Accidents: Undesired act

1. Direct Cost 2. Indirect Cost

Four parts of the structure of an accident 1. Contributing causes 2. Immediate causes 3. Accident 4. Results of an accident

1. Contributing causes
a. Supervisory Safety Programme i. Safety instructions inade uate ii. Safety rules nor enforced iii. Safety not !laned as !art of "ob i#. $a%ard not corrected #. Safety de#ices not !ro#ided b. Mental Condition of Person i. &ac' of safety a(areness ii. &ac' of coordination iii. Im!ro!er attitude i#. )em!eramental #. ner#ous

c. Physical Condition of Person i. *+treme fatigue ii. Deaf iii. ,oor eyesig-t i#. ,-ysically inade uate for "ob #. $eart condition #i. Cri!!led

2. Immediate causes
a. nsafe Act
i. ,,*s !ro#ide but not used ii. $a%ardous met-od of -andling .(rong lifting/ loose gri! etc0 iii. Im!ro!er tool used alt-oug- !ro!er tools a#ailable i#. $a%ardous mo#ement .running/ "um!ing/ ste!!ing u!/ t-ro(ing etc0 #. -orse!lay

b.

nsafe Conditions
i. Ineffecti#e safety de#ices ii. 1o safety de#ice used iii. $a%ardous -ouse'ee!ing .material on floor/ congested aisles etc0 i#. Defecti#e e ui!ment/ tools/ mac-ines #. Im!ro!er dress or a!!arel
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#i. Im!ro!er illumination or #entilation etc.

c. Accident d. !esults of accident

i. Annoyance ii. ,roduction delays iii. Reduced uality i#. S!oilage #. 2inor in"uries #i. Disabling in"uries #ii. 3atality

Ma"or #isasters
1. $une 1%&'( Fli)borough* +
a. *+!losion in a 1ylon 2anufacturing 3actory b. Deat- toll: 24 men 5 e+tensi#e !lant damages c. 2aterials damage cost: 6789 million

2. #ec 1%,'*( -hopal* India

a. &ea'age of o#er 28 tones of 2et-yl Isocyanides b. :#er 2999 !eo!le 'illed and about same in"ured 1eed of loss !re#ention training arose c. Com!elled ot-ers li'e ICI to im!ro#e t-eir standards

.. April 1%,/( Chernobyl* !ussia

a. *sca!ing of se#eral tones of fuel 5 3ission !roducts due to o#er-eated (ater;cooled 1uclear Reactor b. 48 !eo!le 'illed/ 199/999 e#acuated c. &oss of !ublic confidence in nuclear industry

'. $uly 1%,,( Piper Alpha( 0orth Sea

a. *+!losion follo(ed by massi#e oil gas fire b. <illed 1=7 men/ many by t-e in-alation of C: gas c. 1e( regulations for t-e offs-ore oil 5 gas industry d. 2andatory re uirement of offs-ore ris' assessment

1. 0ov. 1%,&( +ing2s Cross 34 5rain Station* +

a. 3ire due to lig-ted matc- dro!!ed on an escalator b. 31 !eo!le 'illed and many more in"ured
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c. Substantial e+!enditure on fire !re#ention

/. $an. 1%,/( S Space Shuttle Challenger* 0ASA

a. Destroyed by fire soon after its ta'e off b. All 7 cre( members (ere 'illed c. )-e !restige of 1ASA suffered a serious blo( >t-eir s!ace !rogramme -ad been delayed for se#eral years.

Causes of accidents(
2ost deat- due to -eart diseases/ cancer and stro'e but limited to old age !eo!le 37 or younger > !rime cause of deat- is accident at (or' !lace

According to 0ational Safety Council 6 SA7

3rom 1?12 to 1?42 accident at (or' deat- !er 199/999 !o!ulation reduced by 41@ i.e. from 21 to 4 Statistical data indicates t-at in one !articular year/ t-e causes of accidents in USA (ere as underA Accidents 2otor #e-icles ,oison .SolidB &i uid0 Dro(ning 3alls 3ire related .Age grou! 28 to 44 years0 27/444 1=/498 2/=4? 1/82= 1/134 4??

8or9 accident costs( 1. Arco C-emical Co. ordered to !ay .1??90 :..', million in fine

3ailing to !rotect (or'er4s from an e+!losion at its !etroc-emical !lant in C-annel#ie(/ )e+as 2. Steel;ma'ing di#ision of USC !aid :..21 million to settle numerous -ealt- 5 safety #iolations 3. DAS3 -ad to !ay :1.;/ million to settle an e+!losion at Cincinnati C-emical ,lant causing t(o deat-s 5 se#enteen in"uries.

#eath rates by Industry .Com!uted on t-e basis of 199/999 (or'ers in a ty!ical year0
1. 2ining B uarrying 2. Agriculture 3. Construction 4. )rans!ortation 8. 2anufacturing =. Ser#ices 7. )rade

Parts of -ody
1. Dac' 2. &egs 5 3ingers 3. Arms 4. )run' 8. $ands =. *yes/ -ead 5 3eet 7. 1ec'

According to 8. <einrich/ an official of )ra#elers Insurance Com!any. 44@ accidents due to unsafe Acts 19@ due to Unsafe Conditions 2@ due to una#oidable circumstances .1atural disaster etc.0

<uman Factors 5heory of Accidents Causation

=verload Inappropriate Activities <uman Factors Inappropriate !esponse

=verload
Imbalance bet(een !ersonEs Ca!acity at any gi#en time and t-e load ,ersonEs Ca!acity is t-e !roduct of factors suc- as natural ability/ training/ State of mind/ fatigue/ stress 5 ,-ysical Condition Added -urdens *n#ironmental 3actors .1oise/ distraction etc0 Internal 3actors .,ersonal !roblem/ emotional stress/ (orry0
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Situation 3actors .le#el of ris'/ unclear restrictions0

Inappropriate !esponse(
1. ,erson detects -a%ardous condition but does not-ing to correct it 2. ,erson remo#es safeguards from mac-ine to increase out!ut.

Inappropriate Activities(
,erson does not 'no( to o!erate or !erform certain acti#ity

Classification of accident 1. Struc9 by

For'er une+!ectedly struc' by or contacted by mo#ing ob"ect/ #e-icle/ -ammer blo(/ foreign !iece of material in eye

2. Struc9 against
2o#ing (or'er contactingBBstruc'ing against any ob"ect/ S-ar!e edgeBcorner/ -ot !i!e/ anot-er !erson

.. Caught in* on or bet>een

a. For'erEs !art of body .foot0 caug-t in some(-ere .bro'en board on floor0 b. For'er s-irt slee#e caug-t on fire c. For'er leg etc caug-t in bet(een t(o mo#ing ob"ects .gear0

'. Fall from above 1. Fall at ground level

Sli!!ing/ sliding 8

/. Strain or overe)ertion
Carrying/ !us-ing or !ulling ob"ects beyond t-eir !-ysical limitationsB ca!abilities

&. ?lectrical contact

Contact of body (it- an electrical current or any electrically c-arged e ui!ment

,. -urn
Dy fire or c-emical

nsafe Act 3 Condition

1. Congestion or restricted action 2. Defecti#e tools/ e ui!ment or materials 3. 3ailing to use !ersonal !rotecti#e e ui!ment !ro!erly 4. 3ailure to (arn 8. 3ire and e+!losion -a%ards =. $a%ardous en#ironmental conditionsA gases/ dusts/ smo'es/ fumes/ #a!ors 7. $ig- or lo( tem!erature e+!osure 4. $orse!lay ?. Im!ro!er lifting 19. Im!ro!er loading 11. Im!ro!er !lacement 12. Im!ro!er !osition for tas' 13. Inade uate guards or barriers 14. Inade uate or e+cessi#e illumination 18. Inade uate or im!ro!er !rotecti#e e ui!ment 1=. inade uate #entilation 17. Inade uate (arning system 14. 2a'ing safety de#ices ino!erable 1?. 1oise e+!osures
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29. :!erating at im!ro!er s!eed 21. :!erating e ui!ment (it-out aut-ority 22. ,oor -ouse'ee!ingA disorderly (or'!lace 23. Radiation e+!osures 24. Remo#ing safety de#ices 28. Under influence of alco-ol andBor ot-er drugs 2=. Using defecti#e e ui!ment 27. Using e ui!ment im!ro!erly

Automating or pdating the System

o 2ay im!ro#e one as!ect of t-e system but increase t-e ris' from anot-er side e.g. 3or' &ift o 2ac-ine dri#en by $ydraulic/ electric !o(er introduced ne( -a%ards o Safeguarding to be !ro#ided against source of mec-anical in"uries .cutting/ s-earing/ crus-ing etc.0 Re uirements for Safeguards .recommended by 1ational Safety Council0 1. Prevent #irect Contact 2. -e Secure @ #urable a. 1o body may render t-em ineffecti#e by tem!ering (it- or disabling t-em b. 2ust be durable enoug- to (it-stand se#erity conditions at (or'!lace .. Protect Against Falling =b"ect a. :b"ects falling onto mo#ing mac-ine mec-anism increases ris' of accidents

