Guided By: Prof. M.T.Deshpande Sr.

Associate Professor SSGI Bhilai (CG)

Presented By: Rahul Pandey M.E. 4th Semester (Electrical) SSGI Bhilai (CG)

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Content
Introduction
Objective of Project Work Literature Survey Mechanism of gas generation Interpretation of DGA Residual Life Assessment Result and Discussions

Conclusion

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Introduction
Transformer oil is one of the most common materials used for

transformers. When the mineral oil is subjected to high thermal and electrical stress, gases are generated from the decomposition of the mineral oil. Different type of faults will generate different gases and the analysis of these gases will provide useful information about the condition of the oil and the identification of the type of fault in the transformer. The chemical analysis of these gases is called dissolved gas analysis or DGA.

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Objective of Project Work

Advance warning of developing faults.

Determining the improper use of units.

Status checks on new and repaired units. Convenient scheduling of repairs.

Monitoring of units under overload.

To introduce a mechanism to reduce time consuming data

analysis.

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Literature Survey

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S.N O

AUTHORS

PAPER TITLE

PUBLICATION /YEAR

CONCLUSION

(i)

R.Rogers

IEEE and IEC codes to interpret incipient faults in transformer

IEEE ,1978.

Discussed the gases produced during the deterioration of mineral oil and cellulose were examined and techniques were established to assist in the interpretation of the type of fault, incipient or growing, occurring within the transformer. Discussed the fuzzy logic technique which can diagnose multiple faults in a transformer and quantitatively indicates the likelihood severity of each fault. Discussed the Condition monitoring has traditionally been done manually by the use of various diagnostic checks. Examples include the levels and types of oil condition, winding condition, insulation condition and physical condition of transformer and timing or operating checks on mechanical equipment etc.
6

(ii)

Q. Su, C. Mi, L. L. Lai and P. Austin

A Fuzzy Dissolved Gas Analysis Method for the Diagnosis of Multiple Incipient Faults in a Transformer

IEEE ,2000

(iii)

M.Ahfaz Khan and Dr.A.K.Sharma

Transformer Failure Rate Prediction Based on Condition Assessment

IJSR,2013

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S.NO

AUTHORS

PAPER TITLE

PUBLICATION /YEAR

CONCLUSION

(iv)

Akgundogu Abdurrahim ,qozutok Abdulkadir, Killic Niyazi, Ucan Osman N.

Fault diagnosis of power transformer using neuro-fuzzy model

Journal of EEE,2008

This paper proposes a fuzzy-neural method to perform self-learning and auto rule-adjustment for producing the best rules. Test using the hybrid diagnosis system are satisfactory.

(v)

M. Duval

Dissolved gas analysis: It can save your transformer,

IEEE,1989

Discussed the use of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) to monitor the inservice behaviour of transformers. In the paper it was presented how a fuzzy logic approach of DGA can be applied for a certain problem. Steps of the application including the analysis of the working process, determination of the parameters to be monitored and the fuzzy logic based evaluation of their values.

(vi)

Balint nemeth,Szilivia Laboncz and Istvan kiss

Condition Monitoring of Power Transformers using DGA and Fuzzy Logic

IEEE ,2009

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Types of faults
Insulation overheating -When transformer is overloaded it

generates more heat and deteriorates the cellulose insulation. In this case DGA results show high carbon monoxide and high carbon dioxide. In extreme cases methane and ethylene are at higher levels. Insulation liquid overheating -The overheating of insulation liquid results in breakdown of liquid by heat and formation of high thermal gases. They are methane, ethane and ethylene. Corona -It is a partial discharge and detected in a DGA by elevated hydrogen. Arcing -It is the most severe condition in a transformer and indicated even by low levels of acetylene.
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Mechanism of Gas Generation

Gases in oil always result from the decomposition of electrical

insulation materials (oil or paper), as a result of faults or chemical reactions in the equipment.
For example, oil is a molecule of hydrocarbons, i.e., containing

hydrogen and carbon atoms, linked by chemical bonds (C-H, C-C).

