July Edition

Hi all this month I will try to give you some info

About the gold rush fever

In the cities and towns of the East, it seemed almost like wartime.
Thousands of men left their homes and families behind and headed
for California. Women moved in with relatives or fended for
themselves. Children wrote letters to their faraway fathers and
waited impatiently for them to come home. It was 1849, and the
California Gold Rush had begun.

James W. Marshall had discovered gold on January 24, 1848.

Marshall worked for John Sutter, a Swiss immigrant who hoped to
create an agricultural empire in California. Sutter owned 39,000
acres of land, on which he raised livestock, fruits, and vegetables. He
built a large fort that was home to a number of businesses.

Marshall was inspecting a ditch at Sutter's sawmill on the South

Fork of the American River when he saw a sparkle beneath the
water. He picked up the glittering particle, half the size of a pea. He
was certain that he had found gold.

In January 1848, California was largely unsettled. Some 100,000

Native Americans lived in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains. In small mission towns and ranches along the coast lived
about 10,000 Californians, or Mexican Californians; 2,000 U.S.
citizens; and a few hundred Europeans.

When Marshall told Sutter that he had discovered gold, Sutter swore
him to secrecy. If word got out, men would rush in from everywhere,
and Sutter's empire would be destroyed. But little by little the news
spread. At first only a trickle of gold seekers found their way to the
hills. But that trickle soon grew.

On May 12, 1948, when word of the discovery reached San

Francisco, the town's male population was about 600. On May 15,
only about 200 men remained. By June 1, San Francisco was a ghost
town--stores closed, ships abandoned, and houses deserted. Most of
the men had run off to the gold fields. The town's newspapers even
shut down. No one was left to write or read them.

Gold fever quickly spread. By the end of 1848, prospectors came

from as far as Oregon to the north, the Hawaiian Islands to the west,
and Mexico and Chile from the south. It took almost a year for the
news to reach the East. When it did, a stampede began.

Today it might be hard to understand why men left their homes and
loved ones and travelled thousands of miles to look for gold. But in
1849, a prosperous farmer might make about two or three hundred
dollars a year. A factory worker made about a dollar for working a
twelve-hour day. A skilled craftsman made a dollar and a half a day.

In California, gold was free to anyone who could find it. A miner
could take $25 to $35 of gold a day--or even more--out of a riverbed.
Stories of miners becoming rich men in a single day spread like
wildfire. Many of these stories were exaggerations. But some of them
were true.

Some men struck it rich, in primitive mining camps with names like
Hang town, Gouge Eye, and Hell's Delight. The work was
backbreaking, but flake-by-flake, nugget-by-nugget, these lucky
forty-niners dug up deposits of gold worth hundreds--or even
thousands--of dollars. Most miners were not so lucky. Many of the
best mining sites were quickly claimed, and then picked clean.

Some people in California made money without having to dig for

gold. Smart businesspeople charged miners for supplies and services.
A pound of sugar sold for $2. A pound of coffee for $4. Women in the
gold fields could charge $25 for a cooked meal, or earn $50 a week
Washing shirts. In 1849, those prices were sky-high. A successful
miner could easily pay them. But many miners could barely make
ends meet.

As the competition for gold became greater, miners fought over

"claims," or mining rights--sometimes violently. Many Americans
from the East blamed their lack of success on miners from Mexico,
Chile, Peru, and China, whom they considered "foreigners." Miners
of Latin American descent--even those who had lived in California
their whole lives--were sometimes violently attacked. Some were even
killed.

Eventually, much of the gold that could be mined by hand had been
found. Heavy machinery was needed to dig out the rest. Many miners
went home penniless--or nearly so. John Sutter left California in
1851, heavily in debt. Miners had invaded his house and trampled his
fields. His "empire" was in ruins. James W. Marshall, the man who
first found the gold, had little success as a miner. He died in poverty
in 1885.

