblebi xSirad erTmaneTs iReben samizneebad, radgan maTTvis mezobeli
ufro warmosaxviTi cnebaa, vidre konkretuli adamiani. ufro metic, deviantoba
ufro Znelad eqvemdebareba kontrols did qalaqebSi, radgan adamianebs uWirT
erTmaneTisaTvis Tvalis midevneba da damnaSaveebis dasja, gansxvavebiT patara
qalaqis macxovreblebisagan. amis nacvlad, didi qalaqebis mosaxleoba kontro
lis formaluri meqanizmebiT cdilobs socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebas (mag
aliTad, kanoniT, policiiT, sasamarTloebiT). es meqanizmebi ise efeqturad ver
muSaoben, rogorc araformaluri socialuri zewola, romelic soflebsa da pa
tara qalaqebSi amarTlebs.
damadasturebeli empiriuli faqtebi metyvelebs, rom SesaZlebelia uir
ti cdeboda, rodesac gadaWarbebuli simkacriT askvnida, rom didi qalaqebis
cxovreba warmoSobs seriozul socialur problemebs. ramdenime seriozuli sa
mecniero naSromis Seswavlis Sedegad harvi Coldinma (1978w.) daaskvna, rom mosa
814
xleobis simWidrove ar aris sisxlis samarTlisa da mozardTa mier Cadenili da
naSaulis upirvelesi mizezi. socialuri problemebi gamomdinareobs mTeli rigi
socialur-struqturuli faqtorebidan, rogoricaa rasobrivi aRreva mosaxleo
bas Soris an simdidrisa da samsaxurebis ganawileba, romelic mniSvnelovnad gan
sxvavdeba sxvadasxva qalaqSi.
Temis persistencia
sociologebis nawili eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom tradiciuli Temi
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli myari kavSirebi didi qalaqebSi irRveva. maTi mosazre
biT, bevri qalaquri samezoblo waagavs patara qalaqebis samezobloebs, rogorc
socialuri struqturiT, aseve interaqciis formebiT. herbert gansi erT-erTi
pirvelia im sociologTagan, romelmac am mosazrebis damamtkicebeli magaliTe
bi moiyvana. 1957 wels man bostonis vestendSi iqirava bina, raTa SeZleboda, uSu
alod dahkvirveboda cxovrebas bostonis am nawilSi. im droisaTvis bostonis
vestendi dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, mosaxleobis ra
odenoba 7000-s ar aRemateboda, romlebic sam an xuTsarTulian SenobebSi cxov
robdnen. macxovreblebis umetesoba mesame an meore Taobis italiuri warmoSo
bis amerikelebi iyvnen, Tumca arsebobda polonelebis, ebraelebis, berZnebis,
ukrainelebisa da sxva erovnebis jgufebis anklavebic. saxelmwifo moxeleebi
vestends damyayebul adgilad miiCnevdnen da mis ganadgurebas gegmavdnen.
gansma aRmoaCina, rom am ubnis socialuri struqtura kidev ufro aRrmaveb
da depresiul ganwyobas. vestendis Temis wevrebi erTmaneTs Zalian kargad ic
nobdnen, hqondaT Zlieri kavSirebi da erTmaneTTis daxmarebis tradicia, rogorc
es, uirtis azriT, mxolod Zalian patara qalaqebSi xdeba. amitom gansma sakuTar
wigns vestendis Sesaxeb metad gonebamaxviluri saTauri SeurCia _ `qalaqeli so
flelebi~ (1962w.).
gansis mosazrebiT, uestends qalaqur soflad interpersonaluri urTierTo
bebi aqcevda. cxadia, uestendis Svidi aTasive macxovrebeli erTmaneTs piradad
ar icnobda, magram isini xSirad xvdebodnen da esaubrebodnen kvartlel mezo
blebs; aqtiurad mimdinareobda socialuri cxovreba korpusebis koridorebSi,
maRaziebsa da quCebSi. mezoblebi esalmebodnen erTmaneTs, Cerdebodnen sasau
brod. amgvarad, uestendelebi igebdnen ambebs imave eTnikuri jgufis wevrebis
Sesaxeb, romelsac TviTon ekuTvnodnen, aseve, im adamianebis Sesaxebac ki, rom
lebsac arasodes Sexvedrodnen. amgvarad isini igebdnen, rom megobris Soreul
biZaSvils, romelic sami kvartlis moSorebiT cxovrobda, swored axlaxans tyupi
SeeZina an rom meore megobris disSvilis mamamTilma samsaxuri dakarga... Sedegad
uestendelebis uemetesoba erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli. maT icodnen erTma
neTis sixarulisa da mwuxarebis Sesaxeb, Zlieri da susti mxareebi, gamarjvebebi
da damarcxebebi. ar grZnobdnen Tavs ucxoebad da miuxedavad imisa, rom Suagul
qalaqSi cxovrobdnen siamovnebas iRebdnen im socialuri kavSirebis Sedegad, ro
melic WeSmarit Tems axasiaTebs.
815
yvelaze intensiuri socialuri interaqciebi uestendelebs Soris xdeboda
Tanatolebis TavSeyrisas. aseTi Sexvedrebi ki kviraSi ramdenimejer imarTebo
da vinmes saxlSi. mamakacebi Tavs iyridnen sastumro oTaxSi, qalebi ki _ samza
reulos magidasTan. isini saubrobdnen, xumrobdnen, icinodnen, yvebodnen ambebs,
erTmaneTs uziarebdnen axal Worebs da, ubralod, siamovnebas iRebdnen erTad
yofnisgan. italiuri warmoSobis uestenedelebis jgufisaTvis, romelsac in
tensiurad akvirdeboda gansi, aseTi jgufuri cxovreba uaRresad mniSvnelovani
iyo. Tanatolebis jgufebis Camoyalibeba adreuli bavSvobidan iwyeboda da mo
zardobis periodamde grZeldeboda. jgufebis wevrebi erTmaneTs kompanionobas
uwevdnen, emociurad mxarSi edgnen. amgvari jgufebis gareSe uestendelebi Tavs
dakargulebad Tvlidnen.
bostonis uestendi ar aris erTaderTi adgili am mxriv. sociologma je
rald satlsma (1968w.) amgvarive formebi aRmoaCina CikagoSic. Cikagos uestsaidi
mkacrad iyo dayofili eTnikur samezobloebad _ italielebis, meqsikelebis,
Savkanianebis, puerto-rikoelebis samezobloebi Tavisebur soflebs qmnidnen.
bostonis uestenderebis msgavsad, Cikagos uestsaidelebic kargad icnobdnen
imave eTnikuri warmoSobis mezoblebs. maT kvartlebSi siaruli salac ar niSnavda
ucnobebis zRvaSi Cakargvas _ piriqiT, isini esalmebodnen adamianebs, romlebsac
mTeli sicocxle icnobdnen da romlebTanac saerTo kulturas iziarebdnen.
adgilobrivi biznesebi, romlebic samezobloSi dominantur eTnikur jgufs
ekuTvnoda, patara qalaqis atmosferos qmnida. italielebis kuTvnil sasursaTo
maRaziaSi Savkanianebis saparikmaxeroebsa da meqsikelebis kafeebSi saerTo eT
nikuri warmoSobis xalxi poulobda sasurvel produqtebsa da momsaxurebebs.
amave dros es dawesebulebebi samezoblos socialuri cxovrebis centrebad iqca.
megobrebi Cerdebodnen erTmaneTis mosakiTxad da gasaxumreblad, problemebis
gansaxilvelad da sakuTari Sexedulebis gasamJRavneblad. xSirad adamianebi ise
modiodnen da midiodnen, rom arafers yidulobdnen. namdvili socialuri bizne
sis aReb-micemobisaTvis ekonomikuri tranzaqciebi meorexarisxovani iyo. Tu
vinmes naRdi fuli Semoakldeboda, mas yovelgvari WoWmanisa da zedmeti aliaqo
Tis gareSe endobodnen da saSualebas aZlevdnen, Tanxa mere gaestumrebina (es
forma Zalian waagavs iseTi patara qalaqebis socialur cxovrebas, rogoricaa
daiagonali, sadac adamianebi mxolod imitom Sedian mTavari quCis maRaziebSi,
rom megobrebs Sexvdnen da waimusaifon). amgvari formebi nakleb kavSirs am
JRavneben didi qalaqebis civ da depersonalizebul stereotipul Sexedulebas
Tan. ufro mogvianebiT miSel dunierma (1992w.) daadastura, rom igive socialuri
kavSirebi da TavSeyris adgilebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan Cikagos yvelaze Rarib
da ekonomikurad yvelaze ukan mdgom samezobloebs.
gansi, satlsi da msgavsi Sexedulebis mqone mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom Temma
SeiZleba gauZlos urbanizacias. isini aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze didi qalaqebSic
ki samezobloebis mkvidrebs SeiZleba ganuviTardeT sakuTrebisa da zrunvis
gaziarebuli grZnoba. xSirad amgvari `qalaqeli soflelebi~ emigrantebi ari
an evropisa da samxreT merikis patara qalaqebidan (an emigrantebis Svilebi da
816
SviliSvilebi). isini inarCuneben erTgvar kavSirebs, rasac maTi ojaxis wevrebi
bunebrivad da aucileblad miiCnevdnen.
Temis transformacia
817
aqedan gamomdinare, urbanuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb Cven mier zemoT ganxilu
li yvela mosazreba SeiZleba garkveul dros garkveuli xarisxiT sworic iyos.
qalaqebSi Temis grZnoba SeiZleba erTdroulad cvalebadic iyos, gamZlec da
gaqrobis piras misulic. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli konkretuli urbanuli raio
nis magaliTs ganvixilavT da ra konteqstSi, SegviZlia TiToeul Teorias empiri
uli axsna movuZebnoT. sociologebis amocanaa, gamoavlinon is konkretuli pi
robebi, romelTa arsebobis pirobebSic urbanizacia anadgurebs, aZlierebs an
qmnis saTemo kavSirebs (ix. CanarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi). Cven am Temas
mogvianebiT davubrundebiT amave TavSi.
818
aeTvisebinaT mdinareebis velebis gansakuTrebiT nayofieri miwebi. axali, ufro
noyieri marcvleulis jiSebis kultivirebam, xarSebmuli guTnis gamogonebam da
sairigacio sistemis daxvewam Sedegad moitana sakvebis maragis gazrda, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca mosaxleobis nawils, gamxdariyo xelosani, vaWari,
maswavlebeli, jariskaci, RvTismsaxuri da ara miwaTmoqmedi. muSaobis special
izaciam moiTxova, rom adamianebi dasaxlebuliyvnen imaTTan axlos, visi xelobac
yvelaze metad sWirdebodaT. Sedegad qalaqebic gaizarda rogorc mosaxleobis,
aseve zomis mxriv (davisi, 1955).
Tumca, qalaqebis aRmoceneba ar SeiZleba mieweros mxolod da mxolod Sro
mis kompleqsur dayofas. qalaqebis zrdisa da ayvavebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Za
lauflebis centralizebuli sistema, romelic koordinacias gauwevda axal so
cialur da ekonomikur aqtivobebs da moagvarebda konfliqts moqiSpe jgufebs
Soris (sJobergi, 1960w.). amitom SemTxveviTi ar yofila, rom pirveli namdvili
qalaqebis ganviTareba daemTxva Zlieri xelisuflebis, mmarTvelebis, kanon
mdeblebisa da mosamarTleebis gaCenas. es sistema iyo romis, pekinis, stambolisa
da kairos anu Zlevamosili imperiebis dedaqalaqebis safuZveli.
Sua saukuneebSi (Cveni welTaRricxvis me-5 saukuneSi romis imperiis dacemidan
1350 wlamde), urbanuli ganviTareba evropaSi erT adgilas gaCerda (Tumca indoe
Tis, CineTis da Sua aRmosavleTis qalaqebi izrdeboda da yvaoda). aRorZinebis
epoqis moaxloebasTan erTad evropis qalaqebma kvlav daiwyo zrda ara marto
zomis mxriv, aramed politikur, teqnologiur da xelovnebis sferoSi miRweuli
mniSvnelovani warmatebebiTac. imdroindeli qalaqebis tipuri magaliTia Crdi
lo-aRmosavleT italiaSi, adriatikis zRvaze gaSenebuli qalaqi venecia.
819
debatebi
820
uoqeris Sesaxeb moTxrobilia afro-amerikuli istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi. magram istsaidis
TemSi misi saxelis mosagoneblad mxolod misive saxelobis Teatris SenobaRa dgas. mkveTrad
Semcirda solidaroba indianapolisis afro-amerikuli Temis mimarT.
analizi
821
Zvelad mWidrod dasaxlebuli preindustriuli qalaqi noyier niadags qmnida
daavadebebis gavrcelebisaTvis. lpobadawyebul nagavsa da sakanalizacio narCe
nebs pirdapir arxebSi yridnen, saidanac saSineli suni mTel qalaqs edeboda. 1438
wels espanelma mogzaurma aRwera, Tu rogor ebrZodnen veneciis macxovreblebi
saSinel suns, isini sxvadasxva sanelebels pirdapir quCebSi wvavdnen (Cambersi,
1970w). magram saneleblebi ver spobda batqeriebsa da virusebs da amitom vene
ciaSi epidemiebi xSirad Cndeboda.
venecia bneli da saSiSi iyo RamiT. qalaqis viwro xeivnebi da Cabnelebuli
arxebi mravali mkvlelobisa da sxva danaSaulis momswre gamxdara. qalaqSi da
RamebisTanave patrulirebda specialuri razmi signori di notte (`Ramis batonebi~).
razmis wevrebi upirobod ajarimebdnen da ori kviriT cixeSi amwyvevdnen nebis
mieri adamians, visac jibeSi mWrel danas aRmouCendnen, magram amis miuxedavad
danaSaulis maCvenebeli veneciaSi mainc maRali rCeboda. (Cambersi, 1970w.).
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, preindustriul veneciaSi cxovrebas momxiblavi mxa
reebic hqonda. venecia umSvenieresi qalaqi iyo –arqiteqturuli Sedevri. me-15 _
me-16saukuneebSi aSenebuli brwyinvale taZrebi, moednebi da saxlebi amSvenebdnen
da dResac amSveneben ZiriTadi arxebis napirebs. mdidari venecielebi mraval
didi mxatvars mfarvelobdnen, xolo qalaqSi damzadebul brolisa da safeiqro
nawarms mTel evropaSi icnobdnen (davisi, 1973w.). bevri sxva preindustriuli qa
laqis msgavsad, venecia xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis centri iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba veneciaSi metwilad harmoniulad mimdinareobda,
mosaxleoba mkveTrad iyo dayofili sxvadasxva socialur klasad. Rrma naprali
arsebobda tabaroebs (ubralo moqalaqeebsa) da togebs (aristokratia) Soris. aris
tokratTa ojaxebi broliTa da oqro-vercxliT morTul uzarmazar da brwyinvale
sasaxleebSi cxovrobdnen, sadac sawolebze namdvili leibebi ego (davisi, 1973w.).
ubralo moqalaqes erT weliwads unda emuSava aristokratis erTi mosasxamis Sesa
Zenad saWiro TanxisaTvis. arsebobda kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebi imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleboda cmoda TiToeuli klasis warmomadgenels. magram veneciis ubralo
moqalaqeebi ukeT cxovrobdnen, vidre evropis qalaqebis umetesobis moqalaqee
bi. dasaqmebis maCvenebeli preindustriul veneciaSi maRali iyo. qalaqSi iyvnen
maTxovrebic, magram maTi ricxvi da gaWirvebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda
romis, parizisa da londonis maTxovrebsa da maT mdgomareobas. ubralo moqalaqis
keTildReoba xsnis im faqts, rom veneciaSi arasodes momxdara klasebs Soris se
riozuli konfliqti. meore mizezi SeiZleba iyos mmarTveli klasis absoluturi
Zalaufleba. saidumlo `saxelmwifo inkvizitorebi~ aaSkaravebdnen yvelas, vinc
SeimCneoda arsebuli sistemis RalatSi (roudoni).
industrializacia da urbanizacia:
me-19 saukunis bostoni
822
rkinisa da qsovilis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli gardaqmnebi. Tumca, industri
ulma revoluciam miwaTmoqmedebazec iqonia gavlena. axali danadgarebisa da
manqanebis SemoRebam (traqtorebi, kombainebi, sawveli aparatebi) Seamcira miwis
muSebis saWiroeba da gazarda produqtuloba. masobrivi warmoebisa da gamoy
enebis pesticidebs, herbicidebs, sasuqs da sakvebs, iseve rogorc morwyvis meqa
nizebul meTodebs, igive Sedegebi hqonda. am yvelaferma gamoiwvia is, rom fer
mers axla ukve gacilebiT meti sulis Senaxva SeeZlo. 1820 wels erTi amerikeli
fermeri mxolod 4 adamians inaxavda (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT), 1900 wlisaTvis
_ 7 adamians. momdevno 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebi ufro TvalSisacemi
gaxda. sakvebis masobrivma warmoebam SesaZlebeli gaxada uzarmazari urbanuli
dasaxlebebis Senaxva.
swored ise, rogorc industrializaciam Seuwyo xeli urbanul zrdas, aseve
urbanulma zrdamac SesaZlebeli gaxada industrializaciis procesis ganxor
cieleba. es ori procesi erTmaneTze iyo damokidebuli. miwaze momuSaveebma qa
laqebSi gadainacvles da fabrika-qarxnebSi daiwyes muSaoba. adreulma indus
trialistebma bostonis teritoriaze qarxnebi patara qalaqebSi aaSenes Warbi da
iafi muSaxelis (gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis) mozidvis mizniT. TviTon
bostonSi ufro popularuli iyo vaWroba da ramdenime elituri xeloba. Tumca,
1840-iani wlebisTvis, orTqlmavlebma Tan moiyoles uamravi emigranti, romelTa
umetesoba yofili fermerebi iyvnen da axla gamwarebulebi daeZebdnen samuSaos.
imisaTvis, raTa xelidan ar gaeSvaT iafi muSAaxeli, industrialistebma fabrika-
qarxnebi bostonSi gadaitanes. amgvarad, emigrantebs gadamwyveti mniSvenloba
hqondaT aSS-is industrializaciisa da urbanizaciisTvis (uarneri, 1962w.).
bostonsa da sxva mzard qalaqebs ramdenime mizeziT SeeZloT SeenaxaT
uzarmazari samuSao Zala. erT-erTi mizezi, rogorc zemoT dasaxelda, iyo sami
waTmoqmedo nayofierebis mniSvnelovani zrda. meore iyo sarkinigzo sistemis
ganviTareba, romelmac sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa transportirebis siCqare
da efeqturoba. matareblebs SeeZloT bostonis centrisaTvis miewodebinaT
sakvebis didi maragi _ gacilebiT didi, vidre es SesaZlebeli iyo cxenebis,
vagonebisa da sazidrebis meSveobiT. sistema kidev ufro gaaumjobesa manqana-
macivrebisa da sawyobebis gamogonebam, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada qalaqis didi
mravalricxovani mosaxleobis gamokveba. amave dros daiwyo axali samSeneblo
masalebis, magaliTad, foladisa da cementis gamoyeneba. male gamoigones lif
tic, ramac saSualeba misca arqiteqtorebs, aegoT ufro maRali Senobebi, sadac
mWidrod daasaxlebdnen adamianebs.
me-19 saukunis bostoni sxva mxrivac gansxvavdeboda preindustruli qa
laqebisgan. erTi-erTi ganmasxvavebeli faqtori gaxldaT dagegmareba. me-15 sau
kunis venecia viwro quCebis, mixveul-moxveuli xeivnebisa da arxebis qalaqi iyo,
xolo me-19 saukunis bostoni badiseburad viTardeboda paralelurad gayvanili
quCebis rigebiT, romlebic erTmaneTs marTi kuTxiT kveTdnen. amgvarad miRebuli
miwis kvadratuli naWrebi iyofoda gaerTianebul nakveTebad. amgvari badisebri
mowyoba normad iqca mTeli SemogarenisaTvis.