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Fault Gasses
When gassing occurs in transformers there are several gasses that are created. Enough useful information can be derived from nine gases so the additional gasses are usually not examined. The nine gasses examined are: Atmospheric Gases: hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
Oxides of Carbon: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Hydro Carbons: acetylene, ethylene, methane and ethane

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Interpretation of DGA

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11

IEC 599- Gas Ratio Codes

The IEC599-Gas Ratio Code Method C2H2/C2H4 0 1 1 2 CH4/H2 1 0 2 2 Code Combination 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 C2H4/C2H6 0 0 1 2 Code of Range of Ratios <0.1 >=0.1 ~ <1 >=1 ~ <3 >=3 Characteristic Fault Normal Ageing Thermal Fault of Low Temperature<150C. Thermal Fault of Low Temperature 150C-300C. Thermal Fault of Medium Temperature 300C-700C. Thermal Fault of High Temperature>700C. Discharge of High Energy (Arcing). Discharge of Low Energy (P.D). Discharges of Low Energy (P.D).

1-2

1-2

Discharge of Low Energy.

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12

Extended IEC 599 Codes

Although IEC codes were developed to diagnose transformer

faults, there are situations of errors and misleading results occurring due to borderline and multiple faults.
IEC codes are extended into expert rules using experiences in

the field by filling in the gaps created by IEC.

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Extended IEC 599 DGA Codes

Code of Range of Ratios <0.1 0.1-0.25 0.25-1 1-3 >3

Code for different gas ratios CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6 C2H2/C2H4

0 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 2

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Fault Description
Fault Type HEDA 1 HEDA 2 LED1 LED2 PD Normal OHT 1 OHT 2 Fault Description High Energy Discharge and Arcing Low Energy Discharge Partial Discharge Normal Aging Condition Low Temperature Overheating T<150 Thermal Fault (Overheating), 150<T<300 Thermal Fault (Overheating), 300<T<700 High Temperature Overheating T>700 C2H2/C2H4 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 CH4/H2 0 or 2 0 or 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 C2H4/C2H6 X X X X X 0 1 or 2 0

OHT 3

OHT 4
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2
15

Fuzzy Logic Inference System

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Fuzzy Diagnosis System

The fuzzy logic analysis involves three successive processes: Fuzzification :-Fuzzification converts a crisp gas ratio into a fuzzy input membership. fuzzy inference:- A chosen fuzzy inference system (FIS) is responsible for drawing conclusions from the knowledge-based fuzzy rule set of if-then linguistic statements. Defuzzification:-Defuzzification then converts the fuzzy output values back into crisp output actions.

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Drawback of Fuzzy logic System

With the deterioration of transformers due to age, the

relationship between the gas ratios and the fault types changes such that future diagnosis may error.
Therefore a strong case for engaging artificial neural networks

(ANN) for self learning and auto adjustment of fuzzy rules, so the diagnosis system can match up with specific transformers ,learning from mistakes in fault diagnosis and amending the gas ratios when necessary as the transformers age.

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Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

The nodes of artificial neural networks (ANN) are adaptive,

meaning that the output of each node depends on the internal parameters pertaining to the particular node, which are modified during the learning process. The node-neurons update records pass to them one at a time, and learn by comparing their classification of the record with the correct classification of the record. ANN if incorporated into the Fuzzy DGA system will allow constant updating and upgrading of the system by training with real transformer faults data.

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19

Residual Life Assessment

Presently, most of the electrical utilities carry out Dissolved

Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer oil, apart from routine electrical, physical and chemical tests on oil to determine the health of the transformer. It does not give any conclusive evidence related to the degradation of cellulose paper, and thereby does not give information regarding the health of the transformer. Therefore the Residual Life Assessment (RLA) study is carried out to predict the health of the transformer insulation and remaining life of the transformer.

