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vduk w f m jzpfw,f/

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wifru rdbjynfolawG&JUta&;? wdkif;jynf&JUta&;? wrsKd;om;vkH;qdkif&m ta&;awGrSm
a&SUwef;u xrf;&Gufavh&Sdw,f/ tkyfpdk;ol tmPm&SifawGu ausmif;om;vli,fxktay:
rdbjynfolawGtay: rw&m;ojzifhzdESdyfvm&if a&SYwef;u qefYusifwGef;vSefwJh pdwf"mwf
tpOftvmawGyJvdkY ajz&ygr,f/

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rw&m;ojzifh tMurf;zufypfcwf zrf;qD;xm;NyD;? olwpYkd w d Bf udKuf xm0& ppftmPm&Sipf epf
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ausmif;om;vli,fx&k YJ tem*wfta&;? rdbjynfoal wG&UJ tem*wfta&;? wdik ;f jynf&UJ tem*wf
ta&;awGuawmh ppftmPm&Sipf epfatmufrmS rawG;0Hph &mbJ/ 'DzUJG pnf;ykH twnfrjzpfa&;eJY
jywfjywfom;om;qefu Y sifomG ;a&;[m ausmif;om;vli,fxw k &yfv;Hk rdbjynfowl &yfv;Hk &JU
vwfwavm trsKd;om;a&;wm0ef jzpfw,f/ rwwfomvdYk cGijhf yKxm;&wJh vlxq k E´c, H yl rJG mS
jywfjywfom;om; uefYuGufrJxnfhNyD; qefYusif uefYuGufoGm;zdkY vdkNyD/ jynfolw&yfvkH;
uefYuGufrJxnfh qefYusifoGm;MuzdkY vIHYaqmfpnf;½kH;oGm;zdkY vdkNyD/


 ausmif;om;vli,fxk taeeJY vwfwavmumvrSm yckef;xufu trsKd;om;a&;wm0efudk
Armjynf ausmif;om;pdwf"mwf? or*¾pdwf"mwf tpOftvmawGeJYtwl ausyGefpGm xrf;&Guf
MuygpkdY / /

] rJ½kHoGm;? uefhuGufrJ xnfUMu }

ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD

Tanslation and Editing: Myint Zaw Design: Kyaw Win (Mr. Balance)

Published by
All Burma Federation of Student Unions - Foreign Affairs Committee
The Union Publishing, P.O Box (102), Mae Ping Post Office, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand
e-mail: bakatha@loxinfo.co.th

©2008 Union Publishing Vol. 3, No. 1, May 13 2008.


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armf wa,mufxJtm; &nfpl;NyD; owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH EdkifiHa&;wavQmuf touf
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ajymqkdcJhonf/
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(13) OD;aumfrwDukd 1990 wGif xyfrHzGJUpnf;cJhaMumif; xkdaumfrwDwGif armifarmifausmf?
wkd;ausmfvSdKif? ukdjrat;? ausmfausmfpdk; tp&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifaMumif; okdYaomf
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vkyfwm t&rf;0goemygw,f/ ußGefawmfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvf? vdSKife,fajr MuufajceDrSm vkyf
wkef;u qdkvdkY&Sd&if olu ußGefawmfwdkYxuf wpfESpfBuD;w,f/ olu &D*sife,f (a'oaumvdyf) uae
ESpfESpfwufjyD;awmh tmtdkifwD (pufrIwuúodkvf) udk 0ifoGm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh tmtdkifwDrSmu Muuf
ajceD r&SdwJh twGuf tmpDwl; (RC2) rSm&SdwJh vSKdife,fajrrSmqdk oltjrJwrf; vmvmjyD;awmh usaemf wdkY

*sLeD,m (twef;i,f) orm;awGudk olvdkufNyD;awmh uGefref;ay; (Command) ppfa&;jyoifwmwdkY?
MuufajceDoifwmwdkY olt&rf;udk aumif;w,f/ aemufwpfcku olYudkvlwdkifav;pm;wmu olY&JU
&if;ESD;azmfa&GrIyJ/ trSefqdkvdkY&Sd&if oluusaemfwdkYxuf ESpfBuD;w,f/ 'gayr,fh &efukefwuúodkvf
vSKdife,fajr MuufajceDtoif;udk oHa,mZOf rjywfbl;/ aemuf vdkorSs tultnDudk oltjrJwrf;
ay;w,f/ wpfckck tultnD vdkvdkY&Sd&if olulnDrI &Sdw,f/ aemufwpfcg t&rf;ESdrfhcspdwf&Sdw,fAs/
ESdrfhcspdwf&Sdw,f qdkwmu tmtdkifwD ausmif;om; qdkNyD;awmh 0gMuD;w,f qdkNyD;awmh wjcm;olawGvdk
armufrmwm r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dti,fawGeJY wnfhatmif aygif;w,f/ vdktyfwJh tultnDawGudk tjrJ
wrf; olay;w,f/
ukdatmifrsdK;rif;u ukdzkef;armfeJY ywfoufvkdY xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwfrdwmrsm;ukd tckvkd ajymqkd
cJhygw,f/
usaemfeJY oleJYu awmfawmf &if;ESD;w,f/ &if;ESD;w,fqdkwmu 'DMuufajceDtoif;u vlvnf;
odyfr&Sdbl;aemf/ aemuf usaemfwdkYu arv (8) &ufaeY urÇmhMuufajceDaeY pcef;oGif;wJhtcgrSm
ausmif;rSmae ausmif;rSmtdyfqdkawmh oleJY ußGefawmfeJYu wcef;xJrSmae tJvdkrsdK;qdkawmh ukwif
csif;vnf; uyfjyD; nbufnbuf pum;ajymjzpfwm &Sdw,f/ olu wpfcku taysmftyg;udk
BudKufw,f/ ckeajymovdk vli,fbm0 aysmfwmBudKufw,f/ *DwmwD;wm BudKufw,f/ wpfcsdefxJ
rSmyJ olu pnf;urf;eJY *kPfodu©mudk olt&rf; wef;zdk;xm;w,f/ Oyrm usaemfwdkY pcef;oGif;vdkY
,leDazmif;0wfwJh tcsdefrSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if usaemfwdkY ,leDazmif; odu©musr,fh tjzpfrsdK;udk b,fawmhrS
rvkyf&bl;/ wjcm;olawG txifao;r,fh ykHpHrsdK; txl;ojzifh ,leDazmif;0wfxm;wJh tcsdefrsdK;rSm
xdef;odrf;&r,f/ Oyrm wpfcgwav usaemfwdkYu tcef;acgifrdk;wdkY taqmifacgifrdk;wdkY opfyifay:
wufwmrsdK;wdkY tJ'grsdK;qdk oltjrJwrf; ajymw,f/ rif; wjcm;tcsdefrSm vkyfcsifvkyf/ vli,fobm0
aumif;w,f/ 'gayr,fh MuufajceD ,leDazmif;eJY 0wfxm;wmrsdK; qdkvdkY&Sd&if rif;udk MuufajceD
wpfa,mufvdkY jrifr,f/ tJvdkvkyfvdkufjcif; tm;jzifh rif;wpfa,mufwifrubl; MuufajceDtoif;
tzJGY&JUwefzdk;udk avQmhoGm;Ekdifw,f/ uav;qefqef raeeJY/ ,leDazmif;BuD;eJYqdk wnfwnfoefYoefY
ae/ 'grS rif;udk olrsm;av;pm;jyD; MuufajceDqdkwJh tzJGUBuD;udkvnf; olrsm;awG av;pm;r,fqdkjyD;
ol tJvdk olajymwJh qkH;rcsufwpfck[m usaemhftwGuf ckcsdefxd trSwfw& wpfckyJ/
aemufwpfcg olu prwf (Smart) jzpfw,fAs/ prwfjzpfw,fqdku ußGefawmfwdkY MuufajceDrSm
qkdvdkY&Sd&if ESpfwdkifESpfwdkif; pHjyMuufajceDqk ay;wm&Sdw,f/ olYESpfwkef;u olpHjyMuufajceD aemufqkH;
zdkife,fvfxd ol0ifw,f/ wjcm;ae&mrSm trSwfenf;enf; enf;awmh trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu
&oGm;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh ußGefawmfwdkY tm;vkH;u MuufajceD/ MuufajceD qdkvdkY&Sd&ifvnf; tm;vkH;u
vrf;pOfvli,f rjzpfrae0if&r,f/ txl;ojzifh pHjyMuufajceD jzpfzdkYtwGufu vrf;pOfvli,f udk,fydkif
eHywf &&r,fqdkawmh usaemfwdkY tm;vkH;u wpfygwD EdkifiHa&;atmufrSmyJ usifvnfaeMuw,f/
usifvnfaew,fqdkwmu 'gudk ußGefawmfwdkYu ,kHMunfaew,fvdkYawmh r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh
usaemfwdkY 0goemygwJh toif;tzJGUvkyfwm MuufajceDyJ&Sdw,f/ MuufajceDtzJGYu vrf;pOfvli,f&JU
OD;aqmifrIatmufrSm &Sd&r,fqdkawmh ygwD0ifMuwmayhg/ EkdifiHa&;t& usaemfwdkY tJ'DtcsdefrSm ola&m
usaemfa&m odyfNyD;awmh EkdifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;wmwdkY? EkdifiHa&;tajctae okH;oyfwmwdkY r&Sdbl;/

