Sparknotes Chemistry

SPARKClAR1S
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Chenistry page " of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
SPARKClAR1S
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SPARKClAR1S
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CHEmlSTRY CHEmlSTRY
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CHEmlSTRY
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CHEmlSTRY FUNDAmENTALS
VDLUmE, mATTER, AND ENERGY
Vc|ume (v). Thraa-dlnanslunul hyslcul suca.
Motter: Anythln thut hus nuss und ucculas vuluna.
Exlsts ln thraa cunnun stutas-sc||d, ||qu|d, und gos.
ln u chanlcul rauctlun, nuttar cun nalthar ba crautad nur
dastruyad.
Moss (m). A nausura uI tha unuunt uI nuttar ln un ubjact.
Dens|ty (!). Muss ar unlt vuluna.
Muthanutlcully. ! = m/v.
nergy: Tha cuuclty uI nuttar tu du wurk.
Pctent|o| energy: Enary thut u budy ussassas dua tu
lts usltlun ln suca.
K|net|c energy: Enary thut u budy ussassas dua tu lts
nutlun.
ln u chanlcul rauctlun, anary cun nalthar ba crautad nur
dastruyad but cun lntarcunvart batwaan utantlul und
klnatlc Iurns.
1emperoture: A nausura uI tha tharnul anary uI tha nul-
aculas ln u systan, "hutnass" ur "culdnass."
CHEmlCAL SPEClES
Atcm: Tha snullast unlt uI un alanant thut ratulns tha chanlcul
ruartlas uI thut alanant.
|ement: A ura substunca cunusad uI unly una tya uI
utun.
Mc|ecu|e: Tha snullast unlt uI u cunuund thut ratulns tha
chanlcul ruartlas uI thut cunuund.
Ccmpcund: A ura substunca cunusad uI nultlla
utuns chanlcully cunblnad ln u knuwn rutlu.
|cn: An utun ur u ruu uI bundad utuns thut currlas un alac-
trlcul chura.
Cot|cn: A usltlvaly churad lun.
An|cn: A nautlvaly churad lun.
ATDmlC STRUCTURE
CDmPDSlTlDN DF ATDmS
Prctcns: Pusltlvaly churad (+1) urtlclas rasldln ln tha
utunlc nuclaus. Prutuns huva u nuss uI 1 utunlc nuss unlt
(unu, 1 unu = 1.7 10
-27
k).
Neutrcns: Churalass urtlclas rasldln ln tha utunlc nuclaus.
Nautruns huva u nuss uI 1 unu.
|ectrcns: Nautlvaly churad (-1) urtlclas thut axlst ln
"cluuds" uruund tha utunlc nuclaus. Elactruns huva u nuss uI
uruxlnutaly 1/1837 unu.
Atcm|c number: Tha nunbar uI rutuns ln una utun uI un ala-
nant. Fur nautrul utuns, tha utunlc nunbar aquuls tha nun-
bar uI alactruns ln una utun.
Moss number: Tha sun uI tha nunbar uI rutuns und tha nun-
bar uI nautruns ln una utun uI u lvan lsutua uI un alanant.
|sctcpes: Atuns wlth tha suna utunlc nunbar but dlIIarant
nuss nunbars (l.a., utuns wlth dlIIarant nunbars uI nautruns).
LMN1
ATOM
NUC|EUS
NEUTPONS POTONS
E|ECTPONS
lSOTOE lSOTOE
TPEE 0lACPAM l||USTPATlNC THE HlEPAPCHY O| E|EMENTS, lSOTOES, AN0
SUBATOMlC STPUCTUPES.
mDDEL DF ATDmlC STRUCTURE
roposd by |rw|n Schrod|ngr |n !26.
Elactruns ura buth wove||ke (slnllur tu llht) und port|c|e-
||ke (slnllur tu nuttar).
Muthanutlcul axrassluns cullad wovefunct|cns chuructar-
la tha wuvas thut dascrlba alactrun bahuvlur.
Tha rubublllty uI Indln un alactrun ut u ulnt ln suca ls ru-
urtlunul tu tha squore cf |ts wovefunct|cn ut thut ulnt.
Accurdln tu tha nudal, alactruns axlst ln u rubublllstlc hua.
Atcm|c crb|to|s: Raluns uI suca uruund tha nuclaus thut
huva u nunaru rubublllty uI cuntulnln un alactrun ln u sa-
clIc anary stuta.
Cun huld u tu twu alactruns.
DlIIarant tyas uI utunlc urbltuls huva chuructarlstlc shuas
thut ura daslnutad by dlIIarant lattars.
Quontum numbers: lntaars ur hulI-lntaars usad tu ldantlIy
saclIc alactruns ln utuns.
rincipol quonlum number lnl:
SaclIas tha mcst prcbob|e d|stonce uI un alactrun Irun
tha nuclaus. Tha hlhar tha vulua uI |, tha nura llkaly un
alactrun ls tu ba Iuund Iurthar Irun tha nuclaus.
Elactruns wlth tha suna vulua uI | ura suld tu balun tu
tha suna "shall" uI un utun.
Alluwad vuluas. ull usltlva lntaars.
Orbilol ongulor momenlum quonlum number l l:
SaclIas tha shope uI tha urbltul (s, , J, l, atc.).
Elactruns wlth tha suna vulua uI ura suld tu balun tu
tha suna "sub-shall" uI un utun.
Euch sub-shall cuntulns (2 + 1) urbltuls thut cun auch huld
twu alactruns.
Alluwad vuluas. 0 js urbltul|, 1 j urbltul|, 2 jJ urbltul|, .
(n - 1).
Mognelic quonlum number lm l:
Fur u lvan sub-shall, m saclIas tu whlch uI tha
(2 + 1) urbltuls un alactrun baluns.
Alluwad vuluas. 0, 1, 2,., .
Spin mognelic quonlum number lmsl:
SaclIas dlractlun uI e|ectrcn sp|n ("u" ur "duwn").
Alluwad vuluas. 1/2.
5h|e|d|ng: Elactruns clusar tu tha nuclaus raduca tha nuclaur
uttructlva Iurca Iur alactruns Iurthar Irun tha nuclaus, thasa
uutar alactruns ura suld tu ba "shlaldad."
Tha nuclaur chura axarlancad by un alactrun uItar tha
shlaldln aIIact hus baan tukan lntu uccuunt ls cullad tha
effect|ve nuc|eor chorge, Zell. Zell ls ulwuys lass thun Z,
tha uctuul nuclaur chura.
ELECTRDN CDNFlGURATlDN
Aufbou pr|nc|p|e: Tha rucadura usad tu Ind tha ruund-stuta
alactrun cunIurutlun uI un utun ur lun.
. Datarnlna huw nuny alactruns tha utun ur lun hus.
2. Wrlta duwn tha utunlc sub-shalls ln tha urdar ln whlch thay
Ill. 1 s, 2s, 2, 3s, 3, 4s, 3J, 4, 5s, atc.
3. Flll tha sub-shalls ln thls urdar. Put twu alactruns ln auch
s sub-shall, slx ln auch sub-shall, und tan ln auch J sub-
shall untll thara ura nut anuuh alactruns laIt tu Ill tha
naxt urbltul.
4. ldantlIy tha naxt unIllad sub-shall. Fur unIllad und J
sub-shalls, druw u bux-dlurun. Druw thraa buxas Iur
sub-shalls und Iva Iur J sub-shalls (l.a., una bux Iur auch
ulluwad m vulua).
5. Fulluw Hund's rula und tha Puull axcluslun rlnclla tu Ill tha
bux-dlurun wlth tha ranulnln alactruns.
Hund's ru|e: Muxlnla tha nunbar uI urullal slns ln u
sub-shall, lI nura thun una urbltul ln u sub-shall ls uvullubla,
alactruns wlll uccuy anty urbltuls baIura ulrln u ln tha
suna urbltul.
Pou|| exc|us|cn pr|nc|p|e: Nu twu alactruns ln tha suna utun
ur lun cun huva Iuur ldantlcul quuntun nunbars, twu alactruns
uccuyln tha suna urbltul nust huva uuslta slns.
Vo|ence e|ectrcns: Tha alactruns ln tha uutarnust ucculad
shall uI un utun.
Dctet ru|e: An utun ls nust stubla whan lts vulanca shall ls
cunlataly Iull, un utun cun ubtuln u Iull vulanca shall by bund-
ln wlth uthar utuns.
Tha uctat rula duas nut ulwuys uly tu utuns wlth alac-
truns ln J urbltuls.
THE PERlDDlC TABLE
DF THE ELEmENTS
FAmlLlES DF ELEmENTS
Meto|s: Cuud cunducturs uI haut und alactrlclty. Matuls tand
tu lusa alactruns tu Iurn cutluns.
Ncnmeto|s: Puur cunducturs uI haut und alactrlclty. Nunnatuls
tand tu uln alactruns tu Iurn unluns.
Meto||c|ds: lntarnadluta batwaan natuls und nunnatuls.
Matullulds huva hyslcul und chanlcul ruartlas ln cunnun
wlth buth.
PERlDDlC TRENDS
Atcm|c rod|us: HulI tha dlstunca batwaan nuclal uI nalhbur-
ln utuns ln u sunla uI un alanant.
Dec|eJses t|Jve||| Jc|uss J e||uJ. Whlla utunlc nun-
bar (und tharaIura nuclaur chura) ls lncrausln, uddad
alactruns u lntu tha suna shall und du nut cuntrlbuta tu
shlaldln uthar alactruns Irun tha nuclaus, vulanca alac-
truns ura nura strunly uttructad tu tha nuclaus, su tha
utun bacunas nura cunuct.
||c|eJses t|Jve||| Juw| J |uu. Althuuh utunlc nun-
CDN1|NUD DN D1Hk 5|D
alactruns u lntu naw shalls thut ura shlaldad by tha lnnar
shalls, Zell dacrausas und nuclaur uttructlun ls waukar Iur
vulanca alactruns, su tha utun bacunas lass cunuct.
|cn|zot|cn energy: Tha anary raqulrad tu ranuva un alactrun
Irun tha hlhast-anary shall uI un utun.
||c|eJses t|Jve||| Jc|uss J e||uJ Iur tha suna rausun
thut utunlc rudlus dacrausas truvalln ucruss u arlud,
ranuvln alactruns Irun Iull shalls ls asaclully dlIIcult.
Dec|eJses t|Jve||| Juw| J |uu Iur tha suna rausun
thut utunlc rudlus lncrausas truvalln duwn u ruu.
|ectrcnegot|v|ty: Tha ublllty uI un utun ln u nulacula tu
uttruct alactruns.
Ralutad tu lunlutlun anary, arludlc trands Iulluw thusa
uI lunlutlun anary.
BDNDlNG AND lNTER-
mDLECULAR lNTERACTlDNS
TYPES DF BDNDS
Ccvo|ent: Furnad whan twu alanants shura vulanca alactruns
su thut buth uln Iull vulanca shalls. Cuvulant bunds cun ba
slnla (twu shurad alactruns), duubla (Iuur shurad alactruns),
ur trlla (slx shurad alactruns).
|cn|c: Furnad whan tha alactrunautlvltlas uI bundad utuns ura
slnlIcuntly dlIIarant. Buth shurad alactruns ura ulnust cun-
lataly ussuclutad wlth tha nura alactrunautlva utun, whlch
bacunas un unlun whlla tha uthar utun bacunas u cutlun.
Meto|||c: Matuls lnvulvad ln bundln axlst us cutluns hald
tuathar ln u raulur crystul luttlca by u cluud uI dalucullad
vulanca alactruns.
BDND CHARACTERlSTlCS
8cnd crder: HulI tha nunbar uI alactruns shurad ln u cuvulant
bund. Tha hlhar tha bund urdar, tha shurtar tha bund cun-
urad tu u luwar urdar bund batwaan tha suna twu utuns, a..,
u C=C bund ls shurtar thun u C-C bund.
8cnd pc|or|ty: ln bunds batwaan utuns uI unaquul alactruna-
utlvltlas, shurad alactruns ura nura llkaly tu ba Iuund naur tha
nura alactrunautlva utun, such u bund ls suld tu ba ulur.
LEWlS STRUCTURES
Lew|s structure: A rarasantutlun uI u nulacula thut dalcts
cuvulant bunds und nunbundln vulanca alactruns.
Drow|ng Lew|s structures:
. Fur u lvan cunuund, wrlta duwn tha chanlcul synbuls uI
lts cunstltuant utuns und usltlun than tu shuw thalr ruuh
luyuut ln tha nulacula (Lawls thaury uluna cunnut radlct