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b. ,ro!erty damage c. S-ield bet(een mo#ing !art and falling ob"ect '. Create no ne> haAard a. S-ar!e edges b. Unfinis-ed surface c. ,rotruding bolts 1. Create no interference a. S-ould not interfere (or' /. Allo> Safe Maintenance a. 2ay some time lead to modification in t-e mac-ine

5ypes of 4uards
1. Point of =peration 4uards
a. Fi)ed 4uards
i. ,ermanent Darrier bet(een (or'er 5 !oint of o!eration ii. Suitable for s!ecific a!!lications iii. Can be constructed (it-in !lant

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i#. Re uire little maintenance cost

b. Interloc9ed 4uards i. S-ut do(n t-e mac-ine (-en guard is not securely in !lace B disengaged c. Ad"ustable 4uards i. 3or multi!le !ur!oses

2. Point of =peration #evices

.Does not !rotect against mec-anical failure/ re uire fre uent calibration0 a. Photoelectric #evices i. S-ut do(n t-e mac-ine (-ene#er lig-t field bro'en b. !adioBFreCuency devices i. Ca!acitance sto! t-e mac-ine (-en t-e ca!acitance field is interru!ted c. ?lectromechanical #evices i. Contact bars

.. !estraint #evices
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'. Safety 5rip 1. 5>o <and Control

a. ,rotects (or'er but not t-e !asser;by

/. Feeding @ ?"ection System

a. 1o manual feeding and e"ection b. 1o direct contact c. Usually limited for indi#idual o!erations d. 2ay sometimes in#ite ot-er safety related !roblems e. Si%e of stoc' is limited f. ,neumatic e"ectors can be uite noisy

!obot Safeguards

2ain -a%ards include

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1. Interru!tion of a (or'er bet(een robot arm and solid surface 2. Im!act (it- an mo#ing robot arm 3. Im!act (it- ob"ect e"ected or dro!!ed b y robot
SolutionD 1. ,-ysical barrier around entire !erimeter of robot (or' en#elo!e. 2. S-ould (it-stand t-e force of -ea#iest ob"ect t-e robot could e"ect. 3. A guard containing sensing de#ice t-at automatically s-uts do(n if any !erson or ob"ect enters t-e (or' en#elo!e. 4. Sensiti%ed doorBgates in t-e !erimeter barrier s-uts do(n robot 8. Robot is dangerous (-en it is at stage bet(een cycles. Eoc9out 3 5agout system 1. Details of contact !erson 2. :S$A indicates =@ (or'!lace accidents due to une+!ected mac-ine acti#ation (-ile in ser#ice Falls
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 1=@ of all disabling (or';related in"uries due to fall Causes of fall 1. 3oreign ob"ect on (al'ing surface 2. Design fla( in (ailing surface 3. Sli!!ery surface 4. An indi#idualEs im!aired !-ysical conditions 8al9ing @ Slipping Coefficient of friction bet(een surface .floor0 5 S-oes
Sli!!ery 5 $a%ardous Sli!!ery but not $a%ardous

Gery Sli!!ery 5 $a%ardous

Hood )raction

9.2

9.3

9.4

Factors that decrease traction( F-en t-e surface is oily/ (et Coefficient of concrete dro!s from 9.43 to 9.37 .F-ic- mo#es it one category do(n on traction0
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Conse uently 4ood <ouse9eeping reduces sli! 5 3all $a%ards :il/ Hrease/ Soa!/ Cleaning Sol#ents turn a safe surface into a dangerous %one )o counter t-atA Rubber sole s-oe decrease sli!!ing -a%ards ,re#enting Sli!s: Sli! !re#ention s-ould be a !art of Com!anyEs -ealt- 5 Safety ,rogramme e.g. 1. C-oose rig-t material for !at-(ays 2. ,ractice good -ouse'ee!ing .clear from oil/ grease. F-en mo!!ing t-e area/ ro!e off t-e area or erect (arning signs0 3. Re uire nons'id foot(ear 4. Re#ie( 5 Acce!tances of (al'(ays 8. Reconditioning of Fal'(ays =. *m!loyee foot(ear !rogramme 7. S!ecify ty!e of foot(ear on different ty!e of (al'ing surfaces 4. Ins!ectionBAudit
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Including test/ re!ort/ suggestion by aut-ori%ed safety officer0

=5<?! !?AS=0S Running and undue -aste Su!er#isor s-ould locate causes. 2ay be due toA o Dus and train sc-edule not coordinated (itcom!any timings o Dottlenec's at gate or in !ar'ing lot o Inade uate restaurant facilities o &ong !ay lines .Salary0 o Inade uate trans!ortation facilities o Unbalanced (or' load

EA##?! SAF?5F(
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Ma"or potential source for fallsD S-ould be strong enoug-. Condition of &adder o Crac's on side rail loose rungs o Rails or braces corrosion. C-ec' (ooden ladder for moisture good electric condition contact. 2etal &adder .3or burrs 5 s-ar! edges0 #o2s @ #on2ts. C-ec' sli!!eriness on s-oes 5 ladder rungs. &imit ladder to one !erson at a time. Secure &adder firmly at to! 5 bottom. Do a!!ly four;to;one ratio at least. 3ace ladder during climbing u! 5 do(n. DonEt lean too far to eit-er side (-ile (or'ing. DonEt lean ladder against a fragile/ unstable surface.
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 DonEt let ot-er !eo!le to enter t-e !remises of ladder .may be by !lacing barrier0. S-ould be standing at least t-ree rung do(n from t-e to!. Delt u! during (or'ing on ladder.

S5AI!S Stairs of same -eig-t 5 same (idt-. ,itc- of stairs bet(een 39;3?9. Riser s-ould not be more t-an 4I or less t-an 8I. )reads s-ould not be less t-an ?JI -ig- dee!. Stairs (ays s-ould -a#e landing at least e#ery 4 or ?E of #ertical -eig-t. $and rails s-ould be !ro#ided (it-out s-ar! edges/ burrs/ roug- surfaces etc. 1o 2irrors/ (indo(s at -eadBfoot of stairs.

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 1o !oster/ dis!lay/ bulletin board be !laced be !laced near t-e stairs.

?E?C5!ICAE <AGA!#S S-ort circuit Fater o Decreases resisti#ity of materials including -uman Resistance of (et s'in can be around 489 K o Dry s'in 199/999 K Ma"or causes
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 Contact (it- bare (ire For'ing (it- electrical e ui!ment t-at lac's t-e U& label for safety ins!ection *lectrical e ui!ment not !ro!erly grounded For'ing (it- electrical e ui!ment on dam! floor

S5A5IC ?E?C5!ICI5F #ISC<A!4? Using metal ladders Fit- ensuring t-at t-e !o(er -as been s-ut off &ig-tning stri'es *lectrostatic -a%ards

22

 Rubbing nonconducti#e material o#er stationary surface 2o#ing large s-eets of !lastic/ (-ic- may disc-arge s!ar's 3riction bet(een flo(ing li uid and solid surface Rate of discharge of electrical charge increases

with lower humidity Electrostatic sparks greater during cold, dry

winter days

5<? FI!? 5!IA04E?

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3ire Safety/ at its most basic/ is based u!on t-e !rinci!le of 'ee!ing fuel sources and ignition sources se!arate. )-ree t-ings must be !resent at t-e same time to !roduce fire: 1. *noug- =HF4?0 to sustain combustion 2. *noug- <?A5 to reac- ignition tem!erature 3. Some F ?E or combustible material )oget-er/ t-ey !roduce t-e C<?MICAE !?AC5I=0 t-at is fire.
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)a'e a(ay any of t-ese t-ings and t-e fire (ill be e+tinguis-ed 3ire re uires 1=@ :+ygen L21@ =2/ 74@ 0M

Stages of Fire( 1st(Incipient Stage( 1o #isible smo'e/ no flame/ #ery little -eat/ combustion begins to ta'e !lace. 2nd( Smoldering Stage( Combustion increases/ smo'e becomes #isible .as yet no #isible flame0 .rd( Flame Stage( ,oint of ignition/ flames begins to become #isible 'th( <eat Stage( &arge amount of -eat. 3lame/ smo'e and to+ic gases !roduced.

Fuel Classifications

25

3ires are classified according to t-e type of fuel t-at is

burning. If you use t-e (rong ty!e of fire e+tinguis-er on t-e

(rong class of fire/ you mig-t ma'e matters (orse. It is #ery im!ortant to understand t-e four different fire

.fuel0 classificationsN Class A: Food/ !a!er/ clot-/ tras-/ !lasticsOsolids t-at are not metals. Class -: 3lammable li uidsOgasoline/ oil/ grease/ acetone. Includes flammable gases. Class C: *lectricalOenergi%ed electrical e ui!ment. As long as itEs P!lugged in.I Class #: 2etalsO!otassium/ sodium/ aluminum/ magnesium. Re uires 2etal;C/ foam/ and ot-er s!ecial e+tinguis-ing agents.