 wpfcgwpfavus usaemfwdkY b,fae&m MuufajceDawGu &yfuGufawGxJrSm qif;&w,fav/
tJ'Dwkef;u vkyfief;t& qdkvdkY&Sd&if rD;ab;jzpfwJhae&m oGm;&wmwdkY? &yfuGufawGrSm qif;jyD;awmh
vlxkusef;rma&;udpö vkyfwmwdkY? tJvdkrsdK; ae&mrSmqdk usaemfwdkYawmh aysmfw,f/ wpfcgwpf
av Muawmh avmuBuD;u rnDrQbl;aygh/ usaemfwdkY vSKdifwuúodkvf qdkwmu wu,f 'Dbuf
u yg&rDwdkY? 0if'grD,mwdkY? tif;vsm;vrf;wdkY tif;vsm;NrdKifwdkY tJ'DvlawGyJ ausmif;wufw,f/
aemufjyD;awmh tJ'DrSm&SdwJh tJ'DuvmwJh ausmif;om;awGu aemufqkH;ay:awG 0wf? aemufqkH;ay:
um;awGpD;jyD;awmh zuf&SifawGjydKifaeMuwJhcsdefrSm 'Dbufjcrf;rSm&SdaewJh vSKdifwdkY urm&GwfwdkYrSm
&SdaewJh vlawGu tpm;taomuf awmfawmf'ku©a&mufwJh tdrfawG awmfawmf'ku©a&mufw,f/
rD;avmifvdkY &Sd&ifvnf; wpfcgwnf; bmrSavsmfaMu;r&vdkY olwdkYb0 'ku©a&mufw,f/ tJvdkrsdK;
vlrIa&;ESifh rnDrSsrIudk usaemfwdkY cPcP awmfawmf ajymjzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh EkdifiHa&;t&awmh
t,ltq wpfcktaeeJY vufcHNyD; ajymwmawmh odyfr&SdcJhbl;/
ukdzkef;armf usqkH;rSKESifh ywfoufNyD; olb0ukd b,fvkdajymif;vJ apcJhaMumif;ESifh olpdwfcHpm;csufukd
tckvdk jyefvnff ajymjycJhygw,f/
usaemfwdkY tJ'DrSm olaooGm;w,fqdkwhJ taMumif;Mum;awmh zkef;armfqdkwJh emrnfuvnf;
odyfNyD;awmh r&Sdbl;av/ Mum;Mum;jcif; usaemfwdkY MuufajceDu vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&Smhcf (tHhMowkef
vIyf) jzpfwm/ usaemfudk,fwdkif ajymr,f qdkvdkY&Sd&if usaemf EkdifiHa&;ukd odyfjyD;awmh em;rvnfao;
(Awareness) rjzpfao;bl;/ olaoNyD;awmh rwfv (16) wHwm;jzLta&;tcif; jzpfwmwdkY? rwf (13)
&ufaeY aemufydkif; 'D&efukefwuúodkvf0if; twGif;rSm qE´jywmwdkYrSm usaemfygvmcJhw,f/ trSef
awmh oleJY&if;ESD;wJh yk*¾Kdvfa&;&if;ESD;rIuae usaemfwdkYukd EkdifiHa&;xJ qJGoGif;wmyJ/ udk,fholi,fcsif;
'Davmuf cifzdkYaumif;wJhol 'Davmuf pdwf&if;aumif;wJhol wpfa,muf aow,f/ tJ'Dh yk*¾Kdvfa&;
(Personal) &if;ESD;rIuae usaemhfudk 'DEkdifiHa&;xJukd ckeu vSKyf&Sm;rIawGxJ a&mufatmif vkyfvdkuf
w,f/ 'gayr,fh aemufydkif;us&ifawmh wpfa,mufcsif;aMumifh r[kwfawmhbJ ydkydkjyD; tjrifus,fwJh
vlYtcGifhta&; rw&m;rIqdkwJh tcsufawmh jzpfoGm;wmaygh/
'gayr,fh ajym&r,f qdkvdkY&Sd&if ppcsif; 'DvSKyf&Sm;rIrSm yg0ifwm udkzkef;armfeJY &if;ESD;wJh yk*¾Kdvfa&;
(Personal) &if;ESD;rIaMumifh 0ifvmwm/ 'gusaemf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 0efcHwJh tcsufyJ/


udkpdk;Edkifqdkwm
udkrif;aZmfESifU tifwmAsL;
ukdpkd;Ekdifu ykodrfom; ArmvlrsKd;;yg/ olu ykodrf t.x.u u q,fwef;atmifw,f/ tazem-
rnf OD;ausmf&D .. {&m0wDwkdif; jynfolYaumifpD tcsdefykdif; tzJGY0if wa,mufyg/ 1988 rS pufrSK
wuúokdvfrSm yOörESpf/ ow¬Kwl;az:a&; tif*sifeD,mbmom&yf oifMum;aeygw,f/
olykHpHu tom;jzLjzL/ qHyifenf;enf;aumufw,f/ t&yfcyfjywfjywf/ rsufESmvkH;&Snf&Snf/
usaemfod&avmuf bmekdifiHa&; vlrSKa&;rS rvkyfbl;As/ ykodrftoif; ausmif;om;aysmfyJGpm; (Pic-
nic) xGuf&ifawmif rvkdufbl;As/ cyfat;at;vlwa,mufyg/
rwfv 13 &ufu olukdb,fvkdypfcH&w,fqkdusaemfrodbl; jyD;rSodwmAs/ udkpdk;Ekdifu
&efukefaq;&kHMuD;rSm arv 5 &ufaeYrSmrS qkH;wm/ aoewf'Pf&mu tlrMuD;udk xdoGm;awmh
aq;&kHrSm 4cg jzwf&w,f/ udkbkef;armfuawmh yJGcsif;jyD;aowm/ oN*øK[fwm 15&ufaeY nae
xifw,f/