nulaculur shua).
2. Druw tha vulanca alac-
truns uruund auch utun
us duts.
3. Druw cuvulant bunds
by cunnactln vulanca
alactruns un nalhburln
utuns.
4. Radruw tha nulacula su
thut shurad alactruns ura
nut axllcltly shuwn.
5. Orunla nun-bundln
vulanca alactruns (usuul-
ly thara ls un avan nun-
bar) lntu ulrs un auch
utun. Thasa alactrun
ulrs ura cullad luna-ulrs.
Ccunt|ng e|ectrcns tc shcw thot the cctet ru|e |s cbeyed:
Elactruns usad tu nuka u cuvulant bund ura ussuclutad wlth
buth utuns urtlclutln ln tha bund und ura tharaIura cuuntad
Iur buth utuns lnvulvad ln tha bund. Fur axunla, unbundad H
hus una vulanca alactrun und unbundad Cl hus savan, ln HCl,
Cl shuras una uI lts alactruns wlth H su thut H hus twu vulanca
alactruns (Iull vulanca shall), und H shuras lts alactrun wlth Cl
su thut Cl hus alht vulanca alactruns (Iull vulanca shall).
kescnonce structures: Suna Lawls structuras huva nultlla
dlstlnct, but aqulvulant, wuys uI urrunln nultlla bunds und
alactruns whlla stlll ubayln tha uctat rula. Euch aqulvulant
urrunanant ls cullad u rasununca structura.
ln raullty, nulaculas axlst us tha uvarua uI ull thalr dlIIarant
rasununca structuras. lndlvlduul rasununca structuras cun-
nut ba lsulutad bacuusa alactruns ln u nulacula ura uctuully
dalucullad und nultlla bund chuructarlstlcs cun ba sraud
uut uvar tha antlra nulacula.
Fcrmo| chorge: Tha Iurnul chura un un utun aquuls tha nun-
bar uI vulanca alactruns ln tha unbundad utun nlnus tha sun
uI tha nunbar uI alactruns tha utun hus ln luna-ulrs und tha
nunbar uI cuvulant bunds tu tha utun.
A nunaru Iurnul chura lndlcutas thut un utun hus u dlI-
Iarant nunbar uI vulanca alactruns thun lt wuuld huva lI
lt wara unbundad und nautrul.
Tha sun uI tha lndlvlduul Iurnul churas ln u nulacula
aquuls tha uvarull chura uI tha nulacula, Iurnul churas
lva u sansa uI whara chura ls lucullad wlthln u nulacula.
n=4
=0
m =0 m =-I m =0 m =I m =-I m =-2 m =0 m =I m =2 m =-2 m =-3 m =-I m =0 m =I m =2 m =3
=3
s p l
=I
d
=2
Shell
Sub-shell
Orbilol
H
I.008
3
L|
6.4I
No
22.
5
8
I0.8I
3
A|
26.8
K
3.I0
37
kb
85.47
55
Cs
I32.
87
Fr
l223l
4
8e
.0I2
2
Mg
24.3I
20
Co
40.08
38
5r
87.62
56
8o
I37.3
88
ko
226.0
2
5c
44.6
3
88.I
57
Lo
I38.
8
Ac
227.0
22
1|
47.0
40
Zr
I.22
72
Hf
I78.5
04
kf
l26Il
58
Ce
I40.I
0
1h
232.0
5
Pr
I40.
Po
23I.0
60
Nd
I44.2
2
U
238.0
6
Pm
lI45l
3
Np
237.0
62
5m
I50.4
4
Pu
l244l
63
u
I52.0
5
Am
l243l
64
Cd
I57.3
6
Cm
l247l
65
1b
I58.
7
8k
l247l
66
Dy
I62.5
8
Cf
l25Il
67
Hc
I64.
s
l252l
68
r
I67.3
6
1m
I68.
00
Fm
l257l
0
Md
l258l
70
b
I73.0
02
Nc
l25l
7
Lu
I75.0
03
Lr
l262l
23
V
50.4
4
Nb
2.I
73
1o
I80.
05
Db
l262l
25
Mn
54.4
43
1c
l7.l
75
ke
I86.2
07
Ns
l262l
26
Fe
55.85
44
ku
I0I.I
76
Ds
I0.2
08
Hs
l265l
27
Cc
58.3
45
kh
I02.
77
|r
I2.2
28
N|
58.70
46
Pd
I06.4
78
Pt
I5.I
30
Zn
65.38
48
Cd
II2.4
80
Hg
200.6
3
Co
6.72
4
|n
II4.8
8
1|
204.4
6
C
I2.0I
4
5|
28.0
32
Ce
72.5
50
5n
II8.7
82
Pb
207.2
7
N
I4.0I
5
P
30.7
33
As
74.2
5
5b
I2I.8
83
8|
20.0
8
D
I6.00
6
5
32.06
34
5e
78.6
52
1e
I27.6
84
Pc
l20l
F
I.00
7
C|
35.45
35
8r
7.0
53
|
I26.
85
At
l2I0l
0
Ne
20.I8
8
Ar
3.5
36
Kr
83.80
54
Xe
I3I.3
86
kn
l222l
2
Cu
63.55
47
Ag
I07.
7
Au
I7.0
0
Mt
l266l
24
Cr
52.00
42
Mc
5.4
74
W
I83.8
06
5g
l263l
2
He
4.003 47
Ag
I07.
ATOMlC NUMBEP
SYMBO|
ATOMlC MASS
LAN1HAN|D 5k|5
AC1|N|D 5k|5
M1AL5
M1ALLD|D5
NDNM1AL5
C
Corbon
Unbonded 4 volence eleclrons
2 lone-poir eleclrons
3 covolenl bonds
4 - 2 - 3 = - 6 - 2 - 3 = +
3 covolenl bonds
6 volence eleclrons
ln CO
molecule
|ormol
chorge
Oxygen
O
+I -I
CAPBON MONOXl0E, CO
Mc|ecu|or pc|or|ty: Asynnatrlc dlstrlbutlun uI chura
wlthln u nulacula.
A slnla ulur bund ln u nulacula cun nuka tha whula
nulacula ulur, a.., HCl ls ulur.
lI u nulacula hus nura thun una ulur bund, than thasa
bunds nuy cuncal auch uthar uut und nuka tha nulacula
nunulur.
GEDmETRY
Vo|ence she|| e|ectrcn po|r repu|s|cn (V5Pk[ thecry: A
nudal Iur radlctln nulaculur aunatry. Busad un tha ldau
thut, ln u nulacula, alactrun ulrs urruna thansalvas us Iur
uurt us usslbla tu nlnlnla alactrun-alactrun raulslun.
Tha shua uI u nulacula ls datarnlnad by tha nunbar uI
alactrun ulrs (bundln ulrs und luna-ulrs) ussuclutad
wlth tha cantrul utun uI tha nulacula.
Vo|ence-bcnd thecry: A thaury uI bundln thut stutas thut
bunds Iurn thruuh tha sutlul uvarlu uI urbltuls cuntulnln
vulanca alactruns. vulanca-bund thaury ls cunslstant wlth
tha aunatrlc radlctluns uI vSEPR thaury.
Hybr|d|zot|cn: Furnutlun uI hybrld urbltuls, whlch ura
nlxturas uI lndlvlduul utunlc urbltuls.
Tha nunbar uI utunlc urbltuls usad tu crauta u sat uI
hybrld urbltuls aquuls tha nunbar uI urbltuls anarutad
by hybrldlutlun.
Hybrld urbltuls cun huld u tu twu alactruns, hulI-Illad
hybrld urbltuls cun shura alactruns wlth uthar hulI-Illad
urbltuls tu Iurn u cuvulant bund.
5|gmo ("[ bcnds: Bunds Iurnad by tha haud-un uvarlu
uI s, s
2
, ur s
3
hybrld urbltuls wlth auch uthar ur wlth
hydruan 1s urbltuls.
P| ( #[ bcnds: Bunds Iurnad by tha sldawuys uvarlu uI
urbltuls.
lNTERmDLECULAR {CDHESlVE] FDRCES
Lcndcn ( d|spers|cn[ fcrces: Attructlva Iurcas batwaan
trunslant dlulas cuusad by rundun chunas ln tha alactrun
dlstrlbutlun uI u nulacula (una urt uI u nulacula tanurur-
lly bacunas sllhtly usltlvaly churad whlla unuthar urt
bacunas sllhtly nautlvaly churad).
AIIact ull nulaculas.
Waukast tya uI cuhaslva Iurca.
D|pc|e-d|pc|e |nteroct|cns: Attructlva Iurcas batwaan tha
arnunant dlulas uI ulur nulaculas (u lvan ulur nul-
acula wlll ulwuys huva urtlully usltlvaly churad und ur-
tlully nautlvaly churad raluns).
Strunar thun Lundun Iurcas.
Hydrcgen bcnd|ng: A tya uI dlula-dlula lntaructlun
lnvulvln nulaculas cuntulnln hydruan uttuchad tu u
hlhly alactrunautlva alanant (a.., uxyan ur nltruan)
wlth alactrun luna-ulrs. Thasa hydruan utuns curry u ur-
tlul usltlva chura und cun lntaruct wlth luna-ulrs un alac-
trunautlva utuns Irun uthar nulaculas.
|ectrcstot|c |nteroct|cns: lntaructluns ln whlch uusltaly
churad saclas (luns) uttruct auch uthar.
Strunast tya uI cuhaslva Iurca.
STDlCHlDmETRY AND
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
RELATlDNSHlP BETWEEN
mDLES AND mDLECULES
Mc|e: .02 10
23
(Avcgodrc's number) urtlclas (a..,
utuns, nulaculas, alactruns, atc.)
Mc|or moss (M). Muss uI una nula uI urtlclas.
E.., tha nulur nuss uI curbun-12 ls 12.000 , u 12.000 run
sunla uI curbun-12 cuntulns 1 nula uI curbun-12 utuns.
A nuturully uccurrln sunla wlll usuully ba u nlxtura uI
dlIIarant lsutuas. Tha quutad nulur nuss uI un alanant
ls tha uvarua nuss (walhtad by tha ralutlva unuunt uI
auch lsutua rasant) uI un utun ln u nuturully uccurrln
sunla uI tha alanant.
Mc|ecu|or moss. Muss (ln unu) uI una nulacula uI u cunuund.
CHEmlCAL FDRmULAS
Mc|ecu|or fcrmu|o: Tha chanlcul Iurnulu thut shuws tha
uctuul nunbar uI utuns uI auch alanant rasant ln u nul-
acula, a.., tha nulaculur Iurnulu uI lucusa ls CH12O.
mp|r|co| fcrmu|o: Tha chanlcul Iurnulu thut shuws tha
ralutlva nunbar (rutlu) uI utuns uI auch alanant rasant ln u
nulacula, a.., tha anlrlcul Iurnulu uI lucusa ls CH2O.
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
Chem|co| reoct|cn: A rucass by whlch chanlcul bunds
cun ba brukan ur nuda.
Add|t|cn (ccmb|not|cn[ reoct|cns: Multlla rauctunts
cunblna tu lva u slnla ruduct.
E.., C + O2 CO2.
Deccmpcs|t|cn reoct|cns: A cunuund brauks duwn
lntu nultlla slnlar cunuunds.
E.., CuCO3 CuO + CO2.
Metothes|s (d|sp|ocement[ reoct|cns: Twu rauctunts
axchuna cununant urts.
E.., CuCl2(J + 2ANO3(J
2ACl (s + Cu(NO3)2(J.
5tote symbc|s: Synbuls usad ln chanlcul aquutluns tu
danuta whathar u rauctunt ur ruduct ls u sulld (s, u llquld
(|, u us (, ur un lun ln uquauus sulutlun (J.
8o|onc|ng chem|co| equot|cns:
. Wrlta tha unbuluncad aquutlun.
2. Cuunt tha nunbar uI auch tya uI utun un buth sldas uI
tha aquutlun.
3. Flnd tha stulchlunatrlc cuaIIclants (nunbars thut nultl-
ly antlra nulaculur ur lunlc Iurnulus ln aquutluns) thut
aquulla tha nunbar uI auch tya uI utun un buth sldas
uI tha aquutlun.
L|m|t|ng reoctont: Tha rauctunt thut ls sullad ln un
unuunt snullar thun raqulrad by tha stulchlunatrlc ralutlun
Iur uny uI tha uthar rauctunts tu ba cunsunad cunlataly.
Datarnlnas tha nuxlnun ylald uI ruduct ln tha rauctlun.
Tu Ind tha llnltln rauctunt und culculuta tha unuunt uI
rauctunts usad ur ruducts Iurnad.
. Culculuta tha nunbar uI nulas uI auch rauctunt rasant.
2. Fur auch rauctunt, dlvlda tha nunbar uI nulas by tha
stulchlunatrlc cuaIIclant uI thut rauctunt ln tha rauc-
tlun aquutlun, tha rauctunt thut lvas tha snullast
nunbar ls tha llnltln rauctunt. lI tha nunbar ls tha
suna Iur auch rauctunt, than thara ls nu llnltln rauc-
tunt, und ull rauctunts cun ba cunsunad cunlataly.
3. Tha nunbar uI nulas uI u urtlculur rauctunt cunsunad
ur uI u ruduct Iurnad ls aquul tu tha stulchlunatrlc
cuaIIclant uI thut rauctunt ur ruduct nultlllad by tha
nunbar ubtulnad ln Sta 2 Iur tha llnltln rauctunt.
1hecret|co| y|e|d: Tha unuunt uI u lvan ruduct Iurnad lI
ull uI tha llnltln rauctunt ls cunsunad by tha rauctlun.
Percent y|e|d: Fructlun uI tha thauratlcul ylald ubtulnad
axarlnantully.
Pe|ce|t y|e|J = 100
(Fxe||me|tJ| y|e|J)
(I|eu|et|cJ| y|e|J)