Still, many miners stayed. They started businesses in the boomtowns

or farmed the fertile valleys. By 1856, San Francisco had more than
50,000 citizens and was the largest and most important city in the
West. On its streets walked people from every corner of the world.

Most California miners never made much money. Yet some did what
they set out to do--they struck it rich, and took home a fortune. They
paid off the mortgages on their farms and started new lives. Sadly,
some miners did not go home at all. They died of diseases like
cholera, or from accidents in the gold fields or on the journey to
California. Many of the women and children waiting back East
would never see their loved ones again.

The Gold Rush transformed not only the lives of people, but
California itself. California's population grew dramatically. Its
towns, cities, and businesses thrived. And almost overnight, it became
the most famous American state. People around the world knew the
story of California, the golden land where a fortune could be dug
from the ground.
 The Journey
In fall of 1848, news of the California gold strike hit the East. The
following spring, thousands of gold seekers travelled by overland
trails and by ship to the "gold fields." Most of these "forty-niners"
had never before left the places where they had grown up. Their
journeys would be unforgettable

Most forty-niners from the Midwest and many from the East
travelled west on the Oregon-California Trail. Travel by ship was
costly. Maps and books promised a quick and easy overland voyage.
But for many gold seekers who travelled overland, the journey would
be the hardest they had ever experienced.

Forty-niners usually travelled in covered wagons pulled by oxen or

mules. A few rode horses. Once they passed frontier towns like
Independence, Missouri, they entered the wilderness. Many of the
forty-niners were from cities like Boston or New York. They had
never camped outdoors, hunted for food, or built a fire. And now
they faced months far from civilization.

In 1849, some 32,000 gold-seekers went west on the trail through

present-day Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nevada. They endured
violent thunderstorms, torrential rain, and scorching heat. They
travelled mile after mile of bumpy trails that choked their throats
with dust in dry weather and turned to mud holes when rain fell.
They lost their belongings and even their lives trying to cross-rivers
such as the Platte, the Green, and the Bear.

Many gold-seekers feared attack by Native Americans. But this

seldom happened. Disease was the biggest killer. Forty-niners fell
victim to cholera, mountain fever, pneumonia, and diphtheria.
Hundreds of gold-seekers died and were buried along the trail.

The strain took a toll on the oxen and mules as well. As they
travelled, forty-niners lightened the load by throwing out everything
they didn't need--from cook stoves and furniture to barrels of flour.
Still, thousands of animals died from exhaustion or thirst and were
left to rot in the sun.

Near the end of their journey, the forty-niners crossed the Forty Mile
 Desert, a hot, dry wasteland between the Humboldt and Carson
rivers in present-day Nevada. Some people brought enough water for
the crossing. Those who did not sometimes paid for this with their
lives.

Beyond the Forty Mile Desert, lay California, the land of gold. Some
would find their fortunes there. Most would not. But they had
survived their overland journey by a combination of bravery,
cooperation, skill, and luck. The experience had changed them
forever.

Suddenly a heavy blow struck

the starboard quarter and
careened the ship over on her
side...A crash was heard
overhead--chains rattling and falling, sails madly flapping,
yardarms snapping and masts breaking; for a few seconds,
the noise was terrific..."

-
The Edward Everett sailed from Boston in 1849, bound for California
around Cape Horn, at the tip of South America. The gold seekers on
board enjoyed a variety of foods, including cheese and butter,
potpies, plum pudding, and applesauce. Scheduled activities included
lectures and Sunday church services.

Most forty-niners travelling the 15,000-mile journey around Cape

Horn did not enjoy such luxuries. They paid anywhere from $100 to
$1000 and spent up to 8 months on board ship, packed together into
tiny rooms or in the ship's hold..

In good weather, the travellers could enjoy the beauty of the sea. And
stops in exotic ports such as Rio de Janeiro in Brazil made life
interesting. But as the voyage went on, the boredom could become
maddening. To pass the time, gold seekers gambled and played
checkers, told stories, and daydreamed of gold.