823
industruli urbanizaciis kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebelia gareub
nebi. me-19 saukunis bostonSi da im epoqis sxva qalaqebSi gareubnebi tramvaebis
xazebis gaswvriv Cndeboda (tramvaebSi Tavdapirvelad cxenebi iyo Sebmuli. es
transporti mxolod mogvianebiT gadaiyvanes eleqtroenergiaze). zemodan rom
gadmogexedaT, bostoni nel-nela daemsgavsa giganturi velosipedis borbals,
romlis centrSi mdebareobda xalxmravali industriuli centri, xolo gareub
nebi nel-nela mravldeboda liandagebis gaswvriv.
mogvianebiT manufaqturis qarxnebmac daiwyo gadanacvleba qalaqis central
uri nawilebidan gareubnebisaken, sadac miwa ufro iafi Rirda (uorneri, 1962w.).
qarxnebi isev rkinigzis depoebis siaxloves darCa, radgan swored rkinigzas mo
hqonda maTTvis nedleuli da gahqonda mza produqcia.
me-19 saukunis gareubnebis ganviTarebam daaCqara da gaaZliera socialuri
klasebis segregacia. winaindustriuli qalaqebis simciridan gamomdinare, mdid
rebi da Raribebi arasodes cxovrobdnen erTmaneTisagan Zalian daSorebiT. maga
liTad, preindustriuli veneciis arxebis gaswvriv ubralo moqalaqeebisa da
aristokratuli ojaxebis saxlebi gverdigverd idga. veneciisagan gansxvavebiT,
me-19 saukunis bostoni ukve mkveTrad iyo dayofili. 1900 wlisaTvis Raribebis
ojaxebi centralur nawilSi cxovrobdnen, raTa gaadvilebodaT qarxnebamde
fexiT misvla. saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebma gareubnebSi gadain
acvles, sadac naklebi xmauri, qaosi da sibinZure idga. miuxedavad amisa, manZi
li mdidrebisa da Raribebis sacxovreblebs Soris mainc ar iyo didi. 1880-90-ian
wlebSi manZili bostonis municipalitetidan yvelaze daSorebul gareubnamde
eqvs mils ar aRemateboda.
me-19 saukunis bostons Zalian cota aqvs saerTo uzarmazar, Tanamedrove me
tropolisTan _ Tanamedrove bostonTan, romelic umTavresi qalaqia mis garSemo
ganlagebuli municipalitetebisaTvis ekonomikuri da socialuri TvalsazrisiT
(herbersi, 1983w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom bostonic metropolisad gardaiqmna,
amerikuli metropolisebis yvelaze STambeWdav magaliTad mainc los-anjelesi
rCeba.
urbanuli eqspertebi los-anjeless uamravi TanavarskvlavediT garSemor
tymul galaqtikas uwodeben (lokvudi da lainbergeri, 1989w.). ufro Zveli, aR
mosavluri industruli qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, los-anjelesis dasaxlebis
forma SedarebiT dabalia simWidrovis TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze gavrcelebulia
erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnili saxlebi; xolo maRalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli
korpusebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. sacxovreblebi, savaWro wertilebi, gasarTobi
centrebi da industriuli parkebi mravali milis manZilzea gadaWimuli. mo
saxleobis aRweris biuro amgvar metropoliss konsolidirebul metropoli
tanur statistikur teritorias (CMSA) uwodebs. TiToeuli CMSA Sedgeba erTi
an meti qalaqisa da maTi gareubnebis jgufisagan, romelTa mosaxleobis saerTo
824
ricxvi erT milions aRemateba. aSS-Si 21 CMSA-ia. los-anjelesi Tavisi 15 milioni
mosaxleobiT meore adgilzea niu-iorkis Semdeg.
los-anjeless didi teritoria ukavia. is 4.100 kvadratul milzea gaSlili,
rac 40-jer aRemateba me-20 saukunis dasawyisis bostons. nacvlad erTi cen
traluri ubnisa, los-anjelesSi 18 gansxvavebuli urbanuli centria, romlebic
erTmaneTs gzebis uzarmazari qseliT ukavSirdeba. los-anjelesi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli samxreT kaliforniis teritoriaze gadaWimuli metro
politanuri sistemis mxolod erTi nawilia.
los-anjelesis gafarToebis erTaderTi mizezi, albaT, avtomobilia. ka
lifornielebma pirvelebma aitaces henri fordis T modeli. avtomobilebis
gavrcelebasTan erTad, adamianebi SezRudvebisagan gaTavisufldnen. maT ukve
SeeZloT amoerCiaT sacxovrebeli adgili da manqaniT evloT samsaxurebSi; ukve
aRar uwevdaT saxlebis aSeneba troleibusebisa da tramvais xazebis gaswvriv.
igive Tavisufleba SeexoT biznesmenebs, romlebsac ukve aRar uwevdaT bevri
fiqri, sad aeSenebinaT qarxnebi. axla ukve SeiZleboda qarxnebis aSeneba rkinig
zis liandagebisagan Sors, radgan ukve arsebobda satvirTo manqanebi, romelTa
meSveobiT qarxnebamde mihqondaT nedleuli da gahqondaT mza masala. erTi adgi
lis meoresTan dakavSirebisaTvis saWiro iyo mxolod SedarebiT iafi gzebi. 1920-
ian wlebSi, los-anjelesis macxovreblebma uaryves metroebisa da sabagiroebis
ganviTarebis winadadeba da mxari dauWires quCebis sistemis gafarToebasa da
pirveli manqanebis gasaCerebeli parkis mSeneblobas.
es nawilobriv adasturebs kalifornielebis Tavisuflebismoyvareobas, rac
maT avtomobilebis wyalobiT moipoves. magram, meore mxriv, es aseve miewereba
calkeuli pirebisa da kompaniebis mier warmoebul sareklamo kampaniebs, romle
bic sargebels moelodenen qalaqSi manqanebis siWarbisagan. jeneral motorsi,
standart oili, faiarstoun Taiari da raberi energiulad eweodnen axali saavto
mobilo sistemis propagandas, rac momgebiani iyo maTTvis, radgan los-anjelesis
macxovreblebs veRar warmoedginaT cxovreba manqanebis, sawvavisa da saburavebis
gareSe (davisi, 1992w.; smiTi, 1988w.). uZravi qonebis kompaniebs, romlebsac miwebis
nakveTebi qalaqisagan moSorebiT hqondaT nayidi, mxolod ori ram sWirdebodaT
didi mogebisaTvis: gza da wyali. amis magaliTze Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu ro
gor cvlis socialur struqturas Zalauflebis mqone jgufebis moqmedebebi. gze
bis axalma sistemam meti Tavisufleba mianiWa SeZlebul moqalaqeebs, magram sam
agierod gaauaresa Raribebisa da muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebis mdgomareoba,
romlebsac manqanis yidvisa da Senaxvis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCndaT.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi adgili, romelsac axla los-anjeless vuwodebT,
araferi iyo, Tu ara ramdenime aTeuli qalaqi erTad, romlebsac erTmaneTTan
red trolis qseli akavSirebda. 1930-iani wlebisaTvis is ukve iwyebda pirvel
Tanamedrove metropolisad Camoyalibebas, sadac avtomobilebi asrulebdnen
damakavSireblis funqcias. dRes ubralo los-anjeleli 117 mils gadis kviraSi
(lifordi, 1989w.). rogorc sqema 19.1 gviCvenebs, samxreT kalifornielebis daax
loebiT sam meoTxeds, los-anjeleselebis CaTvliT, ori an meti manqana hyavT.
825
TviTon asxams sawvavs
procenti
wyaro: frenk klifordi `Driving Passion for Cars fuels California Style~ (maqanis marTvis Jini ka
liforniuli stilia). los-anjeles taimsi, 1989 wlis 1 oqtomberi. frenk klifordi, `Cven
vaginebT moZraobas, magram ver vTmobT manqanebs~. los-anjeles taimsi, 1989 wlis 4 oqtom
beri.
826
lebi los-anjeleseli mgzavrobs qalaqis centralur nawilamde. umravlesobas
samsaxuri qalaqis SemogarenSi aqvs da amis gamo yveldRiurad kveTen metropoli
tanis mTel teritorias. gasarTobi centrebisa da maRaziebis umetesoba gareub
nebSia ganTavsebuli. uzarmazari daxuruli savaWro centrebi, romlebic, rogorc
wesi. gzebis gadakveTazea gaSenebuli, mTel gasarTob programas sTavazobs momx
mareblebs _ restornebs, Teatrebs, univermaRebs, butikebs da gastronomebs,
Tanac ise, rom manqanis gaCerebis problema ar arsebobs. es sivrcobrivi forma
aseve uwyobs xels rasobrivi, eTnikuri da socialuri klasebis dacalkevebas.
urbanuli organizaciis ufro Zveli da xalxmravali formebi erTmaneTTan akav
Sirebda adamianebs, moswondaT Tu ara maT es. los-anjelessa da sxva Tanamedrove
avtomobilebze dafuZnebul metropolisebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli
ubani da savaWro centrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva jgufisTvisaa gankuTvnili;
gansakuTrebiT ki, SeZlebulebisaTvis, romlebic Tavs arideben iseT adgilebs,
romlebic ugemovnod da maTTvis Seufereblad miaCniaT. es los-anjelesSi ufro
SesaZlebelia, vidre niu-iorkSi an bostonSi.
maik devisi aRwers zomebs, romlebsac uamravi los-anjeleseli mimarTavs sa
kuTari anklavebis dasacavad, romlebic, ZiriTadad, saSualo da maRali Semosav
lis mqone ojaxebiTaa dasaxlebuli:
827
rogor izrdeba qalaqebi
arc erTi qalaqis ganviTareba ar yofila SemTxveviToba. Tanamedrove saxlebi
gapartaxebul adgilas ubralod ar Cndeba da arc mxrColavi qarxnebi Sendeba ue
crad eleganturi ofisebis gverdiT. qalaqis `moyvaniloba~, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, sulac ar aris qaoturi da araorganizebuli. es aris socialuri, poli
tikuri da geografiuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi. am nawilSi ganvixilavT or
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor izrdeba qalaqebi: urbanul-ekologiuri mid
goma da politekonomiuri Tvalsazrisi. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT amerikuli qa
laqebis zrdaze, xolo swrafi tempiT mzard mesame samyaros qalaqebze me-20 TavSi
vimsjelebT.
urbanuli ekologia
828
vali zonis zemoT mdebareobs oTxi sacxovrebeli zona. pirveli dasaxlebulia
muSaTa klasiT, meore da mesame _ saSualo da maRali fenebiT, xolo meoTxe _
mdidari adamianebiT, romlebic qalaqis sazRvrebis gareT amjobineben cxovre
bas. koncentruli zonebis modeli yvelaze ukeT aRwers Cikagos msgavs qalaqs,
romelic industriuli revoluciis Semdeg avtomobilebis ganviTarebamdec ki
Zalze swrafad ganviTarda.
urbanuli ganviTarebis meore modeli (hoiti, 1943w.) xazs usvams satrans
porto marSrutebis mniSvnelobas _ rkinigzis xazebs, trasebs, mdinareebsa da
arxebs, rogorc qalaqebis zrdis struqturul safuZvels. hoitis seqtoruli
modeli aseve iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis moZraobas Signidan gareT, magram am
SemTxvevaSi seqtorebs `Rvezelis~ forma aqvs _ isini centraluri biznesraionis
garSemoa ganlagebuli (ig. sqema 19.2b). hoitis mixedviT, urbanuli miwebis zone
bi mdebareobs ZiriTadi satransporto marSrutebis gaswvriv. rodesac konkre
tuli tipis aqtivoba izrdeba, es gaaqtiureba missave seqtorSi xdeba, romelic
metropoliss kidis mimarTulebiT afarToebs. am modelis magaliTAd SeiZleba
moviyvanoT bostonis gareubnebis ganviTareba tramvais xazebis gaswvriv. meore
magaliTia kaliforniis silikonis velis ganviTareba, rac oklendidan da san-
franciskodan samxreTisaken mimavali Tavisufali gzebis gaswvriv kompiuteruli
firmebis dafuZnebiT daiwyo.
ubani
samrewvelo
centr.biznesraioni dabali, mZime warmoeba gareubani
sabiTumo msubuqi saSualo da gare biznes-ubani mgzavrTa zona
warmoeba
maRali fenis sacxovrebeli
sacxovrebeli gareubani
wyaro: Consi d. harisi da eduard ulmani `qalaqebis buneba~. citirebulia pol hatTan da
a.j. raissTan `qalaqebi da sazogadoebebi (Free Press, Peoria, III., 1957).
829
orive _ koncentruli da seqtoruli modelis mixedviT, qalaqebi farTovde
ba Signidan, erTi biznesraionidan gare mimarTulebiT. Tumca, am formas yvela
urbanuli teritoria rodi iziarebs. los-anjelesis msgavsi qalaqebis ganviTa
rebis asaxsnelad, Consi harisma da eduard ulmanma (1945w.) axali _ mravalbirT
viani modeli SeimuSaves. am modelSi qalaqebi centrebis wyebad viTardeba. am cen
trebs `birTvebi~ ewodeba da TiToeul maTgans konkretuli funqcia akisria (ix.
sqema 19.2g). funqciuri specializaciis formis muSaobas oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori
ganapirobebs:
830
tur SenobebSi binebis qira Zalian maRali iyo. apartamentebi mdidruli da farTo
iyo sasadilo da sastumro oTaxebiT, Sinamosamsaxuris sacxovrebeli farTiTa
da samzareulos liftebiT. mSeneblobis bumma piks miaRwia. bevri Senoba metros
xazis gaxsnamde karga xniT adre dasrulda. Tumca, misi gaxsnis Semdegac ki mdi
dari mosaxleebis masobrivi SemoWra fantaziad darCa. yvela Senoba carieli an
TiTqmis carieli idga, ramac gamoiwvia binis qiris mkveTri dacema. developerebi
investiciebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen.
magram qalaqSi iyo erTi jgufi, romelic saWiroebda ukeTes da ufro met
sacxovrebels _ es iyo swrafi tempiT mzardi Savkaniani mosaxleoba. Savkanianma
realtorebma isargebles harlemis dabali fasebiT da Seecadnen, TavianTi kli
entebi iq moeTavsebinaT. Tavdapirvelad harlemSi mxolod ramdenime Savkaniani
ojaxi saxlobda, Tanac yvela maTgani axlad ganviTarebul dasavleT ubanSi. binebis
TeTrkaniani mepatroneebi Seecadnen, xeli SeeSalaT Savkanianebis dasaxlebisaT
vis. maT erTmaneTTan dades SeTanxmeba, rom binas Savkanianebs ar miaqiravebdnen.
es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, radgan TeTrkanianebma ver SeZles am brZo
laSi gaerTianeba _ zogi sulac ar iyo winaaRmdegi, zaralis dasafarad bina
SavkanianebisaTvis mieqiravebina. zogi imazec ki Tanxmdeboda, rom nebismier
fasad da nebismieri pirisaTvis mieyida saxli. amis Sedegad dawyo Savkanianebis
intensiuri dasaxleba jer dasavleT harlemSi, Semdeg ki raionis sxva nawilebSic.
pirveli omis dasawyisisaTvis, harlemi ukve metwilad Savkanianebis raioni iyo.
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi harlemi yvelaze mdidari Savkaniani raioni
iyo aSS-s istoriaSi. saSualo klasis Savkaniani ojaxebi mdidrul apartamentebSi
cxovrobdnen maSin, rodesac maTi TanamoZmeebi segregaciis msxverpli xdebodnen
da mZime pirobebSi uwevdaT cxovreba. harlemSi yvaoda xelovneba. swored amitom
es periodi `harlemuli aRorZinebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. problema is iyo, rom
sul ufro met Savkanian ojaxs surda harlemSi dasaxleba, ramac binis fasis mkveT
ri zrda gamoiwvia. daiwyo ojaxebis masobrivi dasaxleba erT sacxovrebel binaSi
da harlemic male gadaiWeda erTad Tavmoyrili mravali macxovrebeliT.
831
cxovelTa ekologiidan. dapyroba niSnavs garemoSi imgvari axali saxeobebis ga
moCenas, romlebic ricxovnobiT swrafad uswreben arsebul ekologiul balanss.
Canacvleba ki aris cvlilebis procesi, romlis drosac sxvadasxva Sereuli saxe
oba TandaTan viTardeba axal ekvilibriumad. harlemSi, dapyroba-Canacvlebis
procesi metros axali xazis gayvanasTan erTad daiwyo. am procesma waaxalisa axa
li sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba da ojaxebis Sesaxleba. harlemi SeiZlebo
da saSualo klasis ubani gamxdariyo, rasac xeli SeuSala amerikuli sazogadoe
bis rasistulma damokidebulebam. swored am damokidebulebis gamo sul ufro
meti Savkaniani cdilobda, SeeRwia erT dros ayvavebul TemSi. am faqtorma ganapi
roba konkurencia ara marto Savkanianebs, aramed Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs
Sorisac. garda amisa, iseTma damatebiTma problemebma, rogoricaa TeTrkaniani
mepatroneebis mier gamoCenili uyuradReboba da sakuTari qonebis ugulebelyo
fa, TandaTanobiT daaqveiTa cxovrebis xarisxi da gaaufasura kerZo sakuTreba.
fasebis dacemis Semdeg mepatroneebma kidev ufro Seamcires momsaxurebis ra
odenoba, romliTac manamde uzurnvelyofdnen mdgmurebs. aman gamoiwvia is, rom
saSualo fenis Savkanianma mosaxleobam masobrivad daiwyo gasaxleba harlemidan
da sxva adgilebSi gadawyvita binis Sovna, rac mniSvnelovnad gaiolda 1960-iani
wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebTan dakavSirebuli reformebis Sedegad. harlemSi
darCnen isini, visac akmayofilebda SezRuduli arCevani da resursebi.
harlemSi mimdinare procesebi ar yofila garesamyarosgan mowyvetili. har
lemis aRzeveba da dacema (da rasakvirvelia dRevandeli gamococxlebis tenden
cia, rac dakavSirebulia harlemis zog nawilSi ZiriTadad Savkaniani saSualo
fenis intesniuri dasaxlebiT) ganapiroba niu-iorkis mosaxleobis zrdis formam
da binebis maRalma fasma sxva ubnebSi. arsebobs savaraudo cxovrebis cikli (hu
veri da vernoni, 1959w.) _ aRmavlobis, Semdeg warumateblobis da, albaT, kvlav
aRmavlobis forma. ubanma SeiZleba Tavisi istoria daiwyos ganviTarebis swrafi
tempiT, swored ise, rogorc es me-19 saukunis bolos harlemSi moxda, Semdeg Sesa
Zlebelia dadges gardaqmnis periodi, romlis drosac xdeba ZiriTadi socialuri
Zalebis cvlileba (harlemSi mSneblobis bums mohyva miwis Rirebulebis kleba
da Savkaniani mosaxleobis masobrivi Semodineba). raionis ganadgureba SeiZleba
Semdegi safexuri iyos. harlemSic ase moxda _ binebis mepatroneebma arafrad
Caagdes sakuTari qonebis ganadgureba. SesaZlebelia maRaziebisa da saxlebis ga
nadgurebac, rac Tan moitans mosaxleobis Semcirebasac. sabolo faza SeiZleba
iyos ganaxleba da ganviTarebis axali talRa. aucilebeli araa, rom qalaqis yvela
ubanma gaiaros yvela stadia. SesaZlebelia, rom ubani iyos stabiluri, Tumca es
stabiluroba damokidebulia mis mdebareobaze: Tu romeli urbanuli dasaxleba
akravs mas da ra xdeba TviTon am ubanSi. sicocxlis ciklurobis da ekologiuri
Teoriebi SesaZlebelia gavrceldes ara mxolod ubnebsa da qalaqebze, aramed
mTeli regionebis organizebasa da maT damokidebulebaze qveynis Sida da saerTa
Soriso ekonomikur procesebze.
832
urbanuli sivrcis politikuri ekonomika
833
vaneloba-muSebs Soris mosalodneli konfliqtis gakontroleba. me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi kapitalistebs mudmivad uwevdaT piketebTan, gaficvebTan da sabota
Jis sxva formebTan gamklaveba. Suagul qalaqebSi Tavmoyrili qarxana-fabrike
bi kidev ufro amwvavebda problemas, radgan sxvadasxva qarxnis muSebs SeeZloT
SeedarebinaT erTmaneTis samuSao pirobebi da Sedegad damsaqmeblisagan cvlile
bebis ganxorcieleba moeTxovaT. amis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo
dawesebulebis gareubnebisaken gadanacvleba, sadac muSebi SedarebiT izoli
rebulebi iqnebodnen maTi kolegebis mier mowyobili saprotesto aqciebisagan.
qalaqebis centraluri nawilebidan gareubnebisaken `gasvla~ SesaZlebeli gaxda
korporaciebis Serwymisa da maTi swrafi zrdis meSveobiT, romelsac 1898-1903
wlebSi hqonda adgili. bevrma korporaciam miaRwia iseT finansur warmatebas, rom
axla maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT investireba axal Senoba-nagebobebSi. gareubnebSi
gadanacvleba Seesabameboda amerikuli biznesis zrdasa da warmatebas.
centrebSi ganlagebul caTambjenebSi dabinavebuli korporaciebis saTao
ofisebis zrda aseve Seesabameba me-20 saukunis kapitalizmis bunebas. 1920-iani
wlebisaTvis bevr amerikul korporacias ukve hqonda mopovebuli kontroli
bazarze. `maT axla imdeni SeeZloT, rom gaemijnaT administraciuli funqciebi
sawarmoo procesisagan. qarxnebisa da fabrikebis menejerebi Tvalyurs ade
venebdnen sawarmoo process, xolo korporaciuli menejerebi akontrlolebdnen
uzarmazar imperias~ (gordoni, 1984w. gv. 43). is, vinc erTxel mainc mdgara kor
poraciuli caTambjenis ZirSi, mixvdeba, rom Tanamedrove qalaqis es simbolo
amave dros ukiduresad centralizebuli ekonomikuri Zalauflebis simbolocaa.
