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Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body. This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when subjected to external forces. Applications: Complete picture of mechanical behaviour such as forces, motion Safe design in all type of structures i.e building, bridges, airplanes, ships, motors, machines.
Learning Outcomes
Stress Review of Free Body Diagram Equilibrium of a Deformable Body Stress Concept Normal and Shear Stresses Factor of Safety
External Forces 1.Surface Forces - caused by direct contact of other bodys surface 2.Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
Equations of Equilibrium Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces and a balance of moments
F 0 MO 0
Best way to account for these forces is to draw the bodys free-body diagram (FBD).
Internal Resultant Loadings Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a body. In general, there are 4 different types of resultant loadings: a) Normal force, N b) Shear force, V c) Torsional moment or torque, T d) Bending moment, M
Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials. We will consider the material to be continuous. This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.
Stress
Normal Stress Force per unit area acting normal to A
z
lim
A
Fz A
lim
A
zy
lim
A
Fx A Fy A
When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal stress. Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
dA
A P A
= average normal stress P = resultant normal force A = cross sectional area of bar
Equilibrium
2 normal stress components that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Example 1
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.
Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
Solution:
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,
PBC
30 kN
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest average normal stress is
BC
PBC A
= average shear stress P = internal resultant shear force A = area at that section
a) Single Shear
b) Double Shear
Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member. A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load
F .S F .S F .S F fail Fallow
fail allow fail allow