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Introduction
This paper analyzes the polemic episode of the American cartoon “The
Simpsons” entitled “Blame it on Lisa”1 in which the family goes to Brazil to seek an
orphan boy who Lisa, the older Simpson’s daughter, has come to know through a
donation campaign to an orphanage in Brazil. The main tools for the analysis were the
concepts of stereotyping and imagined communities developed by Stuart Hall in the text
“The spectacle of the other”2 and “The question of Cultural Identity”3 Also, the
anthropological theories about culture of Roque de Barros Laraia were applied 4 .
Theoretical Development
Firstly, it is important to recall that when the episode “Blame it on Lisa”
was aired a polemic discussion5, involving Riotur (the Brazilian Tourist Department of
Rio de Janeiro), FOX (the television network responsible for its production and
distribution), Fernando Henrique Cardoso (the president of Brazil at that time) and Matt
Groening (the author of the cartoon) followed it. The political and cultural issues that
emerged concerned mainly the pejorative image that the cartoon propagated of Brazil. It
was argued that the cartoon only emphasized negative aspects of the country, such as
poverty, crime, violence and mistreatment of children, at the same time, it satirized
symbols of “Brazilianity”, such as samba, carnival and soccer. Also, it presented the
*
Undergraduate student at the University of São Paulo.
**
Undergraduate student at the University of São Paulo.
***
Undergraduate student at the University of São Paulo.
****
Undergraduate student at the University of São Paulo.
1
Translated in Portuguese as “O feitiço de Lisa no Brasil” – see attachment 1 for the synopsis.
2
HALL, S. Representation: cultural representation and signifying practices (culture, media and
identities series). London: Sage and The Open University, 1997.
3
HALL, S. Modernity and its futures. Great Britain: Polity Press, 1997.
4
LARAIA, R. B. Cultura: um conceito antropológico. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editora, 1993.
5
See attachment 2 for Internet group discussion about the episode in Brazil.
country as a strange and exotic place. As a matter of fact, the episode reinforces some
stereotypes of Brazil that were already quite widespread.
Besides that, the repercussion of it also demonstrates how precious the
question of national identity remains in the context of globalization. As Stuart Hall
observes:
(…) alongside the tendency towards homogenization, there is also a fascination with
difference and the marketing of ethnicity and ‘otherness’. There is a new interest in ‘the
local’ together with the impact of ‘the global’. Globalization (in the form of flexible
specialization and ‘niche’ marketing) actually exploits local differentiation. Thus,
instead of thinking of the global replacing the local, it would be more accurate to think
of a new articulation between ‘the global’ and ‘the local (…)6
6
HALL, Stuart. The question of cultural identity. Great Britain: Polity Press, p. 304.
7
HALL, Stuart. The spectacle of the ‘Other’. London: Sage and The Open University, p. 257
Stereotypes get hold the few ‘simple, vivid, memorable, easily grasped and widely
recognized’ characteristics about a person, reduce everything about the person to those
traits, exaggerate and simplify them, and fix them without change or development to
eternity. So, the first point is – stereotyping reduces, essentializes, naturalizes and fixes
‘difference.’8
One example of this in the cartoon is when the family arrives in Rio and
goes to a hotel. As Marge had read in a manual for tourists that “you can go everywhere
in Brazil by taking a line of Conga, they appear dancing it in a line in their way to the
hotel. At the hotel’s reception the staff deals with the baggage and the apartment’s keys,
as if they were soccerballs. They kick them to one another until getting the baggage into
a wheelbarrow, crying “Goooal” after that. These scenes reinforce the image of
Brazilians as fans of soccer and dance even though Conga is not a typical Brazilian
dance. In fact, Conga originally came from Cuba and, then, it spread throughout Latin
America, so that mistake makes the representation of Brazilians even more
stereotypical. Another example of this wrong representation in the cartoon is the
drawing of the men with thin moustaches and tanned skin, as all men in Latin America
look like Mexicans. There is also a great deal of criticism against the Americans. An
example of this is when Bart was in the plane studying Spanish in order to prepare
himself for the stay in Brazil. He got upset when his mother told him that in Brazil
people speak Portuguese. He felt he wasted his time.