26

2ost fire e+tinguis-ers (ill -a#e a !ictogra!- label

telling you (-ic- ty!e of fire t-e e+tinguis-er is designed to fig-t. 5ypes of Fire ?)tinguishers Fi)ed( Fater -ose/ (ater s!rin'les Portable( Different ty!es of fire e+tinguis-ers are designed to fig-t different classes of fire. )-e t-ree most common ty!es of fire e+tinguis-ers are: 1. Fater .A,F0 2. Carbon Dio+ide .C:20 3. Dry C-emical .ADC/ DC/ DC0 8ater 6AP87 Fire ?)tinguishers &arge sil#er fire e+tinguis-ers t-at stand about 2 feet tall and (eig- about 28 !ounds (-en full. A,F stands for PAir;,ressuri%ed Fater.I

27

3illed (it- ordinary ta! (ater and !ressuri%ed air/ t-ey are essentially large s uirt guns. A,FEs e+tinguis- fire by ta'ing a(ay t-e P-eatI element of t-e 3ire )riangle A,FEs are designed for Class A fires only i.e. Food/ !a!er/ clot-. Using (ater on a flammable li uid fire could cause t-e fire to s!read. Using (ater on an electrical fire increases t-e ris' of electrocution. If you -a#e no c-oice but to use an A,F on an electrical fire/ ma'e sure t-e electrical e ui!ment is un;!lugged or de;energi%ed. Carbon #io)ide Fire ?)tinguishers )-e !ressure in a C:2 e+tinguis-er is so greatA bits of

dry ice may s-oot out of t-e -ornQ

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C:2 cylinders are red. )-ey range in si%e from 8 lbs to

199 lbs or larger. :n larger si%es/ t-e -orn (ill be at t-e end of a long/ fle+ible -ose. C:2Es are designed for Class D and C .3lammable

&i uids and *lectrical Sources0 fires onlyQ C:2s (ill fre uently be found in laboratories/

mec-anical rooms/ 'itc-ens/ and flammable li uid storage areas. In accordance (it13,A regulations .and

manufacturersE recommendations0/ all C:2 e+tinguis-ers undergo -ydrostatic testing and rec-arge e#ery 8 years. Carbon dio+ide is a non;flammable gas t-at ta'es a(ay

t-e o+ygen element of t-e fire triangle. Fit-out o+ygen/ t-ere is no fire. C:2 is #ery cold as it comes out of t-e e+tinguis-er/ so it cools t-e fuel as (ell.

29

A C:2 may be ineffecti#e in e+tinguis-ing Class A fire

because it may not be able to dis!lace enoug- o+ygen to successfully !ut t-e fire out Class A materials may also smolder and re;ignite.

#ry Chemical 6A-C7 Fire ?)tinguishers Dry c-emical e+tinguis-ers !ut out fire by coating t-e

fuel (it- a t-in layer of dust. )-is se!arates t-e fuel from t-e o+ygen in t-e air. )-e !o(der also (or's to interru!t t-e c-emical

reaction of fire. )-ese e+tinguis-ers are #ery effecti#e at !utting out fire. lbs. )-e e+tinguis-ers are !ressuri%ed (it- nitrogen.
30

ADC e+tinguis-ers are red ranging in si%e from 8 to 29

Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of

types DC .for PDry C-emicalI0 ADC .can be used on Class A/ D/ or C fires0 DC .designed for use on Class D and C fires0

It is e+tremely im!ortant to identify (-ic- ty!es of dry

c-emical e+tinguis-ers are located in your areaQ

Rou donEt (ant to mista'enly use a PDCI e+tinguis-er

on a Class A fire t-in'ing t-at it (as an PADCI e+tinguis-er.

<o> to se a Fire ?)tinguisher ItEs easy to remember -o( to use a fire e+tinguis-er if you remember t-e acronym PASS: Pull
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 Aim SCueeAe S>eep

,ull t-e !inN

Aim at t-e base of t-e fireN

uee%e t-e to! -andleN

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)-is de!resses a button t-at releases t-e !ressuri%ed e+tinguis-ing agent.

S(ee! from side to sideN

.. until t-e fire is com!letely out. Start using t-e e+tinguis-er from a safe distance a(ay/ and t-en slo(ly mo#e for(ard. :nce t-e fire is out/ 'ee! an eye

on t-e area in case it re;ignites. !ules for Fighting Fires 3ires can be #ery dangerous and you s-ould al(ays be certain t-at you (ill not endanger yourself or ot-ers (-en attem!ting to !ut out a fire. For this reason* >hen a fire is discoveredI

33

 Assist any !erson in immediate danger to safety/ if it can be accom!lis-ed (it-out ris' to yourself. Call fire de!artment or acti#ate t-e building fire alarm. )-e fire alarm (ill notify t-e fire de!artment and ot-er building occu!ants and s-ut off t-e air -andling system to !re#ent t-e s!read of smo'e. If t-e fire is small .and only after -a#ing done t-ese 2

t-ings0/ you may attem!t to use an e+tinguis-er to !ut it out. <o>ever . . . . . . . before deciding to fight the fire* 9eep these

things in mind( +no> >hat is burning. If you donEt 'no( (-atEs

burning/ you (onEt 'no( (-at 'ind of e+tinguis-er to use. *#en if you -a#e an ADC fire e+tinguis-er/ t-ere may

be somet-ing in t-e fire t-at is going to e+!lode or !roduce to+ic fumes.

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C-ances are you will 'no( (-atEs burning/ or at least

-a#e a !retty good idea/ but if you donEt/ let t-e fire de!artment -andle it. Is the fire spreading ra!idly beyond t-e !oint (-ere it

startedS )-e time to use an e+tinguis-er is at t-e beginning stages of t-e fire. If t-e fire is already s!reading uic'ly/ it is best to

sim!ly e#acuate t-e building. As you e#acuate a building/ close doors and (indo(s

be-ind you as you lea#e. )-is (ill -el! to slo( t-e s!read of smo'e and fire. #o not fight the fire if( Fou don2t have adeCuate or appropriate eCuipment. If you donEt -a#e t-e correct ty!e or large enouge+tinguis-er/ it is best not to try fig-ting t-e fire.

35

Fou might inhale to)ic smo9e.

F-en synt-etic

materials suc- as t-e nylon in car!eting or foam !adding in a sofa burn/ t-ey can !roduce -ydrogen cyanide and ammonia in addition to carbon mono+ide. )-ese gases can be fatal in #ery small amounts. Four instincts tell you not to. If you are

uncomfortable (it- t-e situation for any reason/ "ust let t-e fire de!artment do t-eir "ob. Al(ays !osition yourself (it- an e+it or means of

esca!e at your bac' before you attem!t to use an e+tinguis-er fire. In case t-e e+tinguis-er malfunctions/ or somet-ing une+!ected -a!!ens/ you need to be able to get out uic'ly. Rou donEt (ant to become tra!!ed. )-ree 'ey conce!ts in an effective program of industrial -ygiene: 1 Recognition: <no(ledge of stresses aris ing out of industrial o!erations and !rocesses.
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2 3

Evaluation : A "udgment or decision in#ol#ing measurement of stress and based on !ast e+!erience. Control: Isolation/ substitution/ c-ange of !rocess/ (et met-ods/ local e+-aust #entilation/ general or dilution #entilation/ ,,*/ -ouse'ee!ing/ and training.

!?C=40I5I=0 5ypes of Stresses Chemical Fume: Substance com!osed of solid !articles formed by condensation from a gaseous state )-ese !articles are microsco!ically small .odorous gases and #a!ors are not fumes0. Gas Substance t-at (ill diffuse to e#enly occu!y t-e s!ace in (-ic- it is enclosed Vapor Haseous form of a substance t-at is normally a li uid or Solid Mist
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 Sus!ension in air of #ery small dro!s usually formed by mec-anical .atomi%ation0 or Dy condensation from t-e gaseous state Dust Substance consisting of solid !articles t-at -a#e been reduced to a small by some mec-anical !rocess Physical Noise: un(anted sound Temperature: eit-er -ig- or lo( e+tremes Illumination: le#el of intensity Vibration: motion condition Pressure: atmos!-eric/ eit-er -ig- or lo( -iological Insects/ molds/ fungi/ biological stresses ?rgonomic ?)posure *ntering into t-e body as an -ealt- -a%ard
38

and

bacteria

create

2ay affect t-e ner#ous system by entering t-roug- t-e eyes/ ears/ and breat-ing area of t-e mout- and nose or absorbed t-roug- t-e s'in on contact and !ossibly find its (ay into t-e digesti#e tract

*+ce!t for s'in diseases/ most occu!ational diseases are ac uired by in-alation. Certain c-emical agents t-at reac- t-e lungs can !ass into t-e blood stream and o#er a long !eriod of time can be absorbed into #arious ot-er !arts of t-e body :t-er agents may stay in t-e lungs ; cause damage in t-is organ only &ung tissue most efficient medium t-e body !ossesses for absorbing materials

