Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Mariana Wahyudi (FF) Maret 2012

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Definisi
Virus
suatu partikel non-sellular yang tersusun atas materi genetik dan protein yang dapat menginvasi sel-sel hidup.

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Virus
Mengandung DNA atau RNA dan selubung protein Beberapa dibungkus oleh selubung / envelope (lipida, protein, dan karbohidrat) Sebagian virus memiliki duri-duri (spikes) Sebagian besar virus menginfeksi hanya tipe sel-sel spesifik dalam suatu inang. Host range ditentukan oleh sisi perlekatan spesifik pada inang dan faktor-faktor selular Parasit intraselular mutlak (obligat), menyebabkan sintesis element khusus yang memindahkan asam nukleat viral ke sel-sel lainnya.
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Penemuan Virus
Mayer (1886), penyakit tobacco mosaic bisa ditularkan ke tanaman sehat Iwanowski (1892), juice disaring dengan filter, filtratnya bisa menyebabkan tanaman lain sakit ? Beijerinck (1897) memberi nama virus artinya poison

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Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Wendell Stanley (1935) mengkristalkan virus tobacco Penemuan: virus terdiri dari asam nukleat dan protein

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Human viruses
1980 1990 kemajuan di bidang teknik biologi molekular, penyingkapan adanya virus manusia
1983 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ditemukan Hantavirus Sin Nombre, dari binatang pengerat, menyebabkan infeksi pada banyak orang di Amerika Selatan 1999, West Nile Virus diketahui sebagai penyebab kasus encephalitis di New York
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Smallpox
Edward Jenner (1796) penemu vaksin cacar (cowpox virus yang dilemahkan) Virus aktif (mematikan) disebut virulent Sejak itu kata virulent jadi populer di dunia medis

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Ukuran Virus
nm = 10-9 m

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Figure 13.1

Describe the chemical composition and physical structure of an enveloped and a nonenveloped virus

Helical Viruses
Figure 13.4a, b

Virus-virus helikal tampak terlihat seperti benang panjang atau terputar. Kapsidnya berbentuk silinder berlubang di bagian tengah yang melingkupi DNA/RNA.
Virion = partikel virus komplet yang berkembang penuh, asam nukleat dikelilingi oleh selubung.
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Enveloped Helical Virus

Virus mengandung DNA atau RNA, tidak pernah kedua-duanya. Asam nukleat bisa single atau double-stranded, linear atau sirkular, atau terbagi menjadi beberapa molekul terpisah
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Nonenveloped Polyhedral Viruses

Figure 13.2a, b 3/26/2012 12

Complex Viruses

Figure 13.5a

Kapsid selubung protein mengelilingi asam nukleat Tersusun atas kapsomer, tunggal atau berbagai protein
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Describe how bacteriophages are cultured

Growing Viruses
Viruses must be grown in living cells. Bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria. Easiest to grow

Uninfected mouse cells form monolayer (left). Infected cells 24 hours later pile up and round up (right).
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Describe how animal viruses are cultured

Growing Viruses
Viruses must be grown in living host cells Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs.

Figure 13.7 3/26/2012 15

Growing Viruses
Animal and plants viruses may be grown in cell culture. Continuous cell lines may be maintained indefinitely Cytopathic effects due to viral growth

Figure 13.8 3/26/2012 16

Virus Identification
List 3 techniques that are used to identify viruses

Cytopathic effects Serological tests Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient Use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot Nucleic acids RFLPs restriction fragment length polymorphisms PCR polymerase chain reaction (used to identify West Nile virus in US in 1999)

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Virus Identification

Figure 13.9

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Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle)

Attachment Penetration Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell Production of phage DNA and proteins Assembly of phage particles Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall

Biosynthesis Maturation Release

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Describe the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophages

Lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophage

Bacterial cell wall Bacterial chromosom e Capsi d DN A Capsi d

1 Attachment:
Phage attaches to host cell.

Sheat h Tail fiber Tail Base plate Pin Cell wall Plasma membrane

2 Penetration:
Phage pnetrates host cell and injects its DNA. Sheath contracted Tail core

3 Biosynthesis:

Production of phage DNA and proteins 20

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Lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophage

Tail

DNA

4 Maturation:

Viral components are assembled into virions.

Capsid

5 Release:

Host cell lyses and new virions are released. Figure 13.10.2

Tail fibers

Burst time is generally about 20 40 minutes after phage absorption. Burst size ranges from 50 to 200 new phage cells.
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One-step Growth Curve for bacteriophage

During biosynthesis and maturation, separate components of DNA and protein may be detected in the host cell
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Figure 13.11 22

 Lytic cycle

Phage causes lysis and death of host cell Lysogenic cycle Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA

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The Lysogenic Cycle

Describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage lambda.

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Figure 13.12

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Specialized Transduction
Prophage gal gene Bacterial DNA

1 Prophage exists in galactose-using host (containing the gal gene).

Galactose-positive donor cell gal gene

2 Phage genome excises, carrying with it the adjacent gal gene from the host.

gal gene

3 Phage matures and cell lyses, releasing phage carrying gal gene.

4 Phage infects a cell that cannot utilize galactose (lacking gal gene).
Galactose-negative recipient cell

5 Along with the prophage, the bacterial gal gene becomes integrated into the new hosts DNA. 6 Lysogenic cell can now metabolize galactose.
Galactose-positive recombinant cell 3/26/2012 Figure 13.13 25

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Multiplication of Animal viruses

Attachment Penetration Uncoating Biosynthesis Maturation Release Viruses attaches to cell membrane By endocytosis or fusion By viral or host enzymes Production of nucleic acid and proteins Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble By budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

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Attachment, Penetration and Uncoating

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Compare and contrast the multiplication cycle of DNA- and RNA-containing animal viruses

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RNA-containing animal viruses: rubella (left), mouse mammary tumor virus (right).