.

GASES
KlNETlC mDLECULAR THEDRY
K|net|c mc|ecu|or thecry: A thaury thut axlulns tha bahuv-
lur uI usas un u nulaculur laval.
nergy: Tha uvarua klnatlc anary (Fk) uI u us ls ruur-
tlunul tu lts ubsuluta tanarutura (I).
Muthanutlcully. Fk = 3PI/2.
P = ldaul us cunstunt = 8.314 J nul
-1
K
-1
= 0.0821 L bur
nul
-1
K
-1
Ve|cc|ty: Tha uvarua valuclty (v) uI u us nulacula ls ru-
urtlunul tu tha squura ruut uI lts ubsuluta tanarutura und
lnvarsaly ruurtlunul tu tha squura ruut uI lts nulur nuss.
Muthanutlcully. v = 3PI/M.
D|ffus|cn: Mlxln uI twu ur nura usas by rundun nulacu-
lur nutlun.
ffus|cn: Escua uI u us by rundun nulaculur nutlun Irun
una cuntulnar lntu unuthar thruuh u arnaubla burrlar.
Crohom's |ow cf effus|cn: Tha rutlu uI tha rutas uI aIIuslun
uI twu dlIIarant usas ls lnvarsaly ruurtlunul tu tha squura
ruuts uI thalr nulur nussas.
Muthanutlcully.
(|Jte ul J|llus|u| ul A)
(|Jte ul J|llus|u| ul 3 )

=
M3
MA
.
o
-
= porliol negolive chorge o
+
= porliol posilive chorge
How |ondon lorces orise
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
lol lbl lcl
MASS
O| SAM|E
m
m = n x M
MO|ES
O| SAM|E
n
MO|AP
MASS
M
n =
m
M
M =
m
n
CO\A|ENT
lONlC
H H H
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
|
.|?|??
?|??|/J|
?|J0J
Ncnpc|or: Bonded
H oloms shore
volence eleclrons
equolly.
Opposilely chorged ions bond
lo eoch olher lo lorm
|ott|ce structures.
Melol nuclei ore held
logelher by o delocolized
'seo' ol eleclrons.
Pc|or: Bonded H ond l
oloms shore eleclrons
unequolly.
o
+
o

= porliol negolive chorge
No
+
C|
-
No
+
No
+
No
+
C|
-
C|
-
C|
-
META||lC
o
+
o
N
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
O
O O
NlTPATE lON NO3
-
BENZENE C6H6
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
N
O
O O
N
O
O O
sp hybrid l2 orbilolsl
lineor
lrigonol plonor
lelrohedrol
lrigonol bipyromidol
oclohedrol
s orbilol
&
p orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilols
sp2 hybrid l3 orbilolsl
dsp3 hybrid l5 orbilolsl
d2sp3 hybrid l6 orbilolsl
2
3
4
5
6
Alomic orbilols
combined
Hybrid orbils
lormed
Bonding eleclron
poirs ond
lone-poirs
oround
cenlrol olom \SEP geomelry
C O
Unpoired volence eleclrons, con lorm bonds wilh eleclrons in
sp, sp2, sp3, or hydrogen Is orbilols
= sp2 hybrid orbilol
= unhybridized p orbilol
r-bond
o-bond
HY0POCH|OPlC ACl0, HCl CAPBON TETPACHOPl0E, CCl4
H C|
o
+
o
C
C|
C|
C| C|
How dipole-dipole inleroclions orise
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
How hydrogen bonding orises

o
-
o
-
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
O
H H
O
H H
O
H H
CHAPACTEPlSTlC SHAES AN0 SATlA| OPlENTATlONS O| s, p, AN0 d ATOMlC OPBlTA|S.
THE OPlClN O| THE COOP0lNATE AXlS SYSTEM lS THE ATOMlC NUC|EUS.
BOX 0lACPAMS |OP |AClNC E|ECTPONS lN SECl|lC OPBlTA|S O| THE p
AN0 d SUB-SHE||S TO 0ETEPMlNE THE E|ECTPONlC STPUCTUPES O| ATOMS.
TPEE 0lACPAM l||USTPATlNC THE HlEPAPCHY O| OUANTUM NUMBEPS lN THE n = 4 E|ECTPON SHE||.
EACH OPBlTA| CAN HO|0 TWO E|ECTPONS lONE WlTH ms = I/2 AN0 ONE WlTH ms = -I/2l.
TYES O| CHEMlCA| BON0lNC.
C C H H
H H
H H
C C H H
H H
H H
ETHANE C2H6
|EWlS STPUCTUPE O| ETHANE.
0OTS PEPESENT E|ECTPONS AN0 |lNES
PEPESENT CO\A|ENT BON0S.
PESONANCE STPUCTUPES O| NlTPATE lON AN0 BENZENE. THE ACTUA|
MO|ECU|ES APE AN A\EPACE O| THElP lN0l\l0UA| PESONANCE STPUCTUPES.
|OPMA| CHAPCES ON THE ATOMS lN CAPBON MONOXl0E.
THE NET CHAPCE ON THE MO|ECU|E lS -I + I = 0.
O|APlTlES O| HCl AN0 CCl4 MO|ECU|ES.
HCl conloins o single polor H-Cl bond, which gives on osymmelric dislrbulion
ol eleclron densily lhrougoul lhe molecule. As o resull, lhe HCl molecule is
polor. ln conlrosl, CCl4 hos lour symmelricolly orronged polor C-Cl bonds,
which give o symmelric dislribulion ol eleclron densily lhroughoul lhe
molecule. Consequenlly, lhe CCl4 molecule is nonpolor.
HYBPl0 OPBlTA|S AN0 THElP COPPESON0lNC \SEP CEOMETPlES.
HYBPl0lZE0 AN0 UNHYBPl0lZE0 OPBlTA|S AN0
BON0lNC lN THE CAPBONY| CPOU.
lol Nonpolor molecules hove o symmelric chorge dislribulion lhroughoul,
i.e., lhey hove no permonenl porliolly posilive or negolive end.
lbl Movemenl ol eleclrons con moke nonpolor molecules lempororily polor.
lcl ln lhese lempororily polor molecules, lhe dislribulion ol eleclron densily
con reorronge ilsell lo creole slobilizing inleroclions belween opposilely
chorged ends ol neighboring molecules.
Neighboring polor molecules will orienl lhemselves lo creole slobilizing
inleroclions belween opposilely chorged ends.
Hydrogen bonding os seen in woler lH20l. orliolly posilively chorged H
oloms will orienl lhemselves lo creole slobilizing inleroclions belween
lhemselves ond eleclronegolive oloms on neighboring molecules.
THE EPlO0lC TAB|E O| THE E|EMENTS.
POWS lN THE TAB|E APE CA||E0 EPlO0S, CO|UMNS APE CA||E0 CPOUS.
SPARKClAR1S
"
Chenistry page P of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
SPARKClAR1S
1l
SPARKClAR1S
1l
CHEmlSTRY CHEmlSTRY
5
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7
8
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CHEmlSTRY
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C
A
N
px py pz
dz
2
dx
2
-