Potentially <aAardous Processes Any !rocess in#ol#ing combustion s-ould be ins!ected for by;!roducts of t-e combustion released to t-e en#ironment.
39

 Any !rocess in#ol#ing high temperature, (it- or (it-out -ig- combustion/ s-ould be e+amined to determine if (or'ers are e+!osed to e+cessi#e -eat and noise. Any !rocess in#ol#ing induction heating, including micro(a#e -eating/ s-ould be e+amined (it- regard to effects of t-e -eat on em!loyees and also to t-e le#el of -eat/ if it is sus!ected to be in a -ig- range. Any !rocess in#ol#ing t-e melting of metal s-ould be studied to determine t-e to+icity of t-e metal fume and !ossibly of dust/ if any is !roduced in t-e !rocess. Any !rocess in#ol#ing an electrical discharge in the air s-ould be studied to determine (-et-er o%one and o+ides of nitrogen are !roduced. ?JAE A5I=0 Degree of e+!osure/ Concentration of a contaminant determined according to t-e terms/ units/ or !ercentages (-ic- a!!ear in t-e standards on le#els of e+!osure 5hreshold Eimit Jalues e+!ressed in !arts !er million .!!m0 !arts of #a!or or gas !er million !arts of air by #olume
40

 a!!ro+imate milligrams .mg0 of !articulate !er cubic meter of air .mgBm30 )-res-old limit #alues refer to time; (eig-ted concentrations for a 7 -our or an 4 -our (or'day and a 49 -our (ee'.

<?A5 A0# 5?MP?!A5 !? <AGA!#S 5hermal Comfort 3unction of different factors li'eA )em!erature/ -umidity/ air distribution/ !ersonal !reference/ and acclimati%ation Determining o!timum conditions is not a sim!le !rocess. Conduction Con#ection 2etabolic -eat *n#ironmental -eat Radiant -eat 5he -odyKs !esponse to <eat $uman body e ui!!ed to maintain an a!!ro!riate balance bet(een t-e metabolic -eat it !roduces and t-e
41

en#ironmental -eat to (-ic- it is e+!osed. S(eating and t-e subse uent e#a!oration of t-e s(eat are t-e bodyTs (ay of trying to maintain an acce!table tem!erature balance. According to *. &. Al!aug-/ .3undamentals of Industrial $ygiene0 H= M R C!E

(-ere H body -eat/ M internal -eat gain .metabolic0/ R radiant -eat gain/ C con#ection -eat gain/ and E e#a!oration .cooling0.

<?A5 S5!?SS A0# I5S P!?J?05I=0 A7 <eat Stro9e

42

 :ccurs as a result of a ra!id rise in t-e bodyTs core tem!erature Gery dangerous and s-ould be dealt (it- immediately Can be fatal Symptoms $ot/ dry/ mottled s'in Confusion andBor con#ulsions &oss of consciousness 3actors ma'ing indi#idual susce!tible to -eat stro'e :besity ,oor !-ysical condition Alco-ol inta'e Cardio#ascular disease ,rolonged e+ertion in a -ot en#ironment. 5reatment3prevention Core body tem!erature to be reduced If not/ (ra! t-e #ictim in a (et t-in s-eet and fan continuously/ adding (ater !eriodically to 'ee! t-e s-eet (et. Prevention strategies
43

2edical screening identify a!!licants -a#ing one or more susce!tibility c-aracteristics Hradual acclimati%ation to -ot (or'ing conditions s!read o#er at least a full (ee' Rotating (or'ers out of t-e -ot en#ironment at s!ecified inter#als during t-e (or' day Use of !ersonal !rotecti#e clot-ing t-at is cooled 2onitoring em!loyees carefully and continually

-7 <eat ?)haustion :ccurs as a result of (ater andBor salt de!letion Dody becomes de-ydrated/ decreases t-e #olume of blood circulating Garious body !arts com!ete for a smaller #olume of blood causing circulatory strain Symptoms i. iii. #. #ii. 3atigue $eadac-e Clammy/ moist s'in Ra!id !ulse ii. 1ausea andBor #omiting i#. &ig-t-eadedness #i. ,ale or flus-ed com!le+ion #iii. 3ainting (-en trying to stand

5reatment and Prevention Gictim s-ould be mo#ed to a cool but not cold en#ironment
44

3luids s-ould be ta'en Prevention strategies Hradual acclimati%ation o#er at least a (ee' C7 <eat Cramps :ccurs as a result of salt and !otassium de!letion from !rofuse s(eating as a result of (or'ing in a -ot en#ironment Symptoms 2uscle contraction; ty!ically felt in t-e arms/ legs/ and abdomen Salt is lost/ (ater t-at is ta'en in dilutes t-e bodyTs electrolytes *+cess (ater enters t-e muscles causing cram!ing

5reatment Re!lenis- bodyTs salt and !otassium su!!ly orally Can be done (it- commercially !roduced fluids t-at contain carefully measured amounts of salts/ !otassium/ electrolytes/ and ot-er elements Acclimati%e (or'ers to t-e -ot en#ironment gradually
45

Prevention

o#er a !eriod of at least a (ee' *nsure t-at fluid re!lacement is accom!lis-ed (it- a !roduct t-at contains t-e a!!ro!riate amount of salt/ !otassium/ and electrolytes #7 <eat !ash Small raised bum!s or blisters t-at co#er a !ortion of t-e body Hi#e off a !ric'ly sensation t-at can cause discomfort Caused by !rolonged e+!osure to -ot and -umid conditions

S(eat gland ducts become clogged (it- retained s(eat t-at does not e#a!orate S(eat bac's u! in t-e system and causes minor inflammation 5reatment Remo#e t-e #ictim to a cooler/ less -umid en#ironment Clean t-e affected area/ ?7 <eat Fatigue
46

 )em!orary sluggis-ness/ let-argy/ !erformance .mental andBor !-ysical0

and

im!aired

*m!loyees not acclimati%ed to (or'ing in a -ot en#ironment are es!ecially susce!tible to transient -eat fatigue Degree and fre uency of transient -eat fatigue is also a function of !-ysical conditioning. ?i7 Chronic <eat Fatigue *m!loyees e+!eriencing c-ronic -eat fatigue s-ould be mo#ed into !ositions t-at do not in#ol#e (or'ing in a -ot en#ironment ,rolonged c-ronic -eat fatigue/ if not relie#ed/ can cause bot- !-ysiological and !syc-ological stress - !0S A0# 5<?I! ?FF?C5S <uman S9in Consists of t(o main layers :uter layer 'no(n as e!idermis Inner layer 'no(n as t-e dermis (-ic- is connected to t-e underlying subcutaneous tissue S'in ser#es se#eral im!ortant !ur!oses including:
47

 !rotection of body tissueA sensationA secretionA e+cretionA and res!iration ,rotection from fluid loss (ater !enetration ultra#iolet radiation infestation by microorganisms

S'in -el!s regulate body -eat t-roug- s(eating !rocess. -urn )-e dee!er t-e !enetration/ t-e more se#ere t-e burn.

Severity of -urns De!ends on se#eral factorsA De!t- to (-ic- t-e burn !enetrates .2ost Im!ortantQ0 &ocation of t-e burn Age of t-e #ictim/ and Amount of burned area

48

2ost (idely used met-od of classifying burns FirstBdegree burns 2inor and result only in a mild inflammation of t-e s'in Sunburn is a common form of first;degree burn Recogni%able as a redness of t-e s'in t-at ma'es it sensiti#e and moderately !ainful to t-e touc-. SecondBdegree burns Recogni%able from t-e blisters t-at form on t-e s'in A!!ro+imately 219U3 .??oC0 can cause a second;degree burn in as little as fifteen seconds of contact.

5hirdBdegree burns Gery dangerous Can be fatal de!ending on t-e amount of body surface affected ,enetrates t-roug- bot- t-e e!idermis and t-e dermis Dee! t-ird;degree burn (ill !enetrate body tissue Can be caused by bot- moist and dry -a%ards 2oist -a%ards include steam and -ot li uids Durns a!!ear (-ite Dry -a%ards include fire and -ot ob"ects or surfaces
49

 Durns a!!ear blac' and c-arred. -ody Surface Area Also a critical concern *+!ressed as a !ercentage of body surface area or DSA Durns co#ering o#er 78 @ of DSA are usually fatal Rig-t armNNN. &eft armNNNN $eadBnec'NNN Rig-t legNNN.. &eft legNNNN. Dac'NNNNN. C-estBstomac-N.. Minor -urns All 1st degree burns 2nd degree burns co#ering less t-an 18@ of t-e body 3rd degree burns co#ering 2 @ or less of DSA Moderate -urns 2nd degree burns t-at !enetrate e!idermis but co#er 18@ or more of DSA ?@ of DSA ?@ of DSA ?@ of DSA 14@ of DSA 14@ of DSA 14@ of DSA 14@ of DSA

50

 2nd degree burns t-at !enetrate t-e dermis and co#er from 18 to 39@ of DSA 3rd degree burns co#ering less t-an 19 @ of DSA and are not on t-e -ands/ face/ or feet. Critical -urns 2nd degree burns co#ering more t-an 39 @ of DSA 3rd degree burns co#ering o#er 19 @ of DSA Small area 3rd degree burns to t-e -ands/ face/ or feet due to greater !otential for infection Durns t-at are com!licated by ot-er in"uries .fractures/ soft tissue damage/ etc.0 are considered critical C<?MICAE - !0S )-e se#erity of t-e burn !roduced by a gi#en c-emical de!ends on t-e follo(ing factors: Corrosi#e ca!ability of t-e c-emical Concentration of t-e c-emical )em!erature of c-emicalBsolution in (-ic- it is dissol#ed Duration of contact (it- t-e c-emical
51

Primary haAardous Infection 3luid &oss S-oc'

First Aid for Chemical -urns According to t-e 1ational Safety Council/ t-e !ro!er res!onse in cases of c-emical burns isA )o >ash off t-e c-emical by flooding t-e burned areas (it- co!ious amounts of (ater as uic'ly as !ossible In t-e case of c-emical burns to t-e eyes/ t-e continuous flooding s-ould continue for at least fifteen minutes. )-e eyelids s-ould be -eld o!en to ensure t-at c-emicals are not tra!!ed under t-em.