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Release of an enveloped virus by budding

Most enveloped viruses take part of hosts plasma membrane for their envelope

(a) Release by budding

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(b) Alphavirus
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Cancer
Define oncogene and transformed cell.

Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells. (malignant transformation) Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor specific transplant and T antigens, chromosome abnormalities, can produce tumors when injected into susceptible animals. Several DNA viruses and retroviruses are oncogenic. The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA.

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Oncogenic Viruses
Discuss the relationship of DNA- and RNA-containing viruses to cancer

Oncogenic DNA Viruses Adenoviridae Heresviridae Poxviridae Papovaviridae Hepadnaviridaeridae

Oncogenic RNA viruses Retroviridae

Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA which can integrate into host DNA HTLV 1 HTLV 2

Retroviruses carry reverse transcriptase which allows RNA to DNA, permitting oncogenic properties

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Provide an example of a latent viral infection.

Latent Viral Infections

Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
Cold sores, shingles

Persistent Viral Infections

s)

Disease processes occurs over a long period, generally fatal

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles
vi

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Differentiate between persistant viral infections and latent viral infections.

Persistent viral infections are caused by conventional viruses, occur over a long period, generally fatal.

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Some Plant Viruses

Name a virus that causes a plant disease

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Define viral species

Taksonomi Virus
Klasifikasi didasarkan pada tipe asam nukleat, replikasi, dan morfologi. Nama keluarga (Family) diakhiri dengan -viridae Nama genus diakhiri dengan -virus Spesies virus: kelompok virus yang memiliki informasi genetik dan ecological niche (host) yang sama. Nama-nama umum digunakan untuk spesies.

Subspesies ditandai dengan nomor

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Contoh penamaan virus

Herpesviridae Herpesvirus Human herpes virus 1, HHV 2, HHV 3 Retroviridae Lentivirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, HIV 2

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Virus Families
Karakteristik/dimensi Single-stranded DNA, non-enveloped 18-25 nm Virus Families Genus penting Parvoviridae Human parvovirus Clinical or special features Fifth disease ; Anemia in immunocompromised patients

Double-stranded DNA, Adenoviridae nonenveloped 70-90 nm

40-57 nm

Mastadenovirus

Respiratory infections in humans; tumors in animals

Cause tumors, some cause cancer

Papillomavirus (human wart virus) Polyomavirus

Double-stranded DNA, enveloped 3/26/2012 200-250 nm

Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B virus)

Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from mRNA 46

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2 Varicellavirus (HHV 3) Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4) Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5) Roseolovirus (HHV 6) HHV 7 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
Some herpesviruses can remain latent in host cells
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Virus Families
Karakteristik/dimensi Virus Families Genus penting
Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and (vaccinia and smallpox viruses) Molluscipoxvirus

Clinical or special features

Very large, brick-shaped viruses that cause diseases such as smallpox (variola), molluscum contagiosum (wortlike skin lession), and cowpox

Double-stranded DNA, Poxviridae non-enveloped 200-250 nm

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Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Hepatitis E virus Norovirus (Norwalk agent) causes gastroenteritis
Enterovirus
Enteroviruses include poliovirus and coxsackievirus

Rhinovirus Hepatitis A virus

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Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Arboviruses can replicate in arthropods; include yellow fever, dengue, SLE, and West Nile viruses Hepatitis C virus Alphavirus
Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods; include EEE, WEE

Rubivirus (rubella virus)

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Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Coronavirus
Upper respiratory infections

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Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand

Vesiculovirus Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
Cause numerous animal diseases

Filovirus
Enveloped, helical viruses

Ebola and Marburg viruses

Hepatitis D virus
Depends on coinfection with Hepadnavirus
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Single-stranded RNA, strand, multiple RNA strands

Influenzavirus (Influenza viruses A and B) Influenza C virus
Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBCs

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Single-stranded RNA, strand, multiple RNA strands

Bunyavirus (CE virus) Hantavirus

Arenavirus
Helical capsids contain RNA containing granules Lymphocytic choriomeningitis VEE and Lassa fever

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 Lentivirus (HIV) Oncogenic viruses

Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome Includes all RNA tumor viruses

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Double-stranded RNA, nonenveloped

Reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan) Rotavirus
Mild respiratoryinfections and gastroenteritis

Colorado tick fever

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Prions
Discuss how a protein can be infectious

Infectious proteins first discovered in 1980s Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, & surgical instruments Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, CreutzfeldtJakob disease, Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow disease PrPC, normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface PrPSc, scrapie protein, accumulate in brain cells forming plaques

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Prions
How a protein can be infectious: if an abnormal prion proteinenters cell, it changes a normal prion to PrPSc, which changes another normal PrP (accumulation of abnormal PrPSc)

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Linear and circular potato spindle tuber viroid

Differentiate between virus, viroid, and prion.

Plant Viruses
Plant viruses enter through wounds or via insects

Viroids
Viroids are infectious RNA; potato spindle tuber disease

Prion = infectious protein

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