An Introduction To: CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology
Technical Seminar-2004
An Introduction
To
CDMA Technology
Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 1

CDMA Technology
Introduction
 Short for Code Division Multiple Access
Developed by US company -QUALACOMM

Digital technology for delivering mobile
telephone services
uses spread-spectrum techniques

CDMA Technology
Spread Spectrum Transmission Model
jammer interference
Filter
Bandwidth W
Information Signal Recovered
i(t) s(t) r(t) d(t) Informational
Signal
Data Rate Ri c(t) c(t)
Bandwidth Wi
Spreading Sequence Spreading Sequence
Chip Rate Rc Chip Rate Rc
Bandwith Wc Bandwidth Wc

CDMA Technology
Classification of Spread Spectrum Systems
Spread Spectrum Techniques
Direct Sequence Time Hopper Frequency Hopper Hybrid
Wideband Narrowband
DS/FH DS/FH/TH
Slow Fast
DS/TH FH/TH

CDMA Technology
Power Control Mechanism

CDMA Technology
Multi-Code CDMA
WT1
#Code
Wireless Channel
time
WT2
#Code
#Code
time time
WT3
#Code
time Base Station

CDMA Technology
IS-95 CDMA
 is based on IS-95 Technology

Supports 95 million subscribers worldwide
Network operate in 800 & 1900 freq. band
Provides voice & data services having

speed upto 64 kbits/sec
SMS services also

CDMA Technology
CDMA-2000/IS 2000
CDMA-2000
I Phase II Phase
CDMA-2000 1X CDMA-2000 3X
144kbps packet data rate Circuit & packet data rates up
to 2Mbps
Two fold increase in both voice
capacity & standby time Incorporates advanced multimedia
capabilities
Advanced packet data services
Greatly extended battery life Supports framework for advanced
3G voice services & vocoders
Channel size of 1.25 MHz
Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Simplified System Planning
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Increased Portable Talk Time
Bandwidth on Demand

CDMA Technology
CDMA-Applications
CDMA for Cellular
CDMA-Short Message Service

Over-the-Air Activation
CDMA Data and Fax
Subscriber Access Control
CDMA for Personal Communications Services

CDMA Technology
Conclusion
Technology of choice for 3G generation because of it’s
Greater total capacity

Outstanding voice quality
Fewer dropped calls
RF planning and implementation is simplified by it’s
Capability of re-using single cell frequency
non-contiguous bandwidth requirement
It’s use in satellite communication is of great importance

CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology



CDMA Technology
CDMA-2000/IS 2000
CDMA-2000
I Phase II Phase
CDMA-2000 1X CDMA-2000 3X
144kbps packet data rate Circuit & packet data rates up
to 2Mbps
Two fold increase in both voice
capacity & standby time Incorporates advanced multimedia
capabilities
Advanced packet data services
Greatly extended battery life Supports framework for advanced
3G voice services & vocoders
Channel size of 1.25 MHz
Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy

CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy

CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy

CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology
CDMA-Applications


CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy

CDMA Technology
Why Web Server ?
• Web server software enables the information
to be accessed across a network by different

computers.
•For the web pages to be accessed from a PC
with Internet Explorer, web server software
must reside on that server.
•It interpret the server side scripting and send
the plain HTML to the client.

CDMA Technology
Benefits of CDMA
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy

CDMA Technology
CDMA-Applications


CDMA Technology
Different Types of Web Server
• Apache.
• IIS.
• O'Reilly & Associates WebSite Pro.
• Netscape FastTrack Server.
• Netscape Enterprise Server.
• StarNine’s WebSTAR (for Macintosh).

CDMA Technology
Different Features of Apache
• Open source updates. It is constantly being updated and
you can add functionality as it becomes available.

• Free. The software is free. It's hard to beat that price.
• Multi-platform support. Apache can be used on
systems that have 80x86-series (i.e. Intel) processors
running either Linux or NT as an OS, or on other
computers running a Unix-type OS on a different
processor.
• Popular. Apache is the most-used Web server software
package in the world.