Tumca, kapitalizmis cvalebad formebs simboloebis cvlilebac mohyveba xol
me. magaliTad, dRes axlad aSenebul yovel gigantur korporaciul caTambjenze
ramdenime kampusi modis, romlebic megapolisebSia gafantuli da xandaxan maT
farglebsac scildeba. globaluri kapitalizmisaTvis, romelsac daxmarebas axa
li teqonologiebi uweven, centralizacia sargebels aRar warmoadgens.
834
dasTan erTad, im miwis nakveTis fasma, romelic erT dros ramdenime aseuli dol
ari Rirda, SeiZleba milion dolarsac miaRwios. zrdis wyalobiT, miwis mflobe
li elituri wreebi ramdenimejer zrdian sakuTar qonebas. CanarTi `globaluri
sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi~ gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens saerTaSor
iso ekonomika erTi amerikuli qalaqis zrdaze.
logani da moloCi amerikul qalaqebs `miwaze dafuZnebuli interesebis er
Tianobad~ ganixilaven: es aris calkeuli pirebis koalicia, agreTve jgufebi da
organizaciebi, romlebic finansurad igeben an ageben imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
viTardeba qalaqis miwis resursebi. mizania miwis ufro intensiuri gamoyeneba,
rac kidev ufro did mogebas niSnavs. magaliTad, harlemSi mdebare ara erTi sax
lis mflobelma ramdenime nawilad gayo didi apartamentebi mogebis gazrdis
mizniT. 1920-iani wlebisaTvis harlemSi farTi, romelic Cveulebriv 40 dolari
eRireboda, 100-125 dolarad fasobda, swored miwis intensiurad gamoyenebis
gamo. zogi mepatrone sardafebsa da saqvabeebsac ki aqiravebda, raTa maqsimaluri
mogeba mieRo sakuTari qonebisgan (osofski, 1982w.). es magaliTi mowmobs imas, Tu
ramxela gavlenas axdenen Zalauflebis mqone interesTa koaliciebi zrdaze sxva
faqtorebis miuxedavad (sxva faqtorebSi igulisxmeba momsaxurebisadmi xelmis
awvdomoba da gavlena urbanul garemoze).
adgilobrivi mTavroba mowadinebulia, xeli Seuwyos qalaqis zrdis process,
radgan bevri Tanamdebobis piria dainteresebuli qalaqis kuTvnili miwis nakveTe
biT. bevri maTgani Tavadaa mesakuTre, bankiri an realtori, romelTa Semosavali
da warmateba damokidebulia mzard Temebze. oficialuri pirebi cdiloben, Sein
arCunon Sesabamisi `klimati~, rac gulisxmobs mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeRa
vaTebs developerebisa da investorebisaTvis, harmoniul SromiT urTierTobebs
axali kompaniebis mosazidad. mniSvnelovania policiac, romelic umTavresad
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaze zrunavs. politikur-ekonomikuri analizis Tanax
mad, zrda ar aris kargi mTliani TemisaTvis, aramed mxolod Zalauflebis mqone
TaTvis. urbanulma zrdam SeiZleba mravali problema warmoSvas: haerisa da wy
lis dabinZureba, uamravi avtomobilis gamonabolqvi da macxovreblebis siWarbe.
garda amisa, zrdis procesma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sayofacxovrebo xarjebis mate
bac (kerZod, policiisa da saxanZrosaTvis, aseve sxva samsaxurebisaTvis saval
debulo gadasaxadi). Tumca, zrda yovelTvis ar niSnavs axali samuSao adgilebis
warmoqmnas, rogorc amas misi damcvelebi amtkiceben. korporaciuli qalaqebis
samsaxurebi ZiriTadad Sedgeba maRalanazRaurebadi sainformacio seqtorisgan
(romelic izidavs umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamianebs mTe
li qveynis masStabiT, rac, cxadia, ar niSnavs imas, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
saqmdeba) an dabalanazRaurebad momsaxurebis sferosagan (magaliTad, restor
nebi, samrecxaoebi, mSeneblobebi, romlebic naklebad sTavazoben TanamSromlebs
garantirebul samuSaos an damatebiT sargeblebs) (smiTi da figini, 1987w.). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanul zrdas sargebeli moaqvs Temis ekonomikuri eli
tisaTvis _ adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac ar ekuTvniT zrdis procesSi gamoyeneb
uli resursebi.
835
amerikuli Temebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi
836
zec, ramac moaxdina hiustonis ekonomikis stimulacia, maSin, rodesac aSS-is danarCenis nawili
ekonomikur stagnacias ganicdida. mezobel dalasSi dasaqmebis maCvenebeli 6 %-iT daeca, hi
ustonSi ki 18%-iT moimata, radgan hiustonis warmoeba ZiriTadad navTobis msoflio bazarzea
gaTvlili (hili da figini, 1987w.). Sesabamisad, rodesac navTobis fasi ecema, hiustoni ekonomi
kuri problemebis winaSe dgeba (ase moxda 1980-ian wlebSi), gansxvavebiT qveynis danarCeni qa
laqebisagan.
hiustonis bumi da stagnacia mowmobs imas, Tu ramdenad mgrZnobiarea qalaqis ganviTareba
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis cvlilebebis mimarT. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom hiustoni msoflio
kapitalisturi sabazro sistemis ZiriTadi komponentia. misi bedi mniSvnelovnadaa damokideb
uli saerTaSoriso korporaciebis saTaTbiro darbazebSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. bed-iR
blis yovelgvari cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, hiustonis mosaxleobis yoveldRiur yofaze aisaxe
ba. imisagan damoukideblad, iolia Tu rTuli am qalaqSi samuSaos moZebna, ra saxis samsaxurebi
Warbobs, ra odenobis Tanxa xmardeba urbanul ganviTarebas an saWiroa Tu ara adgilobrivi ga
dasaxadebis gazrda korporaciuli zaralis kompensaciis mizniT _ upirveles yovlisa dakav
Sirebulia msoflio kapitalistur sistemaSi hiustonis mier dakavebul adgilTan.
hiustonis msgavsad, Tanamedrove samyaros sxva didi qalaqebis zrdaca da dakninebac
damokidebulia globaluri kapitalisturi ekonomikis tendenciebsa da am qalaqebis mier saer
TaSoriso ekonomikaSi dakavebul adgilebze. magaliTad, mesame msoflios bevri qveyana dRes
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sistemis centrSi moeqca. am tendenciis Sedegad bevr did qalaqSi
mniSvnelovnad imata dasaqmebis maCvenebelma. Tumca, amave dros, imave globalurma tenden
ciebma sxva qveynebSi gamoiwvia adgilobrivi vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis dasusteba, soflebis
dacarieleba, mrewvelobisa da eqsportis ZiriTad centrebSi mosaxleobis siWarbe da mesame
msoflios qveynebis qalaqebis ekonomikuri stagnacia, radgan es qalaqebi ver moxvda investi
ciebis nusxaSi. igive sakiTxi ganagebs aRmosavleT evropis qalaqebis momavals msoflio bazar
ze maTi gawevrianebisas.
837
daeca moTxovna aSS-is soflis meurneobis produqtebze, bevrma fermerma dakarga
sakuTreba da iZulebuli gaxda sxvagan eSova samuSao. aiovam 1980-ian wlebSi mo
saxleobis 5 %-ze meti dakarga. uamravi axalgazrda (gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi ga
naTlebis mqoneni) tovebs mSoblebs da sxvagan midis sacxovreblad. amis Sedegad
aSS-is soflebi berdebian _ grinis olqis (aiova) macxovrebelTa saSualo asaki
ormocdaaT wels aRemateba (niu-iork Taimsi, 1990 wlis 11 seqtemberi, gv. a20).
wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, vaSingtonis olqi da soflis meurneobis depar
tamenti, vaSingtonis olqi).
838
ribis maCvenebeli soflad mcxovreb axalgazrdebs Soris (am maCvenebelma TiTq
mis 35%-s miaRwia), xolo umuSevrobis maCvenebeli orjer aRemateboda erovnul
standarts (dunkani, 1991w.).
1980-ian wlebSi aiovas Statis patara qalaqebSi daixura benzingasamarTi sad
gurebis 41%, sasursaTo maRaziebis 27% da sxvadasxva saxeobis maRaziebis 37%.
amis erTi mizezia momxmarebelTa Semcirebuli raodenoba, xolo meore _ ise
Ti maRaziebis qseli rogoricaa wal-mart-i da Kmart-i, romlebic sabiTumo fasad
sTavazoben momxmareblebs saqonlis farTo arCevans.
aSS-is soflebSi cud mdgomareobaSia jandacvac. 1980-ian wlebSi daxuruli
300 stacionaridan naxevari qveynis patara qalaqebSi mdebareobda. soflebSi mci
rdeba eqimebis raodenobac. zog patara qalaqSi mxolod erTi eqimi muSaobs da
isic naxevar ganakveTze, romelic ramdenime Tems emsaxureba, zog qalaqSi ki eq
imi saerTod ar arsebobs. ilinoisis cxrameti Temidan TormetSi ar hyavT meani.
amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar aris, rom soflad ufro naklebi pacientia, aramed
isic, rom Medicare-i 20-dan 50 procentiT naklebs uxdis sofelSi momuSave eqims,
im mosazrebiT, rom soflad gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi bevrad naklebia. samedi
cino skolebis gadasaxadebis sididis (romlebic 50000-dan 100000 dolaramden
meryeobs) gamo damwyebi eqimebsac ki ar SeuZliaT soflebSi da patara qalaqebSi
muSaobis dawyeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis winaaRmdegebi ar arian.
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSia patara qalaqebis skolebic. moswavleebis ra
odenobis klebasTan erTad, erTi moswavlis ganaTlebis safasuri xSirad Zalian
izrdeba, ris gamoc xdeba ramdenime raionis gaerTianeba. 1945 wels misuriSi 8607
saskolo raioni moqmedebda, xolo dRes maTi raodenoba 545-mdea Semcirebuli. mxo
lod 1980-ian wlebSi, misuris skolebis raodenoba 20 procentiT Semcirda. aseT
gaerTianebul raionebSi moswavleebs SesaZloa 50 milis gavla mouwioT skolamde
da ukan. sportuli da sxva saskolo RonisZiebebi patara qalaqebSi yvelaze mniS
vnelovani movlenaa. `rodesac skola ixureba, _ acxadebs daiagonalis skolis
mmarTveli, _ qalaqsac kargav~ (citirebulia handliSi, 1989w. gv. 13).
aSS-is soflebSi krizisi piks uaxlovdeba macxovreblebis TvalsazrisiT.
aiovaSi mcxovrebi fermerebis gamoklvevam uCvena, rom samidan erTi depresiis
simptomebs amJRavnebs (beli da lobao, 1990w.). minesotas universitetis kvlevam
soflebSi mcxovrebi mozardebis Sesaxeb daadastura, rom isini ufro midrekil
ni arian depresiisa da suiciduri fiqrebisadmi, vidre qalaqebSi mcxovrebi maTi
Tanatolebi (handli, 1989w.).
rasakvirvelia, zemoT aRwerili tendenciebi yvela patara qalaqze ar vrcel
deba. qalaqebis mcire ricxvma moaxerxa biznesebis mozidva. magaliTad, mraval
miliardiani General Motors-is qarxana springs-hilszSia aSenebuli (tenesis Stati).
zogma qalaqma pensionrebis didi ricxvis mizidva SeZlo, zogi qalaqelebisaTvis
SabaT-kviris gasatarebel sayvarel adgilad gadaiqca, xolo zogi qalaqi gareub
nebis gareubnebad gardaiqmna. soflebis ganviTareba sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba
macxovreblebze. am procesisgan zogma SeiZleba isargeblos, magram amave dros
SeiZleba dairRves tradiciuli kavSirebi Temis wevrebs Soris (brauni, grirSte
839
ni da kranixi, 1989w. samersi da branCi, 1984w). ufro metic, warmatebuli SemTx
vevebi gamonaklisebia. am drosisaTvis prognozi patara qalaqebis bedis Sesaxeb
kargs arafers moaswavebs.
industriidan transformaciamde
840
ron (vakuanti, 1993w.). Tavis mxriv, SezRudul SesaZleblobebs Sedegad mosdevs
skolis mitovebis, danaSaulisa da narkotikebis gamoyenebis maRali maCvenebeli
da socialuri problemebis mTeli wyeba.
aseve gaizarda qalaqebSi dabalkvalificiuri da dabalanazRaurebadi msu
buqi mrewvelobis samsaxurebi. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi los-anjelesSi
tansacmlis warmoeba 60%-iT gaizarda, ramac 125000 axali samuSao adgili war
moSva (soja, 1989w.). Tumca, mravali TvalsazrisiT, tansacmlis axali fabrikebi
me-19 saukunis mcire sawarmoebs Camohgavs, sadac minimaluri anazRaurebis fasad
uamravi adamiani Sromobda. minimaluri anazRaurebis Sesaxeb kanonis darRveva,
savaldebulo damatebiTi samuSao dro da bavSvTa Sroma farTodaa gavrcelebu
li. am fabrikebSi dasaqmebulebis daaxloebiT 80% mainc dokumentaciis armqone
ucxoelebi arian (romlebsac ar SeuZliaT sakuTari uflebebis dacva), xolo 90 %
_ qalebi.
aseve gaizarda droebiTi da naxevarganakveTiani samsaxurebis raodenoba.
TviTdasaqmebuli qalaqelebi Tavisufal konsultantebad muSaoben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom amgvari saqmianoba maRalanazRaurebadia, samagierod is ar aris sta
biluri da, garda amisa, TviTdasaqmebulebi ar sargebloben iseTi SeRavaTebiT,
rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, Svebuleba da sapensio gegma.
mokled rom vTqvaT, qalaqebis dasaqmebis struqturam cvlilebebi ganicada.
dasaqmebam imata socialuri ierarqiis Tavsa da boloSi, saSualo fena TandaTan
mcirdeba. `cisfersayeloianTa~ mcire ricxvma SeZlo gzis gakafva da `TeTrsa
yeloianebis~ rigSi gadainacvla, magram ufro metma marcxi ganicada da iZule
bulia, marginalur samuSaos dasjerdes. am process `kmartingi~ ewodeba. dabali
da saSualo fenis bevrma mosaxlem datova qalaqi, xolo darCenilTagan bevri am
ovarda muSaTa klasidan. amis Sedegad qalaqebi mkveTrad polarizebulebi gaxda.
mcirericxovani mdidrebis gverdiT cxovroben Raribebi, romlebic gaWirvebiT
irCenen Tavs da saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yvelaze mcire
ricxovnan fenas Seadgenen.
globaluri qalaqi
841
noamerikuli warmoSobis Savkaniani da 10% _ azielebi (lokvudi da lainbergeri,
1988w.). swored amitom los-anjeless `mesame samyaros dedaqalaqs~ uwodeben
(raifi, 1991w.). amgvarive eTnikuri mozaika iwyoba niu-iorkSi, sadac azielebma,
laTinoamerikelebma da Savkanianebma ukve gadaaWarbes TeTrkanianebs (niu-iork
Taimsi, 1991 wlis 21 Tebervali).
mesame msoflios qveynebidan emigracia aSS-Si SeiZleba ekonomikurad momge
biani iyos, swored ise, rogorc es los-anjelesSi moxda (ualdingeri, 1996w.).
aSS-is menejmentis sistemam da mesame msoflios qveynebidan mozRvavebulma
samuSao Zalam xeli Seuwyo qalaqis aRmasvlas. mesame msoflios qveynebis emi
grantebi, romlebic SeCveulebi arian Zalian dabal anazRaurebas, xSirad moxa
rulebi arian, Tu iseT samuSaos ipovian, riTac Tavis gatanas SeZleben. amgvarma
iafma muSaxelma SesaZlebeli gaxada bevri manufaqturuli sawarmos gadarCena
los-anjelesSi. Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, samuSao pirobebi miRebul standartebs
bevrad CamorCeba. UCLA-s profesorma, romelic Tvalaxveuli Semoatares pa
tara fabrikebSi, aRmoaCina uamravi patara sawarmo, sadac ZiriTadad aralegal
emigrantebs amuSavebdnen. manqanebis borblebis damamzadebel erT-erT amgvar
sawarmoSi uamravi laTinoamerikeli da azieli emigranti muSaobda, romlebsac
mxolod pirze afarebuli dolbandi icavda metalis nawilakebiT gajerebuli
haerisagan (lokvudi da lainbergeri, 1988w.). aSS-is moqalaqeebis Zalian mcire
nawili Tu aitanda amgvar samuSao pirobebs.
qalaqebis mosaxleobis `globalizacia~ xSirad badebs ucxouri investici
ebis saWiroebas. asea los-anjelesSi, sadac sakmaod xSirad SexvdebiT azielebis
kooperativebsa da sawarmoebs. azieli investorebis los-anjelesSi Tavmoyra
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini aq Tavs Sinaurebad grZnoben momravlebuli azi
uri mosaxleobisa da azieli biznesmenebis gverdiT. imisagan damoukideblad, Tu
sxva ra mizezi udevs safuZvlad samuSaos, ucxouri investiciebi mainc sasarge
bloa los-anjelesisaTvis _ maTi wyalobiT qalaqi msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani
saerTaSoriso biznescentria.
mxolod los-anjelesi da misi msgavsi urbanuli centrebi ar aris `globa
luri qalaqebi~. dRes msoflios ZiriTadi centrebi erTmaneTTs ukavSirdeba me
diis, migraciisa da ekonomikis saSualebiT. mesame msoflios qveynebis iseTi qa
laqebi, rogorebicaa kalkuta da qairo, los-anjelesTan iziareben globaluri
socialuri qselis centris statuss.
842
yisSi. kamdenis mosaxleobas boraniT gadahyavda niu-jerseli fermerebi mdinare
delaverze, romelic saTaves filadelfiaSi iRebs. orTqmavlis gamogonebasTan
erTad, 1830-ian wlebSi, kamdeni swrafad gafarTovda da sarkinigzo, gadazid
vebis da industriuli centri gaxda. 1860-ian wlebSi kempbelma pirveli sakvebis
gadamamuSavebeli qarxana gaxsna kamdenSi, niu-iorkis gemTmSenebelma qarxanam
axali navsadguri aago 1890-ian wlebSi, xolo RCA Victor-ma me-19 saukunis bolos
qalaqi Tavisi pirveli xmis Camweri studiis adgilad airCia. 1920 wlisaTvis kam
deni warmatebuli metropolisi iyo mosaxleobis mzardi raodenobiT. 1950 wels
qalaqSi macxovrebelTa raodenoba sam milions aRemateboda.
daniel lazaris azriT (1991w.), `kamdeni ufro niJaras waagavs, vidre qalaqs~.