Usually, there were two varieties of food--boring and awful. Meats

and vegetables spoiled quickly in the hot climate near the equator.
Worms burrowed through the bread. The water tasted foul. Some
men got scurvy, a disease caused by lack of foods containing vitamin
C. Their gums bled and their teeth fell out. A few even died. Diseases
such as cholera killed men as well. Dead bodies were wrapped in
canvas cloth and buried at sea.

The most dangerous leg of the journey was the sail around the very
tip of Cape Horn. Monstrous waves, terrifying winds, and frigid
temperatures challenged even the most experienced captains. Some
took a short cut through the Strait of Magellan. But that passage was
narrow and sometimes deadly.

Still, the Cape Horn route was probably the safest of all the routes to
the gold fields. Thousands of men made the trip successfully. But
even after their 15,000-mile journey, forty-niners arrived in
California with no guarantee of success. Year later, many would
return home, no richer than when they'd left for California.

For many forty-niners, the Panama shortcut was irresistible. It cut

8,000 miles and months of travel off the sea voyage around Cape
Horn, at the tip of South America. And a trip through the jungles of
Panama, with their brightly-colour birds and flowers, seemed like an
exotic adventure.

The cross-Panama journey began on the Caribbean coast, at the

mouth of the Chagres River. There, forty-niners stepped on board a
bungo, a type of Panamanian canoe. At first, native Panamanians
charged about $5 for the 3 to 4 day
river journey. But when they realized
how anxious the gold seekers were to
get across Panama, the price quickly rose.
 As the gold seekers travelled, they saw a jungle landscape that
seemed like something from a dream: dense thickets of mangrove
trees, dazzling tropical flowers, and exotic animals such as crocodiles,
parrots, and jaguars. Some forty-niners even got the chance to
sample roast iguana or monkey meat, cooked over a campfire.

The river journey was the easy part. Soon, the bungoes landed, and
the men set out on horses or mules into the steaming jungle. Bodies of
dead horses and mules marked the 50-mile trail. Death lurked
everywhere, in the form of diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and
cholera.

Of the thousands of forty-niners who attempted the Panama

crossing, some died of disease and never made it out of the jungle.
Most did, arriving at Panama City, a small outpost on the Pacific
coast. There, many miners got a surprise. There weren't any boats to
take them to California. They would have to wait.

Gold Discovery in Australia

They were a wildly assorted crowd. G. L. Mundy, a visitor

writing in 1852, reported, 'There were merchants, cabmen,
magistrates and convicts, amateur gentlemen rocking the
cradle merely to say they had done so, fashionable
hairdressers and tailors, cooks, coachmen, lawyers' clerks
and their masters, colliers, cobblers, quarrymen, doctors of
physic and music, aldermen, an ADC on leave, scavengers,
sailors, shorthand writers, a real live lord on his travels - all
levelled by community of pursuit and of costume'. 'Levelled'
is just the right word. The miners lived in bark huts or tents.
'Our furniture,' wrote one miner, James Bonwick, 'is of simple
character. A box, a block of wood, or a bit of paling across a
pail, serves as a table.' Meals were primitive

. 'The chops can be picked out of the frying pan, placed on a

lump of bread, and cut with a clasp knife that has done good
service in fossicking during the day.' Insects and flies added
to the discomfort. 'The nuisance is the flies,' complained
Bonwick. 'The little fly and the stinging monster March fly. O!
The tortures these wretches give! In the hole, out of the hole,
at meals or walking, it is all the same with these winged
plagues. When washing at a waterhole, the March flies will
settle upon the arms and face, and worry to that degree, that I
have known men to pitch their dishes, and stamp and growl
with agony. The fleas, too, are of the Tom Thumb order of
creation, and they begin their bloody-thirsty work when the
flies are tired of their recreation.' For those who stuck it out,
the rewards could be handsome. Almost 80 tonnes (2.6
million ounces) of gold were mined in Victoria alone in 1853;
by 1856 it had risen to a peak of 90 tonnes (2.9 million
ounces).