CDMA Technology
Hosting User Home Pages
•UserDir some_directory
When this form of the UserDir directive is used, Apche receives a
URL request of the form
http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir
and uses system resources to locate the home directory of a user
named sudhir.
e.g.,
If the directive like UserDir some_directory is in effect, Apache will
search in a directory
/home/sudhir/some_directory

CDMA Technology
•UserDir /an/absolute/path
This method assumes that each user will have his/her own
subdirectory under the specified UserDir. e.g., If Apche receives a
URL request of the form
http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir/myphotos.html
when a directive like the following is in effect.
UserDir /usr/webspace
Apache will search in a directory
/usr/webspace/sudhir/myphotos.html

CDMA Technology
•UserDir /an/absolute/path/*/with/wildcard
In this method the absolute path to the directory in which users
should be storing their web documents.However, in plece of actual
user name, you put an asterisk(*). If Apche receives a URL
request of the form
http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir
when a directive like the following is in effect.
UserDir /usr/webspace/*/public_html
Apache will map the URL to the directory
/usr/webspace/sudhir/public_html

CDMA Technology
Virtual Hosting
The term Virtual Host refers to the practice of maintaining more than
one server on one machine, as differentiated by their apparent
hostname.
For example, it is often desirable for companies sharing a web server to
have their own domains, with web servers accessible as
www.nistinfo.com and www.sudhir.com, without
requiring the user to know any extra path
information.

CDMA Technology
Virtual Hosting
1.Virtual Hosting by Name
2.Virtual Hosting by IP

CDMA Technology
Name-based vs IP based Virtual Hosts
•IP based :- IP-based virtual hosts use the IP address of the
connection to determine the correct virtual host to serve. Therefore

you need to have a separate IP address for each host.
•Name based :- Name-based virtual hosting is usually simpler, since

you need only configure your DNS server to map each hostname to
the correct IP address and then configure the Apache HTTP Server
to recognize the different hostnames..

CDMA Technology
IP based Virtual Hosts
•Your current IP Addresses :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0

It will show your current IP address and netmask
•Assign New IP to your Mechine :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210
netmask 255.255.0.0
Now your machine act like presence of another
physical network card.
CDMA Technology
•BindAddress :-This directive instructs apache
to monitor a specific IP address or all active IP

address.
•e.g. BindAddress 172.61.25.23
BindAddress *

CDMA Technology
•Check your IP Address :-

e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0
•Assign New IP to your Mechine :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210 netmask
255.255.255.0
Now your machine act like presence of another
physical network card.
CDMA Technology
•Configure /etc/hosts :-
IP address domainnames
172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com
172.61.25.210 www.sudhir.com

CDMA Technology
•Configure VirtualHost Directive For Multiple Hosting:-
<VirtualHost www.nistinfo.com>
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo
ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log
TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost www.sudhir.com>
DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html
ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log
TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>
CDMA Technology
Name based Virtual Hosts
•Check your IP Address :-

e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0

CDMA Technology
•Configure /etc/hosts :-
IP address domain names
172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com www.sudhir.com

CDMA Technology
•Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf
file):-
NameVirtualHost 172.61.25.10
<VirtualHost 172.61.25.10>
ServerName www.nistinfo.com
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo
ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log
TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>
CDMA Technology
•Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf
file):-
<VirtualHost 172.61.25.10>
ServerName www.sudhir.com
DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html
ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log
TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>

CDMA Technology
Related Files and Daemons of Apache
• Configuration Files :-
• httpd.conf :- The main configuration file containing

the variables that specify server specific configuration.
• srm.conf :- Server Resource Management-
historically, this file contained the variables that
specified how server resources were to be used.
• access.conf :- Historically, this file contained the
variables relating to access control.
• httpd.pid :- Stores the Parent process ID of httpd
deamon.
• mime.types :- Stores the mime type information of
the system.

CDMA Technology
Related Files and Daemons of Apache
• Related Deamons :-
• httpd :- It is the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol

(HTTP) server program. It is designed to be run as a
standalone daemon program.
It will create a pool of child process to handle requests.

To stop it, send a TERM signal to the initial parent
process.

CDMA Technology
Starting and Stopping the Apache
• Starting Apache :-
• /usr/local/bin/httpd
• apachectl start
• Stopping Apache :-
• kill the PID of the parent httpd.
• kill -TERM `cat /var/run/httpd.pid`
• apachectl stop

CDMA Technology
Keywords in Apache
• Directives :- Configuration Variables
• Core Directives :- A fairly sizable subset of the

directives are known as Core Directives and they get
enabled by default by the systems.
• Modules :- Sophisticated operating system objects

that can be loaded into or shared among other running
programs.