87.000 mosaxlidan mxolod 10000 muSaobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqis mosaxleo
bis mesamedi siRatakeSi cxovrobs. kamdeni niu-jersis Statis yvelaze Raribi qa
laqia, xolo qveynis masStabiT mexuTe adgils ikavebs siRatakis mxriv. Semosavali
erT sul mosaxleze samjer ufro mcirea, vidre mezobel gareuban Ceri-hilsSi.
qalaqis erT dros ayvavebul biznesraionSi mdgari sami Senobidan ori daingra ga
naxlebis programebis molodinSi, romelic, samwuxarod, ar dawyebula. kamdenSi
ar aris arc erTi supermarketi, kinoTeatri, ar gamodis adgilobrivi gazeTi.
qalaqis yvelaze didi RirsSesaniSnaobaa `ori cixe, prostitucia, narkotike
biT vaWroba da niu-iorkze gacilebiT maRali danaSaulis maCvenebeli~ (lazari,
1991w. gv. 267). 1995 wels kamdenSi TviTmklelobis rekorduli maCvenebeli _ 60
SemTxveva dafiqsirda (niu-iork Taimsi, 1996 wlis 7 marti, gv. b6).
lazari gansazRvravs sam ZiriTad faqtors, romelmac ganapiroba am qalaqis
`sikvdili suburbanizaciiT~ (gv. 168). pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori
aris `motorizacia~. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropaSi meore msoflio omis Semd
gom periodamde manqanebi fufunebad iTvleboda, aSS-Si maTi saWiroeba didi xniT
adre aRiares. 1929 wlisaTvis niu-jersis xuT macxovrebelze erTi manqana modi
oda, rac aTjer aRemateba safrangeTis an didi britaneTis monacemebs. aqedan ga
momdinare, gareubnebs ufro didi upiratesoba eniWeboda investiciebis mxriv.
meore faqtori iyo federaluri daxmareba. gareubnebis ganviTarebaSi mniS
vnelovani roli iTamaSa federalurma dafinansebam. gadasaxadebisagan Semosuli
TanxiT mTeli qveynis masStabiT igeboda gzatkecilebi, veteranebs hqondaT mTe
li rigi SeRavaTebi. gareubnebis mcxovreblebi sargeblobdnen faruli federal
uri SeRavaTebiT. lazaris gamoTvlebiT, transportis mflobelebs rom sruli
Rirebuleba gadaexadaT, sawvavis Rirebuleba 4 dolaridan 6 dolaramde aiwevda
da gareubnebis popularobac sagrZnoblad daiwevda.
mesame faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo kamdenis `sikvdils~, iyo 1917 wlis niu-
jersis kanoni, romelic mixedviTac, samezobloebs SeeZloT gamoyofodnen mezo
blad mdebare did qalaqebs, Tavi calke municipalitetad gamoecxadebinaT da,
Sesabamisad, Tavi aeridebinaT did qalaqebSi moqmedi gadasaxadebisgan. am kanonma
kidev erTxel daadastura niu-jersis siZulvili urbanuli gigantebisadmi (gan
sakuTrebiT es exeba filadelfiasa da niu-iorks). niu-jersiSi mtruli gareub
nebiT garSemortymul qalaqebi ver axerxebdnen mosaxleobisa da biznesmenebis
mozidvas an qalaqis momsaxurebisa da struqturis SenarCunebas. amitom, niuarks,
843
jersi sitis, petersons da sxva qalaqebs kamdenismagvari problemebi aqvT, Tumca
zogi maTgani cdilobs am problemebTan gamklavebas.
lazaris azriT, kamdenismagvari qalaqebi `kargi manqanebia, romlebsac
ubralod Jangi moekida~. misive mtkicebiT, qalaqebis gaqrobis Tavidan acileba
caa SesaZlebeli. msoflios udides nawilSi qalaqebi rCebian kulturisa da ko
merciis centrebad. lazaris mosazrebiT, gadawyvetilebebi, romlis safuZvel
zec investiciis Cadeba xdeba ara saxelmwifo sacxovreblebSi da transportSi,
aramed kerZo saxlebsa da manqanebSi, konkretulad amerikuli formaa, rasac
konkretulad `amerikuli Sedegi~ mohyveba _ ganadgurebis piras misuli qalaqe
bi, romlebic rasobrivi, eTnikuri da urbanuli krizisis centrebad iqceva xolme
(figini, 1995w.).
844
adgils unarCunebs. qalaqi Tavs iwonebs sakuTari kameruli gundiTac, sxvadasxva
qveynis samzareuloebis restornebiTa da antikvariatis maRaziebiT. pikis saaTeb
Si moZraoba planoSi iseve gadatvirTulia, rogorc dalasSi an fort-uortSi. am
qalaqSi TiTqmis ar arian emigrantebi da umicresobebis warmomadgenlebi, romle
bic dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilis umetesobas avseben centralur qalaqeb
Si. planos sajaro skolebis moswavleebis 87 % TeTrkaniania, maSin rodesac 1990
wlis aRweris mixedviT, dalasis mosaxleobis umetesobas an Savkanianebi an laTi
noamerikelebi Seadgenen (niu-iork Taimsi, 1991 wlis 23 Tebervali, gv. a1, 10).
qalaq-gareubnebis aRmocenebis Sedegad kidev ufro izrdeba socio-ekonomi
kuri ufskruli centralur qalaqebsa da gareubnebs Soris, agreTve TeTrkanianeb
sa da umciresobebs Soris. korporaciuli Stabbinebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli
servisebis qalaq-gareubnebSi mdebareobam xeli Seuwyo qalaqebSi gadasaxadebis
da SromiT bazrebis Semcirebas. meore Sedegia patara qalaqebis `dapyroba~ ga
reubnebis mosaxleobis mier, romlebic sacxovrebel kompleqsebs aSeneben iq, sa
dac adre fermebi iyo. TandaTanobiT iSleba gansxvaveba qalaqebis, gareubnebisa
da soflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis stils Soris. qalaqi-gareubnebi
ganviTarda ara mxolod mzian kaliforniaSi stamfordSi, texassa da arizonaSi,
aramed aRmosavleTSic, magaliTad, bostonsa da konektikutSi, niu-iorkis gareT.
demografi uiliam h. frei (1990w.) amJamindeli cvlilebebis Sejamebisas wers:
`...gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi davinaxeT, rom regionaluri da met
ropolitanuri mosaxleobis zrda aSS-Si sul ufro da ufro pasuxobs adgilob
rivi da saerTaSoriso Zalebis moqmedebas. miRwevebi komunikaciebsa da warmoebis
teqnologiebSi, aseve globaluri ekonomikis aRmavloba, qmnis axal distribuci
ul dinamikas. amis Sedegad metropolitanebisa da ufro patara Temebis bedi mniS
vnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli korporaciebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze
da imaze, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia konkretul teritorias, fexi auwyos ekonomikuri
pirobebis swraf cvlilebas (1990w. gv. 39).
Sejameba
845
azris mowinaaRmdegeebi Tvlian, rom urbanizacia warmoSobs gansxvavebul
Tems, romlis wevrebic ar arian damokidebulebi erTmaneTis teritoriul
siaxloveze. kvlevebi adasturebs, rom arsebobs mtkicebulebebi TiToeuli
am mosazrebis dasabuTeblad, Tumca TiToeuli midgoma sxvadasxva garemoe
baSia gamarTlebuli.
3. qalaqebma daarsebis Semdeg didi cvlilebebi ganicada. tradiciuli qalaqi
aucileblad patara unda yofiliyo, radgan gadaadgileba mxolod cxenebiT,
vagonebiT an fexiT iyo SesaZlebeli. am SemosazRvrul sivrceSi aristokra
tia da savaWro fenis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTTan axlos cxovrobdnen.
preindustriuli qalaqebi gamoirCeoda sibinZuriTa da antisanitariiT, rac
infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas uwyobda xels.
4. industriuli revoluciisa da miwaTmoqmedebis gaumjobesebuli teqnolo
giebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda urbanuli zrdis `afeTqeba~, romelmac
Tanamedrove didi qalaqebi warmoSva. fermerebs axla ukve SeeZloT sakma
risi mosavlis moyvana mWidrod dasaxlebuli didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis
Sesanaxad. adgilnacvali fermis muSebi am qalaqebSi midiodnen da fabrika-
qarxnebSi iwyebdnen muSaobas. qalaqebis centraluri nawilebisgan Sors,
rkinigzisa da tramvais liandagebis gaswvriv, viTardeboda sacxovrebeli
gareubnebi, sadac, ZiriTadad, saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi
saxldebodnen. dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi ki qalaqis centrSi, samsa
xurebTan axlos idebdnen binas.
5. gareubnebi metropolisebis ganviTarebasTan erTad farTovdeboda da Tan
daTanobiT ifareboda gzatkecilebis rTuli qseliT. metropolisebis ga
reubnebSi gadainacvla vaWrobam da gasarTobma biznesmac. centrebi, sa
dac finansuri dawesebulebebi da msxvili korporaciebis Stabbinebi iyo,
tradiciulad Raribi ojaxebis saxlebiT rCeboda garSemortymuli.
6. urbanul-ekologiuri midgomis mixedviT, qalaqebi integrirebuli mTlia
nobebia, sadac TiToeuli nawili konkretul fuqncias asrulebs da amiT
avsebs sxva, aseve sakuTari funqciis mqone nawilebs. urbanulma ekolo
gebma ramdenime sxvadasxva modeli SeimuSaves qalaqebis sivrcobrivi orga
nizaciebis ganviTarebis axsnis mizniT. es modelebi moicavs koncentruli
zonis models, seqtorul modelsa da mravalbirTvian models. urbanulma
ekologebma aseve aRweres procesi, romelic dakavSirebulia samezoblos
cvlilebasTan, rac xSirad iwyeba macxovreblebis axali jgufis SemoWriT. am
faqts, Cveulebriv, mohyveba xolme cvlileba mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi,
rasac Tan sdevs teritoriis axlebuli gamoyenebis mcdeloba.
7. politikur-ekonomikuri TvalTaxedva yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zlieri
jgufebis mniSvnelobaze urbanuli zrdis sakuTari sargeblianobis warmarT
visaTvis. es jgufebi xSirad qmnian koaliciebs, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs
miwiT daintereseba. koaliciebSi Cveulebriv Sedian Senobebis mepatroneebi,
uZravi qonebis developerebi, bankirebi da finansuri investorebi. saer
TaSoriso korporaciebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules Tanamedrove me
tropolisebis ganviTarebaSi. zogjer korporaciebs qalaqebis centralur
846
nawilebSi muSaTa amboxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sawarmoebi gareubnebSi
gadahqondaT. sxva SemTxvevebSi korporaciuli interesebi qalaqebs `zrdis
manqanebad~ aqcevdnen, rac ufro metad kapitalistebis mogebis gazrdas em
saxureboda, vidre adgilobrivi moqalaqeebis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas.
erTi mxriv, bevrma amerikulma qalaqma SeiZina `globaluri qalaqis~ tituli,
rac imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli maTgani moqmedebs, rogorc kapitalisturi
warmoebisa da gacvlebis saerTaSoriso jaWvis damakavSirebeli nawili, rac
xSirad yalibdeba migraciisa da investirebis formiT.
8. aSS-is Temebis amJamindeli tendencia gulisxmobs patara qalaqebis dasuste
bas (ekonomikuri Zalebisa da mosaxleobis Semcirebis Sedegad), restruqtu
rizacias, garkveuli samrewvelo qalaqebis erTi SexedviT mudmiv dakninebas
da gareubnebis zrdas (g areubnebis urbanizaciisa da soflebis suburban
izaciis CaTvliT.). TandaTanobiT bundovani xdeba gansxvaveba did qalaqebs,
gareubnebsa da soflebs Soris, xolo regionebi urbanizebuli megapolisebi
xdeba.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
847
5. ramdenad xsnis kapitalisturi ekonomikis procesebi (romelic aRwerilia
politikuri ekonomikis perspeqtividan) urbanuli ganviTarebisa da urbanu
li cxovrebis tendenciebs?
sityvari
848
politikuri ekonomikis mosazreba _ sociologiuri mosazreba qalaqebis Se
saxeb, romelic qalaqebs mZlavri jgufebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
produqtad miiCnevs. amasTan, am jgufebis moqmedeba ekonomikuri sargeblis
moxveWisa da kapitalis dagrovebis mizniT aris nakarnaxevi.
seqtoris modeli _ urbanuli miwebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb homer hoitis modeli,
sadac qalaqebi viTardeba `Rvezlis~ formis seqtorebis msgavsad, romle
bic gars arian Semowyobilebi centralur biznesraions. seqtorebi nawil
deba transportis mTavari marSrutebis gaswvriv. TiToeul seqtors akisria
konkretuli mizani.
urbanuli ekologia _ qalaqebis Seswavlisadmi sociologiuri midgoma, ro
melic swavlobs, Tu rogor aris urbanuli miwebis socialuri gamoyeneba
adamianebis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris interaqciisa da maTi fizikur-geo
grafiuli garemos cvlilebis Sedegi.
urbanuli anklavi _ mWidrod dasaxlebuli da socialurad erTgvari Temi, ro
melic ufro didi da mravalferovani metropoliis Semadgeneli nawilia.
urbanizacia _ adamianebis mravalricxovani jgufebis mier soflebisa da patara
qalaqebis mitovebisa da did qalaqebsa da axlos mdebare metropolitanur
teritoriebze dasaxlebis procesi.
849
850
Tavi 20
socialuri moZraobebi
. socialur moZraobaTa arsis axsna
. interesebi da identobebi:
axali da Zveli socialuri moZraobebi
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: socialuri moZraobebis aqtiur
monawileTa Seswavla
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: abortis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli moZraoba da Tavdasxma qalTa klinikebze
851
852
1 992 wlis 29 aprils kaliforniis Statis venturas olqis mosamarTlem
udanaSaulod scno, los-anjelesis policiis 4 oficeri, romelTac brali
edebodaT Savkaniani mZRolis _ rodni kingis dakavebisas Zalis gadaWarbebul
gamoyenebaSi. imave quCaze mcxovrebi mowmis mier gadaRebul da sasamarTloze
wardgenil videofirze aRbeWdili iyo, rogor scemdnen oficrebi xelketebiTa
da wixlebiT miwaze dagdebul kings.
SavkanianTa liderebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sdebdnen brals los-anjelesis
policiis departaments afro-amerikeli xalxis mimarT sistematur sisastikeSi.
81 wamiani es videofiri, romelic gamudmebiT gadaicemoda nacionaluri televi
ziiT, kargi samxili iyo maTi braldebebis dasamtkiceblad. kings erTxel an or
jer ki ara, 56-jer daartyes. miuxedavad amisa, TeTrkanianma msajulebma sami ofi
ceri udanaSaulod scnes, meoTxeze ki gadawyvetileba ver gamoitanes. braldeba
mouxsnes im 17 oficersac, romlebic mxolod Tvalyurs adevnebdnen da piradad
ar monawileobdnen kingis cemaSi. sasamarTlos kibeze mdgomma sabWos wevrma, qal
batonma patricia murma ganaCens `Tanamedrove linCis wesiT gasamarTleba uwoda.~
kidev erTma iq myofma pirma iwinaswarmetyvela: `es aris neli moqmedebis bombi. is
aucileblad afeTqdeba.~ (niusuiqi, 11 maisi, 1992w. gv. 33). muri marTali aRmoCnda.
areulobis Sesaxeb pirveli Setyobineba policiaSi daaxloebiT saRamos xuT
saaTze Sevida: los-anjelesis samxreT-centralur raionSi, florenciisa da
normandiis quCebis kuTxeSi mdebare maRaziaSi Tom’s Liquor Store xuliganTa jguf
ma ramdenime boTli liqiori aiRo da maRaziis datoveba safasuris gadaxdis ga
reSe daapira. maRaziis koreeli mepatronis Svilma maTi SeCereba scada, magram
mas TavSi ludis boTli Caartyes. rodesac policia SemTxvevis adgilze mivida,
Savkaniani axalgazrdebi gamvlel mZRolebs Tunuqis qilebsa da boTlebs esrod
nen. oficrebs, romlebic maT dakavebas cdilobdnen, brbom Seutia. oTx saaTsa da
ormocdaxuT wuTze savele meTaurma ricxobriv umciresobaSi myof policielebs
ukan daxeva ubrZana. policielebma avtosadgurisken daixies da ramdenime saaTis
ganmavlobaSi elodnen Semdgom instruqciebs.
Savkaniani liderebis mosasmenad samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis aTasze
meti mcxovrebi pirvel afrikul meTodistur episkopalur eklesiaSi Seikriba.
liderebi gmobdnen usamarTlobas, magram xalxs simSvidisaken mouwodebdnen. am
dros ki axalgazrdebis jgufebi quCebSi sagzao moZraobas aferxebdnen, mZRo
lebs Tavs esxmodnen da maT manqanebs cecxls ukidebdnen. daaxloebiT saRamos
eqvs saaTsa da ormocdaxuT wuTze TeTrkaniani mZRoli rejinald deni SuqniSan
ze gaCerda. ramdenime pirma mis satvirTos alya Semoartya. maT deni kabinidan
gadmoaTries, sastikad scemes, gaZarcves da sisxlis gubeSi miatoves. televiziis
vertmfrenebi qalaqis Tavze dafrinavdnen da Sokirebul mayurebels pirdapir
eTerSi awvdidnen Semzarav kadrebs. policia arsad Canda. mogvianebiT ramdenime
Savkanianma qvebisa da boTlebis wvimaSi gabeda denis saavadmyofoSi gadayvana.
xalxis kidev erTi jgufi policiis StabbinasTan iyo Sekrebili da poli
ciis Sefis, deril geiTsis gadadgomas iTxovda. alyaSemortymul policiaSi
853
Sesvla-gamosvlas veravin axerxebda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan Semdgari es
mravaleTnikuri jgufi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi agresias ar gamoxatavda,
Tumca mogvianebiT zogma fanjrebisa da karebis msxvreva da dawva daiwyo. Ra
mis aTi saaTisTvis saxanZro ganyofilebaSi yovel wuTSi oTxi sasawrafo gamo
Zaxeba Sedioda, Tumca agresiuli axalgazrdebis winaaRmdegobisa da policiis
eskortis naklebobis gamo, maT mxolod ramdenime adgilas SeZles misvla. erT-
erTi gamoZaxebisas mexanZreebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, policiis daxmarebas iqve
mcxovrebi laTinoamerikelebis saxlSi dalodebodnen. xanZarSi gaxveul qalaqSi
iseTi kvamli idga, rom los-anjelesis saerTaSoriso aeroportis yvela safreni
biliki daiketa (garda erTisa).
gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo qalaqis xelisuflebam droulad ar moaxdina rea
gireba mzard Zaladobaze. brZaneba policiis sayovelTao mobilizaciis Sesaxeb
mxolod saRamos rvis naxevarze gaica; am droisaTvis ki mraval policiels ukve
gauWirda postze gamocxadeba. saRamos rva saaTsa da ormocdaTxuTmet wuTze qa
laqis merma _ tom bredlim sagangebo mdgomareoba gamoacxada, komendantis saa
Ti daawesa da kaliforniis gubernator pit uilsons qalaqSi erovnuli gvardiis
Seyvana sTxova. magram gvardielTa ganTavseba qalaqis quCebSi mxolod xuTSabaTs
naSuadRevs moxerxda. paraskevs prezidentma jorj buSma los-anjelesSi 4500
samxedro mosamsaxure da 1000 federaluri samarTaldamcveli gagzavna.
xuTSabaTs mTel qalaqSi beisbolis joxebiT, ZalayinebiTa da TofebiT Seiara
Rebuli axalgazrdebiT datvirTuli manqanebi dadioda. qalaqis Cveuli cxovreba
Seferxda: avtobusebi da matareblebi gaCerda; skolebi daixura; bankebma, komer
ciulma dawesebulebebma da ramdenime safosto ofismac ki muSaoba Sewyvita. maRa
ziebidan naZarcviT datvirTuli morodiorebi telekamerebis win poziorobdnen
SeZaxilebiT `yvelaferi ufasoa.~ zogi manqaniT modioda, sabarguls avsebda,
saxlSi mihqonda da kvlav brundeboda. mihqondaT yvelaferi, ris waRebac SeiZle
boda (sigareti, aveji, personaluri kompiuteri Tu salaro aparati), dacariele
bul maRaziebs ki cecxls ukidebdnen. absolutur umciresobaSi myofi policia
mayureblis rolsRa asrulebda. Tavdacvis mizniT, afro-amerikeli mepatroneebi
sakuTari maRaziebis karze akravdnen warweras `SavkanianTa sakuTreba~; meambo
xeTa mTavari samizne, koreeli mepatroneebi ki an daxlebs clidnen, an sakuTari
ZalebiT cdilobdnen sakuTrebis dacvas (Morrison and Lowry, 1994).