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Results and Discussions

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Test Data
Transformer 80MVA-2T MSDS-II (EMCO)
Date of sampling 27-Oct-1998 4.4 5-May-1999 ND 13.8 58 112 162 12 86 17 2 14 164 251 365 12 263 7 9 48.8 20 31 64 23 38 7 3 0.3 0 0 0 4 2 0 0.1 2 17 99 91 2 16 7 0.3 ND ND 327 1153 167 602 446 ND 121 1734 570 4399 995 2281 1752 1201 0.4 0.3 1.2 0 0.5 ND 134.2 Total Gas 9.14 CH4 19

Area M-2
C2H4 10

Key No. 204

C2H6 15 C2H2 0 H2 1 CO ND CO2 2207

6-Jan-2000
8.98 6-Sep-2000 ND 19-Dec-2001 0 18-Oct-2002 ND 21-Jan-2003 ND 21-Jan-2003 ND 30-Jun-2004 13.05 10-Dec-2005

10.04
30-Oct-2006 4-Sep-2008 4-Dec-2008 5-March2013 18/10/2013 6.6 6.8 5.80

1
3.63 3.33 0.63

1
10.56 3.19 3.24

1
2.9 2.31 0.11

0
2.24 0.2 0

0.1
11.94 11.15 173.42

4
132.72 142.05 164.34

484
2301.02 2411.08 46564.2

22

FIS Editor

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Membership of Code 0, 1 and 2 for C2H2/C2H4

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Membership of Code 0, 1 and 2 for CH4 / H2

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Membership of Code 0, 1 and 2 for C2H4 / C2H6

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Membership Functions for Output fault

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DGA Fuzzy Rules

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Rule Viewer for Extended IEC 599 Codes

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Output (fault) membership functions and assigned values

Fault Type HEDA1 HEDA2 LED1 LED2 PD Normal OHT1 OHT2 OHT3 OHT4
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Fault Membership mf1 mf2 mf3 mf4 mf5 mf6 mf7 mf8 mf9 mf10

Fuzzy Sugeno Output 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
30

Data Set for 14 testing data

S.No. 1. C2H2/C2H4 0 CH4/H2 19 C2H4/C2H6 0.666 Assigned Output value 0.8

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

0
0.021 0 0 0 0.333 0.007 0 0.011 0 0.212 0.062

0.8
6.9 3.411 1.13 1.78 6 5.375 2.428 6.666 10 0.22 0.298

0.25
0.286 8.2 8.096 5.703 0.521 6.921 1 3 1 3.641 1.38

0.6
0.8 1 1 1 0.2 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.5 31

14.
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0.003

19.454

ANFIS Test Results

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32

Conclusion
The average error due to the untrained gas-ratio memberships

is 0.086624, which is the average on the sum of differences between diagnosed faults (red dots) and actual faults (blue dots).

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Ageing Diagnosis of Power Transformer

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FIS Editor

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Membership function plot of Moisture

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Membership function plot of Acidity

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Membership function plot of Age

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Rule Editor

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Rule view of input and output variable

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Residual life of the transformer evaluated using fuzzy-logic

Samples Residual life of the transformer evaluated using fuzzy logic 24.3 Yrs

First oil sample collected on Testing results

Second sample collected on Testing results

42 Yrs

Third oil sample collected on Testing results

53.8 Yrs

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Conclusion
The proposed ANFIS based diagnosis system provides further

improvement to fuzzy logic based techniques by providing auto-learning capabilities. With strict monitoring, accurate diagnostics interpretations and realistic operational/ maintenance strategies implementation the following would be achieved effectively : Premature failures risk minimization. Remnant life estimation and timely asset replacement/ retiring planning. Improvement in the system performance ensuring good reliability as well as plant availability.
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References
[1] Rogers, R. R.: IEEE and IEC codes to interpret incipient faults in transformers, using gas in oil analysis, IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. vol.13, no. 5, pp. 349354, 1978.
[2] Duval, M.: A review of faults detectable by gas-in-oil analysis in transformers, IEEE Elect. Insul. Mag., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 817, 2002. [3] Interpretation of the Analysis of Gases in Transformers and Other Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment in Service, Mar. 1999. IEC Publication60599.

[4] Chromatography & Instruments Co. IS-10593: 1992 Indian Standard Method for evaluating the analysis of gases In Oil-Filled Transformers, Bureau of Indian Standards.
[5] Miranda, V., and Castro, A. R. G.: Improving the IEC Table for Transformer Failure Diagnosis with Knowledge Extraction, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp 2509-2516, October 2005 [6] Q. Su, C. Mi, Lai, L. L. and Austin, P. A Fuzzy Dissolved Gas Analysis Method for the Diagnosis of Multiple Incipient Faults in a Transformer, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No. 2, May 2000 pp 593-598.