52

C=E# S5!?SS FAC5=!S )em!erature of t-e air surrounding t-e body Dody tem!erature Air mo#ement around t-e body &engt- of e+!osure 1ormal body tem!erature ?4.=V3 Delo( 4=V3 control system becomes ineffecti#e Delo( 8?V3 body begins to e+!erience im!airment of many functions 2ost -y!ot-ermia results (-en ambient tem!erature is bet(een 39V and 49V3 Increased -eat loss to t-e en#ironment
53

 DodyEs attem!t to 2aintain Dody )em!erature 2uscle -y!ertension/ resulting in s-i#ering

<FP=5<?!MIA ,rolonged e+!osure to cold causes t-e body to lose energy faster t-an it is !roduced Dody tem!erature dro!s to lo(er t-an normal Can -a!!en (-en tem!eratures are abo#e free%ing

Conditions affecting <ypothermia Aging/ allergies/ !oor circulation/ 5 illness Self;im!osed conditions/ suc- as drin'ing/ smo'ing/ 5 ta'ing sedati#es also increase ris's
54

 Fet clot-ing/ (indy conditions/ 5 !oor !-ysical condition <ypothermia Symptoms 1umbness/ Stiffness/ Dro(siness/ ,oor Coordination Slo( or irregular breat-ing and -eart rate Slurred S!eecS-i#ering and teet- c-attering 2ild !ain in e+tremities Confused 5 disorientedA memory la!ses Forst;case results can cause deat-

Safety Procedures Het #ictim to (-ere it is (arm Het t-em out of (et/ fro%en/ or tig-t clot-ing 'ee! #ictim dry Hi#e (arm .room tem!erature0 li uids
55

Do not gi#e alco-ol or substances containing caffeine Farm center of body first

F!=S5-I5? 2ost serious/ and second most common/ cold e+!osure -a%ard 1ose/ ears/ c-ee's/ fingers/ 5 toes most often affected Affected area doesnEt get enoug- -eat 5 free%es 3ree%ing causes blood #essel constriction Results in lac' of o+ygen/ e+cess fluid buildu!/ blistering/ and tissue deat56

S'in goes from (-ite or grayis- yello(/ to reddis- #iolet/ to blac' Usual feeling of being really cold/ t-en numb 2ay get a tingling or ac-ing feeling or brief !ain Can cause !ermanent tissue damage Gictim can become unconscious Deat- may result from -eart failure If necessary/ see' medical assistance

Care of Frostbite DonEt rub affected !art DonEt use -ot bat-s/ or -eat !roducing de#ices DonEt brea' blisters Farm t-e fro%en !art (it- clot-ing/ blan'ets/ or (it- room tem!erature (ater :nce (arm/ e+ercise t-e !art
57

 *+ce!tion: do not (al' on frostbitten feet

0FPA #iamond

58

i. 3ire $a%ard ii. $ealt- $a%ard iii. Reacti#ity i#. S!ecial Instructions Sound

Red Dlue Rello( F-ite

Caused by #ibration !roduced in air 0oise Un!leasant 5 un(anted sound

59

Can act on t-e body #ery muc- as ot-er stresses do

1o e+act !oint (-ere sound becomes noise. De!ends u!on ,erson to !erson State of mind

5ypes of 0oise: ; .measured by sound le#el meter0 1. Steady le#el noise Constant le#el of sound for long time 2. 2i+ed 1oise Garying le#el noise is made by sound layers of steady le#el noise 2ac-ine o!erate intermittently or em!loyees mo#ed around at different areas of !lant 2easurement is more com!licated

3. Im!act 1oise
60

:#er(-elming noise !roduced for s-ort time 3orging .,ress o!erating at 21CyclesBminute0 21+=9+4W19/949 cyclesBday :S$A allo(s 19/999 cyclesBday Sound is measured in decibel :ne decibel is t-e lo(est sound one can -ear Fea'est sound t-at can be -eard by a -ealt-y ear in a uiet setting is 'no(n as t-res-old of -earing .19dDA0 129 t-res-old of !ain

Sound &e#el meter used to measure sound !ressure le#el Consists of micro!-one (-ic- detects sound con#erts it into electrical signal 5 am!lifies

61

Source F-is!er 1oisy :ffice 1ormal Con#ersation ,o(er Sa( Hrinding o!eration Xet Aircraft

d-A 29 =9 49 ?9 199 189

Permissible 0oise ?)posures #uration 3 #ay 6<rs7 4 = 4 3 2 11B2

62

Sound Eevel d-6A7 ?9 ?2 ?8 ?7 199 192

1 198 J 119 Y or less 118 *+!osure to e+cessi#e noise can damage inner ear Ability to -ear -ig-er fre uency sound diminis-ed or lost toget-er. Additional e+!osure can increase t-e damage until e#en lo(er fre uency sound cannot be -eard

#ecibel Calculations(B 1. )(o described le#els are e ual or (it- t-e difference of one decibel Add 3 db to t-e -ig-er le#el 2. )(o decibel are 2 ; 3 db a!art Sum 2db at -ig-er le#el 3. )(o decibel le#els are 4 > ?db a!art Sum 1db at -ig-er le#el 4. )(o decibel le#els are 19 >more db a!art Sum 9db to -ig-er le#el :r ta'e -ig-er le#el
63

<earing Eosses(B It is im!airment .damage0 t-at interfaces (itunderstanding of s!eec- measured as a function of fre uency or t-e number of #ibrations in cycles B sec of a sound (a#e called -ert% .$%0 1ormal -earing detection ranges from 1= ;29/999 $% Understanding of s!eec- ranges from 899 ;2/999 $% &oss of -earing generally occur at 4/999 $% *+cessi#e 1oise can cause !-ysiological !roblems Researc-er s-o(s t-at it causesA o Zuic' !ulse o Increased blood !ressure o Contraction of blood #essels 3actors affecting t-e ris' of -earing loss 1. Intensity of t-e noise 2. Duration of daily e+!osure 3. )otal duration of e+!osure .no. of years0 4. Age of indi#idual
64

8. Co;e+isting of -earing disease =. 1ature of en#ironment in (-ic- e+!osure occurs 7. Distance of indi#idual from t-e source of noise 4. ,osition of ears relati#e to t-e sound (a#es

)y!es of -earing loss:; )em!orary &oss ,ermanent &oss Due to s-ort term e+!osure to loud noise after a rest !eriod normal -earing return alt-oug- it is not com!ensable under (or'ers com!ensation la(s.

)y!es of !ermanent -earing loss a0 due to aging b0 due to almost constant e+!osure to loud noise It in#ol#es deterioration of tiny ner#e cells (it-in t-e ear. ?ngineering controls(
65

 2ore com!le+ t-an administrati#e controls 3irst a!!roac- to reduce t-e sound at its source t-rougengineering design 5 inno#ations in e ui!ment Possible Steps( 2ac-ine is in good re!aired condition and !ro!erly oiled. Unbalanced 5 (orn !arts are re!laced. 2ount mac-ine on rubber or !lastic to reduce #ibration 5 noise Substitute a uiet !rocess for a noisy one Confine sound of mac-ine (it-in as acoustical enclosure. Isolate t-e o!erator (it-in an acoustical boot-.

66

Administrative control(B Reducing t-e amount of time an em!loyee is sub"ected to e+cessi#e noise i.e. by di#iding noisy "obs among t(o or more em!loyee :R ,erforming #ery noisy o!erations at nig-t
67

:r on s-ifts (-ere fe( em!loyees (ould be e+!osed F-en *ngineering Control doesnEt (or'/ administrati#e control to be used to ad"ust t-e e+!osure duration of noise Danger [one .198;189 dD0 Ris' [one .?9;199 dD0 Xet engine/ dro! -ummer turbine generator

Fea#ing mill/ !ortable grinders (elding e ui!ment/ milling mBc Providing <earing protections(B If engineering 5 administrati#e control doesnEt (or' ,.,.* are to be used Cotton is not regarded as com!liance to :S$A Hlass (ool acce!table *ar!lugs reduce noise le#el by 28;39 dD *armuffs reduces sufficiently <earing Conversations Program Audiometry: Audiometric testing determines -earing le#el in eac- ear by means of an audiometer

68

 )o be !erformed for an en#ironment (-ere 1oise le#el is abo#e 48 dD. Eighting 1o lig-ting > 1o seeing > 1o safety &ig-ting but not !ro!er \ 1o Safety Eighting Faults 1. Insufficient light Alt-oug- some lig-t is better t-an com!lete dar'ness but not #ery safe for !ro!er (or' *mergency lig-ts essential for safe e+ist

Illuminating *ngineering Society .I*S0 recommendation )as' Hrou! ;;;;; Roug- (or' Routine (or' )y!e of )as' Storage areas (it- no continuous (or' Roug- mac-ining and assembly :ffices/ Control rooms/ medium
69

Std. Ser#ice illuminance .&u+0 189 399 899

mac-ining and assembly Demanding Ins!ection of medium 789 (or' mac-ining Colour discrimination/ fine mac-ining and 3ine (or' 1999 assembly/ te+tile !rocessing $and engra#ing/ Gery fine (or' Ins!ection of fine 1899 mac-ining or assembly Ins!ection of #ery fine 2inute (or' 3999 (or' ]Recommended #alues in neit-er minima nor o!tima but re!resent good current !ractice. 2. Shado> :bstruction bet(een lig-t and (or'er e.g. (or'er is in bet(een lig-t source and mac-ine may sometimes a!!ear (it- stair case as (ell &ittle !rice to !ay for consumed energy t-an a fatal accident may lead to -uge indirect cost.

.. 4lare
70

 Disability glare caused by brig-t and bare lam!s .falling on eyesig-t0 Discom ort glare caused by too muc- contrast of brig-tness bet(een ob"ect and its bac'ground .due to !oor designing0. 1o immediate !roblems but may lead to eyestrain/ -eadac-e and fatigue. )-is may be a contribution to ma"or accident Remedies C-anging to luminaries (-ic- ade uately screen t-e lam! at all normal #ie(ing angles Using lig-t coloured decoration on t-e (alls and ceiling ,ro!er designing to ensure t-at t-e orientation of lig-t is suitable from t-e !oint of #ie( of glare reduction Re lecte! Glare reflection of lig-t falling on s-iny (et surface/ may use lig-t source of lo( brig-ten or c-ange t-e design Dest of all \ A#oid using s-iny materials
71

Standard #alues may be increased if re uired 2ay be due to t-e reason t-at e+!ensi#e or critical com!onents to be obser#ed or :lder .89 years of age0 !eo!le are (or'ing 1o re!lacement of natural lig-t Sufficient no glare no -arm Modern <ealth and Safety 5eam $ealt- 5 Safety 2anager

Safety *ngineer

Industrial $ygienist

$ealt,-ysicist

:ccu!ational $ealt- 1urse

*n#ironmental *ngineer 1. <ealth @ Safety Manager

:ccu!ational ,-ysician

Duties of $ealt- and safety 2anager: *stablis- and maintain Health and "afety #rogramme Ris' assessment and analysis in eac- de!artment
72

 *nsure com!liance (it- all a!!licable la(s standards and codes 2aintain all records related to $ealt- and Safety Conduct accident in#estigation De#elo! and maintain Com!any(ide *mergency Action ,lan .*A,0 *stablis- and maintain an ongoing safety !romotion effort Analy%e t-e com!anyEs !roducts from t-e !ros!ecti#e of $ealt- and safety

Zualification: Dac-elors Degree in Industrial Safety/ Industrial *ngineering/ C-emical *ngineering (it- e+!erience

2. Industrial <ygienist Industrial $ygiene defined as Science and art de#oted toA a. recognition/
73

b. e#aluation and c. control of t-ose en#ironmental factors or stresses/ arising in and from t-e (or'!lace/ (-ic- may cause sic'ness/ im!aired -eat- 5 (ell being or significant discomfort and inefficiency Among (or'ers or among citi%ens of t-e community.

Concerned $a%ards: Sol#ents/ radiations/ tem!erature/ to+ic 5 biological substances #entilation/ #entilation/ gas and #a!ours/ noise

74

Zualification: Degree in C-emistry/ ,-ysics/ or ,-ysical B biological Sciences

.. ?nvironmental ?ngineer $a%ardous (aste management Atmos!-eric !ollution/ Indoor air !ollution/ Fater !ollution/ Faste (ater management Zualification: Degree in *n#ironmental *ngineering

'. <ealth physicist Concerned (it- radiation in (or'!lace

75

 *m!loyed by com!anies t-at generate or use nuclear !o(er Duties: 2onitoring radiation inside and outside t-e facility 2easuring radioacti#ity le#els of biological sam!les De#elo!ing radiation com!onents *mergency Action ,lan of Com!anyEs

Su!er#ising decontamination of (or'ers and (or'!lace (-en necessary

Zualification: Degree in 1uclear *ngineering or ,-ysics

76

1. =ccupational Physician 2edical doctors (it- !ostgraduate (or' in industrial related in"uriesBcasualties Dernardino Rama%%ine is 1st occu!ation !-ysician $is study of (or' related !roblem of (or'ers in 2odena Italy and -is boo' P)-e Disease of For'erI .17990 Alice $amilton/ 1st US occu!ation !-ysician Com!anies may -a#e t-eir o(n in -ouse occu!ation !-ysician or Sometimes t-ey may contact (it- !ri#ate !-ysician/ clinic/ $os!ital to !ro#ide s!ecific medical ser#ices. S-ould be familiar (it- :S$A -ealt- mandate S-ould understand t-e (or'!lace and c-emicals used and !roduced

77

 A!!raised maintenance/ restoration and im!ro#ement of (or'erEs -ealt- t-roug- a!!lication of t-e !rinci!les of !re#enti#e medicine/ emergency medical care/ re-abilitation and en#ironmental medicine

/. =ccupation <ealth 0urse Usually (or' under occu!ation !-ysician but if contract occu!ation !-ysician t-en re!orts to t-e $5S 2anager

78

Investigation of Accidents( Act of $act $inding and not $ault $inding )o find t-e root causes )o ma'e sure it doesnEt reoccur 1ear accidents s-ould also be in#estigated/ F-o s-ould in#estigateS Su!er#isor .In c-arge of in"ured !ersonEs acti#ities0 as -e 'no(s best )-e nature of t-e (or' $o( it s-ould be done )-e best !eo!le (-o do it 8hat happenedL Dig Si+ .Zuestions a re!ort must ans(er0 1. F-o (as in"uredS 2. F-ere did t-e accident -a!!enS 3. F-en did t-e accident -a!!enS

79

4. F-at (as t-e accident cause and (-at (ere t-e contributing causes of accident S 8. F-y (as unsafe act or unsafe conditions !ermittedS =. $o( can t-is accident be !re#ented ne+t timeS In#estigation s-ould not sto! after an unsafe act or condition identified. 2ay go dee!erQQ 3or e+am!le

$o( muc- 'no(ledge t-e in"ured (or'er -ad for t-e tas' -e (as !erforming Did t-e (or'er -a#e !roblems (it- mac-ine/ co;(or'er and familyS !eport T"o aspects o a report F-at caused t-e accident B !ro!erty damage Recommendation B correction ,oorly (ritten re!ort s-o(s ,oor attitude of su!er#isor !art &ac' of interest of com!any
80

 Su!er#isor -a#e no idea from (-ic- des' re!ort goes to )-erefore Re!ortA S-ould include only fact from t-e !eo!le (-o are remotely in#ol#ed S-ould be im!artial and ob"ecti#e oriented S-ould be accurate/ concise and unemotional S-ould include descri!tion of in"uries/ mec-anism/ !rocesses and inter!retation of facts accurately and concisely Re!ort be not data collection rat-er fact finding S-ould be understandable by :S$A ins!ector

SAF?5F C=E=! C=#? F=! MA!+I04 P<FSICAE <AGA!#S A0# 5<? I#?05IFICA5I=0 =F C?!5AI0 ?M IPM?05
81

1. HR**1>s-all be used as t-e basic color for designating PSafetyI and t-e location of first;aid e ui!ment: a. Safety bulletin boards b. 3irst;aid 'its c. Stretc-ers d. ,ersonal;,rotecti#e;* ui!ment su!!ly cabinets 2. R*D>s-all be t-e basic color for t-e identification of: a. 3ire !rotection e ui!ment and a!!aratus i. 3ire;alarm bo+es ii. 3ire;blan'et bo+es iii. 3ire;-ose locations i#. S!rin'le !i!ing/ etc b. Danger i. Safety cans and flammable li uids containers ii. Red lig-ts at barricades c. Sto! i. Red lig-ts at barricades ii. Sto! buttons 3. R*&&:F>s-all be t-e basic color for designating caution:
82

a. )o mar' aisles and direct t-e flo( of traffic b. Construction e ui!ment suc- as bulldo%ers/ tractors/ etc c. Caution signs d. $andrails/ guardrails/ barricades e. 2ar'ing for lo( beams/ !i!es/ !ro"ections/ etc 4. :RA1H*>basic color for designation dangerous !arts of mac-ines or e ui!ments: a. Inside of transmission guards for gears/ !ulleys c-ains. b. Safety starting buttons c. *+!osed !arts .edges only0 of !ulleys/ gears/ !o(er "ams. 8. D&U*>s-all be t-e basic color for designating mac-ine and e ui!ment controls suc- as: a. b. c. d. *lectrical controls Gal#es Drea's Disconnects

=. ,UR,&*>s-all be t-e basic color for designating radiation -a%ards: a. Radiation (arning signs b. Containers of radioacti#e material
83

c. Signal lig-ts to indicate radiation mac-ines are in o!eration 7. D&AC< :R F$I)*>or a combination of blac' and (-ite s-all be t-e basic color of -ouse'ee!ing mar'ings: a. Stair(ays .risers0 b. &ocation of refuse cans c. F-ite corners for rooms and !assage(ays d. 3ood;dis!ensing e ui!ment

!IS+ ASS?SSM?05 Five Steps Process for !is9 Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. Identify t-e -a%ards Identify (-o can be -armed Identify t-e current controls and decide if more is re uiredS Record your findings Re#ie( as necessary
84

Identify the <aAards ^ )-e first t-ing you need to do is identify t-e -a%ards associated (it- t-e tas' or acti#ity. > :ne (ay of doing t-is is by using PP?M?I ^ Peo!le ^ ? ui!ment ^ Materials ^ ?n#ironment People <aAards ^ ,eo!le -a%ards co#er a number of issues ^ ^ -a%ards are to do (it- t-e indi#idual t-emsel#esA F-en t-in'ing about !eo!le -a%ards/ (ords suc- as _ _ _ _ training/ ca!abilitiesBrestrictions/ su!er#ision/ communication/
85

_ _

ade uate numbers and -uman error s-ould come to mind.

?Cuipment <aAards ^ co#er tas's associated (it- t-e > re!air/ > maintenance/ > -andling/ > cleaning/ > storage and > :!eration of t-e e ui!ment. Material <aAards ^ Co#er any solids/ li uids or gases associated (it- t-e tas' e.g. C-emicals/ Solid 3uel .,a!er/ (ood etc0 ^ Along (it- t-e substances t-at are re uired for t-e s!ecific tas' > also any bi;!roducts or > Fastes generated by t-e tas' or acti#ity.

86

?nvironment <aAards ^ ItEs all about t-e surroundings ^ De!ending on t-e location and t-e acti#ity/ > -a%ards could include ^ !oor lig-ting/ ^ -eating and #entilation/ ^ !oor accessBegress/ ^ tri!!ingBsli!!ing -a%ards/ ^ restricted s!aceB#isibility and ^ ot-er acti#ities ta'ing !lace nearby 8hat are the Current ControlsL F-at control measures are currently in !lace for eac-a%ard identifiedS > )-ere may be no controls/ ^ !er-a!s because t-e -a%ard -asnEt been considered > )-ere may be good controls in !lace ^ because t-e -a%ard is ob#ious and easily controlled

87

Controls can be at three levels( > ,-ysical controls .e.g. a metal fence around a construction site0 > ,rocedural controls .e.g. a safe (or'ing !rocedure for t-e tas'0 > De-a#ioural controls .e.g. ade uate su!er#ision and monitoring of be-a#iour0

Are Further Controls !eCuiredL ^ As' yourself > Can more be doneS > F-at ot-er control measures are necessaryS > &oo' at t-e -ierarc-y of control. i. ii. *liminate t-e -a%ard Substitute t-e -a%ard
88

iii. i#. #. #i. #ii. #iii. i+.

Contain t-e -a%ard at source Remo#e em!loyees from -a%ard Reduce e+!osures to -a%ard Systematic Fit-dra(al ,lan .SF,Es0 Farning signals ,,* Disci!lines

> C-oose t-e best/ most effecti#e controls > Rou may -a#e loo'ed at a !articular tas'/ identified t-e current controls and may be t-in'ing about adding e+tra controlsNbut -o( do you 'no( (-ic- controls measures are best. ?JAE A5I04 5<? !IS+

RISK EVALUATION MATRIX

Moderate injury Trivial injury Low Low Low Low Major injury Minor injury Medium Medium Low Low

Severity

Frequency of occurrence Very common Frequent Occasional Rare

High High High Medium

89

Fatal

High High Medium Medium

High Medium Medium Low

!?4 EA! !?JI?8 =F F= ! ASS?SSM?05S ^ Ris' assessments must be re#ie(ed on a regular basis > At t-e #ery least once e#ery fi#e years. ^ )-e !eriod of re#ie( s-ould reflect t-e -a%ards/ > t-e greater t-e -a%ards t-e more fre uent t-e re#ie( ^ S-ould also be re#ie(ed > if t-ere is a significant c-ange to t-e (or' or > if you belie#e t-at it is no longer #alid ^ Ris' assessment s-ould be a li#ing document >it s-ould c-ange as t-e (or' c-anges. <=8 5= PEA0 F=! ?M?!4?0CI?S De#elo!ing an emergency action !lan .*A,0 is a ma"or ste! in !re!aring for emergencies. A !reliminary ste! to conduct a t-oroug- analysis to determine #arious ty!es of emergencies t-at mig-t occur. A com!any mig-t antici!ate emergencies li'e:
90

3ires/ c-emical s!ills/ e+!losions/ to+ic emissions/ train derailments/ -urricanes/ tornadoes/ lig-tning/ floods/ eart- ua'es/ or #olcanic eru!tions. *A, s-ould be collection of small !lans for eacantici!ated or !otential emergency. Components of ?AP( #rocedures% S!ecific/ ste!;by;ste! emergency res!onse !rocedures for eac- !otential emergency. Coordination% #roper coordination with emergency res!onder agencies. Assignments&responsibilities% *#ery !ersonTs res!onsibilities clearly s!elled out and understood. :ne !erson res!onsible for conducting e#acuation of t-e affected area/ Anot-er for t-e immediate s-utdo(n of all e ui!ment Anot-er for tele!-oning for medical/ fire/ or ot-er ty!es of emergency assistance. Al(ays to -a#e a bac'u! !erson for eacarea of res!onsibility. Accident pre'ention strategies% " trategies t-at are su!!osed to be used on a day;to;day basis to !re#ent t-e ty!e of emergency being !lanned be
91

de#elo!ed. Strategies can be re#ie(ed/ t-ereby !romoting !re#ention. "chedules% Dates and times of regularly sc-eduled !ractice drills. Gary t-e times and dates so t-at !ractice drills donTt become !redictable and boring.

92

)y!e of *mergency Deing ,lanned for:

3ire 3lood )ornado *art- ua'e $urricane &ig-tning *+!losion Golcanic eru!tion C-emical s!ill )o+ic emission )rain derailment

,rocedures for *mergency Res!onse: 1. Controlling and isolatingS 2. CommunicationS 3. *mergency assistanceS 4. 3irst aidS 8. S-ut;do(nBe#acuationB!rotection of (or'ersS =. ,rotection of e ui!mentB!ro!ertyS 7. *gress/ ingress/ e+itsS 4. *mergency e ui!ment .e.g./ fire e+tinguis-ers0S ?. AlarmsS 19. Restoration of normal o!erationsS Coordination: 1. 2edical care !ro#idersS 2. 3ire ser#ice !ro#idersS 3. &*,C !ersonnelS 4. *n#ironmental !rotection !ersonnelS 8. Ci#il defense !ersonnel .in t-e case of !ublic e#acuations0S =. ,olice !rotection !ro#idersS 7. Communication !ersonnelS
93

AssignmentsBRes!onsibilities:
1. F-o cares for t-e in"uredS 2. F-o calls for emergency assistanceS 3. F-o s-uts do(n !o(erBo!erationsS 4. F-o coordinates communicationS 8. F-o conducts t-e e#acuationS =. F-o meets and guides emergency res!ondersS 7. F-o contacts coordinating agencies and organi%ationsS 4. F-o is res!onsible for ensuring t-at alarms are in !ro!er

(or'ing orderS ?. F-o is res!onsible for organi%ing cleanu! acti#itiesS Accident ,re#ention Strategies( 1. ,eriodic safety ins!ectionsS 2. Industrial -ygiene strategiesS 3. ,ersonal !rotecti#e e ui!mentS 4. *rgonomic strategiesS 8. 2ac-ine safeguardsS =. $andB!ortable !o(er tool safeguardsS 7. 2aterial -andling and storage strategiesS 4. *lectrical safety strategiesS ?. 3ire safety strategiesS 19. C-emical safety strategiesS Sc-edules: Dates of !ractice drills:````` )imes of !ractice drills:````` Duration of !ractice drills`````
94

CustomiAing Plans to Meet Eocal 0eeds *mergency !lans must be location;s!ecific. Heneral !lans de#elo!ed centrally and used at all !lant locations (ill -a#e limited effecti#eness. &ocation;s!ecific *A,: A ma! in t-e !lan. A ma! of t-e s!ecific !lant (ill -el! locali%e an *A,. )-e ma! s-ould include t-e locations of e+its/ access !oints/ e#acuation routes/ alarms/ emer; gency e ui!ment/ a central control or command center/ first aid 'its/ emergency s-ut;do(ns buttons/ and any ot-er im!ortant element of *A,.