Zaladoba holivudSic, beverli hilzisa da TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul
dasavleT los-anjelesisakenac gavrcelda da sxva qalaqebSic ifeTqa, san-fran
ciskodan da las-vegasidan dawyebuli atlantis, tampasa da kanadis qalaq toron
tos CaTvliT. los-anjelesis policiam gvardiisa da federaluri Zalebis dax
marebiT wesrigis aRdgena mxolod paraskevs saRamodan daiwyo. am droisTvis 60
kaci daRupuli iyo, daaxloebiT 2400 _ daSavebuli, 15 aTasze meti ki _ dakave
buli. xanZris an vandalizmis Sedegad daaxloebiT 5200 Senoba daingra an serio
zulad dazianda. bevri maTgani komerciuli dawesebuleba iyo. zaralma 1 mili
ardi aSS dolari Seadgina, 40 000 adamianma ki samuSao dakarga.
areulobis dasrulebisTanave mediam verdiqti gamoitana _ aSS-is uaxlesi
istoriaSi yvelaze saSineli urbanuli amboxi. keTdeboda paralelebi 1960-iani
854
wlebis getos amboxebebTan, ZiriTadad, sakuTrebis dazianebasa da msxverplis
raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca 1992 wlidan am movlenebze momuSave soci
ologebi aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs ramdenime ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba. magali
Tad, es ar iyo ubralod SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa dapirispireba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi provocireba moaxdina sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam, romliTac
Savkanianis cemaSi braldebuli TeTrkaniani policielebi udanaSaulod scnes.
faqtobrivad, dakavebul meamboxeTa naxevari espanuri warmoSobis iyo (Pater-
silia and Abrahamse, 1994) da maT mier arCeuli samizneebi iyvnen ara TeTrkanianTa
mmarTvelobis struqturis elementebi, aramed koreelTa sacalo vaWrobis obi
eqtebi (Morrison and Lowry, 1994); ufro metic, mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris gamo
moxda bunti _ an iyo es bunti Tu amboxi _ sxvadasxva rasobriv sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxvagvari iyo. sociologma ronald jekobsma (1996w.) erTmaneTs Seadara
`los-anjeles Taimssa~ da gazeT `los-anjeles senTinelSi~ (romelsac Savkaniani
mflobeli hyavs) 1992 wlis aprilisa da mis Semdgom movlenaTa Sesaxeb gamoqvey
nebuli statiebi. aRmoCnda, rom am or gazeTSi movlenebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT iyo
gaSuqebuli. `Taimsi~ acxadebda, rom policielTa mier rodni kingis cema calkeu
li policielebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Sokismomgvreli faqti
iyo, `sentineli~ ki, piriqiT, policielTa qmedebas TeTrkaniani samarTaldam
cavebis mier SavkanianTa Cagvris Cveuli sqemis nawilad miiCnevda (Jacobs, 1996).
romeli kuTxidanac unda SevxedoT, los-anjelesis movlenebi naTeli ilus
traciaa imisa, rasac sociologebi koleqtiur qmedebas uwodeben. es aris so
cialurad organizebuli da gacnobierebuli, Tumca SedarebiT uCveulo reaqcia
movlenebze; mcdeloba, gaiziaro saerTo interesi an ganaxorcielo idealebi.
koleqtiuri qceva ki, piriqiT, naklebad Segnebulad da racionalurad organi
zebuli, Tumca socialurad gaziarebuli qmedebaa. monawileebi, romlebic, Cveu
lebriv, mravlad arian (Marx and McAdam, 1995), xSirad arc ki icnoben erTmaneTs,
Tumca maT erTnairi qceva axasiaTebT, romelic zogjer saocrad gansxvavdeba
maTi yoveldRiuri Cvevebisgan (G. B. Rose, 1982): Cacmis moda, romelic mTel qveya
nas edeba; ucnauri Wori, romelic qalaqidan qalaqSi gadadis, uecari masobrivi
isteria an panika, masobrivi areuloba an brbos qmedebis sxva uCveulo forma _
es yvelaferi koleqtiuri qcevis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia. zog SemTxvevaSi
koleqtiuri qceva da koleqtiuri qmedeba metnaklebad izolirebuli movle
nebia, romlebic iseve swrafad mTavrdeba, rogorc iwyeba; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
isini socialuri moZraobis Semadgeneli nawili SeiZleba iyos, romelic warmoad
gens `Segnebul, koleqtiur, organizebul mcdelobas, arasamarTlebrivi gzebiT
ganaxorcielos an win aRudges farTomasStabian cvlilebas sazogadoebriv wyo
bilebaSi~ (J. Wilson, 1973, p.8).
los-anjelesis areulobisas koleqtiuri qmedebebi gamowveuli iyo ramde
nime faqtoriT: maTgan umTavresi iyo samxreT-centraluri raionis socialuri
wyoba, gansakuTrebiT umuSevari da uswavleli, Raribi axalgazrda mamakacebis
siWarbe. mediis mier rodni kingis saqmis gaSuqebisa da misi cemis damadasturebe
li videofiris gamudmebiT Cvenebis gamo xalxma Zalze emociurad aRiqva ganaCeni;
855
amiT kidev erTxel dadasturda umciresobis kulturaSi arsebuli azri: policia
regularulad arRvevs maT uflebebs (Tierney, 1994).
danarCen sazogadoebaSi funqciuri integraciis mcdelobis marcxi (rom
lis gamoc koreuli da espanuri warmoSobis imigrantebs SavkanianebTan uwevdaT
dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaos gamo brZola swored maSin, roca los-anjelesis
regionis deindustrializacia mimdinareobda), farTomasStabian umuSevrobas,
siRaribes da imedgacruebas niSnavda. garkveulwilad es amboxebebi iyo samxreT-
centralur los-anjelesSi mcxovrebi Raribebis mcdeloba, gamoesworebinaT
maTi socialuri mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalauflebis didi disba
lansi.
koleqtiuri qmedeba socialuri qmedebis gansakuTrebuli tipia, amitom mis
gasagebad saWiroa danarCeni oTxi ZiriTadi cnebis ganxilva.
brbos tipebi
856
ar moiqceodnen. maTi mTavari mizani sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatvaa. legenda
ruli Woodstock Music and Art Fair, romelic 1969 wlis agvistoSi niu-iorkis Catskill
Mountins-Si gaimarTa, swored aseTi brbos magaliTs warmoadgens. rokvarskvlavTa
STambeWdavma pleadam 300 aTasze meti axalgazrda miiwvia fermaSi festivalze
dasaswrebad. es festivali dRemde albaT dadebiTi emociebis gamo ufro axsovT,
vidre Tavad koncertis gamo.
moqmedi jgufis emociuri muxti gansxvavdeba eqspresiuli jgufis muxtis
gan. moqmedi brbo aRelvebuli, aramdgradi xalxis jgufia, romelTa yuradReba
mimarTulia iseTi movlenisaken, romelic maTSi ukmayofilebas, brazs da moq
medebis survils iwvevs. moqmedi brbos magaliTs warmoadgenen bandis wevrebi,
romlebic maT teritoriaze Sesul, mezobel ubnel biWs scemen; anda fexburTis
fanebi, romlebic stadionze areulobas awyoben msajis sakamaTo gadawyvetilebis
gamo. eqspresiuli brbos wevrebisagan gansxvavebiT (romelTa ZiriTadi mizani sa
kuTari grZnobebis gamoxatvaa), moqmedi brbos wevrebi miiswrafvian imis gamos
worebisaken, rac maT usamarTlobad miaCniaT. rodesac mravalricxovani moqmedi
jgufi ZaladobaSi erTveba an amis saSiSroeba Cndeba, mas xSirad brbos uwodeben
(Hoult, 1969).
radgan jgufuri qmedebis socialuri efeqti, SesaZloa, sakmaod seriozuli
iyos, Cven mas ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.
brbos qmedeba
857
brbos socialuri fsiqologia
858
minebis masobrivi dazianebis Sesaxeb. saqare minebs patara Rrmulebi da buStuke
bi uCndeboda da zogjer SuSaSi mcire zomis metalis nawilakebic ki SeiniSneboda.
aseTi ucnauri dazianebis mizezi ucnobi iyo, Tumca policias eWvi vandalebze
hqonda. 14 aprilis saRamos mistiurma `gamanadgurebelma~ Tavad sietls Seutia.
Semdgomi ori dRis ganmavlobaSi sietlis policiaSi 250-mde gancxadeba Sevida
3000-ze meti manqanis saqare minis dazianebis Sesaxeb. am epidemiis yvelaze popu
laruli axsna wynari okeanis CrdiloeTSi Catarebuli wyalbadis bombis gamoc
dis Sedegad gaCenili radioaqtiuri gamonabolqvi iyo. Worma gamonabolqvis
Sesaxeb mTeli sietli moicva. daSinebuli moqalaqeebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen
sakuTari manqanebis dacvas. 15 aprils, saRamos, sietlis merma daxmarebisaTvis
gubernatorsa da prezidents mimarTa. Semdeg, uecrad masobrivi isteria iseve
swrafad gaqra, rogorc gaCnda. mogvianebiT eqspertTa jgufma daaskvna, rom
saqare minebs yovelTvis hqonda aseTi wuni, Tumca maT manamde veravin amCnevda,
radgan mZRolebi, rogorc wesi, saqare minas ki ara, minis miRma gzas akvirdebod
nen. SiSma mosaxleobas is `safrTxe~ daanaxa, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda
(Medalia and Larson, 1958).
859
ubiZga maT qvebiT, boTlebiT, xelketebiTa da sxva saSualebebiT daecvaT ATavi;
sinamdvileSi ki mxolod erT policiels exura Cafxuti. saqme is iyo, rom Wori
policiis mxridan Setevis mzadebis Sesaxeb emTxveoda sayovelTaod gavrcele
bul azrs policiis sisastikis Sesaxeb da adasturebda xalxis molodins. momdev
no dRes Worma, rom afro-amerikeli axalgazrdebi TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul
mdidrul gareubnebSi apirebdnen SeWras, mosaxleobis panika gamoiwvia _ xalxi
sursaTs imaragebda mosalodneli alyisagan Tavdasacavad.
dResdReobiT masmedia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs brbos qmedebaSi. los-
anjelesis incidentisas televizia katalizatoric iyo da samiznec. rogorc ze
moT aRvniSneT, policiis oficerTa sasamarTlo procesis paralelurad tele
viziT permanentulad gadaicemoda kingis cemis damadasturebeli videoCanaweri.
videoCanaweri xalxs ufro met ndobas aRuZravda, radgan is samoyvarulo Canaweri
iyo da ara profesionaluri reportaJi. rogorc wesi, xalxs surs, teleekranidan
pirveladi informacia miiRos da ara damuSavebuli kadrebi.
kingis saqmeze verdiqtis gamotanis procesi pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda.
paralelurad sxvadasxva arxiT uCvenebdnen, erTi mxriv, afro-amerikul saparik
maxeroSi myofi xalxis ukmayofilo SeZaxilebs, meore mxriv, ki sajaro moxele
Ta (maT Soris qalaqis mer bredlis) aRSfoTebuli gancxadebebs. satelevizio
arxebi erTmaneTs sensaciebis gaSuqebaSi ejibrebodnen, roca qalaqSi situacia
ukiduresad daiZaba. televizoris moyvarulebs aviwydebaT, rom reportaJebi
eTerSi SerCeviT gadis; redaqtoris uflebaa, gadawyvitos axal ambebSi romeli
movlenis gaSuqeba Rirs (Gans, 1979; Gitlin, 1985). rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, am Sem
TxvevaSic arCevani Zaladobis scenebze SeCerda. erT-erTma satelevizio arxma
quCis Zaladobis kadrebs fonad eklesiaSi Sekrebili xalxis galoba daado. sxva
arxi ki ambebs manamde gadascemda, sanam isini moxdeboda: reportiorma ganacxada,
rom mas `jer ar unaxavs xanZari~ (Newsweek, May 11, 1992, p. 43). TavianTi iq yofni
Tac ki reportiorebi Tavad qmnidnen masalas ambebisaTvis _ maTze da maTs aR
Wurvilobaze Tavdasxmas. televiziiT gadaicemoda informaciac, rom policia
ar reagirebda Zaladobisa da morodiorobis faqtebze. Sedegad, kamerebi Tavad
uCvenebda potenciur monawileebs, Tu ris gakeTeba SeiZleboda. erT-erTi repor
tioris sityvebiT, `erTmaneTis jobnis surviliT oTxSabaTs RamiT vertmfreni
dan ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare reportaJebi faqtobrivad amboxabaze mi
wvevas warmoadgenda~ (Hewitt, 1992, p. M1). televiziam xalxs imis grZnoba gaumZafra,
rom kanoni da wesrigi aRar moqmedebda. mediis gaSuqebis gareSe saeWvoa Zaladoba
sxva qalaqebs mosdeboda.
860
saqciels veRar akontrolebs da maTi qcevis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia,
mcdaria. magaliTad, ralf terneri da luis kiliani eWvqveS ayenebdnen mosazre
bas, rom brboSi socialuri konformizmi aRar moqmedebs. maTi axali normis Teo
riis mixedviT, adamianebs iseT garemoSi, sadac mkacri CarCoebi aRar moqmedebs,
uyalibdebaT axali socialuri normebi, romlebic did gavlenas axdens am adami
anebis saqcielze.
axali normebi socialuri kvlevisa da cdebis Sedegad Cndeba. erTma (an metma)
adamianma, SesaZloa, SesTavazos danarCenebs moqmedebis stili (magaliTad, yviri
li, lanZRva an boTlebis srola). brbo iwyebs situaciis gansazRvras, raTa gamar
Tleba upovos qmedebebs, romlebsac sxva dros eWvqveS daayenebda. ase Cndeba
axali normebi, romlebic garkveul sazRvrebSi aqcevs brbos qcevas. magaliTad,
los-anjelesis areulobisas dazaralebuli yvela mZRoli kavkasiuri, espanuri
an aziuri warmomavlobis iyo; arc erTi maTgani Savkaniani ar yofila, Tumca bevri
afro-amerikeli daSavda an daiRupa brma tyviis Sedegad. morodiorTa samiznee
bic swored aziuri (ZiriTadad, koreuli) komerciuli dawesebulebebi iyo. afro-
amerikelTa azriT, es warmatebuli imigrantebi maT Sanss itacebdnen.
ternerisa da kilianis mtkicebiT, axali normebis warmoSoba ar niSnavs imas,
rom brbos yvela wevri erTsa da imaves unda fiqrobdes da grZnobdes. gareSe
TvalisaTvis SesaZloa brbo erTsulovani da ganuyofeli Candes, magram zogi
wevri, SesaZloa, mxolod dacinvisa da gakicxvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Seu
erTdes mas. am sociologebis azriT, brbos erTsulovneba mxolod iluziaa; ilu
zias, SesaZloa, qmnides is, rom brbos wevrebi sul mcire zedapirul morCilebas
iTxoven axladwarmoqmnili normebisadmi.
ganavrces ra ternerisa da kilianis ideebi, sxva sociologebi amtkiceben, rom
brboSi axali socialuri urTierTobebic Cndeba (Weller and Quarentelli, 1973). maga
liTad, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba brbos Zaladobis sakmaod Cveulebrivi mov
lena iyo winaT dasavleT aSS-Si da bolo dromde _ aRmosavleTSic. brbo arad
agdebs Cveul sasamarTlo normebs, kanonis uzenaesobas da imas, rom damnaSavis
dasjis ufleba mxolod saxelmwifos aqvs; igi am normebs cvlis sakuTariT, ro
melic damnaSavis saerTo, jgufuri TanxmobiT dasjas iTvaliswinebs. aseve xdeba
axali socialuri urTierTobebis warmoSobac. monawileebi, romlebic garkveuli
profesiis warmomadgenlebs ganasaxiereben, araformalurad niSnaven bralmdeb
els, mowmeebs, nafic msajulebs da aRmasruleblebs. aqedan gamomdinare, brbos
gaaCnia rogorc garkveuli normebi, ise socialuri struqtura. brboSi yovelT
vis warmoiqmneba rogorc normebi, ise socialuri urTierTobebi, rac struqtu
rulad ufro mWidrod akavSirebs maT, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.
861
wevrebi arian _ isini fiqroben maTi SesaZlo qmedebebis rogorc sargebelze, ise
uaryofiT Sedegebze. Sedegi, rac masobrivi areulobis mowyobasTan asocirdeba,
piradi daSavebis riski da dapatimrebis albaTobaa. rodesac brbo raodenobiT
bevrad aWarbebs policias, riski sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. ufro metic, jgufuri
qmedebis mosalodnelma sargebelma SesaZloa gadawonos kidec riski maTTvis, vi
sac romelsac gulSi mravali wyena da imedgacrueba aqvs dagrovili. sargebeli
SesaZloa iyos rogorc materialuri (magaliTad, naZarcvi saqoneli), ise arama
terialuri (magaliTad sazogadoebis mier aRiareba an emociuri gantvirTva).
berkis mtkicebiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi xalxs gaTvlili aqvs, rom Zaladoba mis
konkretul SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlebs.
yvela sociologi ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom brbos qmedeba ase detalu
radaa gaTvlili. magram, masobrivi areuloba namdvilad ipyrobs yuradRebas.
1965 wels los-anjelesis UuoTsis raionSi momxdari buntis Semdeg umcrosma mar
tin luTer kingma nangrevebi moinaxula. mas miuaxlovda axalgazrda mamakacebis
jgufi, romelic gamarjvebas zeimobda.
`rogor SegiZliaT imis Tqma, rom gaimarjveT, rodesac 34 zangi daiRupa,
Tqveni sacxovrebeli daingra da TeTrkanianebi am bunts sakuTari umoqmedebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben?~ _ hkiTxa axalgazrdebs kingma.
axalgazrdebma upasuxes: `Cven gavimarjveT, radgan vaiZuleT yuradReba mo
eqciaT CvenTvis~ (quoted in Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1992, p. A2).
aseve iyo 1992 welsac. prezidentma buSma mxolod amboxis Semdeg ubrZana
iusticiis departaments, kingis cemaSi damnaSave policielebisaTvis brali
federaluri samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevisaTvis waeyenebinaT. am masobriv
areulobamde arc prezidents da arc kongress ar miuqceviaT yuradReba Rarib
uli ubnebis problemebisaTvis _ mraval programas dafinanseba an Seumcires an
saerTod Seuwyvites. buntis Semdeg ki politikosebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen
urbanul iniciativebSi monawileobas. buntidan erTi kviris Semdeg prezidenti
buSi qalaqs 600 milion aSS dolars dapirda aRdgeniTi samuSaoebisaTvis, kon
gresma sagangebo kanonmdebloba SeimuSava mcire biznesis sesxebisaTvis 300 mil
ioni aSS dolaris gamosayofad, kaliforniis gubernatorma pit uilsonma ki 20
milioni aSS dolari gamoyo muSaxelis profesiuli momzadebisaTvis. mravali
sazogadoebrivi lideri da sociologi miiCnevs, rom miRebuli zomebi buntis ga
momwvev problemebs ver gadaWris. Tumca am buntis Tu amboxis gamo sazogadoebam
yuradReba miaqcia samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis savalalo mdgomareobas.
862
lena, faqti, romelic adasturebs xalxis eWvsa da SiSs _ es iyo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom sisxlis samarTlis sistema afro-amerikelTa winaaRmdegaa ganwyo
bili. magram usamarTloba yoveldRiurad xdeba; bunti da amboxi ki ara.
Cven mier moyvanili xuTi ZiriTadi cneba los-anjelesis movlenebis mizezeb
sa da mniSvnelobas xsnis.
863
maT gasaRizianeblad) an sadac mediis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. aseT brboebSi zogi
aqtiuri iyo, zogic _ misi mayurebeli. axalgazrdebi sityvier Seuracxyofas aye
nebdnen policias, isrodnen boTlebs an qvebs da emuqrebodnen yvela TeTrkanian
Tu aziel gamvlels. am qmedebebis gageba mxolod am individebsa da maT mayure
blebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis dadgeniTaa SesaZlebeli. mayureblebi
drodadro mowonebis SeZaxilebiT amxnevebdnen monawileebs. Tumca es jgufuri
qmedebebi damokidebuli iyo ara mxolod iq myof xalxze, aramed socialuri wyo
bis principze, romlis mixedviTac es brbo iyo organizebuli. magaliTad, brbos
wevrebs xSirad megobarTa mcire wre axlda, rac maT met gabedulebas matebda. mniS
vnelovani roli Seasrula aseve ufro didma, ufro struqturulma faqtorebmac.
struqturuli xelsayreloba
864
emsaxurebian (Abelmann and Lie, 1995; Morrison and Lowry, 1994). maTi Tundac mcire
warmateba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Surs iwvevs. `isini ubralod yvelafers Zvi
rad yidian da fuls gvZalaven; axla Cven mis nawils ukan vibrunebT~ (Angeles Times,
May 1, 1992, p. A24), _ ganacxada erTma morodiorma romelic koreul komerciul
dawesebulebas Zarcvavda. afroamerikel mosaxleobasa da aziel maRaziis mepa
troneebs Soris urTierToba samxreT-centralur raionSi gansakuTrebiT daZ
abuli iyo, radgan cota xniT adre aziel maRaziis mepatrones pirobiTi sasjeli
Seufardes 15 wlis gogonas sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis, romelic, mepatronis az
riT, maRaziaSi saqonels iparavda (Tierney, 1994).
