7/14/10

Models of Intelligence

Intelligence and General Ability Testing

Chapter 7

!! !! !! !! !!

Psychometric approach Cattel-Horn-Carroll model Developmental progressions Information processing Other theories

Psychometric Approach
!!

Psychometric Approach
!!
!! !! !! !! !! !! !!

(cont.)

Based on premise that intelligence can be described in terms of mental factors (Bjorkland, 2005) Spearmans (1927) 2-factor model
!! !!

Thurstones (1938) 7 primary mental abilities

Verbal comprehension Word fluency Number facility Perceptual speed Memory Space Reasoning

!!

g (general ability factor) Specific factors

!!

Guilfords (1988) structure-of-intelligence theory

!! !! !!

Mental operations Content areas Products

!!

Vernons (1950) hierarchical theory

!! !!

g v:ed & k:m

7/14/10

Cattel-Horn-Carrol Model
!!

Developmental Progressions
!!

One of the more influential contemporary theories

Intelligence can be better understood by examining how intelligence develops; learning and environment influence the process

!!

g is composed of two second-order factors

!! !!

!!

Jean Piagets (1972) theory

!!

Stages of development:
!! !! !! !!

Fluid abilities (Gf) Crystallized abilities (Gc)

Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Formal operations Assimilation Accomodation

!!

Intellectual functions:
!! !!

!!

Cecis (1990, 1993) bioecological model

!!

Intellectual abilities are highly influenced by context

Information-Processing
!!

Other Theories
!!

These models focus on how individuals process information Lurias (1966) theory
!! !!

Gardners (1993) theory of multiple intelligences

!! !!

!!

Any set of adult competencies that are valued in a culture merits consideration as a potential intelligence. 9 relatively independent Frames of mind
1.! 2.! 3.! 4.! 5.! 6.! 7.! 8.! 9.!

Simultaneous processing Sequential processing

!!

Sternbergs (1985, 1988) triarchic theory

!!

!! !!

Internal world of individual or mental processes that underlie intelligence Experiential subtheory Individuals contextual or external world

Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Existential

!!

Measures need to value intellectual capacities in a wide range of domains, and the methods should be appropriate for the domain.

7/14/10

Individual Intelligence Testing

!! !! !! !!

Wechsler Scales
!!

Wechsler Scales Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Kaufman Instruments Additonal Individual Instruments

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III, 1997) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV, 2003) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III (WPPSI-III, 2002)
!!

!!

!!

Wechsler Memory Scale III (1997)

WAIS-III
!! !!

Scales:
!!

WISC-IV
!!

Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ Composite Scores:

!! !!

Verbal
!! !! !! !! !! !! !!

!!

!! !!

Verbal Comprehension Index Perceptual Organization Index Working Memory Index Processing Speed Index

Vocabulary Similarities Arithmetic Digit Span Information Comprehension Letter-Number Sequencing Picture Completion Digit-Symbol Coding Block Design Matrix Reasoning Picture Arrangement Symbol Search Object Assembly

Full Scale IQ no longer use Verbal IQ and Performance IQ like earlier versions; now use Four Index Scores:
Perceptual Reasoning Index ! Block Design ! Picture Concepts ! Matrix Reasoning ! Picture Completion (supplemental) Processing Speed Index ! Coding ! Symbol Search ! Cancellation (supplemental)

Verbal Comprehension Index ! Similarities ! Vocabulary ! Comprehension ! Information (supplemental) ! Word Reasoning (supplemental) Working Memory Index ! Digit Span ! Letter-Number Sequencing ! Arithmetic (supplemental)

!!

Performance
!! !! !! !! !! !! !!

!!

Uses basal and ceiling levels.

7/14/10

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test 5

!! !! !!

Kaufman Instruments
!!

For use with individuals 2 years 85 years Verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ, Full Scale IQ Five factors for both verbal and nonverbal areas
1.! 2.! 3.! 4.! 5.!

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II, 2004) Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT, 1993)
!! !!

Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory

!!

Not as widely used as Wechsler instruments Integration of different theoretical approaches

!!

Basal level, ceiling level, routing test

KABC-II
!!

KAIT
!! !!

Designed to assess children 3 to 18 Yields 4 or 5 scales depending on whether the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) or Luria approach is used
!!

Designed for individuals 11-85 years 3 intelligence scales:

!! !! !!

!!

CHC perspective; composite = Fluid-Crystallized Index

!! !! !! !! !!

Short-Term Memory Visual Processing Long-term Storage and Retrieval Fluid Reasoning Crystallized Abilities Sequential Processing Simultaneous Processing Learning Ability Planning Ability

Fluid (Gf) Crystallized (Gc) Composite 3 assess fluid intelligence 3 assess crystallized intelligence

!!

Luria perspective; global score = Mental Processing Index

!! !! !! !!

!!

6 subtests:
!! !!

7/14/10

Additional Individual Instruments

!! !!

Group Intelligence Testing

!!

Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition

(Nicholson & Hibpshman, 1990)

(Elliot, 2006)

Slossen Intelligence Test-Revised, Third Edition

!!
(Raven, Court, &

Given more often than individual intelligence tests, usually in schools Not as easy to monitor test-takers behavior during assessment Require more reading than individual tests Must consider other factors of individual (culture, gender, background info, language proficiency) in interpreting results

!!

Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices

Raven, 1983)

!!
(Dunn & Dunn,

!!

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III

1997)

!!

!!

Test of Nonverbal Intelligence 3

Johnsen, 1997)

(Brown, Sherbenou, &

Group Intelligence Testing

!! !!

(cont.)
!!

Is Intelligence Stable?
Infants and young children have the least stable intelligence test scores Early research indicated intelligence gradually declines after age 20 not supported by later research More recent research indicates intelligence gradually increases from childhood to middle age and then levels off Declines tend to occur in areas of fluid intelligence

Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, 8th edition (OLSAT-8) Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II (MAB-II) Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT)

!!

!! !! !!

!!

!!

7/14/10

What Do Intelligence Scores Predict?

!!

Is Intelligence Hereditary?
One of the most controversial issues in intelligence testing Determining estimates of the genetic contribution to intelligence is difficult In general, the heritability indexes for intelligence tend to be approximately .50 Both genetic and environmental factors have significant effects on intellectual development, with IQ scores seemingly to be related to the interaction between the two

!!

!!

!!

What Environmental Factors Influence Intelligence?

!! !! !!

Are There Group Differences in Intelligence?

!!

Culture and language School attendance Other effects of schooling; quality of schools Family environment Environmental toxins

Gender
!!

!! !!

There do not appear to be general intellectual differences between men and women Men may be better at visual-spatial tasks Women may be better at verbal tasks

!!

Ethnicity
!!

!! !!

!!

African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans tend to score lower on intelligence tests than European-Americans or Asian-Americans Differences often due to socioeconomic influences, linguistic factors, culture factors, etc.

7/14/10

What is the Flynn effect?

!!

James Flynn (1984, 1987) first to identify steadily increasing intelligence test scores in recent years Gains in IQ not reflected in gains in achievement Possible explanations: better nutrition, more test sophistication, changes in education and opportunities, changes in parenting practices

!!

!!