y
2
dxy dyx dxz
dastruyad.
nutlun.
klnatlc Iurns.
CHEmlCAL SPEClES
utun.
trlcul chura.
ATDmlC STRUCTURE
(unu, 1 unu = 1.7 10
-27
k).
LMN1
ATOM
NUC|EUS
NEUTPONS POTONS
E|ECTPONS
lSOTOE lSOTOE
clIc anary stuta.
twu alactruns.
(n - 1).
Ill. 1 s, 2s, 2, 3s, 3, 4s, 3J, 4, 5s, atc.
naxt urbltul.
ulluwad m vulua).
suna urbltul.
shall uI un utun.
THE PERlDDlC TABLE
DF THE ELEmENTS
wlth buth.
PERlDDlC TRENDS
uttruct alactruns.
uI lunlutlun anary.
BDNDlNG AND lNTER-
TYPES DF BDNDS
vulanca alactruns.
LEWlS STRUCTURES
nulaculur shua).
us duts.
utuns.
n=4
=0
=3
s p l
=I
d
=2
Shell
Sub-shell
Orbilol
H
I.008
3
L|
6.4I
No
22.
5
8
I0.8I
3
A|
26.8
K
3.I0
37
kb
85.47
55
Cs
I32.
87
Fr
l223l
4
8e
.0I2
2
Mg
24.3I
20
Co
40.08
38
5r
87.62
56
8o
I37.3
88
ko
226.0
2
5c
44.6
3
88.I
57
Lo
I38.
8
Ac
227.0
22
1|
47.0
40
Zr
I.22
72
Hf
I78.5
04
kf
l26Il
58
Ce
I40.I
0
1h
232.0
5
Pr
I40.
Po
23I.0
60
Nd
I44.2
2
U
238.0
6
Pm
lI45l
3
Np
237.0
62
5m
I50.4
4
Pu
l244l
63
u
I52.0
5
Am
l243l
64
Cd
I57.3
6
Cm
l247l
65
1b
I58.
7
8k
l247l
66
Dy
I62.5
8
Cf
l25Il
67
Hc
I64.
s
l252l
68
r
I67.3
6
1m
I68.
00
Fm
l257l
0
Md
l258l
70
b
I73.0
02
Nc
l25l
7
Lu
I75.0
03
Lr
l262l
23
V
50.4
4
Nb
2.I
73
1o
I80.
05
Db
l262l
25
Mn
54.4
43
1c
l7.l
75
ke
I86.2
07
Ns
l262l
26
Fe
55.85
44
ku
I0I.I
76
Ds
I0.2
08
Hs
l265l
27
Cc
58.3
45
kh
I02.
77
|r
I2.2
28
N|
58.70
46
Pd
I06.4
78
Pt
I5.I
30
Zn
65.38
48
Cd
II2.4
80
Hg
200.6
3
Co
6.72
4
|n
II4.8
8
1|
204.4
6
C
I2.0I
4
5|
28.0
32
Ce
72.5
50
5n
II8.7
82
Pb
207.2
7
N
I4.0I
5
P
30.7
33
As
74.2
5
5b
I2I.8
83
8|
20.0
8
D
I6.00
6
5
32.06
34
5e
78.6
52
1e
I27.6
84
Pc
l20l
F
I.00
7
C|
35.45
35
8r
7.0
53
|
I26.
85
At
l2I0l
0
Ne
20.I8
8
Ar
3.5
36
Kr
83.80
54
Xe
I3I.3
86
kn
l222l
2
Cu
63.55
47
Ag
I07.
7
Au
I7.0
0
Mt
l266l
24
Cr
52.00
42
Mc
5.4
74
W
I83.8
06
5g
l263l
2
He
4.003 47
Ag
I07.
ATOMlC NUMBEP
SYMBO|
ATOMlC MASS
LAN1HAN|D 5k|5
AC1|N|D 5k|5
M1AL5
M1ALLD|D5
NDNM1AL5
C
Corbon
3 covolenl bonds
4 - 2 - 3 = - 6 - 2 - 3 = +
3 covolenl bonds
6 volence eleclrons
ln CO
molecule
|ormol
chorge
Oxygen
O
+I -I
CAPBON MONOXl0E, CO
wlthln u nulacula.
nunulur.
GEDmETRY
by hybrldlutlun.
uI s, s
2
, ur s
3
urbltuls.
STDlCHlDmETRY AND
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
mDLES AND mDLECULES
Mc|e: .02 10
23
CHEmlCAL FDRmULAS
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
E.., C + O2 CO2.
tha aquutlun.
uI tha aquutlun.
axarlnantully.
Pe|ce|t y|e|J = 100
(Fxe||me|tJ| y|e|J)
(I|eu|et|cJ| y|e|J)

.

GASES
-1
K
-1
= 0.0821 L bur
nul
-1
K
-1
lur nutlun.
Muthanutlcully.

=
M3
MA
.
o
-
+
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
lol lbl lcl
MASS
O| SAM|E
m
m = n x M
MO|ES
O| SAM|E
n
MO|AP
MASS
M
n =
m
M
M =
m
n
CO\A|ENT
lONlC
H H H
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
|
.|?|??
?|??|/J|
?|J0J
Ncnpc|or: Bonded
H oloms shore
volence eleclrons
equolly.
|ott|ce structures.
'seo' ol eleclrons.
unequolly.
o
+
o

No
+
C|
-
No
+
No
+
No
+
C|
-
C|
-
C|
-
META||lC
o
+
o
N
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
O
O O
NlTPATE lON NO3
-
BENZENE C6H6
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
N
O
O O
N
O
O O
lineor
lrigonol plonor
lelrohedrol
oclohedrol
s orbilol
&
p orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilols
2
3
4
5
6
Alomic orbilols
combined
Hybrid orbils
lormed
Bonding eleclron
poirs ond
lone-poirs
oround
C O
r-bond
o-bond
H C|
o
+
o
C
C|
C|
C| C|
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o

o
-
o
-
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
O
H H
O
H H
O
H H
C C H H
H H
H H
C C H H
H H
H H
ETHANE C2H6
SPARKClAR1S
"
Chenistry page B of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
SPARKClAR1S
1l
SPARKClAR1S
1l
CHEmlSTRY CHEmlSTRY
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px py pz
dz
2
dx
2
-

y
2
dxy dyx dxz
dastruyad.
nutlun.
klnatlc Iurns.
CHEmlCAL SPEClES
utun.
trlcul chura.
ATDmlC STRUCTURE
(unu, 1 unu = 1.7 10
-27
k).
LMN1
ATOM
NUC|EUS
NEUTPONS POTONS
E|ECTPONS
lSOTOE lSOTOE
clIc anary stuta.
twu alactruns.
(n - 1).
Ill. 1 s, 2s, 2, 3s, 3, 4s, 3J, 4, 5s, atc.
naxt urbltul.
ulluwad m vulua).
suna urbltul.
shall uI un utun.
THE PERlDDlC TABLE
DF THE ELEmENTS
wlth buth.
PERlDDlC TRENDS
uttruct alactruns.
uI lunlutlun anary.
BDNDlNG AND lNTER-
TYPES DF BDNDS
vulanca alactruns.
LEWlS STRUCTURES
nulaculur shua).
us duts.
utuns.
n=4
=0
=3
s p l
=I
d
=2
Shell
Sub-shell
Orbilol
H
I.008
3
L|
6.4I
No
22.
5
8
I0.8I
3
A|
26.8
K
3.I0
37
kb
85.47
55
Cs
I32.
87
Fr
l223l
4
8e
.0I2
2
Mg
24.3I
20
Co
40.08
38
5r
87.62
56
8o
I37.3
88
ko
226.0
2
5c
44.6
3
88.I
57
Lo
I38.
8
Ac
227.0
22
1|
47.0
40
Zr
I.22
72
Hf
I78.5
04
kf
l26Il
58
Ce
I40.I
0
1h
232.0
5
Pr
I40.
Po
23I.0
60
Nd
I44.2
2
U
238.0
6
Pm
lI45l
3
Np
237.0
62
5m
I50.4
4
Pu
l244l
63
u
I52.0
5
Am
l243l
64
Cd
I57.3
6
Cm
l247l
65
1b
I58.
7
8k
l247l
66
Dy
I62.5
8
Cf
l25Il
67
Hc
I64.
s
l252l
68
r
I67.3
6
1m
I68.
00
Fm
l257l
0
Md
l258l
70
b
I73.0
02
Nc
l25l
7
Lu
I75.0
03
Lr
l262l
23
V
50.4
4
Nb
2.I
73
1o
I80.
05
Db
l262l
25
Mn
54.4
43
1c
l7.l
75
ke
I86.2
07
Ns
l262l
26
Fe
55.85
44
ku
I0I.I
76
Ds
I0.2
08
Hs
l265l
27
Cc
58.3
45
kh
I02.
77
|r
I2.2
28
N|
58.70
46
Pd
I06.4
78
Pt
I5.I
30
Zn
65.38
48
Cd
II2.4
80
Hg
200.6
3
Co
6.72
4
|n
II4.8
8
1|
204.4
6
C
I2.0I
4
5|
28.0
32
Ce
72.5
50
5n
II8.7
82
Pb
207.2
7
N
I4.0I
5
P
30.7
33
As
74.2
5
5b
I2I.8
83
8|
20.0
8
D
I6.00
6
5
32.06
34
5e
78.6
52
1e
I27.6
84
Pc
l20l
F
I.00
7
C|
35.45
35
8r
7.0
53
|
I26.
85
At
l2I0l
0
Ne
20.I8
8
Ar
3.5
36
Kr
83.80
54
Xe
I3I.3
86
kn
l222l
2
Cu
63.55
47
Ag
I07.
7
Au
I7.0
0
Mt
l266l
24
Cr
52.00
42
Mc
5.4
74
W
I83.8
06
5g
l263l
2
He
4.003 47
Ag
I07.
ATOMlC NUMBEP
SYMBO|
ATOMlC MASS
LAN1HAN|D 5k|5
AC1|N|D 5k|5
M1AL5
M1ALLD|D5
NDNM1AL5
C
Corbon
3 covolenl bonds
4 - 2 - 3 = - 6 - 2 - 3 = +
3 covolenl bonds
6 volence eleclrons
ln CO
molecule
|ormol
chorge
Oxygen
O
+I -I
CAPBON MONOXl0E, CO
wlthln u nulacula.
nunulur.
GEDmETRY
by hybrldlutlun.
uI s, s
2
, ur s
3
urbltuls.
STDlCHlDmETRY AND
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
mDLES AND mDLECULES
Mc|e: .02 10
23
CHEmlCAL FDRmULAS
CHEmlCAL REACTlDNS
E.., C + O2 CO2.
tha aquutlun.
uI tha aquutlun.
axarlnantully.
Pe|ce|t y|e|J = 100
(Fxe||me|tJ| y|e|J)
(I|eu|et|cJ| y|e|J)

.

GASES
-1
K
-1
= 0.0821 L bur
nul
-1
K
-1
lur nutlun.
Muthanutlcully.