Raribi afroa-merikeli mosaxleobis qalaqis Raribul ubnebSi Tavmoyra xels
uwyobs jgufur qmedebas. mosaxleoba Zalze mWidrod cxovrobs erTmaneTTan da
bevri maTgani gausaZlisi sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo drois udides nawils ga
reT atarebs. amas isic emateba, rom bevri maTgani dausaqmebelia, bevrs ki arare
gularuli samuSao aqvs. Sedegad, quCebi, Cveulebriv, xalxiTaa savse.
raime SemTxvevam los-anjelesis TiTqmis yvela gareubanSi gafantuli ir
landieli-amerikelebis ganrisxeba rom gamoiwvios, swrafi mobilizacia, rac
jgufur qmedebas gamoiwvevs, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram rodesac
samxreT-centralur raionSi xdeba rame, xalxi uceb ikribeba. ambavi kingis saq
mis verdiqtis Sesaxeb, romelic televiziiT pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda, elvis
siswrafiT gavrcelda. aseve swrafad gavrcelda buntis dawyebis ambavic.
funqciuri dezintegracia
865
naTeli jaWvi. rodni kingis cemis faqtis Semdeg merma bredlim scada, aeZulebina
policiis Sefi _ geiTsi, gadamdgariyo, Tumca uSedegod. rodesac bunti daiwyo,
isini erTmaneTs saerTod ar elaparakebodnen. mers ar hqonda ufleba, policia sa
kuTari iniciativiT Seeyvana im ubnebSi, sadac bunti Zalas ikrebda, policiis Sefs
surda Tavi aeridebina dapirispirebisaTvis. buntis pirvel Rames merma bredlim
qalaqSi erovnuli gvardiis Seyvana gubernator uilsons sTxova, swored guber
nators mouwia geiTsTan da mis moadgilesTan molaparakeba Tanxmobis misaRebad.
buntis meore dRes aRWurvili gvardielebi isxdnen da brZanebas elodnen; isev
gubernators mouwia Careva da maTgan moqmedebis dawyebis moTxovna. sabolood,
adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi arsebulma ganxeTqilebam xeli SeuSala policielTa
mxridan swraf reagirebas, rasac, SesaZloa, SeeCerebina farTomasStabiani bunti
an ufro swrafad daesrulebina igi.
kulturuli konfliqtebi
866
TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa Soris arsebuli ganxeTqileba ar iyo erTaderTi
kulturuli barieri, romelic los-anjelesis movlenebma saaSkaraoze gamoitana.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zaladobis talRa, ZiriTadad, koreeli amerikelebis wi
naaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. getos mosaxleoba maRaziebis aziel mepatroneebs qed
maRal da ukareba adamianebad miiCnevda (Koppel, 1992). am ori jgufis Sesarigeblad
gamarTul Sexvedraze afro-amerikelebma ganacxades, koreelebi xurdas daxlze
deben da klients xelSi ar awvdidnen, rac Savkanianebisadmi zizRis gamoxatule
baao. koreelebma ki ganmartes, rom maT kulturaSi Seuracxyofad iTvleba ara
naTesavTan, gansakuTrebiT ki qalTan, fizikuri Sexeba. koreelebi miCveulni ari
an, rom momxmarebelma mas unda mosTxovos is, risi yidvac surs; afroamerikelebs
ki yvelafris daTvaliereba uyvarT. ekonomikuri konfliqtisa da uTanasworo
bis pirobebSi aseTi umniSvnelo kulturuli normebis darRvevamac ki, SesaZloa,
didi SuRli gamoiwvios.
koreelebic umciresobas warmoadgenen los-anjelesSi da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom bevri maTgani ufro SeZlebulia, vidre maTi afro-amerikeli an laTini mezo
blebi, isinic iseTive diskriminacias ganicdian. bevrma scada StatebSic iseTsave
sazogadoebebi daearsebina, rogoric samSobloSi hqonda, Tumca buntma Searyia
maTi rwmena ucxo qveyanaSi usafrTxo TavSesafris Seqmnis Sesaxeb (Abelmann and
Lie, 1995). isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen policiis umoqmedobiTac. policiam ver uz
runvelyo maTi sakuTrebis dacva. erT-erTma koreelma Tqva:
867
Zalaufleba da Zalauflebis arqona
socialuri moZraobebi
868
organizaciebi ierarqiuli struqturiTa da erTmaneTTan kavSiriT (Marx and Mc-
Adam, 1995). socialuri moZraoba socialuri cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad
naklebad miRebul gzebsa da taqtikas iyenebs. sazogadoebrivi moZraoba ukmayo
filebis gamosaxatad xSirad mimarTavs masobriv gamosvlebsa da demonstraciebs,
boikots, gaficvebs da zogjer Zaladobas, sabotaJs da sxva arakanonier qmede
bebs (gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca sazogadoebrivi kontrolis agentebi maTTvis
xelis SeSlas cdiloben).
imis gamo, rom socialuri moZraoba funqciuri integraciis arsebul models
ewinaaRmdegeba, xSirad awydeba sxvadasxva dabrkolebas. adamianTa erTi nawili
Riad upirispirdeba mas, nawili ki gulgrili. sazogadoebrivi moZraoba mxolod
maSin aris Sedegiani, roca mniSvnelovani Zalis mokrebas axerxebs. revolucio
nerebi socialuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobis saTaveSi mosvliT mo
povebuli Zalauflebis saSualebiT cdiloben. sxva sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi
ki, rogoricaa qalTa moZraoba, ZiriTadad, kulturis _ xalxis damokidebulebis,
rwmenis, Rirebulebebis da, Sesabamisad, maTi qcevis Secvlazea orientirebuli.
869
daamZimebda muSaTa klasis mdgomareobas. sabolood, maT mobezrdebodaT aseTi
eqspluatacia da mCagvrelTa Camosagdebad gaerTiandebodnen.
yvela sociologi ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom siRaribis zrda adamianebSi
revoluciur ganwyobas iwvevs. frangma mkvlevarma aleqsis de tokervilma (1856w.)
xazi gausva kulturis rols revoluciebisa da sxva socialuri moZraobebis pro
vocirebaSi. arsebuli pirobebi, SesaZloa, sagrZnoblad ar gauaresdes (albaT,
arc gaumjobesdeba), magram axali kulturuli ideebis gaCenis Semdeg adamianebs
sakuTari mdgomareoba, SesaZloa, autanlad moeCvenoT. ase rom, mudmivi progre
sis cneba, rwmena, rom demokratias yvela saxis socialuri problemis gadaWra
ZaluZs, da individualizmis Rirebulebis rwmenac _ rac me-18 saukuneSi siaxle
iyo _ destabilizacias iwvevda. roca Cagruli daijerebs, rom ukeT cxovreba
SesaZlebelia, iwyebs moqmedebas. rogorc tokevili werda, `sirTuleebi, rom
lebsac adamiani itans, radgan sxva gamosavals ver xedavs, autaneli xdeba maSinve,
rogorc ki maTgan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba gamoCndeba~ (gv. 214). sociologebi
adamianis molodinsa da maT faqtobriv pirobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas Se
fardebiT siduxWires uwodeben (Gurr, 1970).
SefardebiT siduxWires ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs. tokvilis azriT,
erT-erTi maTgania mzardi molodini. zogi sociologis TqmiT, swored mzardi
molodini gaxda 1960-ian wlebSi getos amboxebebisa da SavkanianTa masobrivi moZ
raobebis dawyebis mizezi (Abeles, 1976; Geschwender, 1964). 1950-iani wlebis ekonomi
kurma aRmavlobam da samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis adreulma monapovrebma
afro-amerikelebi daarwmuna, rom sul male maTi pirobebic sagrZnoblad gaum
jobesdeboda. Tumca, samoqalaqo uflebaTa axalma kanonmdeblobam da prezident
lindon jonsonis siRaribesTan brZolis programam bevri veraferi Secvala. jon
sonis administraciis didebuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis dapireba aSS-is vietnamis
omSi CaTrevasTan erTad uferuldeboda. am yvelaferma xeli Seuwyo socialu
rad feTqebadi situaciis Seqmnas. 1992 wlis los-anjelesis amboxeba swored im
imedgacruebiTa da ukmayofilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac samoqalaqo ufleba
Ta brZolaSi miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg 1980-ian wlebis regresma gamoiwvia.
sociologma jeims devisma (1962w. 1974w.) es sqema aso J-s Seadara, radgan xan
grZlivi aRmavlobis Semdeg mkveTri dacema grafikulad swored amobrunebul aso
J-s hgavs (ix. sqema 20.1). devisma sakuTari analizi iseTi movlenebis dakvirvebaze
daafuZna, rogoric iyo 1842 wlis doris amboxi rod ailendze, 1894 wlis pulmenis
gaficva, 1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da 1953 wlis egviptis revolucia. devi
sis daskvniT, revolucia swored maSinaa mosalodneli, roca ekonomikuri da so
cialuri aRmavlobis xangrZliv periods mkveTri regresi mosdevs. pirveli peri
odi qmnis molodins, rom es aRmavloba gamudmebiT gagrZeldeba; meore periodSi
ki xalxs uCndeba imis SiSi, rom mTeli is progresi sadRac gaqra da aRarasodes
dabrundeba. devisis azriT, regresis periodSi arsebul faqtobriv pirobebze
mniSvnelovani is fsiqologiuri ganwyobaa, romelsac es pirobebi iwvevs. revo
lucia maSin iwyeba, rodesac gansxvaveba xalxis molodinsa da realobas Soris
sagrZnoblad didia.
870
miuRebeli naprali ada
mianebis survilebsa da
maT dakmayofilebas
Soris
mosalodneli saWiroe
bebis dakmayofileba
dakmayofileba
asatani naprali
adamianebis survi
lebsa da
maT dakmayofile aqtualur
bas Soris survilTa
dakmayofileba
revolucia
xdeba
am dros
sqema 20.1 / devisis J mrudi revoluciis Teoria. devisis azriT, revoluciebi ufro me
tad maSin xdeba, rodesac ekonomikur da socialur aRmavlobas cvlis mkveTri gauareseba,
rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobs SiSs, rom mTeli monapovari wyalSi Caiyreba.
resursebis mobilizacia
871
resursebis mobilizacisaTvis saWiroa xelsayreli socialuri garemoc (Tilly,
1978; Zald and McCarthy, 1987). SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis
keTildReobam dasabami misca ramdenime socialur moZraobas samoqalaqo ufle
baTa, qalTa da garemos dacvis moZraobebis CaTvliT, romlebsac mogvianebiT gan
vixilavT. keTildReobis periodSi xalxi ufro xSirad gamoxatavs mzadyofnas,
dauTmos dro, fuli da sxva resursebi RaribTa pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
resursebis mobilizaciisaTvis saWiro kidev erTi faqtoria is, rasac dag
makedami (1982w.) kognitur (SemecnebiT) gaTavisuflebas uwodebs. kognituri
gaTavisufleba xdeba maSin, roca ganawyenebuli xalxi iwyebs fiqrs usamarTlo
yofaze da am yofis koleqtiuri qmedebiT Secvlis SesaZleblobaze. adamianebma
unda Seignon, rom maTi problemebi socialuri usamarTlobis Sedegia da ara maTi
piradi marcxi; isini unda daukavSirdnen maT mdgomareobaSi myof sxva adamianebs
da saerTo interesebi pirad sargebelze win daayenon. kognituri gaTavisufleba
damokidebulia xelsayreli garemos Seqmnasa (rac imeds iZleva, rom cvlileba
SesaZlebelia) da organizebaze (rac xalxs azrebTa gacvla-gamocvlaSi exmareba).
am faqtorebs Sedegad koleqtiuri qmedeba moaqvs.
iqneba Tu ara koleqtiuri qmedeba warmatebuli, es ukve sxva sakiTxia. Cveu
lebriv, socialuri moZraobis warmateba umetesad efeqtur xelmZRvanelobazea
damokidebuli. sociologebi liderTa ramdenime tips gamoyofen: maT Soris `agi
tators~ anu `mqadagebels~, romelTa moTxovnebis Camoyalibebis niWi sazoga
doebis yuradRebas ipyrobs da `administrators~, romelsac ZiriTadi aqcenti
kampaniis organizebaze aqvs gadatanili (Wilson, 1973). zogjer yvela am funqcias
erTi lideri asrulebs. magaliTad, umcrosi martin luTer kingi da beti fraid
eni gavleniani mqadageblebi iyvnen, romlebic SavkanianTa da qalTa problemebs
axmovanebdnen; Tumca orive asrulebda administratoris movaleobasac. kingi
samxreTis qristianuli xelmZRvanelobis konferenciis spikeri iyo, fraideni ki
_ qalTa erovnuli organizaciisa. aseTi mravalmxrivi (universaluri) lidere
bi arc ise xSiria. amitom ufro xSirad funqciebis gadanawileba sxvadasxava li
derebs Soris maTi unarebis mixedviT xdeba.
sociologebis, jon makkartisa da meier zaldis (1973, 1977; Zald and McCarthy,
1987) mosazrebiT, Tanamedrove epoqis mravali socialuri moZraoba profesionali
liderebis damsaxurebaa. xalxSi dagrovili Uukmayofilebis grZnoba yovelTvis
rodi iwvevs sazogadoebriv moZraobas. gamocdil liders SeuZlia susti an Camou
yalibebeli ukmayofileba kidev ufro gaamZafros. swored amitom aseTi moZrao
bebi xSirad mxolod dawyebis Semdeg moipovebs xolme farTo masebis mxardaWeras.
magaliTad, moZraoba xandazmulTa jandacvisaTvis federaluri dafinansebis uz
runvelyofis moTxovniT aSS-Si xandazmulTa iniciativiT sulac ar dawyebula. am
moZraobis sulisCamdgmeli organizacia `xandazmul moqalaqeTa erovnuli sabWo~
(NCSC) Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda an Suaxnis profesionalebiT iyo dakompleqte
buli da AFL-CIO-s mier dafinansebuli. organizatorebi gaficvebs awyobdnen da
masebs mxardaWerisken mouwodebdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac moZraoba `amerikis
medikosTa asociaciisagan~ winaaRmdegobas waawyda, NCSC-m aqtiurad daiwyo or
ganizaciaSi xandazmulebis gawevrianeba. amrigad, ukmayofilo jgufebis mxar
872
daWeris mopoveba moZraobis dawyebidan karga xnis Semdeg gaxda saWiro. aqedan
naTlad sCans, rom es socialuri moZraoba profesionalurad dagegmili da gar
eSe pirTa mier iyo organizebuli (Rose, 1967).
873
navrco es Teoria da aCvena, rom mosaxleobis swrafi zrda umuSevrobis zrdis da
sakvebze fasebis inflaciis xarjze iwvevs samTavrobo kriziss, rac saxelmwifos
dasayrden struqturas asustebs.
interesebi da identobebi:
Zveli da axali socialuri moZraobebi
874
umetesoba misi wevrebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs. interesebi xSir
ad ekonomikuria (magaliTad ufro maRali xelfasebi); magram zogjer politiku
ricaa (magaliTad, muSaTa klasi xmis micemis uflebis mosapoveblad me-19 sauku
neSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi evropasa da amerikaSi gamosvlebs awyobda).
socialuri moZraobebi xSirad ewyoba identurobis gamosarkvevad. aq moZrao
bebi or nawilad mimdinareobs:
pirveli, imisaTvis rom jgufma gaarkvios ra saerTo interesi aqvT, anu adami
anebma jer unda daadginon, Tu ra saerTo identuroba gaaCniaT. unda gaerTiandnen
Tu ara iseT jgufebSi, rogoricaa muSebi, Tu ufro viwro specialobis mixedviT,
magaliTad mewaRe an zeinkali. gaerTiandebian Tu ara Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
muSebi, radgan muSis saerTo identuroba gaaCniaT, Tu rasobrivi identuroba
SeuSlis xels? amerikis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi swored ase xde
boda. imis gamo, rom saerTo miznisaTvis brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTo
identurobas, muSaTa moZraobas swored rasobrivi ganxeTqileba uTxrida Zirs.
meore, identuroba Tavad warmoadgens brZolis SesaZlo obieqts. zogi maso
brivi moZraoba miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis mier moZraobis wevrTa saerTo
identurobis legitimurobis aRiarebasa da pativiscemis mopovebas (Taylor, 1995).
es exeba geebisa da lesboselebis moZraobebs. geebis moZraobebi misi wevrebis
interesebs misdevs, rac Tavis mxriv geebis identurobis aRiarebasTanaa dakav
Sirebuli. am moZraobis ZiriTadi mizania, rom amerikulma (da msoflio) kul
turam gei-identuroba legitimurad aRiaros.
zogi Teoretikosi aRniSnavs, rom identurobis sakiTxi dRevandel moZrao
bebSi (magaliTad, garemos dacvis, qalTa, geebisa da lesboselebis, religiur
uflebaTa damcveli moZraobebi) ufro did rols TamaSobs, vidre muSaTa da adre
arsebul sxva moZraobebSi. aseT moZraobebs maT `axali socialuri moZraobebi~
uwodes (Cohen and Arato, 1992; Melucci, 1989; Tourain, 1981, 1988). sxva Teoretikosebi ki
amtkiceben, rom identurobis sakiTxi sxvadasxva doziT mniSvnelovani iyo yvela
adrindeli moZraobisTvisac (Colhaun, 1993; Tucker, 1991).
im socialur moZraobebs, romlebic mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben iden
turobis sakiTxs, ramdenime ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba gaaCniaT. isini ufro Tav
dacvaze arian orientirebulni, vidre Tavdasxmaze. magaliTad, garemos dacvis
moZraoba cdilobs, garemo teqnologiisa da araracionaluri gamoyenebisagan
daicvas. religiuri uflebebis dacvis moZraoba cdilobs tradiciuli Rireb
ulebebi im Zalebisgan daicvas, romlebic Zirs uTxrian maT. maT, SesaZloa, poli
tikur qmedebebsac mimarTon, raTa gavlena moaxdinon piradi cxovrebis iseT
aspeqtebze, rogoricaa ojaxi da sqesobrivi urTierTobebi, radgan isini funda
menturia xalxis identurobisaTvis. aseve SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove adamianebma
erTdroulad ramdenime moZraobaSi miRos monawileoba, magaliTad, religiur da
garemos dacvis, an qalTa da geebis moZraobebSi. TeoretikosTa azriT, Taname
drove moZraobebi amiTac didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli leiboristuli da so
cialuri moZraobebisagan, romlebic cdilobdnen muSaTa klasis yvela problemi
saTvis erTi, yovlismomcveli gadawyvetileba epovaT.
875
ganvixiloT ori mniSvnelovani amerikuli moZraoba, romlebSic interese
bica da identurobac Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. samoqalaqo uflebaTa da qalTa
moZraobebma mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra socialuri gardaqmnebis msvleloba
Tanamedrove amerikaSi. orive moZraoba dRemde aqtiuria, Tumca TiToeuli moZ
raobis wevrebi progress sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvraven, isini Tanxmdebian im
azrze, rom afroamerikelTa da yvela eTnikuri warmomavlobis amerikel qalTa
materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli.
amave dros, qalebi, Savkanianebis msgavsad, sazogadoebaSi saTanado pativiscemis
mosapoveblad ibrZvian. da bolos, identurobis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia SavkanianTa da qalTa moZraobebSi, radgan rogorc qalebs ise Savkanianebs
am erTi konkretuli identurobis garda sxvac gaaCniaT. es identuroba, nawilo
briv, emTxveva da zogjer ejibreba erTmaneTs. amrigad, 1995 wels `islamis naci
is~ moZRvris luis faraxanis mier organizebuli `milioni kacis marSi~ mxolod
Savkaniani mamakacebis identurobaze iyo orientirebuli da, Sesabamisad, zogi
Savkaniani qalis kritika gamoiwvia. Cndeba kiTxvebi: saTanadod gamoxatavs Tu ara
Savkaniani mamakacebisagan Semdgari nacionalisturi moZraoba qalTa interesebs
da sakmarisad seriozulad aRiqva Tu ara ZiriTadad TeTrkanianebisgan dakom
pleqtebulma qalTa moZraobam Savkaniani qalebis specifiuri moTxovnilebebi
(Collins, 1991; hooks, 1989).