10
 taxmuftxm; udkbkef;armf aowJhnu
udkpdef[ef
usaemfpdef[efyg 1988 ckESpfwkef;u usaemf pufrIwuúokdvf ausmif;om;yg/ rwfv (13)
&uf ukdzkef;armfusqkH;wJhaeYrSm usaemf ausmif;0if;xJrSm &Sdaeygw,f/ wu,fhjyóempjzpf
wmu rwfv (12) &ufaeYuyg/ tpuawmh bmodbmomyJ aew,fav ½kd;½kd;pum;rsm;Mu
&efjzpfw,fvkdY xifwmbJ/ rwfv (13) usaemfwdkY aysmfyJGpm;oGm;ao;w,f/ tJ'DrSm um;eJY
&xm;wdkufMuw,fAsm/ usaemfvnf; 'Pf&menf;enf;&jyD; aq;½kHa&mufoGm;w,f/ na&mufawmh
usaemhf oli,fcsif;wa,mufu ausmif;om;eJY t&yfom;eJY ½dkufyJGjzpfvdkY rD;½IdUukefNyDvkdY
ajymw,f/ rD;avmifukefNyDqdkawmh usaemfvnf; aq;½kHrSm q&m0efawGudk bmrSrajymawmhbJeJY
ajy;qif;vmcJhw,f/ usaemfajy;qif;vmvdkufwm tJ'DnrSm vrf;rSm um;r&Sd? bmrS r&Sdawmhbl;/
usaemf vrf;avQmufNyD;awmhyJ ausmif;udk a&mufvmw,f tJ'DrSm q&mOD;odef;xGef;atmifukd
awGUw,f ][m .. ighwynhf b,fu jyefvmwmvJqdkawmh usaemfu aq;½kHu qif;vmw,faygh/
um;tufqD;'ifh (rawmfwq) jzpfvdkY/ atmf . . [kwfvm;wJh/ b,fESpfa,muf aovJwJh/ tao-
taysmuf r&Sdbl; q&mvdkY/ at;uGmwJh igwdkYausmif;om;awG aoukefMujyD/ [dkrSmwJh/ tJ'g usaemhf
vufudkqJGNyD; ausmif;xJ
0kef;? 0kef; qdkNyD;awmh t&yfom;u udk jyefqJGoGm;w,f/ tJ'D
vdkufvdkuf ausmif;om;u ajy;? tcsdefrSm usaemf Munfh
aewmu tJ'DuGrf;,m
ausmif;om;u vdkufvdkuf t&yfom;u ajy; qd k i f a &S U ut0avmuf
rSmayghaemf 0kef;? 0kef;?
0kef;? 0kef; qdkjyD;awmh t&yfom;u vdkufvdkuf ausmif;om;u ajy;? ausmif;om;u vdkufvdkuf
t&yfom;ajy;vdkuf/ cJawGeJY [dkypf 'DypfyJ/ yHkpHu t"du½kPf; tao;pm; wpfckvdkaygh/ usaemfwdkY
vnf; tJ'DrSm ausmif;om;tzJGYudk ac:jyD;awmh cJaumufcsif aumufxm;/ wurf;wrf; jzpfvmvdkY&Sd&if
udk,fvnf; ckcHvdkY&atmif/ usaemfvnf; cJaumufxm;jyD; udkifxm;wmaygh/
usaemf tmtdkifwD a&yef;&SdwJhae&mrSm xdkifaew,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm 0½kef;okefum; jAKef;pm;MuD;
ayghAsm/ rD;owfum;ajy;0ifvmjyD;awmh a&ydkufMuD;eJYxdk;w,fAsm/ xdk;wmvnf; usaemfwdkYausmif;
om;BuD;udkbJ xdk;aewmudk;/ usaemfvnf; tpu a&yef;em;avmuf rSmyJaewm/ aemuf udk,fvnf;
xdxm;wmqdkawmh a&yef;aemufudk ajy;wm/ enf;enf;a0;wJh ae&mudk qkwfxdkifwmaygh/
ausmif;om;awGuvnf; rcHEdkifbl;/ [muGm igwdkYcsnf;yJ xdk;aew,fuGm 'DrD;owfum;qdkjyD;
ypfuGmvdkY rD;owfum;udk ypfawmh rD;owfum;vnf; xGufajy;a&m/ t&yfom;udkawmh rypf
bl;/ t&yfom;awGuawmh tJ'DtcsdefrSm qkwfoGm;jyD;/ wzufowf xdk;wm wzufowfqdkawmh
[m 'gawmh r[kwfao;bl;qkdjyD; rD;owfum;udk pypfwmaygh/ rD;owfum;qkwfjyD; odyfrMumbl;
toHtawmf qdwfjidrfoGm;w,f/
tm;vHk; jidrfoGm;jyDqdkawmhrS cPae usm; . . qdkjyD;awmhrS ausmif;0if;xJudk ckefausmf
11
vmjyD;awmhrS ypfvnf; ypf ckefvnf;ckefvmw,fAsm/ tJ'DrSm usaemfwdkYuvnf; pypfjyD;qdkawmh
0kef;'dkif; 0kef;'dkif;qdkjyD;awmhrS usaemfwdkYvnf; ajy;&wmaygh/ ajy;&w,fqdkawmhvnf; usaemf
vnf; a[mvf (taqmif) bufudk ajy;&w,faygh/ taqmifcef; ae&mudk ajy;&w,faygh/ wcsKdU
awGu ausmif;0if;xJ jyefajy;w,f/ rdef; (yifr) taqmufttkH atmufudk jyefajy;wm/ tJ'D rdef;
taqmufttkHu olYypfrSwfyJ/ ausmif;om; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xdw,f/ yxrawmh rsuf&nf,dkAkH;
ypfw,f/ rsuf&nf,dkAkH; ypfawmh usaemfwdkYu rsuf&nf,dkAkH; rjrifzl;bl;/ azmufueJ azmufueJ us
vmawmh jrufcif;jyifay: usvmawmh usaemfwdkYu Munfh&if; Munfh&if; touf½SLvdkY r&awmhbl;/
[m bmjzpfvdkY touf½SLr&vJqdkawmh vnf;acsmifudk ydwfjyD;awmh touf½SLr&awmhbl;/ usaemf
u tJ'D rsuf&nf,dkAkH;udk ½SLrdwmudk;/
usaemfvnf; aMumuftm; vefYtm;eJY atmufxyfudk jyefajy;qif;vm jyefa&m/ tJ'DrSm q&mu
rif;wdkY tusÐukd a&pdrfaygh? tJ'gudk ESmacgif;rSm ydwfaygh/ usaemfvnf; tusÐjyefcRwfjyD;rS a&pdrf/
olajymwJhtwdkif; vkyfawmh oufomw,f/ touf½SLvdkY &vmw,f/ tJ'gjyD;awmhrSm [dk; taemuf
abmvkH;uGif;buf a&mufoGm;w,f/ tJavmuf a&mufwJhtcsdefrS aoewfoHawG NidrfoGm;w,f/
jidrfoGm;awmrS jznf;jznf;ayghav ausmif;0if;xJ jyefvmw,f/ touf½SL Munfhw,f/ touf½SLvdkY
&ao;w,faygh/ jyef0if vmawmh xdukefNyD? xd ukefNyDqdkawmh usaemf wdkY jrdKUu vlwa,muf
xdoGm;w,f/ zm;tHu
udkzkef;armf tavmif;awmh r&Sdawmh? jrwfatmifqdkwm xd
w,f/ olu trSefawmh
aoG;uGufawGudk a&aq;NyD; b,fudk tmtkdifwD ausmif;om;
oGm;ydkYxm;vnf; rodbl;/ r[kwfbl;/ ausmif;
taqmufttkHaxmifhrSm
vJaew,f/ ajcaxmufrSmu 'Pf&m ESpfcsufavmuf &Sdw,f/ ESpfzufvkH; xdw,f/ wpfcsdefxJrSm
udkpdk;Ekdifvnf; &ifbwfrSm xdaew,f? vJaew,f/ aemuf udkzkef;armf tavmif;awmh r&Sdawmh
aoG;uGufawGudk a&aq;jyD; b,fudk oGm;ydkYxm;vnf; rodbl;/ usaemfwdkY olwdkYudk &efukefaq;½kHudk
ydkYzdkYvkyfMuw,f? &ifbwfrSm xdxm;wJh udkpkd;Ekdifuawmh olvnf; touf½SLvdkY at;aq;ygyJ/ &if
bwfrSm qdkayr,fh touf½SLEkdifao;w,f/ avmavmq,f ESpfa,muf/ ESpfa,mufqdkawmh b,fol
vkyfrvJqdkawmh q&m wpfa,mufu q&mtaeeJY ulnDEkdifwm ulnDrSmaygh/
tJ'g olY rmZ'gum; tao;pm;av; ,lvmjyD;w,f/ olwdkYoGm;usr,f qdkawmh usaemfwdkY
zm;tHu u&ifjynfe,f ausmif;om;OuúXu olvnf; vdkufr,fqdkNyD; aq;½kHudk vkdufoGm;w,f/
ausmif;ayguf0udk a&mufawmh um;udk ray;xGufbl;? 'DaumifawGu ydwfxm;w,f/ vkH;0
rxGuf&qdkawmh/ tJ'DrSm um;u jyefvSnhfvmw,f/ [m . . tJ'DrSm usaemfwdkY tBuD;tus,f ayguf
uGJMuwmaygh/ aor,fhvlu aojyD/ tck'Pf&m&olu &NyD/ olwdkYypfawmh ypfjyD;awmh aq;½Hkudk
ay;roGm;bl; qdkawmh tJ'DrSm aomif;usef;Muw,f/
0kef;'dkif;? 0kef;'dkif; aomif;usef;Muawmh tJ'DrSm ygcsKyf OD;cifarmifMunf a&mufvmjyD; om;wdkY
om;wdkYaygh/ raomif;usef;MueJYaygh tJ'DrSm/ tb Munfhvkyfr,f qdkjyD;awmh ajymw,f/ tJ'DrSm
usaemfwdkYu r[kwfbl; q&m? om;vdkYvnf; rac:ygeJY/ q&mhom; jzpfr,fqdk&if q&mMunfhEkdif
12
rvm;/ aoa&;&Sifa&; jzpfaewJh vlemyJ aq;½kHrydkYeJY qdkawmh bmoabmvJaygh/ tbMunfh pDpOfr,f
qdkjyD;awmh olzkef;w,f/ aemufawmh oGm;vdkY &ygjyDwJh/
aemufwmh ausmif;om;awG pka&m/ pkMujyD;awmh uJ.. b,fvdk vkyfMurvJ/ aowJholawmh aoae-
jyD/ usaemfwdkY 0dkif;zJGYjyD; pum;ajymMuw,f/ tJ'DrSm OD;aqmifwJhol wpfa,muf &Sdw,f/ usaemfeJY
t&ifu wcef;xJaecJhbl;w,f olemrnfawmh usaemfarhaeNyD/ tjyifaqmifu/ olu usaemfhxuf
wwef;MuD;w,f/ wu,fu olu OD;aqmifjyD; usaemfwdkYudk uJ ighnDwkdY tckawmh jzpfukefjyD/
igwdkY b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ/ igwdkY nDnGwfrI r&SdvdkY &Sd&ifawmh r&bl;/ aMumufaevdkY&Sd&if r&bl;/
olu vdkufqG,fjyD; ausmif;om;awGudk pnf;&kH;w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;av;yJ olajymw,f/ igwdkY trsdK;awG
aqGrsdK;awG aow,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if owif;pmrSm aMumfjim xnfhydkifcGifh&Sdw,f/ igwdkYoli,fcsif;awG
aor,fqdkvdkY &Sd&if igwdkYrSm xnfhaMumfjimcGifh &Sdoifhw,f? &Sd&r,f 'grsdK;awGaygh/ igwdkY tJ'gudk
0rf;enf;aMumif; owif;pmxJ xnfhoifh xnfh&r,f/ tvSLtwef; vkyfydkifcGifh &Sd&r,f/ 'gudk igwdkY
vkyf&r,f/ aMumufjyD;aer,f qdkvdkY&Sd&if rjzpfbl;/ 'grsdK; olu vdkufjyD;awmh pnf;½kH;w,f/ tJ'Dnu
tpnf;a0;yJG ykHpHrsdK;ayhg pum;ajymjyD; aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ usaemfwdkY bmvkyfoifh ovJqdkjyD;awmh
olxajymw,f/
usaemfwdkY EkdifiHa&;tajccH odyfodwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ pdwf"mwf&Sdwm uawmh &Sdw,f/ raus
eyfcsuf &Sdwmuawmh &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh olYykHpHudk Munfh&wm EkdifiHa&; em;vnfykH&w,f/ olu
OD;aqmifEkdifw,fvdkY olajymw,f/ uJ usaemfwdkY bmvkyfMu&if aumif;rvJ/ tJ'Dawmh usaemf
wdkY aumfrwDzJGY&if aumif;r,f/ oabmwlovm;/ uJ . . aemufqkH;ESpfawGxJu b,folu
udk,fpm;wpfckay;/ yxrESpf b,folu udk,fpm;wpfckay;/ jyD;&if Xmetvdkufayhg udk,fpm;ay;/
aumfrwDzJGYqdkawmh usaemfwdkY zJGYMuwmayghAsm/ jyD;awmh bmawmif;qdkrvJ aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ usaemf
rSwfrdoavmuf tcsuf (5) csuf awmif;qdkw,f/
wpftcsufu tpdk;&u w&m;0if vlod&SifMum; rSm;,Gif;aMumif; wdkif;jynfudk aMujimay;&r,f/
aemuf avsmfaMu;ay;&r,f qdkwm wpfcsuf/ aemuf w&m;0if psmyetcrf;tem; vkyfay;&r,f/
jyD;&if txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkifwpfckudk pdkufxlcGifh jyK&r,fhtaMumif;? aoqkH;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;
rsm;twGuf/ jyD;&if
usaemfwdkY EdkifiHa&;tajccH odyfodwmvnf; ausmif ; om; or*¾ udk
w&m;0if zJGUpnf;ekdifcGifh
r[kwfbl;/ pdwf"gwf&Sdwmu &Sdw,f/ ay;&r,f/ ausmif;om;
rauseyfcsuf &Sdwmu &Sdw,f/ ta&;wdkY vuf&Sd jyóem
wdkYudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdkYyJ/
tJ'gyJ usaemfwdkY awmif;qdkw,f/ EkdifiHa&;t& 'DhjyifudpöawGudk bmrS rawmif;qdkygbl;/
olu bDbDpDu OD;armifarmifeJY tquftoG,f&Sdw,f/ olu armfuGef;xdef;½kH;cef;udk 0if
jyD;awmh bDbDpDowif;axmuf OD;armifarmifudk qufoG,fjyD; 'DtaMumif;ukd ajymjywmaygh/
ajymjy&if; wef;vef;eJY zkef;vdkif;u jywfoGm;w,f/ tJ'g oljyef&Sif;jyw,f/ uJ . . tckudpöudk
usaemfu bDbDpDudk qufoG,fjyD;jyD/ 'gayr,fh usaemfwdkY awmif;qdkwJh tcsufawGudk rajymjy
cif rSmyJ zkefk;vdkif;jzwfcH xdw,f/ usaemfwdkY bmqufvkyfMurvnf; qdkawmh usaemfwdkYu 'Dvdk
13
qdk awmif;qdkMu wdkufyJG0ifMur,f/ tm;vkH;oabmwlljyD; udk,fhtaqmifqDudk udk,fjyefMuw,f/
wdkufyJG0ifr,fqkdwmu jidrfcsrf;pGm usaemfwdkY wdkufyJG0ifMur,f/ tJ'DykHpHrsdK; usaemfwdkY pDrHMuw,f/
jyD;rS usaemfwdkY vlpkcJGjyD; jyeftdyfw,f/ tJ'Dn vlpkrcJGcif usqkH;oGm;wJh olawGtwGuf txdrf;trSwf
yef;acGvkyfMur,f qdkjyD;awmh yef;acGvkyfMuw,f/ jyD;awmh tJ'DrSm aoG;uGufwpfuGuf &Sdw,fAsm/
aoG;uGuf aoG;tdkifwJhae&m/ udkpdk;Edkif&JU aoG;uGufvm;? zkef;armf&JU aoG;vm;qdkwmawmh rodbl;/
tJ'DaoG;uGuf&SdwJh ae&mrSm bmvkyfvJqdkawmh aoG;uGufudk Mu,fykHpH0dkif;jyD;awmh tkwfckHMuD;wpfck
ayghAsm vkyfMuw,f/ vkyfMuwJhae&mrSm taemuf taqmufttkHrSm&SdwJh ausmufawG tkwfcJ
awG ,ljyD;awmh ,m,DayghAsm/ reufjzefusrS bdvyfajrawGeJY aumif;aumif; udkifr,fqdkjyD;awmh
usaemfwdkY vkyfw,f/ tJ'DrSm usnfqefcGHawG rsuf&nf,dkAkH; cGHawG? aoG;pawG? aoG;pGef;aewJh
tusÐawGudk xnfhjyD;awmh usaemfwdkY tav;jyKMuw,f/ tav;jyKw,f? yef;acGcsjyD;awmhrS usaemf
wdkY vlpkcJGw,f/
reufusawmh usaemfwdkYtm;vkH; a[mvf (taqmif) udk jyefywfjyD;awmhrS rdef;uav;awG
pkvmjyD;awmhrS ausmif;0if; wpfywfywfMuw,f/ usaemfwdkY pum;rajymyJ 3-4 a,muf wpfwef;?
wef;pDjyD;awmhrSm yef;acGawG udkifjyD;awmhrS usaemfwdkY ywfMuw,f/ ywfwJhtcsdefrSm q&mawGu
om;wdkY tjyifrxGufeJY/ usaemfwdkY rxGufbl;/ usaemfwdkY avmavmq,f 'DrSmyJ pDwef;vSnfhvnf
wmvnf; ausmif;0if;xJrSmyJ/ olwdkYvnf; pum;rajymbl;/ usaemfwdkYvnf; toHwdwf vrf;avQmuf
wmqdkawmh usaemfwdkYvnf; pum;rajymawmhbl;/ wpfywfywfjyD;awmh usaemfwdkYtaqmufttHk
atmuf jyef0ifvmw,f/ aoG;uGufawG&SdwJh nu usaemfwdkYvkyfxm;wJh Mu,fykHo@meftkwfckHrSm
yef;acGcsjyD; tav;jyKMuNyD;awmh usaemfwdkY vlpkcJGw,f/ reufjzef ausmif;rysufbJeJY udk,fhenf;
udk,fh[efeJY tJ'DrSm usaemfwdkY vlpkjyD;awmhrS qufvufwdkufyJG0ifzdkY tpDpOfcsw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm usaemfuvnf; t&JpGefYjyD;awmhrS tjyifaqmifudk xGufvmvdkufw,f/ usaemfu
tjyifaqmifrSm aeaewmudk;/ usaemfh oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufeJY/ aMumufvnf; aMumufeJYtJ'DrSm
vkHxdef;awG awGYw,f &yfuGufxJrSm vkHxdef;awG &Sdw,f/ ausmif;eJU enf;enf;vGef&if &SdaeMuw,f/
wkwfawG? 'dkif;awGudk tqifoihf udkifxm;Muw,f/ olwdkY vrf;ydwfvdkufw,f xifwmyJ/
tquftoG,f toGm;tvm vkH;0r&Sdbl;/
tJ'rD mS ausmif;om;MuD;awGu usaemhu f kd tJ'n
D u olwaYkd usmif;0if;xJ r0ifb;l wJ/h &yfuu G x f rJ mS yJ
yke;f aewmwJh usaemfh taqmifvmjyD;awmh ajy;zdYk ajymwmayghAsm/ usaemfu usaemfwYkd bmjzpfvv Ykd /J
usaemfwYkd jidr;f csr;f pGmqE´jy
reufjzef ausmif;rysuf udk,fhenf; r,f/ usaemfwYkd ausmif;
udk,fh[efeJY tJ'DrSm vlpkNyD;awmhrS qufvuf rysubf ;l / olu usaemfuh kd
ar;w,f/ rif; taocH&J
wdkufyJG0ifzdkY tpDtpOf csw,f/ vm;aygh/ [ .. tJ'Dvdkawmh
b,ftaocHrvJ/ tJ'gqdk
rif;awmcdk&Jvm;/ [ .. awmcdk zdkYvnf; rjzpfygbl;/ rif; ausmif;xkwfcH&Jvm;/ ausmif;xkwfvJ
rcH&Jbl;/ rif;'gqdk tzrf;cH&Jvm;/ tzrf;vnf; rcH&Jbl;/ at;'gqdk rif;ajy;&if aumif;r,fwJh/
tjyifaqmifrSL;uvnf; ajy;ayghuGm/ tajcae raumif;awmhbl;aygh/ 'geJY usaemfvnf; ukd,fhe,f
14
ukd,f jyefoGm;wmaygh/
aemufawmh vlemvkdufykdYwJh usaemfh oli,fcsif;vnf; (u&ifjynfe,f ausmif;om;OuúX)
tdrfjyefa&mufvmw,f/ olu tJ'Dnutajctaeudk &Sif;jyw,f/ aq;½kHwifjyD; aemufaeY reuf
usawmh olu tjyifxGuf vufzuf&nf aomufjyD; aq;vdyfxGuf 0,fwm/ q&m0ef vmrnfh xif
awmh oljyef0ifvmw,f/ 0ifvmwJhtcsdefrSm vlemawGudk&JawGu vlemESpfa,mufvkH;ukd oHMudK;awG
cwfxm;ukefjyD/ oluvnf; t0if &JawGudk oluawGYawmh a&Smifvdkuf&w,f/ ol aemufjyef
qkwfvdkufw,f/ aq;½Hk&JU atmufqHk; ajratmufxyfrSm tcsKyfaqmifudk olwdkYESpfa,muf pvHk;udk
ydkYvdkufw,f/ tem;rSm &SdwJhol tm;vHk;udk zrf;w,f/ 'geJUolvnf; aMumufjyD;awmhrS jyefajy; vmwm
wJh/ aemufawmh ukdpkd;Ekdif qkH;w,f Mum;&wmygbJ/ olu aumfrwDrSmygwJhtwGuf ausmif;u
txkwfcH&w,f/ usaemhf oli,fcsif; jrwfatmifukdawmh zrf;oGm;w,f/ olu ausmif;zGifhawmh
axmifu jyefvTwfvmw,f/ olYudkvnf; ausmif;wufcGifhawmh jyefay;w,f xifw,f/
aemufqHk; ajym&r,fqdk&if tJ'Dnu tjzpftysufu usaemfapmapmBuD; a&SmifaevdkYom?
ra&Smifbl;qdk&if usaemf b,furÇmudk a&mufaeNyDvnf; rodawmhyg/