=
M3
MA
.
o
-
+
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
lol lbl lcl
MASS
O| SAM|E
m
m = n x M
MO|ES
O| SAM|E
n
MO|AP
MASS
M
n =
m
M
M =
m
n
CO\A|ENT
lONlC
H H H
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
|
.|?|??
?|??|/J|
?|J0J
Ncnpc|or: Bonded
H oloms shore
volence eleclrons
equolly.
|ott|ce structures.
'seo' ol eleclrons.
unequolly.
o
+
o

No
+
C|
-
No
+
No
+
No
+
C|
-
C|
-
C|
-
META||lC
o
+
o
N
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
O
O O
NlTPATE lON NO3
-
BENZENE C6H6
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
N
O
O O
N
O
O O
lineor
lrigonol plonor
lelrohedrol
oclohedrol
s orbilol
&
p orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilol
s orbilol
&
p orbilols
&
d orbilols
2
3
4
5
6
Alomic orbilols
combined
Hybrid orbils
lormed
Bonding eleclron
poirs ond
lone-poirs
oround
C O
r-bond
o-bond
H C|
o
+
o
C
C|
C|
C| C|
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o
-
o
+
o

o
-
o
-
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
o
+
O
H H
O
H H
O
H H
C C H H
H H
H H
C C H H
H H
H H
ETHANE C2H6
SPARKClAR1S
"
Chenistry page 4 of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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|ntegroted rote |ow: Furnulu thut lvas tha cuncantrutlun uI
rauctunts ur ruducts ut uny tlna (t) uItar tha sturt uI u rauc-
tlun.
Fur u rauctlun lnvulvln u slnla tya uI cunuund, A.
keoct|cn
crder
kote |ow |ntegroted rote |ow
0 kote = k [A}t = jA| 0 - kt
kote = kjA| Ln [A}t = lnjA| 0 - kt
2 kote = kjA|
2
/[A}t = 1/jA| 0 + kt
jA| 0 = lnltlul cuncantrutlun uI A.
Ho|f-||fe (t1/2). Tlna raqulrad Iur tha cuncantrutlun uI u rauctunt
tu Iull tu una hulI uI lts lnltlul vulua.
Culculutad by substltutln tha vulua 0.5jA| 0 Iur jA| ln tha
lntarutad ruta aquutlun und sulvln Iur t.
REACTlDN CDDRDlNATE DlAGRAm
keoct|cn cccrd|note d|ogrom: A lut uI anary varsus rauc-
tlun rurass.
Act|vot|cn energy (FJ). Enary burrlar thut tha rauctunts nust
uvarcuna ln urdar tu rauct, tha anary dlIIaranca batwaan tha
rauctunts und tha uctlvutad cunlax.
Act|voted ccmp|ex: Saclas lntarnadluta batwaan rauctunts
und ruducts, rasults Irun tha culllslun uI rauctunts, cun althar
rucaad tu Iurn ruducts ur ravart tu rauctunts.
Coto|yst: A substunca thut luwars uctlvutlun anary but ls nut
cunsunad ln u rauctlun.
EFFECT DF TEmPERATURE DN RATE
Arrhen|us equot|cn:
ln k = ln A - FJ/PI,
k = ruta cunstunt.
A = Iraquancy Iuctur (daands un rauctlun).
FJ = uctlvutlun anary.
P = ldaul us cunstunt.
I = tanarutura (K).
AClDS AND BASES
DEFlNlTlDNS DF AClDS AND BASES
Arrhen|us:
Ac|Js. Cunuunds thut ruduca H3O
+
ln wutar.
3Jses. Cunuunds thut ruduca OH
-
ln wutar.
Lew|s:
Ac|Js. Elactrun-ulr uccaturs.
3Jses. Elactrun-ulr dunurs.
8rensted-Lcwry:
Ac|Js. Prutun (H
+
) dunurs.
3Jses. Prutun (H
+
) uccaturs.
Ccnjugote oc|d: Fur u busa, B
-
, lts rutunutad Iurn, HB, ls suld
tu ba tha "cunjuuta ucld" uI B
-
.
Ccnjugote bose: Fur un ucld, HA, lts darutunutad Iurn,
A
-
, ls suld tu ba tha "cunjuuta busa" uI HA.
Amph|prct|c spec|es: A cunuund thut cun buth dunuta und
uccat rutuns.
Amphcter|c spec|es: A cunuund thut cun uccat buth alac-
trun ulrs und rutuns.
Pc|yprct|c oc|d: A Bronstad ucld thut cun dunuta nura thun
una rutun ar nulacula.
HYDRDLYSlS REACTlDN
Hydrc|ys|s reoct|cn: A rauctlun batwaan u Bronstad ucld ur
busa und wutar tu ruduca un ucldlc ur buslc sulutlun.
A Bronstad ucld cun dunuta u rutun tu wutar tu lva hydru-
nlun lun (H3O
+
).
HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
(ucldlc sulutlun).
A Bronstad busa cun uccat u rutun Irun wutar tu lva hydrux-
lda lun (OH
-
).
B
-
+ H2O HB + OH
-
(buslc sulutlun).
DlSSDClATlDN CDNSTANTS
Ko: Acld dlssuclutlun cunstunt.
Fur HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
,
|J = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
Kb: Busa dlssuclutlun cunstunt.
Fur B
-
+ H2O BH + OH
-
,
| = jBH|jOH
-
|/jB
-
|.
pKo ond pKb:
|J = -lu10(|J).
| = -lu10(|).
Tha luwar tha vulua uI |J (ur |) tha hlhar tha vulua uI |J
(ur |).
Tha hlhar tha |J uI u cunuund, tha nura dlIIcult lt ls tu
darutunuta.
5trcng oc|d (cr bose[: An ucld (ur busa) thut lunlas cunlataly
ln wutar, |J (ur |) < 0.
Weok oc|d (cr bose[: An ucld (ur busa) thut duas nut lunla
cunlataly ln wutar, |J (ur |) > 0.
|cn prcduct ccnstont (|w).
Bacuusa wutar ls unhutarlc, H2O + H2O H3O
+
+ OH
-
|w = jH3O
+
|jOH
-
| = 1 10
-14
nul
2
l
-2
.
Fur uny cunjuuta ucld-busa ulr, |J | = |w.
PH AND PDH
pH. A nausura uI tha ucldlty uI u sulutlun.
Muthanutlcully. | = -lu10jH3O
+
|.
Fur un ucldlc sulutlun, | < 7.
Fur u buslc sulutlun, | > 7.
pDH: A nausura uI tha buslclty uI u sulutlun.
Muthanutlcully. O| = -lu10jOH
-
|.
Fur u buslc sulutlun, O| < 7.
Fur un ucldlc sulutlun, O| > 7.
Frun tha daInltlun uI |w, | + O| = 14.
Fur ura wutar, u nautrul sulutlun, | = O| = 7, slnca jH3O
+
|
= jOH
-
| = 10
-7
.
ke|ot|cnsh|p between pH ond pKo:
|u = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
Whan hulI uI tha ucld nulaculas ln un uquauus sulutlun
ura lunlad, jA
-
| = jHA|, us u rasult, |J = jH3O
+
|, tukln tha
nautlva luurlthn uI buth sldas uI thls aquutlun lvas
|J = | whan jA
-
| = jHA|.
lI | > |J, than jA
-
| > jHA|.
lI | < |J, than jHA| > jA
-
|.
8uffer sc|ut|cn: Sulutlun uI u wauk ucld (ur busa) und lts cun-
juuta busa (ur ucld) thut ls raslstunt tu chunas ln H, wurks
by rauctln wlth uny uddad ucld ur busa tu rastura tha aqul-
llbrlun uI tha wauk ucld (ur busa) und nautrulla tha uddad
ucld ur busa.
Henderscn-Hosse|bo|ch equot|cn:
Fur u buIIar sulutlun uI u wauk ucld jHA| und lts cunjuuta
busa jA
-
|,
| = |J + lu(jA
-
|/jHA|).
TlTRATlDN
1|trot|cn: A nathud Iur datarnlnln tha cuncantrutlun uI un
ucld (ur busa) by nautrullutlun uI u knuwn vuluna uI thut ucld
(ur busa) wlth u knuwn vuluna uI busa (ur ucld) ut u knuwn
cuncantrutlun.
|nd|cotcr: Substunca usad tu datact tha and-ulnt uI u tltru-
tlun, anarully by chunln tha culur uI tha tltrutlun nlxtura.
1|trot|cn curve: Plut uI | varsus tltrunt vuluna.
Shua daands un tha ralutlva stranths uI tha ucld und
busa usad.
Ylalds lnIurnutlun ubuut tha |J ur | vuluas uI tha ucld ur
busa baln tltrutad.
Tltrutlun curvas Iur ulyrutlc uclds shuw nultlla buIIarln
raluns und aqulvulanca ulnts, whlch lndlcuta tha stawlsa
nunnar ln whlch ulyrutlc uclds ura darutunutad.
qu|vo|ence pc|nt: Mldulnt uI tha vartlcul urt uI u tltrutlun
curva, lndlcutas whan tha ucld (ur busa) baln tltrutad ls axuct-
ly nautrullad by tha uddad busa (ur ucld).
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lDEAL GASES
|deo| gos: A us thut ls dascrlbad arIactly by klnatlc nulac-
ulur thaury.
Prcpert|es cf |deo| gos mc|ecu|es:
Du nut lntaruct wlth auch uthar axcat whan thay culllda,
ln whlch cusa ull culllsluns ura alustlc (du nut dacrausa tha
anary uI tha systan).
lndlvlduul nulaculas huva nu vuluna und ura ln cunstunt,
rundun nutlun.
Raul usas bahuva llka ldaul usas ut luw rassura (Iawar
nulaculas ar unlt vuluna, tharaIura Iawar lntarnulacu-
lur lntaructluns) und hlh tanarutura (raducas tha aIIact
uI lnalustlc culllsluns).
8cy|e's |ow: At cunstunt tanarutura (I), tha rassura uI u
us (P) ls lnvarsaly ruurtlunul tu lts vuluna (v).
Muthanutlcully. P1v1 = P2v2 = cunstunt.
Chor|es' |ow: At cunstunt rassura, tha vuluna uI u us ls
dlractly ruurtlunul tu lts tanarutura.
Muthanutlcully. v1/I1 = v2/I2 = cunstunt.
Avcgodrc's |ow: Tha vuluna ucculad by un ldaul us ut
cunstunt tanarutura und rassura ls ruurtlunul tu tha
nunbar uI nulas (|) uI us rasant.
|deo| gos |ow: Tha ravluus thraa luws cunblnad.
Muthanutlcully. Pv = |PI.
REAL GASES
Von der Woo|s equot|cn: Mudals tha lntarnulaculur lntar-
uctluns thut cuusa nun-ldaullty.
Muthanutlcully. (P + J(|/v
2
)(v - |) = |PI.
J und ura axarlnantully datarnlnad cunstunts thut
daand un tha ldantlty uI tha us.
J uccuunts Iur tha aIIact uI lntarnulaculur lntaructluns.
uccuunts Iur tha Iuct thut raul us nulaculas huva
nunaru vulunas.
GAS mlXTURES
Mc|e froct|cn (X). Rutlu uI tha nunbar uI nulas uI u ur-
tlculur us ln u nlxtura tu tha tutul nunbar uI nulas uI us
ln tha nlxtura.
Port|o| pressure: Prassura dua tu un lndlvlduul us ln u nlx-
tura uI dlIIarant usas. Tha urtlul rassura uI u us aquuls lts
nula Iructlun tlnas tha tutul rassura uI tha nlxtura.
Do|tcn's |ow cf port|o| pressures: Tha tutul rassura uI u
nlxtura uI usas ls tha sun uI tha rassuras thut auch lndl-
vlduul us wuuld axart uluna.
THERmDCHEmlSTRY
LAWS DF THERmDDYNAmlCS
F|rst |ow cf thermcdynom|cs: Enary cun nalthar ba crautad
nur dastruyad, unly lntarcunvartad batwaan haut und wurk.
Heot (). Tharnul anary rasultln Irun tha nutlun uI
utuns, nulaculas, ur luns.
Wcrk (w). Furca uctln un un ubjact uvar u dlstunca.
5eccnd |ow cf thermcdynom|cs: Tha antruy uI tha unl-
varsa lncrausas ln u suntunauus rucass, l.a., tha antruy
uI tha unlvarsa ls ulwuys lncrausln.
ntrcpy (S). A nausura uI dlsurdar ln u systan.