The cartoon explores, in many passages, the image of Brazil as a country
of exacerbating sexuality. The programs for children on TV, for example, just show
women making sensual movements and sexy poses. Similar are the images of Carnival,
where men and women dance in a provocative way. Also, the “nakedness” of Brazilians
is stereotypically referred when Bart and Homer are at Copacabana beach, wearing t-
shirt and shorts and the lifeguard stops them to say that people are not allowed to walk
on the beach wearing clothes. Then, they appear wearing swimming trunks, which, by
the way, do not fit Homer.
Another common stereotyped image of Brazil abroad is that the entire
country is a huge jungle. That image is recuperated in the cartoon through the scene of
Ronaldo, the orphan boy, being persecuted by a group of chimpanzees in front of the
Filthy Angels Orphanage. That image was sent to Lisa on videotape from the orphanage
and makes Homer Simpson come up with the idea of going after the boy in Rio. The
exaggerated sentimental appeal in the video indicates that the campaign for donation
8
Ibidem, p. 258
would be a “lure”, while it reveals the naivety of the Simpsons in believing such a
discourse. Actually, that was not the only occasion in which Brazilians appear taking
advantage of the ingenuity of others. Another was when Bart asked a seller on the street
about Ronaldo and she pretends to have seen him just to distract Bart and his father,
giving her children opportunity to steal money from them. In fact, the episode brings to
the extreme the widespread idea of “the Brazilian way of managing things by breaking
the rules”. Brazilians are shown as dishonest people and Rio as a very dangerous city. In
a certain moment, Homer and Bart take a taxi, ignoring the recommendation from the
tourist’s guidance of never taking an unlicensed taxi and, “consequently”, Homer is
kidnapped by the supposed taxi-driver and taken to the Amazon. There, one of the
kidnappers says: “Take advantage of the trip to see the forest, because we are burning
all this.”
Although many of those representations could not be totally denied, since
they carrie a great deal of validity, the generalized way in which they were represented
spreads a preconceived image of the country and its people, since it reinforces
stereotypes. As Stuart Hall points out: “Another feature of stereotyping is its practice of
‘closure’ and exclusion. It symbolically fixes boundaries, and excludes everything
which does not belong”9. In this sense, the American identity affirms itself as the
developed and civilized society by building an image of primitiveness and unsociability
of the others. Although it can be said that the Simpsons do not really correspond to a
model of harmonious family relationship at all, in that particular episode, they represent
the culturally acceptable and normal, while Brazilians are the unacceptable and
abnormal.
As Stuart Hall points out “Stereotyping tends to occur where there are
gross inequalities of power. Power is usually directed against the subordinate or
excluded group. One aspect of this power, according to Dyer, is ethnocentrism – ‘the
application of the norms of one’s own culture to that of others’.”10 The fact that people
see the world through their culture has consequences, because it makes them consider
his way of living as the most correct and natural. There is a dichotomy established
between ‘we’ and the ‘others’ inside the same society between members of a family and
the non members, and also outside it, in relation to society in general. An example of
this idea is when Lisa is reading a book in the airplane about Brazil and says that the
9
Ibidem, p. 258.
10
Ibidem, p. 258.
seasons are inverted in comparison to the United States, and Homer says “That's the
land of the contrary. It is the thieves that run after the police…”. This speech shows
Homer's view of Brazil. Lisa was talking just about the seasons, but Homer interpreted
this idea as if in Brazil everything happens upside down. To some extent, Homer
translates the American view of Brazilian culture, since he represents the ordinary
American father.
(…) modern Western nations were also the centers of empires or neo-imperial spheres
of influence, exercising cultural hegemony over the cultures of the colonized. Some
historians now argue that it was in this process of comparison between the virtues of
Englishness and the negative features of the other cultures that many of the distinctive
characteristics of English identities were first defined.11
11
Ibidem., p. 297
12
LARAIA, R. Cultura: um conceito antropológico, p. 67
13
Ibidem, p. 297.