15
tckqdk tESpfESpfq,f&SdNyD
udkrif;aZmf
tJ'Dwkef;u pwkw¬ESpf pufrSKtif*sifeD,m bmom&yfrSm ausmif;wufaeygw,f/ aewmuawmh
ausmif;rBuD;0if;xJu pDaqmifrSmyg/
(13) &ufaeY nu usaemfwkdYoli,fcsif;awG ausmif;a&SUu vufzuf&nfqkdifrSm pkxdkif NyD;
wkdifyifMuw,f/ vufzuf&nfqkdifrSm raeYnu (12&ufaeY) usaemfwkdY ausmif;u ausmif;om;
wa,muf t½kdufcHvkduf&wmeJY ywfoufjyD; b,fvkdwkefYjyef&if aumif;rvJvkdY 0dkif;wkdifyifMuw,f/
tJ'DtxJrSm usaemfwkdY wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if; (University Training Corp- UTC) twl wufcJhzl;wJh
oli,fcsif; 4-5 a,mufygMuwm rSwfrdw,f/ tckawmh wcsdKYu AdkvfrSL;MuD;awG jzpfaeavmuf
ygNyD/ aemuf usaemfwkdY tkyfpkESpfpk cJGw,f/ yxrwpk 10 a,muf 15 a,mufavmufu raeYu
t½dkufcHvkduf&wJh ae&mudkt&ifoGm;? aemufw
pk 10a,muf 15 a,muf avmufu 15 rdepf
avmufjcm;jyD; olwkdYaemufu vkdufoGm;zdkY ajymNyD;
oGm;Muw,f/
usaemfu 'kwd,tpkrSm ygw,f/ usaemf
wdkY [dkudk a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm vufzuf&nfqkdifudk
cJawGeJY ypfaeMujyD/ usaemfvnf; 0ifypfwmaygh
Asm/ vufzuf&nfqkdif wHcg;ydwfxm;wmudk ajc
axmufeJYawmif 0ifuefvkdufao;wm rSwfrdygh/
yxraeYn ausmif;om;wa,muf t½kdufcHvkduf
&wmudk udk,fhausmif;om;awG wa,mufajym
wa,mufeJY awmfawmfodaeMuw,f/ b,folawG
pMurvJom olYMunfhudk,fhMunfh MunfhaeMuwm/ aemufudk,fheD;pyf&m ausmif;om;tkyfpkav;awGpk
rdjyD; udk,fhausmif;om; twG,fcH&wJhae&mudk oGm;Muwm/
t"duuawmh yxraeYu ½dkufvkdufwJhaumifudk xkwfay;zkdY ajymMuwmyJ/
ausmif;om;awGu jzpfwJhae&m &yfuGufxJudk t&ifqif;vkduf oGm;MuwmAs/ tmtkdifwD
ausmif;0if;xJuae &yfuGufzufudk qif;oGm; Muw,fayghAsm/ usaemfa&mufoGm;awmh udk[if;
vrf;xJ a&mufaejyD/ tJ'DrSm yxraeYu ausmif;om;ukd ½dkufvkdufwJhvludk xkwfay;zkdY a&SUu
ausmif;om;awGu ajymaeMuw,f/ &yfuGufuvnf; rD;arSmifcsxm;w,f/ aemufrMumygbl;/
ausmif;om;wa,mufudk rD;arSmifxJu "g;eJY xGufckwfvkdufwmyJ/ tJ'DuaerS ausmif;om;awGu
&yfuGufxJuae ausmif;rBuD;&dS&m zufudk jyefqkwfvmMuwm/ &yfuGufxJuvlawGuvnf; wkwf?
"m;awGudkifjyD; vkdufvmwm rSwfrdao;w,f/
usaemfwkdYu ausmif;0if;xJuae jyefckcHMuw,f/
ausmif;om;awG &yfuGufxJu jyeftxGufavmufrSm tJ'Dvrf;ay:u or0g,rqdkif rD;avmif
16
w,fAs/ b,fol ½SKdUovnf;awmh rodbl;/ usaemfu tJ'D orqkdif rD;pavmifawmh ausmif;a&SUu
tif;pdefvrf;rBuD;ay: jyefa&mufaeNyD/
&yfuGufxJu jyefqkwfvmawmh wcsdKY tenf;i,faom ausmif;om;awG 3-4 a,mufu tif;pdef
aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf½Hkudk rD;0if½SKdUzkdY MudK;pm;Muao;w,fAs/ 0ifr&vkdYom ....
orqkdifrD;avmifaeawmh yxrqkH; rD;owfum;wpD; 0ifvmw,fAsm/ ausmif;a&SY vrf;rMuD;uae
&yfuGufxJ0ifr,fh vrf;qkHav;xdyfvnf; a&mufa&m ausmif;om;wa,mufu cJeJYxkvkduf
wm um;a&SYrSefMuD; uGJjyD; rD;owfum;vnf; aemufjyef tjrefjyefqkwf oGm;w,f/ tJ'guawmh
usaemfhtem;rSmyJ jzpfaewm/
yxru rD;owfum;awGu a&awGeJYausmif;0if;xJ jyefa&mufjyD; vlpkrcJGao;bJ atmfaeMuwJh
ausmif;om;awGudk t&ifyufwmAs/ ausmif;om;awGu rD;owfydkufeJY yufwmuawmh &Dwmaygh
bmnm atmfaeMuao;wm/ wcsdKY tenf;i,faom ausmif;om;awGu &&mcJawGeJY ypfMuw,f/
olwkdYzufuvnf; cJeJYypfw,f/ tjyeftvSef olypfudk,fypfayghAsm/
aemufrMumbl;. aoewfoHawG Mum;wmyJ/ aoewfypfawmh usaemfu ausmif;rMuD;a&SUu
tkwfwkdifMuD;awG atmuf a&mufaejyD/ ,leDazmif;0wfawG aoewfawGeJY ausmif;eH&HawGudk ausmf
0ifvmwm awGYwmeJY usaemfausmif;rMuD; atmufxJ jyefvSnfh ajy;wmaygh/
usaemf xifwmuawmh ausmif;0if;xJ a&mufvnf; a&muf &ifabmifwef; ae&m,ljyD; wef;ypfykH
&w,fAs/ aoewfa&m rsuf&nf,kdAkH;a&m ygykHyJ/ usaemfhb0rSm yxrqkH; rsuf&nf,dkAkH; t&om
cHzl; vdkufw,fayghAsm/ rsufvkH;awG t&rf;usdef;pyfjyD; rsuf&nfawG 'va[musvmwm/ awmfawmf
tcH&cufw,f/
tif; . . udkzkef;armfudkawmh rdef;ausmif;aqmifMuD; atmufu umwGef;abmufpfem; ckHwef;av;
wckay:rSm yufvufuav; vJaewm awGYw,f/ teD;uyfMunfhrdw,f/ AkdufrSm aoewfxdwm;wm
aoG;awGeJYAsm . . olYEIwfcrf;awG jymESrf;aewmyJ/
aemuf usaemfh oli,f
udkzkef;armfudkawmh rdef;ausmif;aqmifBuD; csif; aemufqkH;ESpfu udk
atmufu umwGef;abmufpfem; cHkwef;av; jrif hOD;udk aoewfxdjyD;
ausmif;om;awG qJGvm-
wckay:rSm ywfvufuav; vJaewm . . . wm jrifvkdufw,f/ jyD;
wmeJY usaemfheJY usaemfh
oli,fcsif;wa,muf ausmif;uefwif;zuf oGm;w,f/
ygarmu© wa,muf&JYom; q&m0ef&dSw,fqkdwm Mum;wmeJY oGm;ac:wm tdrfrD;awG ydwfxm;vkdY
jyefvSnfhcJh&w,f/ uefwif;u jyefvmjyD; a'goxGufxGufeJY vufeuf&Smwm qkdifwckxJu Muuf
oGefvDS;wJh "m;wacsmif;yJ &w,fAsm/ tJ'gav; udkifjyD; 'kdYausmif;om;awG ypfowfcH&jyD qkdjyD;
a'gouvnf;xGuf rsuf&nf,dkAkH;aMumifhvnf; rsuf&nfxGufeJYayghAsm . . trSwfw&ygyJ/
tckqdk tESpf20&dSjyDAs .. tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwkdY rqvacwfrSm ausmif;om;awGrSm
ausmif;om;or*¾ r&dSbl;As/ pkzJGUrSK r&dSbl;ayghAsm/ ekdifiHa&;ygwDawG r&Sdbl;Asm/ tJ'Dvkd umv rsdK;
tajctaersdK;rSm jzpfwJh ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rSK tpysdK;wkdufyJG[m Murf;wrf;rSmyJ/ ayguf uJGrSm
17
trSefyJ/ b,ft&mrS rSefwef;wus pmtkyfMuD;qefqef rjzpfay:Ekdifbl;/
udkzkef;armf Asm 'DwkdufyJG&JU yxrqkH; toufay;vSLvkdkuf&wJh ausmif;om; tmZmenf/
'gayr,fholu ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifvnf; r[kwfbl;As/ tJ'Dumvu bmtpktzJGU vkyfcGifh&dSvkdY
ausmif;om;or*¾awG ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &dS&rSmvJAsm/ olvnf; olvkdudk,fvkd omref
ausmif;om;wa,mufyJ/
tJ'DuaerS wkdufyJG vkdtyfcsuft& ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tmZmenfAdkvfzkef;armftjzpf
pHjyKwkdufyJGqufMu&wm/ olYaoG; olYtavmif;udk pHjyKjyD; wkdufyJGawG qufcJhMu&wm/ tJ'Dvkd
tajctaersdK;[m orkdif;rSm xl;jcm;csufvnf; jzpfw,f/ vkdtyfcsufvnf; jzpfw,fAs/
14 &ufaeY n 8em&DavmufrSm ausmif;rMuD;eJY taqmifoGm;wJh vrf;ay:eJY uefwif;qkdifawG
ESpfwef;Mum;rSm ausmif;om;awG pkMuw,f/ pum;ajymMuw,f/ taocHacgif;aqmif oHk;a,muf
a&G;w,fAs/ aersdK;atmifvm; wa,mufygw,f/ rEåav;om;xifw,f/ usefwJh emrnfawG rrSwfrd
awmhbl;/
aemufaeYreufrSm uGsefawmfwkdY ausmif;0if;xJrSm ywfNyD; vrf;avQmufMuw,f/ rdef;uav;aqmif
awGzuftxd tygt0if ausmif;0if;xJ pDwef;vSnfhMuw,f/ 'kdYausmif;om;awG typfowfcH&jyD
qE´jyMuzkdY vSHK haqmfMuw,f/
aemufaeYvnfzuf ausmif;aqmifrMuD; atmufrSm ckHwef;av;xkd;jyD; ausmif;om;awG ckHay:
wuf EkdifiHa&;pum;awG ajymMuw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u tck usaemfwdkY udkoH'kwfawmif w&m;wuf
a[mwJhtxJ ygao;w,f/ 'Dvlu odyfowdåaumif;w,f/
usaemfu tJ'Dwkef;u EdkifiHa&;qdk bmrS rodbl;As/ usaemfh rdbawGuvnf; taz ausmif;q&m
tar ausmif;q&mrawGavAsm/ b0udk ½dk;½dk;BuD; jzwfaeMuolawGav/
tckawmh usaemfu cifAsm;wdkY odwJh ausmif;om;olykefayghAsm/