CDMA Technology
Keywords in Apache
• Dynamic Shared Objects :-
• Handlers :-
• Mime Types :-

CDMA Technology
Some Common Apache Directives
• <Directory> directive
<Directory> and </Directory> are used to enclose a group of

directives which will apply only to the named directory and sub-
directories of that directory. Any directive which is allowed in a
directory context may be used. Directory-path is either the full path
to a directory, or a wild-card string.
Example:
<Directory /usr/local/httpd/htdocs>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
</Directory>
For example, with

CDMA Technology
• <DirectoryMatch> directive
<DirectoryMatch> and </DirectoryMatch> are used to

enclose a group of directives which will apply only to the
named directory and sub-directories of that directory, the
same as <Directory>. However, it takes as an argument a
regular expression.
For example:
<DirectoryMatch "^/www/.*/[0-9]{3}">
would match directories in /www/ that consisted of three
numbers.
CDMA Technology
• BindAddress directive
This directive is used to tell the server which IP address to

listen to. It can either contain "*”, an IP address, or a fully
qualified Internet domain name.
Example :-
BindAddress *

CDMA Technology
• Port directive
The port to which the standalone server listens.
Example :-
Port 80

CDMA Technology
• Listen directive
The Listen directive instructs Apache to listen to more

than one IP address or port: Multiple Listen directives may
be used.
For example, to make the server accept connections on
both port 80 and port 8000, use:
Listen 80
Listen 8000
To make the server accept connections on two specified
interfaces and port numbers, use
Listen 192.170.2.1:80
Listen 192.170.2.5:8000

CDMA Technology
• AddModule directive
The server can have modules compiled in which are not

actively in use. This directive can be used to enable the use
of those modules.
For example:
AddModule mod_include.c

CDMA Technology
• DocumentRoot directive
This directive sets the directory from which httpd will

serve files. The server appends the path from the requested
URL to the document root to make the path to the
document.
For example:
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo then an access
to http://www.nistinfo.com/index.html refers to
/webspace/nistinfo/index.html.
CDMA Technology
• UserDir directive
The UserDir directive sets the real directory in a user's

home directory to use when a request for a document for a
user is received.
The name of the directory which is appended onto a user's
home directory if a ~user request is received.
For example:
UserDir public_html
CDMA Technology
• ServerType directive
The ServerType directive sets how the server is executed

by the system. Type is one of
inetd
The server will be run from the system process inetd;
the command to start the server is added to
/etc/inetd.conf
standalone
The server will run as a daemon process; the command
to start the server is added to the system startup scripts.
(/etc/rc.local or /etc/rc3.d/....)
CDMA Technology
• ServerRoot directive
The ServerRoot directive sets the directory in which the

server lives. Typically it will contain the subdirectories
conf/ and logs/. Relative paths for other configuration files
are taken as relative to this directory.
For example:
ServerRoot /usr/local/httpd

CDMA Technology
• ServerName directive
The ServerName directive sets the hostname of the server;

this is used when creating redirection URLs. If it is not
specified, then the server attempts to deduce it from its
own IP address.
For example:
ServerName ntcsindia
CDMA Technology
• Order directive
The Order directive controls the default access state and

the order in which Allow and Deny directives are
evaluated.
For example:
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from apache.org
Order Allow,Deny
Allow from apache.org
Deny from foo.apache.org

CDMA Technology
• Deny directive
This directive allows access to the server to be restricted

based on hostname, IP address, or environment variables.
For example:
Deny from all

CDMA Technology
• Allow directive
The Allow directive affects which hosts can access an area

of the server. Access can be controlled by hostname, IP
Address, IP Address range, or by other characteristics of
the client request captured in environment variables.
For example:
Allow from 10.1.2.3

CDMA Technology
Directory Structure
• bin :- Contains the various daemons.
• cgi-bin :- Contains the cgi files.

• conf :- Contains the different configuration files.
• include :- Contains the include files required for
different modules.
• lib :- Contains the library files for the modules.
• logs :- Contains the different logs files.
• modules :- Contains the core modules for apache.
CDMA Technology
Directory Structure
• bin :-

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CDMA Technology

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 1

Developed by US company -QUALACOMM

uses spread-spectrum techniques

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 2

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 3

Direct Sequence Time Hopper Frequency Hopper Hybrid

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 4

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 5

time Base Station

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 6

 is based on IS-95 Technology

Network operate in 800 & 1900 freq. band

Provides voice & data services having

SMS services also

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 8

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 9

CDMA-Short Message Service

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 10

Greater total capacity

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 11

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 12

CDMA for Cellular

CDMA-Short Message Service

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 13

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 14

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 15

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 16

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 17

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 18

CDMA-Short Message Service

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 19

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 20

to be accessed across a network by different

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 21

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 22

CDMA-Short Message Service

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 23

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 24

you can add functionality as it becomes available.

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 25

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 26

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 27

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 28

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 29

1.Virtual Hosting by Name

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 30

connection to determine the correct virtual host to serve. Therefore

•Name based :- Name-based virtual hosting is usually simpler, since

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 31

/home/root$ ifconfig eth0

to monitor a specific IP address or all active IP

•e.g. BindAddress 172.61.25.23

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 33

/home/root$ ifconfig eth0

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 35

/home/root$ ifconfig eth0

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 37

IP address domain names

172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com www.sudhir.com

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 38

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170 40