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This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions
or the stated policy of the World Health Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
WHOTechnical Report Series
916

DIET, NUTRITION AND
THE PREVENTION OF
CHRONIC DISEASES

Report of a
Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation
World Health Organization
Geneva 2003
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of
Chronic Diseases (2002 : Geneva, Switzerland)
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert

consultation, Geneva, 28 January -- 1 February 2002.
(WHO technical report series ; 916)
1.Chronic disease -- epidemiology 2.Diet -- standards

3.Feeding behavior 4.Energy metabolism 5.Motor activity
6.Cost of illness I.Title II.Series.
ISBN 92 4 120916 X
(NLM classification: QU 145)
ISSN 0512-3054
qWorld Health Organization 2003

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications --- whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution --- should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int).

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers\u2019 products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is
complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.

This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Typeset and printed in Switzerland
Contents
1.Introduction
1
Reference
3
2.Background
4
2.1 The global burden of chronic diseases
4
2.2 The double burden of diseases in the developing world
8
2.3 An integrated approach to diet-related and nutrition-related diseases
9
References
10
3.Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends
13
3.1 Introduction
13
3.2 Developments in the availability of dietary energy
14
3.3 Availability and changes in consumption of dietary fat
17
3.4 Availability and changes in consumption of animal products
20
3.5 Availability and consumption of fish
22
3.6 Availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables
23
3.7 Future trends in demand, food availability and consumption
25
3.8 Conclusions
27
References
29
4.Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases in context
30
4.1 Introduction
30
4.2 Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
through the life course
31
4.2.1 Fetal development and the maternal environment
31
4.2.2 Infancy
32
4.2.3 Childhood and adolescence
34
4.2.4 Adulthood
38
4.2.5 Ageing and older people
39
4.3 Interactions between early and later factors throughout the life course 40
4.3.1 Clustering of risk factors
41
4.3.2 Intergenerational effects
41
4.4 Gene--nutrient interactions and genetic susceptibility
41
4.5 Intervening throughout life
42
References
46
5.Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases 54
5.1 Overallgoals
54
5.1.1 Background
54
5.1.2 Strength of evidence
54
5.1.3 A summary of population nutrient intake goals
55
References
59
iii
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