18
rwf 13 &uf (odkYr[kwf) awmfvSefa&; rD;yGg;wpfp
udkrsKd;0if;
usaemfu tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u aemufqHk;ESpf pufrItif*sifeD,m ausmif;om;yg/ tJ'DaeU naecif;rSm
vufbuf&nfqkdifrSm xdkifaewkef; oli,fcsif; wpfOD;u raeUu jzpfysufrltay: rauseyfMu
vdkU oufqkdif&m &yfuGuf tmPmydkifrsm;xHrSm jyefvnfawmif;qdkzdkU vlpkaeMuw,f/ rdrdudkvnf;
oli,fcsif;wcsKdU vdkuf&SmaeMu w,f ajymvdkU vufbuf&nfqdkif uae taqmifudk jyefvmjzpfw,f/
taqmifrSm vlpkaewm rawGU&wmeJU wDAGD xdkifMunfhaew,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ oli,fcsif; wOD;u
&yfuGuftwGif;rSm oli,fcsif;awG ydwfrdaeNyD/ tm;vHk; t½kdufcHae&NyD 0dkif;ulMuOD;vdkY vmac:wmeJY
tcsif;jzpfyGm;&m ae&mbufudk csufcsif; xvdkufoGm; jzpfw,f/ tcsdefu n 7;30 eJY 8;00 Mum;
avmufyg/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awGu odyfr&Sdao;bl;/ &oavmuf pkNyD; vdkufMu&w,f/ ausmif;a&SU
vrf;ray: a&mufawmh ausmif;om; tcsKdUvnf; vGwfajrmuf vmMuw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ ausmif;u
wm0ef&Sdol um;wpD;
um;ay:rSm 'Pf&m&wJh olawG ygvmw,f/ &yf u G u f t wG i f ; u armif;
xGufvmw,f/ um;ay:
um;ay:uae ausmif;om;wpfOD;u rSm 'Pf&m&wJholawG yg
&yfuGuftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awG ydwfrd .. vmw,f ausmif;om;
/ um;ay:uae
wOD;u
&yfuGuftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awG ydwfrdaeNyD/ tjref oGm;u,fMuygvdkU um;ay:uae atmf
ajymoGm;w,f/ 'DtoHMum;awmh tm;vHk; aoG;qlukefNyD/ eD;&m wkwf/ tkwfcJ qGJNyD; ausmif;a&SU
vrf;qHkuae bDyDtdkif vrf;rtwdkif; &yfuGuftwGif;udk 0ifvdkufMuw,f/
&yfuGufbufrSmvnf; vltkyfpkvdkuf jzpfaeNyD/ ausmif;om;tkyfpkeJU &yfuGuftkyfpkwdkU tjyeft
vSef cJawGeJU tjyeftvSef ypfMuw,f/ cJrSefvdkU oli,fcsif;awG qufNyD; 'gPf&m& Muw,f/
'gPf&m&wJh oli,fcsif;awGudk tif;pdefaq;½kHrSm tJ'DnrSmbJ vkdufydkYay;&w,f/ aq;½kHrSm
'gPf&m&wJh ausmif;om;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; awGU&w,f/ olwdkUudk aq;½HkrSm xm;cJhNyD; ausmif;udk
jyefvmawmh vrf;awG ydwfvdkufvdkU um;r&Sdawmhbl;/ vrf;avsmuf jyefvmawmh tif;pdef bDtdkpD
auGUrSm ppfwyfu ydwfqdkY xm;vdkufNyD/ b&if;u,f&D&m um;awGvnf; ygw,f/ aq;½Hku jyefvm
wmudk tusKd;taMumif; &Sif;jyawmh ausmif;udk jyefcGifhjyKawmh jyefvmw,f/
ausmif;0if;xJa&mufawmh ausmif;a&SUrSm vHkxdrf;wyfzGJU/ rD;owfeJU wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u tif;pdef
vrf;ray:rSm ae&m,lxm;vdkufNyD/ ppfwyfuawmh ordkif;vrf;qHkeJY tif;pdef bDtdkpDauGUwdkUrSm ydwf
qdkYxm;w,f/ ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu wm0ef&Sdolrsm; tygt0if tmPmydkif tqifhqifhwdkUvnf;
a&muf&Sd aeMuw,f/
usaemfwdkY tJ'Dtcsdefu awmif;qdkwmu rw&m;rlawGtwGuf tjzpfrSef azmfxkwfay;zdkYeJY ta&;,l
ay;zkdY twGufyJ awmif;qdkcJhwm/
19
 ausmif;om;awGeJY tmPmydkifawGtMum; pwifwif;rmcJhwmu cH&wmu ausmif;om;awGjzpfNyD;
vHkxdrf;wyfzGJUu vlpkcGJ NzdKcGif;zdkU BudK;yrf;wmu rdrdwdkU bufudk jzpfaevdkU ydkNyD; aygufuGJMuw,f/
vlpkcGJay;zdkY pwifawmif;qdkw,f/ r&awmh rD;owfydkufeJY xdk;NyD; vlpkcGJw,f/
aemufawmh rD;owfydkufeJU vlpkcGJvdk&r&awmh rsuf&nf,kdAHk;eJU ypfNyD;vlpkcGJw,f/ wNydKifeuf
wnf;rSm vHkxdef;wyfzGJUu ajymif;acsmaoewfeJU twGif;udk vSrf;ypfNyD; ausmif;0if;eH&Hudk ausmf0if
vmMuw,f/ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufwm jzpfw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm usaemfu a&yef;t0dkif;tem;rSm &Sdaew,f/ zkef;armfu rdrdwdkUa&SU jrufcif;jyifxJrSm
jzpfw,f/ olu ausmif;0if;xJ ausmf0ifvmwJh vHkxdef;wyfzGJUeJU xdyfwdkuf wdk;oGm;wm jzpfw,f/
rsuf&nf,dk "gwf
cH&wmu ausmif;om;awG jzpfNyD; aiGUawG &Sif;awmh pdk;Ekdif
vHkxdrf;wyfzJGUu vlpkcJGNzdKcGif;zdkY udk o,fvmwJh um;eJU
ausmif;aqmifudk jyef
BudK;yrf;wmu rdrdwdkYbufudk jzpfaevdkY . . . vmw,f/ vlemum;udk
tjyif x G u f c G i f h r ay;vd k U
atmf[pf awmif;qdkMu&ao;w,f/ tJ'Dum;eJU oli,fcsif;&SdwJh tif;pdefaq;½Hkudk ypönf;ydkUzdkUvdkuf
oGm;rvdkUbJ/ vdkufcGifhr&wm usaemf uHaumif;oGm;w,f/ q&mtygt0iftm;vHk; tzrf;cHvdkuf
&w,f/
aemufawmh zkef;armftavmif;udk cPxm;pOfu usef&pfcJhwJh aoG;uGufpGef;aewJh ausmif;aqmif
(1) &JU atmufrSm *ludk nwGif;csif; vkyfw,f/ eH&HuyfpmapmifawG vkyfw,f/ tjzpfrSef azmfxkwf
Edkifa&;twGuf qufvuf wkdufyGJ0ifzdkU aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ wnvHk; rtdyfbJ vkyfMuw,f/ vHkjcHKa&;
wyfzGJUawGu ausmif;aqmifa&SU vrf;wzufjcrf; rsufcif;jyifrSm ae&m,lxm;Muw,f/ *dwfayguf
awG tm;vHk; ydwfqdkUxm;w,f/ usaemf xifwm tJ'DnrSm aumfrwD rzGJUjzpfbl;xifw,f/ rsuf-
jrif awGu &Sif;vif;wifjywmawGbJ &SdcJhw,f/ tjcm; 'Pf&m&wJholawG rSwfrdoavmuf pdk;Edkif
(aq;½Hkay:rSm aoqHk;w,f)? jrifhOD; (>yefwef qm)/ tjcm;olawGvnf; &Sdao;w,f/
tJ'DaeYn tjzpftysuftwGuf rSwfcsufay;&&if olwdkYvkyfwm vlpkcGJ,Hk oufouf r[kwfbJ
pufwifbm aiGpuúL ta&;tcif;aMumifh wrifwum zdESdyfw,fvdkU cH,lw,f/ trSwf&wmuawmh
rsuf&nf,dkAHk;aMumifh acG;ajy;0ufajy; ajy;&wmeJU rsufvHk;rzGifhEdkifvdkU &rf;orf;NyD; abmfvHk;uGif;udk
jzwfajy;awmh *dk;wdkifydkufxJ 0ifwdk;NyD; vdrfhaewmbJ/
aemufwpfaeY (14 &uf) eHeufapmapm (6;00) rSm zkef;armfusqHk;rltwGuf ausmif;0if;wGif;rSm
pDwef; vSnfhvnf qE´jyMuw,f/ q&mawGu tjyif xGufcGifhray;bl;/ vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJUawG uawmh
ausmif;wGif;uae jyefqkwfxm;w,f/ vrf;awGawmh ydwfxm;qJjzpfw,f/ aemuf tjzpfrSefay:
aygufa&;twGuf qufvuf aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ jrefrmhtoHuae &yfuGufeJY ckdufjyefjzpfyGm;vdkY
zkef;armf aoqHk;&w,fvdkU aMunmoGm;w,f/
n bDbDpD owif;uvnf; 'Dtwkdif;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dowif;awGaMumifh vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJU&JU aoewf
'gPf&meJU ao&w,f qdkwmudk tjzpfrSef ay:xGufa&;twGuf ygcsKyf OD;cifatmifMunfqDrSm pkNyD;
ta&;qdkMuw,f/ olvnf; tjzpfrSefodayrJh bmrSrvkyfay;Edkifbl; ajymw,f/
20
 'Dawmh udk,fhbmomudk,f qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifzdkU twGuf uif;wif;efta&SUrSm jyefpkMuw,f/
a[majymyGJawG vkyfw,f/ wAdkvfus wAdkvfwuf pepfeJU wdkufyGJ0ifzdkU qHk;jzwfMuw,f/ OD;aqmifa
[majymolawGudkawmh rrSwfrdawmhbl;/
aemuf wpf&uf 15 &ufrSm um;vrf; jyefzGifhay;w,f/ armfuGef;xdrf; OD;Adkvfav;u aoewf
'gPf&meJU aowmjzpfaMumif; vufrSwf a&;xdk;ay;w,f/ 'Dpmudk rsm;rsm;ul;NyD; wjcm;wuúodkvfawG
qDudk qufydkYMuw,f/ zkef;armftwGuf tvSLvkyfzdkUtwGuf psmyemaumfrwD zGJUjzpfw,f/ tJ'DrSm
yg0ifjzpfw,f/
um;vrf; zGifhvdkufawmh ordkif;taqmifu ausmif;om;awGeJU wjcm;ausmif;u vmMuw,f/
*ljyKvkyfxm;wJh ae&mrSm tvSLyGJtwGuf aiGtvSLcHw,f/ rSwfrdao;w,f/ yvyfpwpfyHk;eJU usaemf
udk,fwkdif tvSLcHwm/ tjynfh&w,f/
pmawGvnf; tjyifudk jyefUukefNyD; tajctaeawGu qufvuf qdk;vmawmh ausmif;om;awmf
awmfrsm;rsm;u ausmif;0if;twGif;uae tjyifudk xGufcGmoGm;Muw,f/
tJ'DaeY (11-12)em&Davmuf (rrSwfrdawmhbl;) rSm vrf;awGjyefydwfNyD; ausmif;a&SUrSm ppfwyf
u jyefNyD; ae&mvm,lw,f/ ausmif;0if; ywfywfvnfudk xGufaygufr&Sd ydwfqdkU xm;vdkufw,f/
½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpfNyD; *l&SdwJhae&muae ausmif;aemufzufudk xGufajy;Mu&w,f/ rSwfrdwmu usaemfh
vufxJrSm tvSLcHaiGyHk;
ausmif;0if;ywfywfvnfrSm xGufayguf r&Sd ygvmw,f/ aiGawmhra&
ydwfqdkYxm;vdkufw,f/ ½kwf½kyfoJoJjzpfNyD; wG uf&ao;bl;/ xrif;
oGm;pm;zdkUtwGuf oli,f
*l&SdwJhae&muae ausmif;aemufzufudk . . . csif;wOD;udk aiGyHk;vTJ
ay;vdkufw,f/ aemufrS
od&wmu olu 'DaiGyHk;udk a&ajrmif;xJrSm 0Sufxm;cJh&w,f ajymw,f/
ppfwyfu ausmif;0if;twGif; 0ifpD;EdkifzdkU jyifqifaeNyD/ bmqufvkyfMu rvJvdkU usef&pfolawG
wdkifyifMuw,f/ vlpkuGJoGm;,if wOD;csif; tzrf;cH&,if aysmufrSm pdk;&drfNyD; tm;vHk;twGif;rSmbJ
tzrf;cHzdkY jzpfw,f/
nae 3 em&D avmufrSm [D;Edk;um;BuD;awG qufvmw,f/ avmfpyDumeJY um;vmNyD; ausmif;0if;
twGif;uae jyefvnf rckcHzdkY atmfw,f/
rdrdwdkYvnf; xGufaygufr&Sd tm;vHk; ydwfrdaew,f/ q&mawGuvnf; ppfwyf 0ifpD;awmhr,fqdkwm
odw,f/ q&mwcsKdU twGif;u ausmif;om;awGudk u,fxkwfEkdifzdkU twGuf pDpOfay;w,f/
r&rf;ukef;zufuae q&mawGu t&yfom;wOD;udk ausmif;tkwfeH&Hudk ausmf0ifcdkif;NyD; rdrdwdkYudk
vmac:cdkif;w,f/ rdrdwdkYvnf; pdwfcs&wmeJU vdkufoGm;jzpfw,f/ nae 3 em&D ausmfNyD/ tkwfeH&H
ausmfNyD;wmeJU ordkif;0if;txd qufwdkuf ajy;Mu&w,f/ &yfuGuftwGif;rSm ae&mtvdkuf vrf;jy
pDpOfay;xm;w,f/
wu,fawmh 13 &ufn rwdkifrDuwnf;u ausmif;rSm EkdifiHa&;vlyf&Sm;rlawG &SdcJhw,f/ 1987
rSm ausmif;om;wpfOD;eJU tif;pdefpmwdkufrSm aiGxkwf&if;eJU jyóemjzpfcJhw,f/ olu usaemf wdkU
oli,fcsif; tkyfpkxJu jzpfw,f/ olUudk owday;cH&w,f/ 'Dtay:rSm olUudkausmif;xkwf cH&NyDvdkU
21
usaemfwdkY oli,fcsif;xJu wOD;u owif;vGifhNyD; rauseyfvdkU ygcsKyfqDrSm pkaygif;awmif;qdk
Mur,fvdkY jzpfvmw,f/ trSefwu,f ausmif;vnf;xkwfcH&wmr[kwfawmh rvkyfoifh aMumif;olUudk
jyefaqG;aEG;&w,f/ bmjzpfvdkUvJ qdkawmh ausmif;om;xk vkdufygEkdifrl enf;rSmpdk;vdkU jzpfw,f/
olU&JUtaMumif;jycsufu rqv pepfatmufrSm pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&; tajctaeawG qdk;0g;aeNyD/
'gudkvnf; rqv ta&;ay: A[dkaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rSm OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif rqv pD;yGm;a&;ay:
vpDudk ajymif;oifh&if ajymif;&r,fvdkU ajymaeNyD/ 'Dtajctaeudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; pwifvlyf&Sm;zdkU
aqG;aEG;w,f/ ausmif;xkwfw,f qdkwm jzpf&yfrSef r[kwfwJhtwGuf rvkyfoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;NyD;
&yfcdkif;cJh&w,f/
pufwifbm aiGta&;tcif;ay:awmh 'gudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; olu qufvkyfjzpfw,f/ tJ'DaeY
rSmbJ yxr ausmif;om;xk&JU qHk;oGm;wJhaiGawG jyef&zdkU &efukefwuúodkvfeJU pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfrSm
aumfrwD zGJUxm;NyD;NyD/ pufrlwuúodkvfrSmvnf; aumfrwD zGJUEdkifzdkUtwGuf ausmif;aqmif (1)rSm
pkpnf;Mur,fvdkU pmuyfw,f/ arsmfvifhxm;wJhtwdkif; vlpkjzpfw,f/ olu vlpkrdatmifzefwD;wm
bJ jzpfw,f/ tJ'DrSm pkaygif; aqG;aEG;NyD; ausmif;u wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk aqG;aEG;w,f/ aiGjyef
ay;zdkU/ pmar;yGJ&ufa&GUay;zdkY awmif;qdkw,f/ ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu vufrcHbl;/ 'DtwGuf
ausmif;a&SU vrf;ay:xGufNyD; qE´jyMuw,f/ wcsKdU orkdif;0if;twGif; qufvuf csDwufw,f/
ordkif;vrf;qHkrSm tydwfcH&NyD; ausmif;udk jyefvm&w,f/ ausmif;a&SUrSmyJ qufawmif;qdkMuw,f/
rdk;vif;wmeJU ausmif;ydwfcHvdkuf&w,f/
'DZifbmrSm ausmif;jyefzGifhNyD; pmar;yGJ qufajz&w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;or*¾ zGJUpnf;a&;
vlyf&Sm;rlawG &SdvmNyD/ &efukefwuúodkvfeJU rEÅav;wuúodkvfrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD;aMumif; xkwfjyefcsuf
awGudk pmwdkufuae wqifh emrnf? tcef;eHygwf tvdkuf ay;ydkY vmw,f/ 'Dwkef;u usaemfvnf;
&w,f/ 'DumvtwGif; trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUrSm jyefvnf vlyf&Sm;zdkU qufpDpOfMuw,f/ vlpkrd zdkU
taMumif;t&if;udk pwifzefwD;zdkU jzpfw,f/ trSefwu,f vkyfjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh q&mawGu BudK-
wif owif;&NyD; ajy;vrf;awGrSm vHk;0ydwfqdkUxm;NyD; rif;wdkUtMuHodw,f/ vlpkcGJygqdkvdkU a&ma,mif
ygvmwJholawG vlpkuGJw,f/ tjyifuvlawG r0ifEkdifatmifvnf; ydwfqdkUoGm;vdkU r0ifvmEdkifbl;/
tpDtpOfysufw,f/ pmar;yGJajzNyD; aemufqHk;nrSmbJ rD;ydwf atmf[pfNyD; qE´jyjzpfw,f/
ausmif;rSm aygufuGJapwJh aemufwcsufu vrf;pOfvli,f acgif;aqmifrloifwef; vmzGifhwJh udpö
jzpfw,f/ yHkrSef &efukefwuúodkvfrSmbJ vkyfNyD 'DESpf pufrlrSm vmvkyfzdkU jyifqifw,f/ taqmif?
ausmif;? vrf;? jrufcif;? tdrfom? a&csKd;cef; tukefjyifw,f/ tqdk;qHk;u pm;aomufaqmifu
pm;yGJxdk;awGudk aq;ppfw,f/ aq;atmifrSm qufvkyf cdkif;r,faygh/ tJ'DrSm rlv&SdaewJh igwdkUu
bmaumifawGvJ/ bmaMumifh *½krpdkufwmvJ qdkNyD; rqv tay: aygufuGJMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh
pmar;yGJajzNyD; aemufqHk;nrSm topfvmvJxm;wJh rSefawG Edkifoavmuf cGJypfMuw,f/
tJ'D EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;aemufrSm rwfvta&;tcif; jzpfvmwmyJ/ rodoltrsm;pku (puf
rIausmif;om; tygt0if) vufzuf&nfqdkifudpöudkbJ tav;xm; ajymaeMuw,f/ aemufcH EdkifiH
a&;vlyf&Sm;rludk rod&SdMubl;/ usaemfvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefu pepfraumif;bl;/ ajymif;vJzdkUvkdNyDqdkwm
bJ odw,f/ trSeftwdkif;0efcH&&if EkdifiHa&;t& odyfrodygbl;/ oli,fcsif;eJY twl vlyf&Sm;rlrSm
ygNyD; odcJhwmbJ jzpfw,f/
22
 ½kyfyHkvTm vGwfajrmufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyJGrsm;wGif
usqHk;cJhMuaom ol&Jaumif; rSwfwrf;tcsKdU
Adkvfatmifausmf
(1939 ck? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeh? aeYvnf 1;30 wGif usqHk;onf/)
wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf qifEJTaepOf? 1938 ckESpf?
'DZifbm (20) &ufaeY? eHeufapmapmrSm &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾
taqmuftODa&SUü ausmif;om;rsm; pk½Hk;a&muf&Sd aeygw,f/
bwfpfum; (26) pD;vnf; w-u-o taqmuftOD a½SUrSm
a&mufESifhaeygw,f/ tpdk;&&JU yk'fr (144) udk tmcHzDqefr,fh
or*¾acgif;aqmifrsm;&JU tpDtpOfudk ausmif;om;rsm; rod
Muao;ygbl;/ udkvSa&Tu ]]&JabmfwdkY cifAsm;wdkU rsufESmawG
jrif&wm ZmwdaoG;? ZmwdrmefawG vQHwufaew,f? 'Du
aeU ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qdk&if axmifusus? puf
aoewfeJY ypfypf? aemufqHk;touf aoao? pGefYr,fqdkwJh cdkif
rmwJh &J&Jawmuf oHEéd|mefcsxm; NyDqdkwm usaemf,HkMunfw,f/
'DaeY ajcvSrf;usJusJeJY tmPm zDqef&r,f? vufeufqdk bmwpf
ckrQ roHk;&bl;? tyfwdkwpfacsmif;awmif r,lcJhMueJY}} [k ausmif;om;xkBuD;udk rdefYcGef;ajymvdkufwJh
tcg ausmif;om;xkBuD;vnf; ]]oGm;r,f? oGm;r,f? ckoGm;r,f}} [k pdwftm;wufMuGpGmeJY atmf[pf
a<u;aMumfvdkufMuw,f/
&Spfaxmifausmfavmuf&SdwJh ausmif;om;xkBuD;[m NrdKUxJodkY csDwufoGm;cJhMuw,f/
b,fae&mudk OD;wnfoGm;aew,f qdkwmudk or*¾trSLaqmifrsm;uvGJ&if b,foludkrS tod
ay;rxm;cJhbl;/ ausmif;om;rsm;[m tpdk;&twGif;0ef½Hk;udk 0dkif;&HcJhMuw,f/ ½Hk;BuD;twGif;odkY
t0iftxGuf vHk;0r&Sdatmif ydwfqdkYxm;vdkufMuw,f/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&vnf; b,fvdkudkifwG,f&rSef;
rodyJ? &,fzG,fvdvd jzpfcJh&w,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;[m ]rD;wkwf? rD;wkwf? ½IdU ½IdU} ]ocifrsKd;a[h
'dkYArm} ]ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap} [k aMuG;aMumfcJhMuw,f/
ykvdyfrif;MuD;u trdefYay;vdkufonfESifh wpfjydKifeuf a*:&m ykvdyftcsKdUu ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
rsm;udk ajcaxmufuae w&Gwfwdkuf qJGac:jcif;? ppfzdeyfjzifh aqmifhuefjcif;? wufeif;jcif; po
jzifh &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;cJhvdkY ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; 'gPf&mtemw& jzpfcJhMu&w,f/
pdwfqdk;a'goxGufvmMuwJh ausmif;om;xkMuD;udk ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;u tMurf;rzufzdkY?
onf;cHMuzdkY owday;cJhvdkY tMurf;rzufyJ jidrf;csrf;pGm qufvuf qE´jycJhMuw,f/
eHeuf 10 em&DcefYrSm jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; xyfrHa&muf&SdvmjyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk 0ef;&Hxm;cJhw,f/
eHeuf 11 em&DwGif ta&;ydkifOD;bdk;p a&mufvmNyD; ykvdrfrsm;? ppfykvdyfrsm;? jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;tm;
em&D0uftwGif; jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;oGm;cJhw,f/ rdbjynfolrsm; 0ef;&Ha&muf&SdvmjyD; tpm;tpmrsm;?