(…) national identities are not things we are born with, but are formed and transformed
within and in relation to representation. We only know what it is to be ‘English’
because of the way ‘Englishness’ has come to be represented, as a set of meanings, by
English national culture. It follows that a nation is not only a political entity but
something which produces meanings – system of cultural representation. People are not
only legal citizens of a nation; they participate in the idea of the nation as represented in
its national culture. A nation is a symbolic community and it is this which accounts for
its power to generate a sense of identity and allegiance. (Schwarz, 1986, p. 106).14
Extra information
There is a Brazilian short cartoon that satirizes the criticisms directed
towards the referred episode of “The Simpsons”. On it Bart and Homer are talking to
the Brazilian President at the time, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, proposing to remake
the episode since it was considered not realistic and too exaggerated. By these means
they highlight some scenes that would be remade, such as the chimpanzee’s scene, the
kidnapping, and so on. By exposing these possible changes they denounce other
problems of the city.
It is possible to watch the video in the link below:
http://br.youtube.com/watch?v=CM2UMsO8HAQ&feature=related
Bibliographical references
HALL, Stuart (ed), 1997. “Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices” in The
Spectacle of the Other. London: Sage and The Open University.
_________, 1994. “The question of cultural identity” In Modernity and its futures, Hall, S., Held, D. and
McGrew, Tony (ed), 1992. Great Britain: Polity Press, Blackwell and The Open University.
LARAIA, Roque de Barros, 1993. Cultura: Um conceito antropológico. RJ: Jorge Zahar Editor.
Websites consulted:
http://videolog.uol.com.br/video.php?id=283426 (07/10/2008)
http://br.youtube.com/watch?v=CM2UMsO8HAQ&feature=related (07/10/2008)
Attachment 1
Sinopse18
Os Simpsons descobrem que sua conta de telefone é de $400.00 por uma ligação para o
Brasil e não pagam. Por isso, a companhia telefônica corta a linha telefônica deles. Lisa
confessa que ela fez a ligação para descobrir onde está Ronaldo,o órfão do qual Lisa
estava ajudando e os Simpsons resolvem ir para o Rio de Janeiro. No hotel os
funcionários jogavam futebol com as malas dos hóspedes e no quarto os programas
infantis eram impróprios. Na favela as casas eram pintadas e infestadas de ratos. No
orfanato uma freira disse que Ronaldo sumiu e os Simpsons começaram a procurar.
Depois eles foram a uma lojinha onde foram assaltados e pegaram um táxi onde Homer
é sequestrado e Bart foge. Homer é levado à Amazônia e é mantido refém. Enquanto
isso Marge, Lisa e Bart tentam arranjar um modo de conseguir o dinheiro e achar
Ronaldo. Num desfile de carnaval Ronaldo aparece como um dos atores do programa
infantil e diz a Lisa que tem o dinheiro do resgate. Eles fazem a troca no pão-de-
açúcar,que cai,graças a Homer. O episódio termina com Bart engolido por uma cobra
festejando o Carnaval.
18
This synopses could be found on the site http://pt.simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/Feiti%C3%A7o_de_Lisa
(07/10/2008).
A camisa usada por Homer na praia escrita "Tente nos parar"
Homer seqüestrado
Nome Original:
"Blame it on Lisa"
Primeira Transmissão: Temporada:
31/03/2002 13
Episódio nº Código
284 DABF10
Diretor:
Steven Dean Moore
Escritor:
Bob Bendetson
Convidados Especiais:
Nenhum
Attachment 2
Here are comments about the episode made by Brazilians.
http://forum.outerspace.com.br/showthread.php?t=47610 Some of them criticize while
others valorize it. It is possible to observe the repercussion of the episode among some
Brazilian viewers.
Ou voces não estão lembrados que a nossa capital é buenos aires e aqui não existem
negros ?? (rolleyes)
Duckdodgers 20/10/2006, 22:15
Mas é quase só isso mesmo,ou você queria que eles colocassem o jeito que está a
educação e saúde?