5pcntonecus prccess: Prucass thut uccurs wlthuut
uny axtarnul lntarvantlun.
1h|rd |ow cf thermcdynom|cs: Tha antruy uI u ura sub-
stunca ln u arIact crystulllna stuta ls aru ut ubsuluta aru.
Absc|ute zerc: Zaru un tha Kalvln tanarutura scula,
tha luwast hyslcully usslbla tanarutura, uruxl-
nutaly aquul tu -273C.
THERmDDYNAmlC GUANTlTlES
ntho|py (|). A nausura uI anary thut cun ba ralausad us haut.
keoct|cn entho|py ($||). At cunstunt rassura, tha
chuna ln anthuly ubsarvad whan rauctunts ura cun-
vartad lntu ruducts.
A rauctlun Iur whlch $|| > 0 ls endctherm|c (haut ls
cunsunad).
A rauctlun Iur whlch $|| < 0 ls exctherm|c (haut ls
ralausad).
5tondord entho|py cf fcrmot|cn ($l|). Undar stundurd
cundltluns (P = 1 utn, I = 28 K), tha anthuly chuna
ubsarvad whan una nula uI u cunuund ls Iurnad Irun
lts cunstltuant alanants.
Hess's |ow: Tha uvarull anthuly uI u rauctlun ls tha sun
uI tha rauctlun anthullas uI tha stas lntu whlch thut
rauctlun cun ba dlvldad.
C|bbs free energy (6). Tha tharnudynunlc drlvln Iurca uI
u rauctlun.
C|bbs free energy chonge ($|6. Tha chuna ln Clbbs Iraa
anary ubsarvad whan rauctunts ura cunvartad tu rud-
ucts.
Muthanutlcully. $r6 = $r| - I$rS.
Fur suntunauus rauctluns, $r6 < 0.
Fur nunsuntunauus rauctluns, $r6 > 0.
Fur rauctluns ut aqulllbrlun, $r6 = 0.
SDLUTlDNS
5c|ut|cn: A hunuanauus nlxtura uI nura thun una sub-
stunca ln una husa.
5c|ute: Mlnur cununant uI u sulutlun.
5c|vent: Mujur cununant uI u sulutlun.
"L|ke d|ssc|ves ||ke":
A suluta dlssulvas whan tha uttructlun uI sulvant nul-
aculas tu suluta nulaculas (ur luns) uvarcunas tha lntar-
nulaculur Iurcas (ur lunlc bunds) huldln suluta nulaculas
(ur luns) tuathar.
Fur u suluta tu dlssulva ln u sulvant, tha cuhaslva Iurcas
thut huld tha suluta nulaculas tuathar (a.., Lundun
Iurcas, dlula-dlula lntaructluns) shuuld ba tha suna us
thusa thut huld tha sulvant nulaculas tuathar.
Nun-ulur sulvants dlssulva nun-ulur sulutas, whlla ulur
sulvants dlssulva ulur sulutas.
Ccncentrot|cn: Anuunt uI suluta ar unlt vuluna ur nuss
ln u sulutlun.
Mc|or|ty: Mulas uI suluta ar lltar uI sulutlun.
Mc|o||ty: Mulas uI suluta ar kllurun uI sulvant.
Ncrmo||ty: Mulur aqulvulants uI suluta ar lltar uI sulutlun.
Moss percent: Ona hundrad tlnas nuss uI suluta dlvldad
by nuss uI sulutlun.
Mc|e froct|cn (X). Rutlu uI tha nunbar uI nulas uI u sub-
stunca ln u sulutlun tu tha tutul nunbar uI nulas ln tha
sulutlun.
Henry's |ow. Tha cuncantrutlun uI u us (c) ln u sulutlun ls
dlractly ruurtlunul tu tha urtlul rassura (P) uI tha us
ubuva tha sulutlun.
Muthanutlcully. c = k|P.
k| = ruurtlunullty cunstunt (daands un suluta und sul-
vant).
Cc|||got|ve prcpert|es: Pruartlas uI u sulutlun thut daand
unly un tha nunbar uI suluta nulaculas und nut tha ldantlty
uI tha suluta.
kocu|t's |ow: ln u sulutlun, tha vuur rassura uI u sulvant
(Psu|ve|t ls ruurtlunul tu lts nula Iructlun.
Muthanutlcully. Psu|ve|t = Xsu|ve|t Psu|ve|t.
Psu|ve|t = vuur rassura uI tha ura sulvant.
8c|||ng pc|nt e|evot|cn: Tha bullln ulnt uI u sulvant ls
rulsad by tha rasanca uI u suluta.
Muthanutlcully. $Iu|| = k msu|ute.
$Iu|| = chuna ln sulvant bullln-ulnt.
k = ruurtlunullty cunstunt (daands un sulvant).
msu|ute = nulullty uI suluta.
Freez|ng pc|nt depress|cn: Tha Iraaln ulnt uI u sul-
vant ls luwarad by tha rasanca uI u suluta.
Muthanutlcully. $Il|ee?e = kl msu|ute.
$Il|ee?e = chuna ln sulvant Iraaln ulnt.
kl = ruurtlunullty cunstunt (daands un sulvant).
Dsmct|c pressure (%[: Tha rassura thut rasults Irun
sulvant Iuw ln usnusls (tha nat Iuw uI sulvant thruuh u
salactlvaly arnaubla nanbruna Irun u sulutlun uI hlh
cuncantrutlun tu u sulutlun uI luw cuncantrutlun).
Muthanutlcully. % = Msu|utePI.
Msu|ute = nulurlty uI suluta.
I = tanarutura (K).
CHEmlCAL EGUlLlBRlUm
qu|||br|um: Stuta rauchad by u ravarslbla rauctlun whan
Iurwurd und ravarsa rauctlun rutas ura aquul, rarasantad ln
chanlcul aquutluns by lnstaud uI .
Chanlcul aqulllbrlun ls suld tu ba dynunlc bacuusa
rauctunts und ruducts ura cuntlnuully baln Iurnad
und ra-Iurnad.
$|6 = 0 Iur u rauctlun ut aqulllbrlun.
qu|||br|um ccnstont (|e). A nausura uI tha ralutlva
unuunts uI rauctunts und ruducts ln u rauctlun systan ut
aqulllbrlun.
Fur tha rauctlun JA + B P + Q,
|e = jP|
jQ|
/jA|
J
jB|
.
5c|ub|||ty prcduct ccnstont (|s). Equlllbrlun cunstunt Iur
tha dlssulutlun uI u cunuund.
Fur tha dlssulutlun rauctlun
AuBb(s uA
b+
(J + bB
u+
(J,
|s = jA
b+
|
u
jB
u+
|
b
.
Cuncantrutluns uI sullds du nut uaur ln tha axras-
slun Iur |s.
Le Chte||er's pr|nc|p|e: Whan u systan ut dynunlc aqulllb-
rlun ls arturbad, tha systan wlll udjust ltsalI tu nlnlnla
tha aIIacts uI tha arturbutlun.
Concenlrolion:
Addln rauctunt tu ur ranuvln ruduct Irun u systan
ut aqulllbrlun wlll drlva tha rauctlun ln tha Iurwurd
dlractlun.
Ranuvln rauctunt Irun ur uddln ruduct tu u sys-
tan ut aqulllbrlun wlll drlva tha rauctlun ln tha ravarsa
dlractlun.
Temperolure:
lncrausln tanarutura wlll drlva tha rauctlun ln tha
dlractlun thut ls andutharnlc.
Dacrausln tanarutura wlll drlva tha rauctlun ln tha
dlractlun thut ls axutharnlc.
ressure:
lncrausln rassura wlll drlva tha aqulllbrlun tuwurd
tha slda uI tha rauctlun thut hus Iawar nulas uI us.
Dacrausln rassura wlll drlva tha aqulllbrlun tuwurd
tha slda uI tha rauctlun thut hus nura nulas uI us.
Cololysls:
Cutulysts raduca tha tlna naadad Iur u rauctlun tu
rauch aqulllbrlun, but thay du nut uIIact tha cunusl-
tlun uI tha aqulllbrlun nlxtura.
PHASE EGUlLlBRlUm
Phose: Physlcully dlstlnct stuta uI u substunca, a.., us,
llquld, ur sulld.
Phose d|ogrom: Plut shuwln whlch husa uI u substunca
ls nust stubla ut u lvan cunblnutlun uI tanarutura und
rassura.
Phose bcundor|es: Llnas un u husa dlurun, tha twu
husas un althar slda uI u husa buundury ura ln aqulllbrlun
(cuaxlst) ut tha husa-buundury.
1r|p|e pc|nt: Pulnt un u husa dlurun whara ull thraa hus-
as ura ln aqulllbrlun.
Cr|t|co| pc|nt: Tanarutura und rassura ubuva whlch u sub-
stunca cunnut cundansa lntu u llquld.
KlNETlCS
REACTlDN RATE
keoct|cn rote: Tha ruta uI chuna ln cuncantrutlun ln u rauc-
tunt ur ruduct uvar tlna.
|nstontonecus rote: Tha ruta uI rauctlun ut u lvan lnstunt,
nuy vury us u rauctlun rucaads.
kote |ow: Equutlun thut axrassas tha lnstuntunauus ruta uI
rauctlun us u Iunctlun uI rauctunt cuncantrutluns.
Muthanutlcully. Iur u rauctlun batwaan A und B, ruta =
kjA|
jB|
.
k = ruta cunstunt, un axarlnantully datarnlnad ru-
urtlunullty cunstunt.
jA| = cuncantrutlun uI A.
jB| = cuncantrutlun uI B.
= rauctlun urdar ln A.
= rauctlun urdar ln B.
Tha sun uI tha lndlvlduul rauctlun urdars aquuls tha uvar-
ull rauctlun urdar.
Temperolure lTl
ressure ll
SO|l0
CAS
|lOUl0
1k|PL PD|N1
Ck|1|CAL
PD|N1
1|M (t[ o
PkDDUC1
CDNCN1kA1|DN (c[
At
Ac
tongent ||ne
}
}
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy lEol
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy
lEol
Endolhermicily
lAHl
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Uncololyzed Eo
Cololyzed Eo
Exolhermic Peoclion
Endolhermic Peoclion
Uncololyzed vs. Cololyzed Peoclion
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7 Equivolence poinl
Slrong ocid lilroled wilh slrong bose
Weok ocid lilroled wilh slrong bose
Tilrolion ol o polyprolic ocid
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
llirsl prolonl
Equivolence poinl
lsecond prolonl
CONCENTPATlON
c
n = c x \
MO|ES
O| SO|UTE
n
\O|UME
O| SO|\ENT
\
c =
n
\
\ =
n
c
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
|ectrcchem|stry: Tha study uI chanlcul rauctluns thut ruduca
alactrlclty, und tha usa uI alactrlclty tu Iucllltuta nunsuntuna-
uus chanlcul rauctluns.
|ectrcchem|co| ce|| : Davlca thut usas un alactruchanlcul rauc-
tlun tu anaruta un alactrlc currant ut u cunstunt vultua.
Vc|toge: Elactrlc utantlul anary ar unlt chura.
Current: Fluw uI chura ust u ulnt ln un alactrlc clrcult ar
unlt tlna
DXlDATlDN AND REDUCTlDN
Dx|dot|cn: Elactrun luss, ussuclutad wlth un lncrausa ln uxldu-
tlun nunbar.
keduct|cn: Elactrun uln, ussuclutad wlth u dacrausa ln uxldu-
tlun nunbar.
Dx|dot|cn number: Tha uxldutlun nunbar uI un utun ur nunu-
tunlc lun ls tha suna us lts chura.
REDDX REACTlDNS
kedcx reoct|cn: A rauctlun ln whlch una rauctunt ls raducad
whan lt uxldlas tha uthar rauctunt.
Dx|d|z|ng ogent: Tha rauctunt ln u radux rauctlun thut ulns
alactruns und bacunas raducad.
keduc|ng ogent: Tha rauctunt ln u radux rauctlun thut dunutas
alactruns und bacunas uxldlad.
Ho|f-reoct|cns: Chanlcul aquutluns thut shuw uxldutlun und
raductlun saurutaly und cun ba cunblnad tu lva tha uvarull
aquutlun Iur u radux rauctlun.
1c bo|once ho|f-reoct|cns:
. Fur auch hulI-rauctlun, chuusa stulchlunatrlc cuaIIclants
thut bulunca auch tya uI utun excet uxyan und hydru-
an.
2. Bulunca uxyan by uddln tha ururluta nunbar uI H2O
nulaculas.
3. Bulunca hydruan by uddln tha ururluta nunbar uI H
+