23
aomufa&rsm; axmufyhHay;cJhMuw,f/
xkdYaemuf &efukefwuúodkvfodkY jyefvnfxGufcGg&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMuNyD; twGif;0ef;½kH;rS ausmif;om;
rsm; jyefvnfxGufcGgvmpOf vrf;ü ykvdyfwyfrsm;u xyfrHydwfqdkYcJhw,f/ ykvdyfrsm;u a&SUqufoGm;
cGifh rjyKojzifh wif;rmrIrsm; jrifhwufvmum? ausmif;om;rsm;u ykvdyfrsm;tm; jzwfausmfzdkY MudK;
pm;pOf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ab;rSm&SdaewJh rdbjynfolrsm;udkyg ykvdyfrsm;u eHywfwkwfrsm;jzifh
tMurf;zuf ½dkufeSufcJhMuw,f/ 'Dvdk tMurf;zuf ESdrfeif;rIaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; vJjydKukef
um udkatmifausmftygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;wdkY tjyif;txef 'gPf&m&&SdcJhMuw,f/
xGufajy;olrsm;udk ykvdyfu twif;vdkufvH ½dkufESufcJhMuw,f/ acgif;udk eHygwfwkwfjzifh t½dkufcHcJh
&wJh udkatmifausmf[m 'D'gPf&meJYyJ aoqHk;cJh&w,f/ udkatmifausmf aoqHk;jyD;aemuf ¤if;tm;
Adkvfatmifausmf[k *kPfjyKac:a0:cJhMuw,f/
Adkvfatmifausmf[m Armhordkif;rSm ykvdyfvufcsufjzihf yxrOD;qHk; usqHk;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmif wpfOD;yJ jzpfygw,f/