When you have been looking at the census for your family
you may have come across the word journeyman which some
may know what this stands for and some may not so
Christine has put a small piece together about this occupation

A Journeyman

I have come across the term 'journeyman' lots of times on census

forms and have often wondered what it was. So this month I
thought I would find out!

The word comes from the French word journee, meaning period of
one day, this refers to his right to charge a fee for each day's work.
He would normally have been employed by a master craftsman but
would live apart and might have had a family of his own. A
journeyman could not employ others. In contrast, an apprentice
could be bound to his master, usually for a fixed term of 7 years abn
lived as a member of the household, receiving most of his
compensation in the terms of room and board.
In parts of Europe, as in the later medieval Germany, spending time
as a journeyman (Giselle) moving from one town to another to gain
experience of different workshops was an important part of the
training of an aspirant master. In medieval England, however, most
journeymen remained employed as employees throughout their
careers, lacking the financial resources to set up their own
workshops. There terms 'jack' and 'knave' is sometimes used as
informal words for journeyman. Hence the expressions 'jack of all
trades' - someone who is educated in several fields of trade but is not
yet skilled enough in any to set up their own workshops as a maker.
Today in the USA, the name 'journeyman' still exists but it is a
person who has completed an apprenticeship program - or is an
experienced worker, not a trainee and is fully qualified and able to
perform a specific trade without supervision.

REVIEW OF JUNE'S NEWSLETTER

------------------------------------------------------

Firstly I would like to apologise for not doing my usual review

of May's messages. I was changing Internet Providers from
Talk talk back to British Telecom and I was unable to get it
done in time. I eventually came back online on the 7th June.

So, June not really a busy time with messages but we did
have a number of members on holiday, me included. Pat
Waring went off to Canada, I went to Turkey and Judy in
Australia set off in her caravan with other friends to see the
Golden Quest Discovery Trail. Judy was also visiting a ghost
town called 'Mount Morgans', where her grandparents were
married. I am hoping she will send in some photos of that
venue.

I think everyone enjoyed seeing the photo of Sue Duckle's

relative called Margarete, which was on display for quite a few
days in May. Margarete was born in 1903 in Germany. The
poor girl was born with severe epilepsy and spent her life
living in a psychiatric hospital. The photo was taken in 1918
when Margarete was 15. Unfortunately, the Germans put her
to death shortly after. A tragic story.

Kaz has now subscribed to Ancestry, so hopefully she will be

able to progress now with her family tree.

May's Newsletter had quite a few good reviews from

members, including Helen and Pat Waring. Melissa, have you
now been able to download May's Newsletter? Sue Duckles
kindly e-mailed Melissa with the Newsletter in a pdf format so
she could read it with adobe acrobat. Pat Waring has been
away on holiday in Canada but still managed to pop in now
and then to keep in touch. Pat came across some new
relations from Lancashire with the surname of BALDWIN.
Vera did some detective work and came up with lots of info
about the family. She used the parish records for Lancashire
available via Ancestry.

I came back online on the 7 June - hurrah! I was fed up of the

internet going off all the time with Talk talk. So far so good
with British Telecom.

We have two new members this month, Pat Selman from

London and 'erob72@yahoo.co.uk' -( could you please
introduce yourself and tell us a little about the family tree you
are researching.) Pat from London is currently researching
both sets of grandparents. On her maternal side are the
names Ashdown/Collins and on the paternal side,
Selman/Saunders. This side of the family came from Wiltshire.
Judy, Vera and I have been finding more info for her.

25th June and Susan Dunkley asking for help after many
months of researching. Her dilemma is trying to find any info
on Thomas Dunklin's parents - rumour has it they were
Thomas Dunklin and Mary Mabbet.