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References
[7] Wang, M.H, Hung, C.P. Novel grey model for the prediction of trend of dissolved gases in oil-filled power apparatus, Electric Power Systems Research 67 (2003), pp 53-/58, 19 Feb 2003
[8] Castro, A.R.G. and Miranda, V. Knowledge Discovery in Neural Networks with Application to Transformer Failure Diagnosis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 717-724.

[9] Muhammad, N.A. and Ali, S.A.M. Lab VIEW with Fuzzy Logic Controller Simulation Panel for Condition Monitoring of Oil and Dry Type Transformer, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 20 March, 2006, pp153-158.
[10] Shahsiah, A., Degeneff, R.C. and Nelson, J.K. Modeling Dynamic Propagation of Characteristic Gases in Power Transformers Oil-Paper Insulation, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 14, No. 3; June 2007, pp 710-717 [11] Ahfaz Khan, M. and Sharma, Dr.A.K. Transformer Failure Rate Prediction Based on Condition Assessment, International Journal of Scientific Research 2009, Vol. 2, Issue 2; Feb 2013, ISSN No. 2277-8179.

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References
[12] Shingari, M.K. Handbook on Chromatography for Chemists and Engineers, chapters 1, 3, 11and 13. First Edition: June 1998, Publication: Research and Development Centre, Chromatography and Instruments Company, 122 GIDC Baroda.
[13] Shrivastava, C.M., and Murthy, T.S.R. Transformers, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 2nd edition, chapters-17 and 23 pages-450-453, 581-587, ISBN 007-048315-9.

[14] Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets, Inf. Control, Aug. 1965, pp 338-353.
[15] Akgundogu Abdurrahim , qozutok Abdulkadir , Killic Niyazi, Ucan Osman N., Fault diagnosis of power transformer using neuro-fuzzy model , journal of electrical and electronics engineering,vol.2, no.2,2008. [16] Sundareswaran, K. A Learners Guide to Fuzzy Logic Systems, chapters 2, 3 and 4, pages 11-90. Jaico Publishing House, 1st ed, 2005, ISBN: 81-7992-416-5. [17] George, J.K. and Folger, T. A.: Fuzzy Sets Uncertainty and Information, chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 pages 1-134. Prentice Hall of India Ltd. 2005, ISBN 81-203-0695-3. [18] Ross, J.T. Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, chapters-2, 3, and 4, pages 1-71, McGraw Hill International Editions, 2003, ISBN 0-07-114711-X.
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References
[19] Lewand, L.R. and Griffin, P.J. The Effective Use of Laboratory Analysis of Insulating Oil as a Maintenance Tool, Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Annual International Conference of Double Clients. Sec. 5-8 (2000).
[20] Griffin, P. J. and Lewand, L.R.: A Practical Guide for Evaluating the Condition of Cellulosic Insulation in Transformers, Proceedings of the Sixty-Second Annual International Conference of Double Clients. 1995, Sec. 5-6.

[21] Duval, M. and Pablo, A. Interpretation of gas-in-oil analysis using new IEC publication 60 599 and IEC TC10 databases, IEEE Elect. Insul. Mag., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 3141, Mar./Apr. 2001.
[22] Duval, M. Dissolved Gas Analysis: It can save your transformer, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol., 5, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1989. [23] Jain, Dr. Shailendra Modelling & Simulation using MATLAB-Simulink chapters 2 and 11. First Edition: 2011, Publication: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. [24] Nemeth, Balint and Laboncz, S. Conditioning Monitoring of Power Transformers using DGA and Fuzzy Logic IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference, Monreal ,QC, Canada, 31 May-3 June 2009.
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References
[25] Malik, Hasmat, Jarial, R.K. and Rai, H.M. Fuzzy-Logic Applications in Transformer Diagnosis Using Individual and Total Dissolved Key Gas Concentrations International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, Vol. 1,Issue 1: 25-29, May- June 2012.
[26] Huang, Y.C., A New Data Mining Approach to Dissolved Gas Analysis of Oil-insulated Power Apparatus, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, October 2003, pp. 1257-1261.

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THANK YOU

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