[,f&Dwef
(1956 ck? rwfv 22 &ufaehwGif usqHk;onf/ 16 ESpf? pdefhaygausmif;)
1956 ckESpfrSm owårwef; tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJwGif av;bmom ajzqdkjyD;aemuf pmar;yJGar;cGef;
aygufMum;rI jzpfay:cJhw,f/ Armowif;pm wpfapmifjzpfwJh ]Armhacwf} owif;pmü pmar;yGJar;cGef;
wpfpHkudk yHkESdyfaz:jycJhayr,fh tpdk;&u rnfodkYrQ ta&;r,lcJhyJ rwfv 22 aeYusrS owif;pmxJrSm
pmar;yJG ar;cGef;ygvmvdkY[k taMumif;jyum pmar;yGJudk vHk;0y,fzsuf vdkufaMumif; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u
aMujimcJhygw,f/
'Dowif;Mum;awmh wpfESpfvHk; MudK;pm;cJh&orQ tv[ó jzpfcJh&ojzifh ausmif;om;awG
idkidk,dk,dk jzpfukefum ynmrif;MuD;½Hk;odkY csDwufqE´jycJhMuw,f/ xkdaemuf ykvdyfrsm;u BudK
wiftumtuG,f ay;xm;ESifhonfh Armhacwf owif;pmwkdufodkY csDwufcJhMuw,f/ owif;pmwkduf
odkU ta&SUydkif;w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifonf ykvdyfrsm;eSifh a&muf&Sdvmovkd or*¾acgif;aqmif
rsm;vnf; tcsdefrD a&muf&SdvmMuum tMurf;rzufzdkY? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 12 ESpf? 13 ESpft&G,f
uav;rsm;omjzpfjyD; rdrdwdkY xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyfMuzdkY ESpfzufnd§EdIif;cJhMu&m w&m;olBuD;
bufrS oabmwlnDcJhNyD;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfcwf&ef ykvdyfwyfudk trdefYay;cJhw,f/ or*¾
acgif;aqmifrsm;u rypfzkdY tBudrfBudrf arwåm&yfcHaeonfh Mum;u ypfcwfcJhMuojzifh ausmif;om;
[,f&Dwef aoqHk;cJh&w,f/
'g[m ygvDreftpdk;&u yxrqHk;tBudrf ausmif;om;wpfOD;udk owfjzwfcJhjcif;yJ jzpfyg
w,f/ 'Dudpöudk pHkprf;ppfaq;rSKrsm; vkyfay;zdkY ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? &efukef
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pwJhor*¾rsm;rS awmif;qdkcJhMuw,f/ 1956 rwfv 23 &ufaeYrSm
'Dudpöudk pHkprf;az:xkwfzdkY aumfrwDwpfckudk tpdk;&u zGJUpnf;ay;cJhw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ raus
eyfrIudk avsmhusapzdkY OD;Ektpdk;&u ckESpfwef; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk pmar;yGJ tatmifay;cJhygw,f/
Armhorkdif;rSm [,f&Dwefta&;tcif;[m vlodtifrwefrsm;wJh ta&;tcif;wpfck jzpfygw,f/
24
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;
(ZGefv 26 &uf? 1976 wGif usqHk;cJhonf/)
]&Jabmfwdkh olwdkh ighudk vlrodolrod
okwfoifcJUMuw,f/
'if;wdkh&JY ppfzdeyfatmufrSm igb,fawmUrS 'l;axmuf
tnHUrcHbl;/}
wifarmifOD;
Zefe0g&Dv 3 &uf? 1974 ck &efukefwuúodkvf csif;pma
yESifh,Ofaus;rIaumfrwD aqG;aEG;yGJwGif pnfvHk;nDñGwf&SdzdkY
ta&;BuD;aMumif; rdefYcGef;wpfck olajymcJhw,f/ tJ'Daemuf csif;
pmayESifh,Ofaus;rI aumfrwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udk wnDwñGwfwnf; cefYtyfcJhw,f/
Zefe0g&D 3 &uf? 1974 ck qdk&S,fvpftajccHOya'
tydk'f(9) jy|mef; aMunmNyD; (6) vtMum 'DOya'udk pdefac:vdkufwJh taxGaxGtvkyform;oydwf
jzpfyGm;cJhw,f/ ppfwyfu ypfcwfESdrfeif;vdkY 'DoydwfrSm tvkyform;eJY ausmif;om; (7)OD;
usqHk;cJh&w,f/
e,l;a,mufrSm jrefrmedkifiHom; ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oefYuG,fvGefNyD; uG,fvGefol\
aemufqHk;qE´t& MuGif;usef&pfaom ½kyfuvmyfudk &efukefrSm oN*KØ[fjrKyfESHzdkY jyefo,fvmcJhw,f/
OD;oefYta&;tcif; ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrSm qvdkif;wifarmifOD; OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhw,f/
'DZifbm 5 &uf? 1974 ck OD;oefYpsmyeudk *kPfjyKzdkY &meJYcsDwJh ausmif;om;awG usdKuúqH
tm;upm;uGif;udk csDwufcJhw,f/ oHCmawmf trsm;tjym;vnf;yg0ifcJhw,f/ OD;oefY psmyeudk
ausmif;om;xku usif;yrnf jzpfNyD; EdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;ESifh wuG armfuGef;Adrmef wpfckwnf
aqmufzdkY udkMunf0if;? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;eJY ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; aMunmcJhw,f/
OD;oefYta&;tcif; tNyD; qvdkif;wif;armifOD; ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIudk ul;ajymif;cJhw,f/ ajr
atmuf ausmif;om;or*¾udk wnfaxmifNyD; yD'DyD (ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD) vGwfajrmufe,fajrrSm
ppfynm oif,lcJhw,f/tJ'Daemuf &efukefudk jyefta&mufrSm qvdkif;wifarmifOD; tzrf;cH&NyD; BudK;
ay;uGyfrsufcH&w,f/
ZGefv 26 &uf? 1976 ckwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udk tif;pdefaxmifrSm
BudK;ay; uGyfrsufcJhw,f/ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm tmPm&Siftpdk;&\ BudK;ay;cH&aom wOD;wnf;
aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tmZmenf jzpfonff/
(Source: www.chinforum.org/PUBS/TMOEng.pdf)