876
regacia arakonstituciurad iTvleboda da SavkanianTa molodini integraciis
Sesaxeb, TeTrkanianTa organizebulma da zogjer Zaladobrivma winaaRmdegobam
gaacamtvera. samxreTeli gubernatorebi acxadebdnen, rom sasamarTlos gadaw
yvetilebas ar daemorCilebodnen; Seiqmna TeTrkanian moqalaqeTa sabWoebi, raTa
SavkanianebisaTvis nebismieri gziT `mieCinaT sakuTari adgili~; gulwrfelad
arc respublikeli prezidenti aizenhaueri an demokratiuli kongresi cdilobda
SavkanianTa daxmarebas (Morris, 1984).
moZraobis dawyebis mesame faqtori xelsayreli struqturuli garemo iyo
(Evans and Boyte, 1992; Tilly, 1978, 1986). soflis meurneobis meqanizaciam aiZula moi
jare-monaxevreebi, fermebidan samxreTis (an zogjer CrdiloeTis) qalaqebSi ga
dasaxlebuliyvnen. aq isini ukve kompaqturad iyvnen dasaxlebulni da qmnidnen im
`kritikul masas~, rac aucilebelia efeqturi koleqtiuri qmedebisTvis.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis dawyebas uSualo biZgi 1956 wels `Savkaniani
mkeravisa da feradkaniani xalxis winsvlis erovnuli asociaciis~ alabamas fili
alis yofili mdivnis, roza parksis dapatimrebam misca. parksi daapatimres, radgan
man sazogadoebriv transportSi adgili ar dauTmo TeTrkanian mgzavrs. erT kvira
Si SavkanianTa sazogadoebam daaarsa montgomeris gaumjobesebis asociacia, mis pre
zidentad airCia axalgazrda moZRvari umcrosi martin luTer kingi da moawyo qa
laqis avtobusebis boikoti. dagegmili erTi dRis nacvlad boikoti erT weliwads
gagrZelda da mTeli samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobisaTvis magaliTad iqca. aRsa
niSnavia, rom boikotis mizani iyo ara mxolod diskriminaciis dasruleba, aramed im
azris win wamowevac, rom Savkanianebi sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi iyvnen
da iseTive mopyrobas imsaxurebdnen, rogorsac TeTrkanianebi. amrigad, mTlianad
samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis msgavsad, es boikotic SavkanianTa interesebis
win wamowevasTan erTad miznad isaxavda maTi identurobis damtkicebas.
samxreTis qristianuli xelmZRvanelobis konferenciis (SCLC) lideri kingi
moZraobas montgomeridan selmasa da Semdeg birmingemis (alabamas) Statisaken
waruZRva. kingi araZaladobrivi dapirispirebis mqadagebeli iyo. mas ar gaaCnda
politikuri Zalaufleba, amitomac amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebs SeeZloT samo
qalaqo daumorCileblobis, ekonomikuri boikotisa da sajaro Sercxvenis sa
SualebiT eiZulebinaT TeTrkaniani kanonmdeblebi maTTvis uflebebi mieniWe
binaT. 1960 wlis gazafxulze moZraobas SeuerTdnen studentebi samxreTis im
kolejebidan, sadac, ZiriTadad, Savkanianebi swavloben. isini studentTa araZa
ladobrivi sakordinacio komitetis (SNCC) proteqciis qveS restornebsa da
sxva sajaro adgilebSi gaficvebs awyobdnen. sul male `moZraobas aSS-is yvela
Savkanian SeuerTda~ (Newman, et al., 1978, p. 19). marto 1960 wels Statebis 100 qalaq
Si demonstraciebSi 50 000 adamianma (ZiriTadad, afroamerikeleba) miiRo monaw
ileoba. demonstrantebs emuqrebodnen, Tavs policiis ZaRlebiT da wylis Wav
liT esxmodnen, apatimrebdnen, samsaxurebidan iTxovdnen, sakuTari saxlebidan
asaxlebdnen da eklesiebidan xelyumbarebiT aZevebdnen, magram demonstraciebi
mainc grZeldeboda. TeTrkanianTa TanagrZnoba demonstrantebis mimarT izrde
boda, nawilobriv masobrivi dapatimrebebiTa da sastiki TavdasxmebT gamowveuli
zizRis gamo, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom moZraobis miznebs isinic eTanxmebodnen.
877
1963 wels daaxloebiT 250 000 demonstranti, romelTa Soris bevri TeTrkaniani
iyo, vaSingtonisaken, kolumbiis olqisaken gaemarTa, raTa moesmina kingis cno
bili sityva: `me maqvs ocneba...~
sabolood, 1964 wels, prezidentma jonsonma kongresi daarwmuna, rom jon
ficjerald kenedis xsovnis pativsacemad saukeTeso monumenti samoqalaqo
uflebaTa aqtis miReba iqneboda. amiT moZraoba, ra Tqma unda, dasrulda, magram
es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani gadatrialeba aSS-is istoriaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kingi am moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo da orga
nizaciebi SCLS, SNCC, CORE (rasobrivi Tanasworobis kongresi, daarsda 1940 wels)
da NAACP (daarsda 1909 wels) mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, samoqalaqo ufle
baTa moZraobis mTavar dasayrdens aTeulobiT adgilobrivi saprotesto jgu
fisagan Semdgari farTo masebi warmoadgenda. yvelaze xSirad adgilobrivi xal
xis organizeba SavkanianTa eklesiebSi xdeboda (Morris, 1984). jim qraus periodSi
eklesia iyo erTaderTi instituti, sadac samxreTeli TeTrkanianebi Savkanianebs
garkveul organizaciul Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen. SavkanianTa eklesiebs soci
ologebi uwodeben Tavisufal sivrces, sadac xalxs SeuZlia ifiqros, isaubros,
aRmoaCinos Tavisi namdvili identuroba da miswrafebebi im damkvirveblebisa
da kontroliorebisgan Sors, vinc maTi cxovrebis danarCen aspeqtebs marTavs
(Evans and Boyte, 1992). eklesiebSi samxreTeli Savkanianebi iZendnen sakuTari or
ganizaciebis Seqmnisa da marTvis gamocdilebas; liderebs, anu moZRvrebs, rom
lebic, ZiriTadad, Tavisufalni iyvnen TeTrkanianTa sazogadoebisagan; sako
munikacio qsels; musikisa da oratorobis kulturul tradicias maTi saerTo
imedebisa da SiSis gadmosacemad. samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobas daxmareba
gare Zalebisganac hqonda. magaliTad, masmediam didi roli Seasrula Crdiloeli
TeTrkanianebis TanagrZnobis mopovebaSi. sazogadoebas sindisi qenjnida, roca
televizorsa da Jurnal Life-is furclebze xedavda, rogor uswordeboda policia
wylis WavliTa da ZaRlebiT Savkanian mamakacebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, aranair winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen maT. moZraobis pirvel xanebSi
Crdiloeli TeTrkaniani studentebi sakuTari sicocxlis riskis fasad iRebdnen
monawileobas samxreTSi gamarTul demonstraciebSi; maTi daxasiaTebebi kvlevis
meTodebis qveTavSia ganxiluli. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo ufle
baTa moZraobas mxars uWerda uzenaesi sasamarTlo da mTavrobis ramdenime wevri.
jon kenedi jer kidev prezidentobis kandidatad yofnisas daexmara martin luTer
kings cixidan gamosvlaSi da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, lindon jonsonmac sakuTari
Zalaufleba gamoiyena kongresSi samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis gasatanad. miuxeda
vad am yvelafrisa, moZraobis ZiraiTadi dasayrdeni mainc Raribi da xSirad moxuci
da cudad ganaTlebuli samxreTeli soflis mosaxleoba iyo, aqtivistebs TavSesa
friTa da mxardaWeriT rom uzrunvelhyofdnen (Newman et al., 1978).
1960-iani wlebis bolosaTvis moZraoba ukve Zalas kargavda. 1968 wels kingis
mkvlelobamdec ki daiwyo saubrebi moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvlis Sesaxeb.
sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebi xSirad kamaTobdnen. axalgazrdebi ufro
agresiulad iyvnen ganwyobilni, vidre ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi; axal
gazrdebi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen CrdiloeTis qalaqebis Raribi, urbanuli
878
mosaxleobis problemebs; eWvi SehqondaT mSvidobiani qmedebebis efeqturobaSi;
mouwodebdnen separatizmisaken (da ara gaerTianebisaken); saubrobdnen afrikasa
da mesame samyaros qveynebTan dakavSirebasa da revoluciaze (Newman et al., 1978).
1963 wlis vaSingtonis demonstraciis Semdeg mSvidobiani aqciebisadmi mediamac
dakarga interesi da ufro dramatul ambebs Zebna daiwyo. mediam aitaca SNCC-s
axalgazrda wevris mowodeba `SavkanianTa Zalauflebisaken~. es fraza, Jurna
listebis azriT, moZraobis miznebis Secvlaze mianiSnebda. afroamerikelebi am
frazas sxvadasxvagvarad xsnidnen: mas zogi saarCevno politikaSi ufro aqtiuri
monawileobisaken mowodebad aRiqvamda, zogi _ SavkanianTa Rirsebis aRiarebis
moTxovnad da zogic _ ufro agresiuli qmedebebisaken mowodebad. TeTrkanianTa
umetesoba ki darwmunebuli iyo, rom `SavkanianTa Zalaufleba~ mxolod erT ra
mes niSnavda: maT winaaRmdeg Zaladobas.
TiTqos swored am cvlilebis dasturad 1965 wlis zafxulSi los-anjele
sis uotsis SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionSi bunti daiwyo, romlis Sedegadac
34 adamiani daiRupa. 1966 da 1967 wlebSi momxdarma amboxebebma qveynis 67 qa
laqi moicva. bunti mohyva 1968 wels doqtori kingis mkvlelobasac (samoqalaqo
areulobaTa erovnuli sakonsultacio komisia, 1968). amboxebebma ufro gaaZlie
ra TeTrkanianTa SiSi; Savkaniani liderebi ki im faqtma SeaSfoTa, rom es amboxe
bebi Tavad SavkanianTa sazogadoebebs uqmnida safrTxes. msgavsi movlenebi yve
la sazogadoebrivi moZraobis problebaa. sazogadoebis yuradRebis misaqcevad
da saqmis mniSvnelobis saCveneblad saWiroa moZraobis zrda, Tumca, SesaZloa,
igi gascdes liderTa kontrolis areals da sul sxva mimarTuleba miiRos. axal
wevrebs xSirad akliaT Zveli wevrebis disciplina da Tavdadeba.
nawilobriv amboxebebisa da nawilobriv mravalwliani mSvidobiani moZrao
bis sapasuxod mTavrobam gaaZliera brZola rasobrivi uTanasworobis aRmosafx
vrelad. segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg kanonebis miRebasTan erTad
mTavroba dgamda nabijebs integraciisa da Tanabari pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da
amaves moiTxovda sxva organizaciebisaganac. 1960-iani wlebis bolos moZraobis
Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom mTavroba moZraobis bevri miznis gan
xorcielebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda.
1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobam ver aRmofxvra
arsebuli uTanasworoba, Tumca igi aSS-is istoriaSi gansakuTrebul movlenad
iqca. misi Sedegebi gascda SavkanianTa sazogadoebebs da gavlena moaxdina mTel
sazogadoebaze. samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobam gavlena garkveulwilad aSS-is
politikis Camoyalibebazec moaxdina. miznis misaRwevad araZaladobrivi kon
frontaciis cneba masobrivi msvlelobebis, gaficvebis da sxva demonstraciebis
saxiT, politikuri kulturis nawilad iqca. ufro konkretulad ki, samoqalaqo
uflebaTa moZraoba iyo magaliTi da gakveTilic iseTi socialuri moZraobebisT
vis, rogorebicaa 1960-iani wlebis studentTa da omis sawinaaRmdego moZraobe
bi, Tanamedrove qalTa moZraoba, migrant fermis muSaTa moZraoba, pan-indoeTis
moZraoba, geebis moZraoba, dabolos, garemos dacvis moZraoba.
879
kvlevis meTodebi
s amoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bevri studenti uWerda mxars,
Tumca moZraobis aqtiuri monawile gacilebiT naklebi gaxda. vin iyvnen es studentebi da
ra gavlena moaxdina maT momaval cxovrebaze am moZraobebSi monawileobam?
erT-erTma sociologma, romelic samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtivizmis gamomwvevi mizezebisa
da maTi Sedegebis SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli, kvlevis teqnikis saintereso kombinacia _
istoriuli dokumentebis Seswavla da monawile pirebTan gasaubreba gamoiyena.
dag mak edamma (1986w. 1989w.) dakvirveba ganaxorciela 1964 wlis `Tavisuflebis zafxulis~
monawileebze. am moZraobaSi monawileobda CrdiloeTis kolejebis asobiT studenti, romelTa
umetesoba TeTrkaniani iyo. isini Cavidnen misisipiSi, raTa iqaurebs Tavisuflebis skolebis
CamoyalibebaSi, Savkanian amomrCevelTa registraciaSi daxmarebodnen da samxreTSi afro
amerikelTa samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis wamowyebuli moZraoba kidev ufro gaemZafrebinaT.
studentebma miznis misaRwevad sakuTari sicocxle gawires, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelo
biT: proeqtis dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi sami moxalise _ maikl Sverneri, jeims Ceini da en
driu gudmani segregacionistTa jgufma gaitaca da mokla. zogi monawile ki cemis, dabombvis,
dapatimrebis msxverpli gaxda. isinic iseTsave siduxWiresa da zewolis qveS cxovrobdnen, ro
gorc maTi maspinZeli SavkanianTa ojaxebi.
`Tavisuflebis zafxulSi~ monawileobisTvis moxaliseebs vrceli saaplikacio forma
unda SeevsoT. es formebi, mak adamis sabednierod, arqivSi aRmoCnda daculi (arasociologi
uri mizniT Seqmnili Canawerebi xSirad mniSvnelovani xdeba sociologiuri kvlevebisaTvis). am
Canawerebis daxmarebiT man SeZlo Seedarebina 720 monawilisa da im 239 studentis monacemebi,
romlebic moZraobis rigebSi miiRes, Tumca maT Semdgom monawileobaze uari ganacxades. am ori
jgufis yvela wevri aqtiurad iziarebda samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis miznebs. gansxvaveba
ar iyo arc maT ganaTlebaSi, saqmianobasa Tu ojaxur mdgomareobaSi, amitom verc es SeuSlida
xels moZraobaSi maT aqtiur monawileobas.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ramdenime iyo: monawileebi, danarCenebisgan gansxvavebiT, ukve iyvnen
gaerTianebulni sxvadasxva politikur organizaciaSi; monawileebi asaxelebdnen sxva moxali
seebsa da aqtivistebs, romlebic informirebulebi unda yofiliyvnen maTi sazafxulo samuSao
gegmis Sesaxeb, es ki imas niSnavda, rom isini CarTulebi iyvnen aqtivistTa qselSi da ufro eqvem
debarebodnen socialur zewolas. monawileebs aseve ukve hqondaT msgavsi sarisko qmedebebis
gamocdileba.
mak edamma daaskvna, rom rwmenac da damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovani iyo, gadamwyveti faq
torebi _ `monawileTa~ ukve arsebuli organizaciuli da pirovnuli kavSirebi samoqalaqo
uflebebis moZraobasTan struqturuli iyo.
aqtivizmis Sedegebis Sesaswavlad mak adamma Sromatevadi samuSao gaswia _ oci wlis Semdeg
(McAdam, 1989) moZebna da gamokiTxa orasze meti monawile da asi maTgani, vinc monawileobaze
uari Tqva. man daadgina, rom bevri monawilisTvis `Tavisuflebis zafxuli~ aqtivistis karieris
dasawyisi aRmoCnda. rodesac samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobasSi monawileoba problematuri
gaxda, bevri monawile studentur, antisaomar da qalTa moZraobebSi gaerTianda. maTgan mesa
medze mets aqtivisturi saqmianobisTvis gasamrjelos uxdidnen. TiTqmis naxevarma ganacxada,
rom jer isev CarTuli iyo socialur moZraobebSi. imaTgan gansxvavebiT, vinc `Tavisuflebis
zafxulSi~ monawileoba ar miiRo, monawileebs naklebi Semosavali hqondaT da arc sakuTari
880
ojaxi hyavdaT, rasac im mizeziT xsnidnen, rom politikur miznebs pirad miznebze maRla ay
enebdnen. `Tavisuflebis zafxulis~ Semdeg aqtivistebi saqmisadmi kidev ufro Tavdadebulni
gaxdnen da aqtivistebis qselSi kidev ufro aqtiurad Caebnen. `bevri maTganisTvis~ axali memar
cxene politika piraduli Tu politikuri cxovrebis mamoZravebel principad iqca~ _ ambobs
mak adami (1989w. gv. 758).
es saintereso daskvnebi amtkicebs, rom sociologiuri SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT
Sedegis momtania sxvadasxva kvleviTi teqnikis Serwyma.
qalTa moZraoba
qalTa organizebul saprotesto gamosvlebs aSS-Si didi istoria aqvs. me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi xmis micemis uflebis mopovebisaTvis didi moZraoba daiwyo.
gamarjvebis Semdeg feministuri moZraoba Cacxra da mis Semdgom periods unayofo
wlebi ewoda (Klein, 1984), Tumca mas Semdegac aqtiuroba, nawilobriv, grZeldeboda
da qalTa sakiTxebi aqtualuri rCeboda. amasobaSi socialurma faqtorebma ufro
masStaburi saxis qmedebebis dawyeba ganapiroba.
am socialur ZalaTagan erT-erTi 1963 wels bei fridanis wigni gaxda saxel
wodebiT `qaluri mistika~. wignma imxela gavlena moaxdina, rom bevri mecnieri
mis gamocemas `Tanamedrove qalis~ an feministuri moZraobis Camoyalibebas
utolebs. wigniT fridani milionobiT amerikel qals esaubreboda `problemaze,
romelsac saxeli ar gaaCnia~. bevri qali Tavs damokidebulad da gariyulad, sa
kuTar SesaZleblobebs ki ganuxorcieleblad miiCnevda. maT bavSvobidan STa
agonebdnen, uari eTqvaT sakuTar damoukideblobaze, daeTmoT kariera, piradi av
tonomia da cxovreba mTlianad ojaxisa da SvilebisaTvis zrunvisTvis mieZRvnaT.
fridanma sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyro im qalebis problemebsac, romleb
sac uintereso da dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao hqondaT. qalebma gaacnobieres
problemis masStaburoba da mixvdnen, rom erTiani ZalebiT SeZlebdnen TavianTi
pirobebis gaumjobesebas. es iyo maTi Segnebuli gaTavisuflebis dasawyisi. gaac
nobieres, rom cvlilebebi gardauvali iyo (McAdam, 1989).
Tanasworuflebianobis moTxovniT qalTa moZraobis wamowyebas fridanis
wignis garda sxva faqtorebmac Seuwyo xeli. erT-erTi maTgani iyo moZraoba
SavkanianTa uflebebisaTvis, ramac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxada calkeuli
jgufebis mimarT usamarTloba da zewola. sainteresoa, rom adamianTa ufle
bebis, studentebisa da antisaomar gamosvlebSi gamocdileba qalebisaTvis mniS
vnelovani magaliTi aRmoCnda. am moZraobebSi maT xSirad iseT rutinul samuSaos
akeTebinebdnen, rogoricaa beWdva, satelefono zarebis miReba da yavis momza
deba. isini muSaobdnen sxvebisTvis TanasworuflebianobisTvis maSin, rodesac
Tavad ar sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiT.
cnobilia, rom socialuri moZraobisaTvis saWiroa ara mxolod usamarTlobis
SegrZneba, aramed resursebis mobilizebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, organizebuli
unda iyos. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula qalTa statusis Semswavlel
ma komisiebma, romlebic 1963 wels ormocdaaTive StatSi Camoyalibda. sociolo
881
gi jo frimeni (1979w.) amtkicebda, rom 1960-ian wlebSi qalTa moZraoba ver Sedge
boda, rom ara sakomunikacio qseli, romelsac es komisiebi uzrunvelyofda. maT
Sekribes cnobili da politikurad aqtiuri qalebi, romlebic eTerSi zogad
problemebsa da am problemebis koleqtiuri gadaWris meTodebze saubrobdnen.
amgvarad, 1960-ian wlebSi qalebis mimarT damokidebuleba iseTive rCeboda, ro
goric aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, magram raRac Zireuli mainc Seicvala. `rac
Seicvala~, organizaciuli mxare iyo. moZraoba daiwyo, ganviTarda da, ubralod,
spontanuri amboxis farglebs mas Semdeg gascda, rac msgavsad moazrovne ada
mianebs Soris sakomunikacio qseli ganviTarda,~ _ werda frimeni (gv. 804).
gamofxizlebuli qalebis moZraoba or doneze moZraobda (Boles, 1991; Stoper,
1991). pirvel rigSi, es mamakacebTan Tanasworuflebianobis mopovebis mcdeloba
iyo. qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli aqtivistebis umetesoba aqcents zomieri re
formebis gatarebaze akeTebda, gansakuTrebiT ki imaze, rom qalebs kacebTan Tana
bar pirobebSi muSaobis saSualeba miscemodaT. zogi aqtivisti imasac cdilobda,
Zireuli cvlilebebi moexdina qalis pirovnebasa da sazogadoebis mier mis aRq
maSi. es radikali feministebi miiCnevdnen, rom amerikis kulturul instituteb
Si, gansakuTrebiT ki ojaxSi Zireuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba iyo saWiro.
maTi azriT, es cvlilebebi unda gascdenoda mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworufle
bianobis ubralod aRiarebis farglebs. cnobili lozungis mixedviT `pirovnuli
politikuria~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gansxvaveba ZalauflebaSi, rac xalxis
pirovnuli urTierTobebis formirebas axdenda, unda gamxdariyo sazogadoebisa
da politikuri aqtivizmis sagani. qalTa moZraobam moaxdina rogorc masStaburi
formaluri organizaciebis, aseve mcire araformaluri jgufebis mobilizeba.
maT Soris iyo `erovnuli organizacia qalebisaTvis~ (NOW). is daarsda 1966 wels,
rodesac beti fraidenis sastumros oTaxSi Seikribnen qalebi, romlebic qalTa
statusis komisiebis mesame erovnul konferencias eswrebodnen. isini SeSfoTe
bulebi iyvnen imiT, rom komisiebi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs ver aRwevdnen da
neli tempiT moqmedebdnen. organizaciis prezidentad fraideni dainiSna. orga
nizacia gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda 1969 wels, rodesac erovnul mediaSi qalTa
gaTavisuflebis Tema aqtualuri gaxda.