Melissa in Canada wrote in on the 26 June to welcome our

two new members. She has been a little quite this month but
says that her life has been quite hectic lately. She has had a
wedding, funeral, 3x soccer a week and a daughter graduating
from grade school. Apparently the children in Canada are now
on their summer holidays. Melissa says that she has been in
touch with some extended cousins and has been exchanging
info and pics of her BAILEY line. They are having a family
reunion but sadly she cannot attend but promises to let us all
know how it went.

So, goodbye to June! Let’s make July a busy month

on here. So, all those members who have been a
little quiet, have another look at those trees, is
there anything we can help you with? Just leave
the details and what the query is and we shall do
our best to help. Has anyone come across an
interesting web page or info that they would like to
share?

Memory Page of Our loved ones

 When you are researching
the most common name Smith

Most of us have at least one hard to search for name

in our family tree - a common name like SMITH,
a name that is also a commonly used word such
as RICE, or an ancestor who shares name with
a famous individual, such as George Bush. In
this situation, how can we weed out the
genealogical information for our specific
ancestor from all of the others who share his
name? These search tips, while helpful when
searching for all surnames, not just common
ones, are especially important when the name
itself is too common to return a manageable
number of results.

When searching for a common name such as John

Smith, add a location and time period to your
search parameters to produce more effective
results.
Add common genealogical terms to your search to
eliminate non-genealogy pages,

Combining this with the previous technique can

help narrow your results even further.

Use other less common names from your

ancestor's family to enhance your query. If your
John Smith married Liana Snagglepuss, then start
by searching for Snagglepuss.

When searching for a surname that is also a

common noun, such as Park, Rice, Bush or Street,
use the NOT or - feature to tell the search engine
to not return results that include a particular
word. For example, rice -cook -recipe will help
eliminate Web pages, which refer to cooking rice
rather than your Rice ancestors.

How to Trace the Origin of Your Surname

With a few exceptions, hereditary surnames, the
last names passed down through the males of a
family, didn't exist until about 1000 years ago.
While it may be hard to believe in today's hustle
and bustle, surnames just weren't necessary
before that. In a world that was much less
crowded than it is today -- a world where most
folks never ventured more than a few miles from
their place of birth and every man knew his
neighbours -- first, or given names, were the only
designations necessary. Even kings got by with a
single name.

During the middle ages, as families got bigger and

villages got a bit more crowded, individual names
became inadequate to distinguish friends and
neighbours from one another. One John might be
called "John son of William" to distinguish him
from his neighbours "John the smith" and his
friend "John of the dale." These secondary names
weren't quite yet the surnames, as we know them
today, however, because they weren't passed
down from father to son. "John son of William,"
for example, might have a son known as "Robert
the Fletcher (arrow maker)."

True surnames, hereditary names used to

distinguish one person from another, first came
into use in Europe about 1000 A.D., beginning in
southern areas and gradually spreading
northward. In many countries the use of
hereditary surnames began with the nobility who
often called themselves after their ancestral seats.
Many of the gentry, however, did not adopt
surnames until the 14th century, and it was not
until about 1500 A.D. that most surnames became
inherited and no longer transformed with a change
in a person's appearance, job, or place of
residence.

Surnames, for the most part, drew their meanings

from the lives of men in the middle Ages, and their
origins can be divided into four main categories:

Patronymic Surnames

Patronymics, last names derived from a father's

name, were widely used in forming surnames,
especially in the Scandinavian countries.
Occasionally, the name of the mother contributed
the surname, referred to as a metonymic surname.
Adding a prefix or suffix denoting either “son of”
or “daughter of” formed such names. English and
Scandinavian names ending in "son" are
patronymic surnames, as are many names
prefixed with the Gaelic "Mac," the Norman
"Fritz," the Irish "O," and the Welsh "app."