25
0if;armfOD;
(9 wef;? vom -2? 16 ESpf? 1988 ck? pufwifbmv 19 &uf? nae
5;35 em&DwGif usqHk;cJhonf/)

0if;armfOD;[m 1988 ckESpf ausmif;om;qE´jyyGJrSm ppfwyfuypfowfcJhwJh txufwef;

ausmif;olwpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ 1988 ck pufwifbm (18) &uf ppftmPm odrf;NyD;aemuf
&efukefrSm &meJYcsD ypfowfcHcJh&olawGxJu wpfOD;yg/ aq;½Hku w,fvDzkef; vSrf;qufw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdeftxd oltouf&Sdaeao;w,fvdkY olr&JU zcifjzpfol OD;0if;MuLu olYorD;&JU tjzpfqdk;udk
jyefvnf ajymjycJhygw,f/ zat? rat&JU emrnf? tdrfvdyfpm? zkefeHygwfawGtm;vHk; olu
ajymjyoGm;cJhao;w,f/ cGJpdwfukolrIrsm; jyKvkyfjyD;aemuf &efukefaq;½HkBuD; ta&;ay:tcef;rSm
orD;udk wifxm;wmyg/ orD;uawmh owdvpfarharsmaecJhygjyD/ olY&JU cE¨mudk,fudk q&m0efxHuae
usaemf jyef,lvmcJhygw,f/ olbmaMumifh aoqHk;&wJhtaMumif;udk ar;awmh cRefxufwJh
'gPf&m'gPfcsufrsm; aMumifhvdkYyJ q&m0efu tajzay;w,f/ olY&JU toufrJhaewJh tavmif;udkyJ
uRefawmf jyefo,fvm EdkifcJhygw,f/ (24) em&DtwGif; oN*KØ[f&r,fvdkY usaemf udk . . . . u
ajymw,f/ olrudk EdkifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rIawGeJY rywfouf? ryg0ifcJhygbl;vdkYvnf; usaemfu 0efcHuwd
vufrSwf xdk;cJh&ygao;w,f/ oN*KØ[fawmh armifav;awG? nDrav;awGawmif olwdkY&JU trMuD;udk
awGUcGifh r&cJhbl;/ olr&JU tokbtcrf;tem;rSm vlESpfq,fhig;a,mufawmif rjynfhcJhbl;/ 'Dvdk
aomhawGydwfxm;NyD; tqD;twm;awG vkyfxm;wJh ae&mrSm olYaemufqHk;c&D;udk vkyf&awmh usKyf
wdkYbmrsm; wufEdkifrSmvnf;av/}}
]]orD;BuD;udk aeYwdkif;owd&aewkef;yJ? usr orD;BuD; atmf[pfa<u;aMumfcJhovdkrsKd; uaeY
usr aMuG;aMumfcsiff aew,f/}} vdkY 0if;armfOD;&JU tar a':cifaX;aX;0if;u ajymjyygw,f/ ]]rdk;ay:udk
axmifypfw,fvdkY olwdkYu ajymw,f/ olwdkY taotcsm csdefypfcJhwmyg/ 'gaMumifh uRefrorD;BuD;
ao&wmaygh/ usr orD;uwdkif;jynftwGuf pGefYvTwftepfemcHcJhw,f? aemufqHk; wdkif;jynftwGuf
toufay;cJhw,f/ 'g[m usr&ifxJu vmwJhpum;yg/}}
http://www.hamarashakespeare.com/personalities.html/ dvb.no

26
oufydkifpdk;
(16 ESpf? teft,f'D? pufwifbm 27 &uf? 2007 ckwGif usqHk;onf/)

oufykdifpdk;ac: ukvm;BuD;onf bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifaom a&T0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;wGif

wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhonf/ a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; 10 &ufjynfhaomaeUwGif oufykdifpkd;onf a':atmif
qef;pkMunf vGwfajrmufygap[laom wD&Syfukd0wfí tjcm;olrsm;ESihftwl csDwufqE´jycJhonf/
olwkdU wmarGtxu (3) ta&SUokdU a&mufaomtcgwGif wyfr 66 rS tMurf;zufESdrfESif;chJonf/
tusdK;quftm;jzifh oufykdifpkd; aoewfxdrSefí ae&mwGifyif yGJjcif;jyD; aoqkH;cJhonf/ oltavmif;
tm; qGJoGm;cJhjyD; oltdwfxJrS ykdufqHrsm;ukd ,loGm;cJhonf/
oufydkifpkd;onf a':ykHNrdKUwGifaexkdifol tz OD;jrifh0if; trd a':at;NyKH;wdkU\ti,fqkH;om;jzpfjyD;
towfcH&csdefwGif touf 15 ESpfESifhav;vom &Sdao;onf/ olonf a':ykHjrdKUe,f txu (1)wGif
pmoifMum;cJhjyD; rdom;pk pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaMumifh ausmif;xGufcJh&ol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf
a':yHk teft,fvf'D vli,ftzGJ0ifwOD;tjzpf wuf<upGm yg0ifcJholwOD; jzpfonf/
(tm½Hkopfpmapmif - 2008 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf? pm-9)

27
udkudk0if;
(21 ESpf? atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf? 2007 wGif usqHk;onf/)
ukdukd0if; (21) ESpfonf tb OD;aX;OD;ESihf trd a':0if;0if;
wkdY\ om;tBuD;qkH;jzpfjyD; &efukefjrdKU? awmifOuúvmywGif
aexkdifoljzpfonf/
olonf a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif; bkef;awmf
BuD;rsm;ESifh wuf<upGm yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf/ pufwifbm 27
&ufwGif vkHxdef;rsm;u a&Twd*kHajc&if;wGif qE´jyrItm; tMurf;
zufESdrfESif;rIaMumihf OD;acgif;? yckH;ESifh &ifbwfwGif jyif;xefpGm
'Pf&m&&SdcJhonf/
oltm;eD;pyf&m aq;cef;wGif pufwifbm 30 &ufrS atmuf
wkdbm 14 aq;ukorIay;cJhaomfvnf; oltajcaerSm wkd;wuf
aumif;rGefvmrIr&Sdyg/ xkdaemufolUtm; oCFef;uRef;aq;½kHokdY
wifykdUí aq;ukorI cH,lcJhaomfvnf; aemufwGif olU OD;acgif;
wGif &&Sdaom'Pf&mjzifh Ekd0ifbm (27) &ufaeh wGif aoqkH;cJhonf/
jrefrmjynf b,fawmhrsm;rS vGwfvyfrI &ygrnfenf;? tckcsdefxdawmh ukdukd0if;vkd vlrsm;
'Drkdua&pDa&;? vlUtcGifha&; vGwfvyfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf toufrsm;pGm ay;&OD;rnfrSm
a&SmifvGJr&Ekdifaom jzpfpOfwckuJhodkU jzpfaeonf/
(tm½Hkopfpmapmif - 2008 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf? pm-9)

'Dteufa&mif zJpav;u 0rf;enf;rItwGuf

oauFwyg/ 'DzJjym;av;udk qJAif;Zlvdkif
jzpfyGm;NyD;awmU
wpfESpfajrmufwJh 1963 ckESpfu
tcrf;tem;rSm toHk;jyKcJhwmyg/

teufa&mif zJpjzifU
*kPjf yKay;Muyg/