Felipesk 20/10/2006, 22:21
Como se aki só tivesse macacos =P
Spider-RJ 20/10/2006, 22:26
Nunca tinha visto ... hehe
muito engraçado o episódio , apesar dos absurdos ...
Maxtremus 20/10/2006, 23:14
Entendam uma coisa! Isso é uma sátira.
A aliás, esse episódio do Brasil é mjuito engraçado, tão quanto o do Japão :-D
Vinicam 20/10/2006, 23:44
Cara, é um comédia isso, onde no Simpsons vc já viu algo que seja parecido com o real?
[kong]
É apenas uma gozação, como eles fazem em todos os episódios com o povo deles, nesse
eles fazem com o nosso, e é bem engraçado por sinal. :P
Bassman 20/10/2006, 23:50
Este episódio é demais, a parte do Homer na praia então...
[Noob Saibot] 20/10/2006, 23:50
Esse episódio retrata como os americanos vêem o Brasil
Pô sacanagem, no final uma cobra Sucuri come o Bart
Kid Ying 21/10/2006, 00:02
Eu achei esse episódio fraaaaaaco, assim como Simpsons no geral está, de uns tempos
pra cá tá uma droga, pouca coisa se salva.
Meu sonho é que uma família da pesada venha pro Brasil. Aí sim que iam botar pra
foder(aliás, já vieram uma vez, mas foi no Amazonas, eu queria que viessem pro
centro).
Donatellomaster 21/10/2006, 00:22
sem conta os macacos assasinos tambem ne.. UHAUHUHAUHHUAA:-D :-D :p
po, e meio ridiculo essa imagem que ees passaram do Brasil, macaco no meio do Rio de
Janeiro???!??!?!
aHUUHAUHAUHUHAA...
:p
Aoshi 21/10/2006, 00:43
aUHAuhH a parte do homer falando
c eh um sequestro entaum eu naum preciso pagar a corrida....uaHAuhuha muito
engracado
zuera em gauchada...:D
Maxtremus 21/10/2006, 01:49
Era isso que eu ia postar, aliás aquele cara do siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim aparece de vez em
nunca em alguns episódios
The_Merovigian 21/10/2006, 01:51
Noffa eu num pexe bi nada...[kgay] [kviraolho]
AUHUHAUHAUHUHAA..:-D :-D :-D
zuera em gauchada...:D
Pois o garçon deu uma de gayzão, é na última fala dele.
A propósito, algumas zoações são feitas de maneiras bem sutis ou muito rapidamente.
Só os mais atentos percebem.
Quando eles ainda estão no avião, uma das recomendações é somente beber água
mineral.
Hehehehe.
Pior que é assim.
Muitos "artistas" que vêm fazer show aqui, nem sequer a água mineral nacional eles
bebem. Trazem garrafas e mais garrafas na bagagem.
PS: pensando bem, só agora notei que também só bebo água mineral.:lol
Ratinho_off 21/10/2006, 09:14
Pois o garçon deu uma de gayzão, é na última fala dele.
A propósito, algumas zoações são feitas de maneiras bem sutis ou muito rapidamente.
Só os mais atentos percebem.
Quando eles ainda estão no avião, uma das recomendações é somente beber água
mineral.
Hehehehe.
Pior que é assim.
Muitos "artistas" que vêm fazer show aqui, nem sequer a água mineral nacional eles
bebem. Trazem garrafas e mais garrafas na bagagem.
PS: pensando bem, só agora notei que também só bebo água mineral.:lol
Abraços
[Noob Saibot] 21/10/2006, 14:28
E duando o Homer vai preso, e a cela era de papel e tal! Aí ele não podia fugir!
uahauhau!
Depois quando ele foi solto, atravesso a parede ao invésde ir pela porta :p
Abraços
:-D
Eu assisti esse episódio, só zuação com os japa
E aqui no Brasil, quando eles chegam as favelas tuddo pintadas, e até os ratos :p