Examples: The son of John (JOHNSON),

son of Donald (MACDONALD), son of
 Patrick (FITZPATRICK), son of Brian
(O'BRIEN), son of Howell (HOWELL).

Place Names or Local Names

One of the most common ways to differentiate one
man from his neighbor was to describe him terms
of his geographic surroundings or location (similar
to describing a friend as the "one who lives down
the street"). Such local names denoted some of
the earliest instances of surnames in France, and
were quickly introduced into England by the
Norman nobility who chose names based on the
locations of their ancestral estates. If a person or
family migrated from one place to another, they
were often identified by the place they came from.
If they lived near a stream, cliff, forest, hill, or
other geographic feature, this might be used to
describe them. Some last names can still be traced
back to their exact place of origin, such as a
particular city or county, while others have origins
lost in obscurity (ATWOOD lived near a wood, but
we don't know which one). Compass directions
were another common geographic identification in
the Middle Ages (EASTMAN, WESTWOOD). Most
geographic-based surnames are easy to spot,
though the evolution of language has made others
less obvious, i.e. DUNLOP (muddy hill).

Examples: BROOKS lived along a brook;

CHURCHILL lived near a church on a hill; NEVILLE
came from Neville-Seine-Maritime, France or
Newville (New Town), a commonplace name in
France; PARRIS came from -- you guessed it --
Paris, France.

Descriptive Names (Nicknames)

Another class of surnames, those derived from a
physical or other characteristic of first bearer,
make up an estimated 10% of all surname or
family names. These descriptive surnames are
thought to have originally evolved as nicknames
during the Middle Ages when men created
nicknames or pet names for his neighbours and
friends based on personality or physical
appearance. Thus, Michael the strong became
Michael STRONG and black-haired Peter became
Peter BLACK. Sources for such nicknames
included: an unusual size or shape of the body,
bald heads, facial hair, physical deformities,
distinctive facial features, skin or hair colouring,
and even emotional disposition.

Examples: BROADHEAD, a person with a

large head; BAINES (bones), a thin man;
GOODMAN, a generous individual;
ARMSTRONG, strong in the arm

Occupational Names
The last class of surnames to develop reflect the
occupation or status of the first bearer. These
occupational last names, derived from the specialty
crafts and trades of the medieval period, are fairly
self-explanatory. A MILLER was essential for
grinding flour from grain, a WAINWRIGHT was a
wagon builder, and BISHOP was in the employ of a
Bishop. Different surnames often developed from
the same occupation based on the language of the
country of origin (MÜLLER, for example, is German
for Miller).

Despite these basic surname classifications, many

last names or surnames of today seem to defy
explanation. The majority of these are probably
corruptions of the original surnames -- variations
that
have become disguised almost beyond recognition.
Surname spelling and pronunciation has evolved
over many centuries, often making it hard for
current generations to determine the origin and
evolution of their surnames. Such family name
derivations, resulting from a variety of factors, tend
to confound both genealogists and etymologists.
It is fairly common for different branches of the
same family to carry different last names, as the
majority of English and American surnames have, in
their history, appeared in four to more than a dozen
variant spellings. Therefore, when researching the
origin of your surname, it is important to work your
way back through the generations in order to
determine the original family name, as the surname
that you carry now may have an entirely different
meaning than the surname of your distant ancestor.
It is also important to remember that some
surnames, though their origins may appear obvious,
aren't what they seem. BANKER, for example, is not
an occupational surname, instead meaning "dweller
on a hillside."

Famous People tree

LONG TIME companion and future wife of Britain's

Prince Charles, Camilla Parker-Bowles was born
Camilla Shand in London, England in 1947. She
met Prince Charles at Windsor Great Park in the
early seventies. Believing he would never propose,
however, she married Army officer Andrew Parker
Bowles with whom she had two children, Tom,
born in 1975 and Laura, born in 1979. Her
marriage to Andrew ended in divorce in January
1995.
One of the most famous individuals in Camilla's
family tree is her great-grandmother, Alice
Frederica Edmonton Keppel, royal mistress to King
Edward VII from 1898 until his death in 1910.
Madonna shares a distant relationship with
Camilla Parker Bowles through Zacharie Cloutier
(1617-1708), while Celine Dion shares descent
with Camilla from Jean Guyon (1619-1694).