NOW, romelic erovnuli sabWosa da 800 an meti adgilobrivi ganyofilebisa
gan Sedgeboda, sasamarTlos, lobirebis, demonstraciebis, boikotebisa da sxva
gzebiT cdilobda, mieRwia iseTi miznebisaTvis, rogorebicaa ganaTlebis re
forma, masmediaSi qalis arastereotipuli xedva, abortis amkrZalveli kanonebis
gauqmeba, lesboselTa uflebebis dacva; religiaSi, politikasa da sportSi qalis
rolis gazrda da Sesworebis Setana kanonSi `Tanaswori uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (ERA).
dafuZnda qalTa araerTi profesiuli gaerTianeba, rogoric magaliTad WEAL
(qalTa TanasworobisTvis moqmedi liga), romelic aqcents iuridiul sakiTxebze
akeTebda da NWPC (qalTa erovnuli politikuri gaerTianeba), romelic muSaobda
sajaro samsaxurebSi qalTa dasaqmebaze.
mravali feministi NOW-s msgavsi organizaciebis mxardaWerasTan erTad, ufro
masStaburi moZraobis ganviTarebas cdilobda, romelic bevri damoukidebeli
adgilobrivi jgufisgan iqneboda formirebuli. am aqtivistTa nawili cdilobda
882
mieRwia imisaTvis, rom NOW-s emuSava ara mxolod iseT `usafrTxo~ sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, aramed ebrZola
lesboselebis, uuflebo colebisa da sxva qalebis uflebebisaTvis, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, ignorirebulebi iyvnen masmediisa da politikosebis mier. bevri
radikali feministi uaryofda ierarqiulad maRla mdgom struqturul orga
nizaciebs im mosazrebiT, rom isini abrkolebdnen ufro dabal safexurze mdgom
formirebebs. sanacvlod biznesmenebma Camoayalibes Tanasworobis principze
damyarebuli jgufebi, romlebic cdilobdnen ara mxolod asparezis gafarToe
bas qalebisaTvis, aramed adamianebis urTierTobebisa da rolebis struqturis
cvlilebasac. am jgufebis didi nawili aqcents Segnebis amaRlebaze akeTebda:
ideebisa da gamocdilebebis gaziarebiT wevrebi cdilobdnen, gamoevlinaT ma
namde arsebuli, gaucnobierebeli damokidebulebebi da qmedebebi, romelTac
mamakacebsa da qalebTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. isini imedovnebdnen, rom es
axali cnobiereba damokidebulebebisa da qmedebebis cvlilebaSi daexmarebodaT,
rac ufro Tanaswori sazogadoebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. bevrma aqtivistma sa
ganmanaTleblo saqmianobas mihyo xeli, Camoyalibda qalTa centrebi; klinikebi,
sadac abortis gakeTeba iyo SesaZlebeli; TavSesafrebi gaupatiurebis msxverp
lTaTvis da im qalebisTvis, romlebsac qmrebi fizikur Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen;
feministuri wignis maRaziebi, gamocemebi; bavSvTa movlis centrebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis qalTa moZraobam mniSvnelovan progress
miaRwia qalebisaTvis samuSao SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaSi. dabrkolebebi da
uTanasworoba isev arsebobda, magram qalebi TandaTan mkvidrdebodnen im sfe
roebSi, sadac manamde mxolod kacebi moRvaweobdnen; maTi anazRaurebac TandaTan
matulobda. Tumca, aman kidev erTi sakiTxi wamoWra: kerZod, rogor SeeTavsebi
naT erTmaneTisaTvis samsaxurebrivi da ojaxuri rolebi. amis sapasuxod femi
nistebma axali moTxovnebi wamoayenes: bavSvTa movlis finansurad xelmisawvdo
mi centrebi, anazRaurebadi dekretuli Svebuleba, moqnili samuSao grafiki da
ojaxuri samuSaos col-qmars Soris ganawileba.
ERA-s sawinaaRmdego moZraoba 1970-iani wlebis qalTa moZraobisTvis mTa
vari dabrkoleba iyo. kontrmoZraoba socialuri moZraobaa, romelic yalibdeba
sxva, ukve mimdinare moZraobisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. kontrmoZraobis
antifeministi liderebi qalTa moZraobas rig socialur cvlilebebSi adana
Saulebdnen (maT Soris usafuZvlo ganqorwineba da abortis dakanoneba), rac, maTi
azriT, ojaxis stabilurobisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda. antifeministebisT
vis ERA iyo dedisa da meuRlis tradiciul rolebze gamanadgurebeli Tavdasxma.
imisaTvis, rom ERA-s proeqti ar damtkicebuliyo, antifeministebma Seqmnes kon
trmoZraobis jgufebi: iutas StatSi _ `kacTmoyvareni Cveni gogoebis degrada
ciis winaaRmdeg~ (HOTDOG), viskonsinis StatSi _ `davicvaT Cveni qalebi~ (POW)
da teqsasis StatSi _ `qalebi, romelTac surT iyvnen qalebi~ (WWWW). erovnul
kontrmoZraobas saTaveSi edga filis Slefli, romelmac Tavi mouyara aTasobiT
qals kampaniaSi, saxelwodebiT `SevaCeroT ERA~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jgufebis umetesoba NOW-sa da sxva wamyvan orga
nizaciebze gacilebiT mcire masStabis iyo, qalTa moZraobas maTi saqmianoba
883
sakmaod abrkolebda. antifeministur moZraobas, ZiriTadad, konservatoruli
politikuri jgufebi afinansebdnen. konservatori politikosebi feministebs
radikalurobasa da `anti-ojaxurobaSi~ adanaSaulebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es braldeba simarTles ar Seesabameboda, man qalTa moZraobaSi monawile bevri
aqtivisti aiZula Tavi aeridebina saxelisTvis `feministi~. antifeministebis
mcdeloba nawilobriv warmatebuli gamodga _ 1973 wels ERA-s winsvla Senelda,
1977 wels ki sruliad SeCerda. 1977-dan 1982 wlamde, rodesac ratificirebis vada
iwureboda, Sesworebis damtkicebas arc erTma Statma aRar misca xma.
brZola am or jgufs Soris kidev ufro daiZaba. erT mxares, ZiriTadad, iyvnen
axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli, dasaqmebuli qalebi, romelTac surdaT 1960-iani da
1970-iani wlebis miRwevebisaTvis kidev ufro masStaburi saxe miecaT, meore mxares
ki iyvnen SedarebiT asakovani, naklebad ganaTlebuli da Zalian religiuri qalebi,
romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba diasaxlisoba iyo (Luker, 1984). ERA-s damarcxebis
Semdeg antifeministebma axali miznebi daisaxes, maT Soris abortis kvlav akrZal
va da qalebisTvis uflebamosilebis zrdis SeCereba. NOW-sa da qalTa moZrao
bis sxva organizaciebis wevrebi iZulebulebi iyvnen, drois, energiisa da Tanxis
didi nawili am Tavdasxmebis mosagerieblad gamoeyenebinaT (Chavez, 1987). miuxeda
vad imisa, rom Tavdacvaze gadavida, qalTa moZraoba ar gamqrala. man xeli Seuwyo
amerikaSi politikis gadaxedvas (Butler and Scott, 1992). mimdinare debatebis Sedegad,
erovnuli politikis dRis wesrigSi axali sakiTxebi dadga, maT Soris qalTa janmr
Telobisa da bavSvTa movlis centrebi; ojaxuri Zaladoba, seqsualuri Tavdasx
mebi, reproduqciuli uflebebi (ix. sociologiisa da sajaro debatebis qveTavi).
qalTa moZraobis institucionalizeba nacionalur doneze moxda (Boles, 1991).
qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli organizaciebis, rogorc magaliTad NOW-s li
derebsa da specialistebs, anazRaureba hqondaT (Staggenborg, 1988). wevrTa umete
sobas Tanamoazreebi warmoadgenen, romelTac wvlili materialuri Senatanis
saxiT SeaqvT da zogjer msvlelobebSic monawileoben, magram aqtivistebi ar
arian (Zald and McCarthy, 1987). ufro metic, es jgufebi xSirad iseTivea, rogorc
umetesoba jgufebisa, romlebic lobirebisa da eleqtoratTan aliansis taqtikas
mimarTaven.
virjinia sapiro (1991w.) cdilobda daedgina, bardeba Tu ara qalTa moZraoba
warsuls da aqcenti kulturaze, damokidebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlile
baze gaakeTa. misi azriT, moZraobis wamomwyebi qalebis Svilebi mxolod garkveul
wilad arian `Tavisufalni~. maTi umetesoba (aTidan cxraze meti) samsaxurSi
Tanasworobis momxrea, Tumca nawili (oTxidan erTi) miiCnevs, rom ojaxi zaral
deba, rodesac qals samsaxuri aqvs. axalgazrda qalebis umetesoba acxadebs, rom,
profesiuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, samsaxurSi mamakacebi qalebs seriozulad
ar aRiqvamen. gaTxovilTa umetesoba amtkicebs, rom saSinao saqmis did nawils
da bavSvis movlis pasuxismgeblobas metwilad sakuTar Tavze iRebs. Tumca zo
gis TqmiT, qmrebi TavianT wil movaleobas asruleben. bevrs sjera, rom qalebs,
romlebic gaaupatiures (gansakuTrebiT nacnobma adamianma) an scemes qmrebma, es
Zaladoba rogorRac Tavad surdaT.
884
amrigad, arc imdeni cvlileba moxda, rac mosalodneli iyo. sapiros azriT,
qalTa moZraoba jer ar dasrulebula. gamokiTxulTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom
moZraobam raRac miznebs miaRwia, Tumca gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevria da `aSS-s
kvlav sWirdeba qalTa Zlieri moZraoba, raTa qalebisaTvis sasikeTo cvlilebebi
ganxorcieldes~ (Dionne, in Sapiro, 1991, gv. 21). lesli vulfi da jenifer takeri
(1995w.) aRniSnaven, rom qalTa moZraobam aSS-is cxovrebis bevr sferoSi mniS
vnelovani cvlilebebi moitana, Tumca iqve dasZenen, rom:
a bortis Temas aSS-Si didi istoria aqvs. nayofis mocileba kanonieri iyo, sanam es me-19_
me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze moralis reformatorTa yuradRebas miipyrobda. Semdeg abor
ti aikrZala, Tumca aralegalurad mainc keTdeboda, xSirad aralegalur dawesebulebebSi, iseT
pirobebSi, romlebic qalis janmrTelobas zians ayenebda, rig SemTxvevebSi ki sikvdiliT mTavr
deboda. 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo kampania abortis xelaxla
dakanonebis moTxovniT. es moZraoba ukavSirdeboda mcdelobas qalebi kontracefciis
usafrTxo da saimedo saSualebebiT uzrunveleyoT (McKeegan, 1992), rac Tavis mxriv, 1960-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibebul, seqsisadmi ufro liberalur midgomas ukavSirdeboda.
erT mxares arian isini, visac swams, rom qalebs aqvT ufleba,
garkveul viTarebaSi nayofi moiSoron..., meore mxares ki arian isini, vinc Rrmadaa darwmune
buli, rom ganayofierebuli kvercxujredic
ki pirovnebas warmoadgens.
885
debatebi
abortis legalizebis mcdelobam kulminacias 1969 wels miaRwia, rodesac qalma, romelsac
kanonis Sesabamisad nayofis moSorebis neba ar darTes, sasamarTloSi iCivla. man, vinaoba rom
ar gaemJRavnebina, aiRo fsevdonimi `jein rou~. amitom procesi, romelic 1974 wels uzenaes
sasamarTloSi warimarTa, cnobilia saxeliT `rou ueidis winaaRmdeg~. sasamarTlos gadaw
yvetilebis Tanaxmad, aborti dakanonda im safuZvelze, rom qalebs aqvT ufleba, gadawyviton,
Tu rogor moeqcnen sakuTar sxeuls. es ganaCeni mas Semdeg dapirispirebis mTavar sagnad iqca:
erTni fiqroben, rom qals aqvT ufleba, garkveul viTarebaSi moiSoros nayofi, rodesac is da
misi eqimi amis saWiroebas dainaxaven; meoreni ki Rrmad arian darwmunebulni, rom ganayofi
erebuli kvercxujredic ki pirovnebaa; aborti am `pirovnebis~ sikvdils ganapirobebs, es ki
mkvlelobis erT-erTi formaa da amitom ar SeiZleba kanonieri iyos. mas Semdeg, rac abortis
ukanonod aRiarebas ver miaRwia, abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa nawilma amis gakeTeba Zalismieri
gzebiT scada.
analizi
886
ufro gaxmaurebuli Semxvevaa, rodesac parikmaxeri, saxelad jon salvi gaasamarTles masaCu
setsis klinikebis mimRebSi momuSave ori qalis mkvlelobisTvis. amerikelTa didi nawili am
faqtebma SeaZrwuna, abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobis zogi warmomadgeneli ki aRtacebuli
iyo. erT-erTi misisipeli aqtivisti ambobda: `ar Sevwuxdebi, dRes rom qveyanaSi yvela abort
maxeri tyviiT mokvdes~ (Frantz, 1995). zog publikaciaSi eqimebis mkvlelobis faqtebs `gamar
Tlebul mkvlelobas~ uwodebdnen, rasac imiT xsnidnen, rom es mkvleloba jer ardabadebulTa
sicocxles ixsnida (Van Biema, 1994).
Zaladobis am talRam, romelic Tan axlda abortis winaaRmdeg xangrZliv kampanias da gulisx
mobda eqimebis saxlebSi muqaris zarebs, maTi Svilebis skolebTan saprotesto aqciebsa da sxva
qmedebebs, zogi eqimi aiZula abortis keTeba Seewyvita. Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom aborti
kanonieri iyo, Zneli iyo eqimis povna, romelic amas gaakeTebda. dadginda, rom aSS-is umetes
olqebSi (84%), gansakuTrebiT ki provinciebSi, aborts Riad aravin akeTebda. SesaZloa, am mize
ziT iyos ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom abortebis ricxvi yovelwliurad mcirdeboda.
moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg kontrmoZraobis klasikuri magaliTia _ is Camoyalibda,
raTa dapirispireboda qalTa moZraobis moTxovnas reproduqciuli uflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
Tu ufro zogadad SevxedavT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc moZraoba, romelic win unda aR
dgomoda qalTa moZraobis ufro farTomasStabian moTxovnebs. moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg
imitom gaxda mniSvnelovani, rom 1960-iani wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qalis
funqciurad damkvidrebulma saxem ngreva daiwyo. mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda im qalTa ricxvi,
romelTac umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRes da muSaoba daiwyes, gaCnda SekiTxva, xom ar daiviwyes
qalebma, rogorc colebma da dedebma, TavianTi bunebrivi daniSnuleba? bevri umuSevari qali
qalTa moZraobis kritikis sagani xdeboda da isinic dedobis Sesaxeb sakuTari damokidebulebis
gamosaxatavad xSirad abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobas uerTdebodnen (Luker, 1984).
amasTan, zogi kritikosi aborts uyurebda, rogorc moraluri Rirebulebebis gaufasurebis
magaliTsa da qorwinebamdeli seqsisadmi Semwynareblobis simbolos. ase rom, orive, qalTaA moZ
raobac da abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobac mWidro kavSirSi iyo kulturul Rirebule
bebTan. am or moZraobaSi aisaxeboda socialuri struqturac. qalTa moZraoba saSualo klasSi
Camoyalibda da misi aqtivistebi xSirad ganaTlebuli adamianebi iyvnen, abortis mowinaaRmde
geTa moZraobis wevrTa umetesoba ki muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli iyo. qalTa moZraobis Camo
yalibeba agreTve ukavSirdeboda ojaxis struqturis cvlilebasac: ojaxma dakarga socialuri
funqcia. amitomac qalebs SeumcirdaT saSinao saqme da saSualeba miecaT anazRaurebadi samsa
xuri daewyoT.
moZraobam abortis winaaRmdeg socialuri struqtura kidev erTi kuTxiT Secvala: man erT
maneTTan daaaxlova manamde arakeTilganwyobili socialuri jgufebi, kerZod kaTolikeebi da
konservatori protestantebi. kaTolicizmi emigrantebis (italielebis, irlandielebis, po
lonelebisa da a.S.) religia iyo; konservatuli protestantizmi ki _ ufro provincieli da mu
SaTa klasis warmomadgeneli amerikelebisa, romelTa winaprebi aSS-Si inglisidan da CrdiloeTi
evropidan Cavidnen. moZraobam abortis winaaRmdeg garkveulwilad daakavSira konservatorebi
da afro-amerikelebic, romelTa umetesoba Zalze religiuri iyo da aborts ewinaaRmdegeboda.
moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg, yvela sxva moZraobis msgavsad, organizebuli iyo socialuri
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT; ubralod, moZraobaSi monawileoba ukve socialuri aqtivobis
formaa iseve, rogorc: klinikebis blokada, pacientebsa da klinikis personalTan dapirispireba
da a.S. am aqciebma ufro agresiuli da Zaladobrivi saxe imitom miiRo, rom sazogadoebis yura
dRebis misapyrobad da monawileTa wasaqezeblad xSirad ukiduresi zomebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.
dabolos, yvela socialuri moZraoba garkveuli doziT ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZvis da miznad
socialuri dinebis cvlilebas isaxavs. moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg cdilobs qalebs nayofis
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moSorebaSi SeuSalos xeli. amisaTvis ki iyenebs Zalas, raTa daarwmunos politikosebi, amomr
Cevlebi da sazogadoeba, rom aborti danaSaulia. rodesac es mcdelobebi uSedego aRmoCndeba,
moZraobis zogi wevri gavlenis moxdenas blokadis, daSinebisa da Zaladobis gziT cdilobs.
beti fraideni, Tanamedrove qalTa moZraobis lideri da erT-erTi damfuZnebeli orga
nizaciisa `erovnuli organizacia qalebisaTvis~ (NOW) kvlav icavs qalTa uflebebs.
Sejameba
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sajaro ganaTleba, jandacva, umuSevarTa daxmareba, ukeTesi gasamrjelo
da samuSao pirobebi. socialuri moZraobebis speqtri Zalian gafarTovda.
es moZraobebi moicavs, faqtobrivad, yvela socialur sakiTxs da azri, rom
amgvari socialuri qmedebebiT, SesaZloa, sazogadoebis Secvla, Tanamedrove
epoqis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli faqtori gaxda.
11. yvela socialuri cvlileba socialuri dinebis cvlilebas isaxavs miznad.
moZraobebSi, rogorc wesi, aqcenti misi wevrebis interesebis gatarebaze,
sazogadoebaSi adgilis damkvidrebasa da sazogadoebis mier maTi saerTo
identurobis aRiarebaze keTdeba.
12. samoqalaqo uflebebisa da qalTa moZraobebma amerikel sazogadoebaze
uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines. TiToeuli moZraoba adastureba imas, Tu ra
oden mniSvnelovania socialuri moZraobebisaTvis organizaciuli mxare da
SesaZleblobebis realizeba.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
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melic istoriaSi, politmecnierebaSi an sxva saganSi SeiswavleT; an koleq
tiuri qmedeba, romelSic piradad miiReT monawileoba.
4. am TavSi SedarebiT detaluradaa ganxiluli samoqalaqo uflebebis moZrao
ba da qalTa moZraoba. airCieT erT-erTi maTgani da CamoayalibeT varaudi,
Tu ra bedi eweva am moZraobas aT an oc weliwadSi. imsjeleT SeZenili codnis
mixedviT.
5. ra faqtorebi uSlis xels sazogadoebriv moZraobebs im miznebis miRwevaSi,
razec misi iniciatorebi da liderebi imedovnebdnen.
sityvari
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SefardebiTi siduxWire _ gansxvaveba xalxis molodinsa da maT faqtobriv pi
robebs Soris.
Wori _ daudasturebeli ambavi, romelic erTi adamianidan meores gadaecema da
utyuar faqtad miiCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi pirvelwyaro bundovani
an ucnobia.
socialuri inficireba _ erTi adamianidan meoreze ganwyobisa Tu qcevis
swrafi da araganzraxuli gavrceleba.
sazogadoebrivi moZraoba _ gamiznuli, organizebusli mcdeloba farTomas
Stabiani cvlilebis ganxorcielebisa, an misi SeCerebisa aradakanonebuli
gzebiT.
socialuri revolucia _ Teda skokpolis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifoebriv da
klasobriv wyobaSi sazogadoebis swrafi da Zireuli gardaqmna.
struqturuli xelsayreloba _ nil smelseris cneba. aRwers socialuri
wyobis im aspeqtebs, romlebic amartivebs koleqtiur qmedebas.
891
SeniSvnebisTvis
892
SeniSvnebisTvis
893
SeniSvnebisTvis
894
SeniSvnebisTvis
895
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelo