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Pg 347, Chapter 8 VocabularyLearning- A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.Associative learning- It is when an organism learns by linking two events that occur closetogether. The animals learn to predict the immediate function.Classical Conditioning- A form of learning in which we associate two stimuli and thus toanticipate events.Behaviorism- The school of thought that stresses the need for psychology to be anobjective science. This perspective was first suggested and propagated by John Watsonin 1913, who wanted psychology to study only observable behaviors and get away fromthe study of the conscious mind completely. Watson's primary rationale was that onlyobservable events are verifiable and thus, are the only events that can be proven false.Unconditioned Response (UR)- In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturallyoccurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US).Unconditioned stimulus- In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) is any stimulus that can evoke a response without the organism going through any previous learning; the response to the US (the unconditioned response) occurs naturally.Conditioned Response- the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). This response is almost identical to theUnconditioned Stimulus except that now the reflexive behavior occurs in response to aconditioned stimulus as opposed to an unconditioned stimulus.Conditioned stimulus- a formerly neutral stimulus that, after association with anunconditioned stimulus (US), comes to produce a conditioned responseAcqusition- Initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship. In operantconditioning, the strengthening of reinforced responses.Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioningwhen an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs inoperant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.Spontaneous recovery- The reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditionedresponse.Generalization- The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar tothe conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.Discrimination- In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between aconditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
 
Operant conditioning- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed bya reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.Respondent behavior- Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus;Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.Operant behavior- behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.Law of effect- Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomeless likelyOperant chamber- A chamber also known as a skinner boxy, containing a bar or key thatan animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcement, with attached devicesto record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioningresearch.Shaping- An operant conditioning procedure which reinforcers guide behavior towardcloser and closer approximations of the desired behavior.Reinforcer- in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.Positive reinforcement- A stimulus which increases the frequency of a particular behavior using pleasant rewards. Negative reinforcement- With negative reinforcement the occurrence of a behavior isincreased by removing an unpleasant stimulus.Primary reinforcer- used in conditioning, and it refers to anything that providesreinforcement without the need for learning to an organism.Conditioned reinforcer- A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through itsassociation with a primary reinforcer. It is also known as secondary reinforcement.Continuous reinforcement- This is an operant conditioning principle in which anorganism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operantresponse.Partial ( intermittent ) reinforcement- Reinforcing a response only part of the time. Thisresults in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction thandoes continuous reinforcement.Fixed ratio schedule- In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces aresponse only after a specified number of responses.
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