1. Camilla Rosemary SHAND was born on 17 Jul

1947 in King's College Hospital; London.1 She
married Brigadier Andrew Henry PARKER-
BOWLES (b. 27 Dec 1939) at The Guard's
Chapel, Wellington Barracks, on 4 July 19731.
Their marriage ended in divorce in 1961.

Second Generation:
2. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND was born
on 22 Jan 1972. Major Bruce Middleton Hope
SHAND and Rosalind Maud CUBITT were married
on 2 Jan 1946 in St. Paul's Knightsbridge.3

3. Rosalind Maud CUBITT was born on 11 Aug

1921 in 16 Grosvenor Street, London.1 She died in
1994.1,3

Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND and Rosalind

Maud CUBITT had the following children:

1 i. Camilla Rosemary SHAND

ii. Sonia Annabel SHAND was born on 2
Feb 1949.1
iii. Mark Roland SHAND was born on 28
Jun 1951.1

Third Generation:
4. Philip Morton SHAND was born on 21 Jan 1888
in Kensington.5 He died on 30 Apr 1960 in Lyon,
France. Philip Morton SHAND and Edith Marguerite
HARRINGTON were married on 22 Apr 1916.6 they
were divorced in 19201.
5. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON was born on 14
Jun 1893 in Fulham, London.7

2 i. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND

ii. Elspeth Rosamund Morton SHAND

6. Roland Calvert CUBITT, 3rd Baron Ashcombe,

was born on 26 Jan 1899 in London.1 He died on
28 Oct 1962 in Dorking, Surrey.1 Roland Calvert
CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL were married
on 16 Nov 1920 in Guard's Chapel, Wellington
Barracks, St. George Hanover Square.8 They were
divorced in Jul 1947.

. Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL was born on 24 May

1909. She died on 16 Aug 1986.

Roland Calvert CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary

KEPPEL had the following children:

3 i. Rosalind Maud CUBITT

ii. Henry Edward CUBITT was born on 31 Mar
1924.1
iii. Jeremy John CUBITT was born on 7 May
1927.1 He died on 12 Jan 1958.1

8. Alexander Faulkner SHAND was born on 20 May

1858 in Bayswater, London.10 He died on 6 Jan
1936 in Edward’s Place, Kensington, London.
Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary
COATES were married on 22 Mar 1887 in St.
George, Hanover Square, London.11

9. Augusta Mary COATES was born on 16 May

1859 in Bath, Somerset.12

Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary

COATES had the following children:

4 i. Philip Morton SHAND

10. George Woods HARRINGTON was born on 11
Nov 1865 in Kensington.13 George Woods
HARRINGTON and Alice Edith STILLMAN were
married on 4 Aug 1889 in St. Luke's,
Paddington.14

11. Alice Edith STILLMAN was born about 1866 in

Notting Hill, London.15

George Woods HARRINGTON and Alice Edith

STILLMAN had the following children:

i. Cyril G. HARRINGTON was born about 1890

in Parsons Green.15
5 ii. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON

12. Henry CUBITT, 2nd Baron Ashcombe was born

on 14 Mar 1867. He died on 27 Oct 1947 in
Dorking, Surrey. Henry CUBITT and Maud
Marianne CALVERT were married on 21 Aug 1890
in Ockley, Surrey, England.

13. Maud Marianne CALVERT was born in 1865 in

Charlton, near Woolwich, England. She died on 7
Mar 1945.