luns.
3o. Fur rauctluns ln buslc sulutlun, udd una OH
-
lun
tu buth sldas uI tha aquutlun Iur avary H
+
lun
uddad tu althar slda uI tha aquutlun und cunblna
H
+
und OH
-
luns un tha suna slda uI tha aquutlun
tu lva H2O.
4. Bulunca tha chura uI auch hulI-rauctlun by uddln tha
ururluta nunbar uI alactruns tu tha slda wlth tha
rautar chura.
5. Equulla tha nunbar uI alactruns ln buth hulI-rauctluns by
nultllyln auch hulI-rauctlun by un ururluta lntaar.
6. Add hulI-rauctluns tuathar tu ubtuln tha uvarull buluncad
aquutlun.
Co|von|c ce|| : Elactruchanlcul call ln whlch u suntunauus
radux rauctlun ls usad tu anaruta un alactrlcul currant.
Raductlun und uxldutlun uccur ut sauruta alactrudas.
Ancde: Nautlvaly churad alactruda, whara uxldutlun
uccurs.
Cothcde: Pusltlvaly churad alactruda, whara raductlun
uccurs.
Tha alactrudas ura ln alactrlcul cuntuct thruuh un alac-
trulyta (lunlc sulutlun thut cunducts alactrlclty), whlla u
sult brlda nulntulns tha bulunca uI lun churas ln auch
hulI uI tha call.
Ce|| pctent|o| : vultua ruducad by un alactruchanlcul call.
5tondord ce|| pctent|o| (F). call utantlul anarutad by u
radux rauctlun undar stundurd cundltluns .
Culculutad by sunnln tha utantluls Iur tha twu hulI-
rauctluns uI u call.
Tha ubsuluta utantlul Iur u hulI-rauctlun cunnut ba datar-
nlnad, but tha utantlul Iur u hulI-rauctlun ralutlva tu
unuthar hulI-rauctlun cun ba datarnlnad, tha tubulutad
stundurd utantluls Iur hulI-rauctluns ura ralutlva tu tha
H2/H3O
+
hulI-rauctlun, whlch ls urbltrurlly usslnad u stun-
durd utantlul uI aru.
1c co|cu|ote the stondord pctent|o| cf o ce|| :
. Datarnlna tha vulua uI F Iur tha raductlun hulI-rauctlun.
2. Ravarsa tha uxldutlun hulI-rauctlun und datarnlna tha vulua
uI F Iur tha ravarsad hulI-rauctlun, chuna tha sln uI F tu
ubtuln tha stundurd utantlul Iur tha uxldutlun hulI-rauctlun.
3. Evan lI tha stulchlunatrlc cuaIIclants uI tha hulI-rauctluns
ura nut tha suna, du nut nultlly F vuluas, us thay du nut
daand un stulchlunatry.
4. Add tha stundurd raductlun utantlul und tha "stundurd uxl-
dutlun utantlul" tu ubtuln tha uvarull F vulua Iur tha call.
|ectrc|yt|c ce||: Elactruchanlcul call thut ravarsas tha dlractlun
uI u ulvunlc call by usln u suly uI alactrlclty (a.., u buttary).
1hermcdynom|cs cf redcx reoct|cns.
Call utantlul ls ralutad tu $r6.
Muthanutlcully. $r6 = -|FF.
| = nulas uI alactruns trunsIarrad batwaan alactrudas.
F = Furuduy cunstunt = 485 C nul
-1
.
F = call utantlul (v).
NUCLEAR CHEmlSTRY
RADlDACTlVlTY
kod|coct|v|ty: Enlsslun uI hlh-anary urtlclas Irun unstubla
nuclal.
&-port|c|es: Hallun nuclal, cunusad uI twu rutuns und
twu nautruns.
'-port|c|es: Fust-nuvln alactruns.
(-rod|ot|cn: Hlh-Iraquancy alactrununatlc rudlutlun.
NUCLEAR REACTlDNS
Nuc|eor decoy: Braukduwn uI tha nuclaus, tha urlln uI rudlu-
uctlvlty.
&-decoy: Enlsslun uI un &)urtlcla Irun tha nuclaus,
nuss nunbar dacrausas by Iuur und utunlc nunbar
dacrausas by twu.
'-decoy: Enlsslun uI u ')urtlcla Irun tha nuclaus, nuss
nunbar ls unchunad, but utunlc nunbar lncrausas by una.
(-decoy: Enlsslun uI u ()urtlcla Irun tha nuclaus, duas
nut uIIact nuss nunbar ur utunlc nunbar uI tha nuclaus.
Whan &) ur ')urtlclas ura lust, tha ldantlty uI tha nuclaus
chunas (bacunas u dlIIarant alanant).
Ho|f-||fe: Tlna naadad Iur hulI tha rudluuctlva nuclal ln u
sunla tu dacuy. Equlvulant tu tha hulI-llIa uI tha Irst urdar
chanlcul rauctlun.
F|ss|cn: Sllttln uI lura, unstubla nuclal lntu snullar, nura
stubla unas.
Fus|cn: Cunblnutlun uI snull nuclal lntu lurar unas.
TEMEPATUPE SCA|ES
METPlC PE|lXES AN0 THElP ABBPE\lATlONS
COMMON UNlTS
Boiling poinl
ol woler
|reezing poinl
ol woler
Absolule zero
22 F 00 C 373 K
32 F 0 C 273 K
-460 F -273 C 0 K
F
A
H
k
N
H
|
1

(
F
[
C
L
5
|
U
5

(
C
[
K
L
V
|
N

(
K
[
APM
K|LDM1k
MONTANA'S Wl0TH
Dk8|1 DF MDDN 0
C|CA (C[
0
6
MCA (M[
0
3
K|LD (k[
0
0
ND PkF|X
0
-
DC| (d[
0
-2
CN1| (c[
0
-3
M|LL| (m[
0
-6
M|CkD ([
0
-
NAND (n[
5DF18ALL
|lNCEPNAl|
5NDWFLAK
CE|| NUC|EUS
8A5 PA|k, DNA
-meter =
|ength cf.
n
CDmmDN
mEASUREmENTS
Ccnvers|cn between sco|es:
Ce|s|us tc Fohrenhe|t:
Mulliply C by /5 ond odd 32
Fohrenhe|t tc Ce|s|us:
Sublrocl 32 lrom C ond mulliply by 5/
Ce|s|us tc Ke|v|n:
Add 273 lo C
Ke|v|n tc Ce|s|us:
Sublrocl 273 lrom K
MA5UkMN1 UN|1 (AND A88kV|A1|DN[
0islonce meler lml
\olume liler l|l: I | = I000 cm
3
Moss grom lgl
Time second lsl
Energy joule l1l, I 1 = I kg m
2
/s
2
Temperolure Kelvin lKl
7
2
0
5
9
3
0
3
6
2
6
1
A TYlCA| HASE 0lACPAM O| A UPE SUBSTANCE.
CPAH O| PO0UCT CONCENTPATlON \EPSUS TlME. THE lNSTANTANEOUS
PATE O| PEACTlON AT TlME o lS $c/$l.
TYlCA| PEACTlON COOP0lNATE 0lACPAMS |OP THE CENEPlC PEACTlON
A + B AB.
TYlCA| TlTPATlON CUP\ES |OP TlTPATlONS O| ACl0S
WlTH A STPONC BASE.
CA|\ANlC CE|| USlNC THE SONTANEOUS PE0UCTlON O| Cu
2+
BY Cd TO CENEPATE AN E|ECTPlC CUPPENT.
SPARKClAR1S
"
Chenistry page L of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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:
w
w
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.
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p
o
r
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c
t
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s
.
c
c
m
/
e
r
r
c
r
s
tlun.
keoct|cn
crder
0 kote = k [A}t = jA| 0 - kt
2 kote = kjA|
2
/[A}t = 1/jA| 0 + kt
tlun rurass.
Arrhen|us equot|cn:
k = ruta cunstunt.
I = tanarutura (K).
AClDS AND BASES
Arrhen|us:
+
ln wutar.
-
ln wutar.
Lew|s:
8rensted-Lcwry:
Ac|Js. Prutun (H
+
) dunurs.
3Jses. Prutun (H
+
) uccaturs.
-
-
.
A
-
uccat rutuns.
HYDRDLYSlS REACTlDN
nlun lun (H3O
+
).
HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
(ucldlc sulutlun).
lda lun (OH
-
).
B
-
+ H2O HB + OH
-
(buslc sulutlun).
Fur HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
,
|J = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
Fur B
-
+ H2O BH + OH
-
,
| = jBH|jOH
-
|/jB
-
|.
pKo ond pKb:
|J = -lu10(|J).
| = -lu10(|).
(ur |).
darutunuta.
+
+ OH
-
|w = jH3O
+
|jOH
-
| = 1 10
-14
nul
2
l
-2
.
PH AND PDH
+
|.
-
|.
+
|
= jOH
-
| = 10
-7
.
|u = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
ura lunlad, jA
-
+
|, tukln tha
|J = | whan jA
-
| = jHA|.
lI | > |J, than jA
-
| > jHA|.
-
|.
ucld ur busa.
busa jA
-
|,
| = |J + lu(jA
-
|/jHA|).
TlTRATlDN
cuncantrutlun.
busa usad.
busa baln tltrutad.
W
r
|
t
e
r
s
:

P
i
c
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B
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r
d
lDEAL GASES
ulur thaury.
rundun nutlun.
REAL GASES
2
)(v - |) = |PI.
nunaru vulunas.
GAS mlXTURES
ln tha nlxtura.
THERmDCHEmlSTRY
cunsunad).
ralausad).
u rauctlun.
ucts.
SDLUTlDNS
stunca ln una husa.
(ur luns) tuathar.
ln u sulutlun.
sulutlun.
ubuva tha sulutlun.
vant).
uI tha suluta.
I = tanarutura (K).
und ra-Iurnad.
aqulllbrlun.
|e = jP|
jQ|
/jA|
J
jB|
.
AuBb(s uA
b+
(J + bB
u+
(J,
|s = jA
b+
|
u
jB
u+
|
b
.
slun Iur |s.
Concenlrolion:
dlractlun.
dlractlun.
Temperolure:
ressure:
Cololysls:
PHASE EGUlLlBRlUm
llquld, ur sulld.
rassura.
KlNETlCS
REACTlDN RATE
kjA|
jB|
.
ull rauctlun urdar.
Temperolure lTl
ressure ll
SO|l0
CAS
|lOUl0
1k|PL PD|N1
Ck|1|CAL
PD|N1
1|M (t[ o
PkDDUC1
CDNCN1kA1|DN (c[
At
Ac
tongent ||ne
}
}
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy lEol
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy
lEol
Endolhermicily
lAHl
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Uncololyzed Eo
Cololyzed Eo
Exolhermic Peoclion
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7 Equivolence poinl
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
llirsl prolonl
Equivolence poinl
lsecond prolonl
CONCENTPATlON
c
n = c x \
MO|ES
O| SO|UTE
n
\O|UME
O| SO|\ENT
\
c =
n
\
\ =
n
c
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
unlt tlna
tlun nunbar.
tlun nunbar.
REDDX REACTlDNS
an.
nulaculas.
+

luns.
-
lun
+
lun
H
+
und OH
-
tu lva H2O.
rautar chura.
aquutlun.
uccurs.
uccurs.
hulI uI tha call.
H2/H3O
+
-1
.
NUCLEAR CHEmlSTRY
RADlDACTlVlTY
nuclal.
twu nautruns.
NUCLEAR REACTlDNS
uctlvlty.
dacrausas by twu.
chanlcul rauctlun.
stubla unas.
TEMEPATUPE SCA|ES
COMMON UNlTS
Boiling poinl
ol woler
|reezing poinl
ol woler
Absolule zero
22 F 00 C 373 K
32 F 0 C 273 K
-460 F -273 C 0 K
F
A
H
k
N
H
|
1

(
F
[
C
L
5
|
U
5

(
C
[
K
L
V
|
N

(
K
[
APM
K|LDM1k
MONTANA'S Wl0TH
Dk8|1 DF MDDN 0
C|CA (C[
0
6
MCA (M[
0
3
K|LD (k[
0
0
ND PkF|X
0
-
DC| (d[
0
-2
CN1| (c[
0
-3
M|LL| (m[
0
-6
M|CkD ([
0
-
NAND (n[
5DF18ALL
|lNCEPNAl|
5NDWFLAK
CE|| NUC|EUS
8A5 PA|k, DNA
-meter =
|ength cf.
n
CDmmDN
mEASUREmENTS
Ce|s|us tc Ke|v|n:
Add 273 lo C
Ke|v|n tc Ce|s|us:
Sublrocl 273 lrom K
0islonce meler lml
3
Moss grom lgl
Time second lsl
2
/s
2
7
2
0
5
9
3
0
3
6
2
6
1
A + B AB.
WlTH A STPONC BASE.
2+
SPARKClAR1S
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Chenistry page G of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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C
A
N
P
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p
o
r
l

e
r
r
o
r
s

o
l
:
w
w
w
.
s
p
o
r
k
n
c
t
e
s
.
c
c
m
/
e
r
r
c
r
s
tlun.
keoct|cn
crder
0 kote = k [A}t = jA| 0 - kt
2 kote = kjA|
2
/[A}t = 1/jA| 0 + kt
tlun rurass.
Arrhen|us equot|cn:
k = ruta cunstunt.
I = tanarutura (K).
AClDS AND BASES
Arrhen|us:
+
ln wutar.
-
ln wutar.
Lew|s:
8rensted-Lcwry:
Ac|Js. Prutun (H
+
) dunurs.
3Jses. Prutun (H
+
) uccaturs.
-
-
.
A
-
uccat rutuns.
HYDRDLYSlS REACTlDN
nlun lun (H3O
+
).
HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
(ucldlc sulutlun).
lda lun (OH
-
).
B
-
+ H2O HB + OH
-
(buslc sulutlun).
Fur HA + H2O A
-
+ H3O
+
,
|J = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
Fur B
-
+ H2O BH + OH
-
,
| = jBH|jOH
-
|/jB
-
|.
pKo ond pKb:
|J = -lu10(|J).
| = -lu10(|).
(ur |).
darutunuta.
+
+ OH
-
|w = jH3O
+
|jOH
-
| = 1 10
-14
nul
2
l
-2
.
PH AND PDH
+
|.
-
|.
+
|
= jOH
-
| = 10
-7
.
|u = jA
-
|jH3O
+
|/jHA|.
ura lunlad, jA
-
+
|, tukln tha
|J = | whan jA
-
| = jHA|.
lI | > |J, than jA
-
| > jHA|.
-
|.
ucld ur busa.
busa jA
-
|,
| = |J + lu(jA
-
|/jHA|).
TlTRATlDN
cuncantrutlun.
busa usad.
busa baln tltrutad.
W
r
|
t
e
r
s
:

P
i
c
h
o
r
d

T
.

C
u
y
,

0
o
v
e

0
o
n
e
s
e
D
e
s
|
g
n
e
r
:

0
o
n

O
.

W
i
l
l
i
o
m
s
|
|
|
u
s
t
r
o
t
c
r
:

0
o
n

O
.

W
i
l
l
i
o
m
s
5
e
r
|
e
s

d
|
t
c
r
s
:

S
o
r
o
h

|
r
i
e
d
b
e
r
g
,

M
o
l
l

B
l
o
n
c
h
o
r
d
lDEAL GASES
ulur thaury.
rundun nutlun.
REAL GASES
2
)(v - |) = |PI.
nunaru vulunas.
GAS mlXTURES
ln tha nlxtura.
THERmDCHEmlSTRY
cunsunad).
ralausad).
u rauctlun.
ucts.
SDLUTlDNS
stunca ln una husa.
(ur luns) tuathar.
ln u sulutlun.
sulutlun.
ubuva tha sulutlun.
vant).
uI tha suluta.
I = tanarutura (K).
und ra-Iurnad.
aqulllbrlun.
|e = jP|
jQ|
/jA|
J
jB|
.
AuBb(s uA
b+
(J + bB
u+
(J,
|s = jA
b+
|
u
jB
u+
|
b
.
slun Iur |s.
Concenlrolion:
dlractlun.
dlractlun.
Temperolure:
ressure:
Cololysls:
PHASE EGUlLlBRlUm
llquld, ur sulld.
rassura.
KlNETlCS
REACTlDN RATE
kjA|
jB|
.
ull rauctlun urdar.
Temperolure lTl
ressure ll
SO|l0
CAS
|lOUl0
1k|PL PD|N1
Ck|1|CAL
PD|N1
1|M (t[ o
PkDDUC1
CDNCN1kA1|DN (c[
At
Ac
tongent ||ne
}
}
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy lEol
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Aclivolion
Energy
lEol
Endolhermicily
lAHl
Exolhermicily
lAHl
kAC1|DN PkDCk55
NkC
A8
A+8
Uncololyzed Eo
Cololyzed Eo
Exolhermic Peoclion
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7 Equivolence poinl
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
VDLUM DF 8A5
pH
7
Equivolence poinl
llirsl prolonl
Equivolence poinl
lsecond prolonl
CONCENTPATlON
c
n = c x \
MO|ES
O| SO|UTE
n
\O|UME
O| SO|\ENT
\
c =
n
\
\ =
n
c
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
ELECTRDCHEmlSTRY
unlt tlna
tlun nunbar.
tlun nunbar.
REDDX REACTlDNS
an.
nulaculas.
+

luns.
-
lun
+
lun
H
+
und OH
-
tu lva H2O.
rautar chura.
aquutlun.
uccurs.
uccurs.
hulI uI tha call.
H2/H3O
+
-1
.
NUCLEAR CHEmlSTRY
RADlDACTlVlTY
nuclal.
twu nautruns.
NUCLEAR REACTlDNS
uctlvlty.
dacrausas by twu.
chanlcul rauctlun.
stubla unas.
TEMEPATUPE SCA|ES
COMMON UNlTS
Boiling poinl
ol woler
|reezing poinl
ol woler
Absolule zero
22 F 00 C 373 K
32 F 0 C 273 K
-460 F -273 C 0 K
F
A
H
k
N
H
|
1

(
F
[
C
L
5
|
U
5

(
C
[
K
L
V
|
N

(
K
[
APM
K|LDM1k
MONTANA'S Wl0TH
Dk8|1 DF MDDN 0
C|CA (C[
0
6
MCA (M[
0
3
K|LD (k[
0
0
ND PkF|X
0
-
DC| (d[
0
-2
CN1| (c[
0
-3
M|LL| (m[
0
-6
M|CkD ([
0
-
NAND (n[
5DF18ALL
|lNCEPNAl|
5NDWFLAK
CE|| NUC|EUS
8A5 PA|k, DNA
-meter =
|ength cf.
n
CDmmDN
mEASUREmENTS
Ce|s|us tc Ke|v|n:
Add 273 lo C
Ke|v|n tc Ce|s|us:
Sublrocl 273 lrom K
0islonce meler lml
3
Moss grom lgl
Time second lsl
2
/s
2
7
2
0
5
9
3
0
3
6
2
6
1
A + B AB.
WlTH A STPONC BASE.
2+

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