Chain of command An organi%ational c-art illustrating t-e c-ain of command ; (-ic- is res!onsible for (-at and (-o re!orts to (-om. )-e c-art s-ould contain t-e names and tele!-one numbers .internal and e+ternal0 of e#eryone in#ol#ed in res!onding to an emergency. It is critical to 'ee! t-e organi%ational c-art u! to date as !ersonnel c-anges occur. It is also im!ortant to -a#e a designated bac'u!
95

!erson s-o(n for e#ery !osition on t-e c-art. Coordination information% All tele!-one numbers and contact names of !eo!le in agencies (it- (-ic- t-e com!any coordinates emergency acti#ities s-ould be listed. ,eriodic contact s-ould be maintained (it- all t-ese !eo!le so t-at t-e *A, can be u!dated as !ersonnel c-anges occur. (ocal training% All training s-ould be geared to(ard t-e ty!es of emergencies t-at mig-t occur in t-e !lant. In addition/ !ractice drills s-ould ta'e !lace on; site and in t-e s!ecific locations (-ere emergencies are most li'ely to -a!!en.

96

?mergency !esponse 5eams 6?!57 A s!ecial team t-at res!onds ato general and locali%ed emergencies to facilitate !ersonnel e#acuation and safety/ s-ut do(n building ser#ices and utilities For' (it- res!onding ci#il aut-orities *R) ty!ically com!osed of re!resentati#es from se#eral different de!artments suc- as: 2aintenance/ security/ -ealt- and safety/ !roductionB!rocessing/ and medical. Actual com!osition de!ends on t-e si%e and ty!e of com!any in uestion. ?mergency response net>or9 6?!07 An *R1 is a net(or' of *R)s t-at co#ers a designated geogra!-ical area and is ty!ically res!onsible for a s!ecific ty!e of emergency.

97

8or9er2s Compensation =b"ective( 10 Re!lacement of Income: i. ii. of current 5 3uture income .minus )a+0 at a rates of t(o;t-ird needs to be continued e#en after em!loyer goes out of business

20

Re-abilitation of In"ured *m!loyee: i. ii. ,ro#ide needed medical care at no cost: Until !ronounces fit 2a'e -im able to come bac' to (or'.

30

Accident ,re#ention: *m!loyer (ill !re#ention. in#est e ui#alent in accident

40

Cost Allocation:
98

 Gary from industry to industry i. Industry (it- -ig-er ris' of accidents !ay -ig-er (or'erEs com!ensation insurance !remium. 1ote: All t-e em!loyees -a#e t-e rig-t of com!ensation contractorEs !eo!le de!ends u!on t-e state !olicy.

-enefits( For'er used to suffer due to may be t-eir o(n minor negligence. DidnEt get com!ensation by t-e Court due to t-eir o(n negligence. DidnEt go to t-e court (it- t-e assum!tion t-at t-ey (ill not be acce!ted bac' in t-e industry or for t-at matter in any ot-er industry .Dlac' &isted0 *m!loyer 5 em!loyee -ad to in#est money 5 time for t-e case to continue. Com!ensation is to negotiate outside t-e court. ?mployee(
99

 $e is on com!anyEs !ay roll and recei#es all benefits. ,erson (-o acce!ts a ser#ice contract to !erform s!ecific "obBtas' or sets of tas's is not an em!loyee. Contractors may be em!loyed. ContractorEs !eo!le are not t-e res!onsibilities of t-e industry. o Industry may as' t-e contractor to s-o( !roofs of -a#ing t-eir o(n (or'erEs com!ensation insurance. If com!any does not !ro#ide trans!ortation: *m!loyee not generally co#ered com!ensation (-en tra#elling to 5 from (or'.

i0 ii0

A=? .Arises out of em!loyment0 In"uries > Due to assigned (or' C=? .Course of em!loyment0 In"uries > Due to unassigned (or'

Compensation In"uries i0 )em!orary ,artial Disability

100

ii0

)em!orary )otal Disability

iii0 ,ermanent ,artial Disability i#0 ,ermanent )otal Disability Schedule #isabilities 1on ambiguous in"uries e.g. arm/ ear/ -and/ finger/ toe

0onBSchedule #isabilities &ess straig-t for(ard in nature e.g. -ead in"ury etc P E A 0 P#CA CFCE?
C < ? C +
101

IS; %;;1(2;;,
1 Scope 2. 0ormative !eference .. 5erms and Conditions '. Muality Management System 4.1 Heneral Re uirements 4.2 Documentation Re uirement 4.2.1 Heneral
102

4.2.2 Zuality 2anual 4.2.3 Control of Documents 4.2.4 Control of Records 1. Management !esponsibility 8.1 2anagement Commitment 8.2 Customer 3ocus 8.3 Zuality ,olicy 8.4 ,lanning 8.4.1 Zuality :b"ecti#es 8.4.2 Zuality 2anagement System ,lanning 8.8 Res!onsibility/ Aut-ority and Communication 8.8.1 Res!onsibility and Aut-ority 8.8.2 2anagement Re!resentati#e 8.8.3 Internal Communication 8.= 2anagement Re#ie( 8.=.1 Heneral 8.=.2 Re#ie( In!ut 8.=.2 Re#ie( :ut!ut /. !esource Management =.1 ,ro#isions of Resources
103

=.2 $uman Resources =.2.1 Heneral =.2.2 Com!etence/ A(areness/ )raining =.3 Infrastructure =.4 For' *n#ironment &. Product !ealiAation 7.1 ,lanning of ,roduct Reali%ation 7.2 Customer;related ,rocesses 7.2.1 7.2.2 Documentation of Re uirements Related to t-e ,roduct Re#ie( of Re uirements Related to t-e ,roduct 7.2.3 Customer Communication 7.3 Design and De#elo!ment 7.3.1 Design and De#elo!ment ,lanning 7.3.2 Design and De#elo!ment In!uts 7.3.3 Design and De#elo!ment :ut!uts 7.3.4 Design and De#elo!ment Re#ie( 7.3.8 Design and De#elo!ment Gerification 7.3.= Design and De#elo!ment Galidation
104

7.3.7 Control of Design and De#elo!ment C-anges 7.4 ,urc-asing 7.4.1 ,urc-asing ,rocess 7.4.2 ,urc-asing Information 7.4.3 Gerification of ,urc-ased ,roduct 7.8 ,roduction and Ser#ice ,ro#ision 7.8.1 Control of ,roduction and Ser#ice ,ro#ision Ser#ice ,ro#ision 7.8.3 7.8.4 7.8.8 Identification and )raceability Customer ,ro!erty ,reser#ation of ,roduct 7.8.2 Galidation of ,rocesses for ,roduction and

7.= Control of 2onitoring and 2easuring * ui!ment ,. Measurement* analysis and improvement 4.1 Heneral 4.2 2onitoring and 2easurement 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 Customer Satisfaction Internal Audit 2onitoring and 2easurement of ,rocesses
105

4.2.4

2onitoring and 2easurement of Ser#ice

4.3 Control of 1onconforming ,roduct 4.4 Analysis of Data 4.8 Im!ro#ement 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 Continual Im!ro#ement Correcti#e Action ,re#enti#e action

=<SAS 1,;;1(1%%%
1. Scope 2. !eference Publications .. #efinitions '. =<@S Management System ?lements 4.1 Heneral Re uirements 4.2 :$5S ,olicy 4.3 ,lanning

106

4.3.1 ,lanning for $a%ard Identification/ Ris' Assessment and Ris' Control 4.3.2 &egal and :t-er Re uirements 4.3.3 :b"ecti#es 4.3.4 :$5S 2anagement ,rogramme.s0 4.4 Im!lementation and :!eration 4.4.1 Structure and Res!onsibility 4.4.2 )raining/ A(areness and Com!etence 4.4.3 Consultation and Communication 4.4.4 Documentation 4.4.8 Document and Data Control 4.4.= :!erational Control 4.4.7 *mergency ,re!aredness and Res!onse 4.8 C-ec'ing and Correcti#e Action 4.8.1 ,erformance 2easurement and 2onitoring 4.8.2 Accidents/ Incidents/ 1on;Conformances/ Correcti#e and ,re#enti#e Action 4.8.3 Records and Records 2anagement
107

4.8.4 Audit 4.= 2anagement Re#ie(

108