Henry CUBITT and Maud Marianne CALVERT had

the following

I HAVE ADDED A TREE IN ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT

OF A FAMOUS PERSON YOU NEVER KNOW YOU
MAY BE RELATED IN SOME WAY

WHAT'S IN A NAME? WHY SPELLING IS SO IMPORTANT IN YOUR

ANCESTRY
What's in a name? The answer is, quite a bit actually. If you are
beginning a search of
Your family tree it will help you tremendously to know the history of
your family
Name, or for that matter of the names of other branches of the
family. Many times
Names were changed when people immigrated to this country. If a
person's name
Sounded too "foreign" in a culture that was primarily of English
ancestry then that
Name may very well have been changed. To a lesser extent, if the
spelling of the name
Seemed difficult or again foreign then it could have been changed for
that reason as
Well.
A prime example of simple spelling differences in languages is in the
American and
British spellings of certain words. The American word theater is
spelled theatre in the
UK. Defense is spelled defense. Shop in old English is shoppe. The
same small
Changes often happen with names.

When doing genealogy research you will sometimes notice names

spelled several
Different ways in the same document. Many years ago standardized
spellings for
Names didn't really exist. Not everyone could read and write in those
days, and often
Members of the same family would spell names differently. The
English name Darby
For instance could also be spelled Derby, but still pronounced the
same way. Also
Smith could be spelled Smithe or Smyth, or Smythe. Maddox can
also be spelled
Maddux, Madux, or even Maddoc. The Scottish name Munro was
more commonly
Spelled Monroe by the English. Then look at names that are
translated from one
Language to another. The French name Choaumote was sometimes
Americanized to

Shumate, a totally different spelling.

Another reason for name changes is that immigration authorities

both made mistakes,
 Including typographical errors, which would stick with an
immigrant, and would
Sometimes arbitrarily change names on their own because they
couldn't pronounce a
Name or didn't like the spelling. For instance, the Swedish name
Sjoblom, with a silent
j, is pronounced see-bloom. Some members of the Sjoblom family
had their names
Changed, involuntarily, to Seebloom or Seabloom.
As another example of how names were changed is the Italian name
Tagliaferro
Which means ironworker. This name became Tolliver. Another
Italian name, Amici
Which means friend was Americanized into Ameche. Even the
families of presidents
Have not been immune. Roosevelt comes from the Dutch name Van
Rosevelt, which
Means of the rose field. Blum, which means flower, was
Americanized into Bloom.

Great Harwood Wills

Breathwaite, William 1825
(Lancashire Record Office
WCW/William Braithwaite 1825)

William Breathwaite of Great Harwood, in the County Palatine of Lancaster, yeoman. Made the 19th
July 1823.
Mentions: Son William, daughters Cicely wife of William Walne and Ellen wife of Richard Carter,
grandchildren William Breathwaite and Ann, Margaret and Elizabeth Walne.
Executors: Son William Breathwaite, grandson William Breathwaite and James Fielding.
Witnesses: John Cronshaw, John Ratcliffe and William Harrison

Also John Radcliffe mentioned as a tenant.

Calvert, Robert 1719

(Lancashire Record Office
WCW/1719/Calvard, Robert)

Robert Calvard of Harwood Magna in the County Lancaster clothier. Made the 20th June 1718.
Bequeaths to my son Joshua 'my bed as it stands and all my Clothes with the chest that they are in
likewise the Cheare that I sit in and the great Bible'. Bequeaths to daughter Marye 'my Trunk and
that which is in it and the Table Cheare' and 'to Robert my Desk'. To son John ‘one is shilling to be
paid within six months if he demands it'. Then lists children as follows: Daniel, Joshua,
Obadiah, Jonathan, Samuel, Robert, Mary.
Executors were Daniel and Joshua Calvert
Witnesses were Alexander Mercer and John Pollard
Robert made his mark.

I saw the wills above and found them quite interesting so

had to share with you all we hope you all enjoy this news
letter that Christine and I have put together for you all
Bye for now

Vera and Christine