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'LM#MRY: 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HI 7XEX HMR 1SPHSZE, 1999. 317T.
'946-27: 'YZRX REMRXI. 5
'ETMXSPYP -. *-0373*-% %28-' 36-)28%0.7 # 1. +RHMVIE 3PSWS3G R
1IWSTSXEQME. 10 # 2. +RHMVIE 3PSWS3G R )KMTXYP %RXMG. 12 # 3. *MPSWS3E
ERXMG R -RHME. 29 # 4. *MPSWS3E ERXMG R 'LMRE. 34
'ETMXSPYP --. *-0373*-% +6)'-)- %28-'). 45
4IVMSEHE TVIWSGVEXMG # 1. "GSEPE HMR 1MPIX. 8LEPIW, %RE\MQERHVY,
%RE\MQIRI.45 # 2. 4]XLEKSVEW #M #GSEPE TMXEKSVMIRMPSV. 51 # 3. "GSEPE IPIEX.
58 # 4. 1EXIVMEPMWQYP EXSQMWX. 71 # 5. 7S3#XMM. 78
4IVMSEHE GPEWMG # 6. 7SGVEXI #M #GSPMPI WSGVEXMGI. 84 # 7. 4PEXSR. 92 # 8.
%VMWXSXIP.100
'ETMXSPYP ---. "'30- *-0373*-') )0)2-78). 114 # 1. )TMGYVIMWQYP. 114 #
2. 7XSMGMWQYP. 127 # 3. 7GITXMGMWQYP. 136 # 4. 2ISTPEXSRMWQYP. 139 # 5. 'MGIVS.
142
'ETMXSPYP -:. -()- *-0373*-') 0% +)83-(%'-. 160
'ETMXSPYP :. +2(-6)% *-0373*-' 2 ):90 1)(-9. 170 # 1. *MPSWS3E
TEXVMWXMG. 170 # 2. 7GVMIVMPI TEXVMWXMGI R 'VMPI VSQRI R ITSGE JIYHEPMWQYPYM
XMQTYVMY. 192 # 3. *MPSWS3E WGSPEWXMG. 4VSFPIQE YRMZIVWEPMMPSV. 200 # 4.
*MPSWS3E QIHMIZEP EVEF. 220 # 5. +RHMVIE QIHMIZEP R 'VMPI VSQRI WIG.
<-:<:-). 225 # 6. -HIM WSGMEP-TSPMXMGI #M 3PSWS3GI R STIVE RZ'XYVMPI PYM
2IEKSI &EWEVEF GXVI 3YP WY 8ISHSWMI. 237
'ETMXSPYP :-. +2(-6)% *-0373*-' 2 )43'% 6)2%"8)6--. 257 # 1.
9QERMWQYP. 259 # 2. 2ISTPEXSRMWQYP #M EVMWXSXIPMWQYP. 269 # 3. *MPSWS3E
REXYVMM. 279 # 4. *MPSWS3E WSGMEP. 293 # 5. 'SRGIT'MMPI WSGMEP-TSPMXMGI #M
3PSWS3GI EPI PYM 'SRWXERXMR 'ERXEGY^MRS 7XSPRMGYP. 305
'YZRX REMRXI.
3QYP XVMI#XI, ME EXMXYHMRI, GVIHI RXV-S QYPXMTPMGMXEXI HI ZEPSVM, PI
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WI REP' PE GIIE GI I\MWX R QSH EFWSPYX, PE GYRSE#XIVIE EYXIRXMG, PE
VIEPM^EVIE QSVEP E MHIMM. *MPSWS3E IWXI QEM RXM KRH #M JETX GYQTRMXI.
+RH GYQTRMX: TVMR SVHMRIE #M YRMXEXIE TYWI R GYRSE#XIVI; JETX GYQTRMX:
TVMR WXEFMPMVIE TVMRGMTMMPSV HMR GEVI HIGYVK RSVQIPI HI GSRHYMX.
3VMGI 3PSWS3I IWXI S MWXSVMI E 3PSWS3IM, GGM IE ZMRI #M HMR 3PSWS3MPI
ERXIVMSEVI IM, HMR PYQIE KRHYVMPSV 3PSWS3GI GEVI M-EY TVIQIVW, GSRXMRYRH
EGIEWX PYQI TVMR TVSFPIQEXMGE WTIGM3G #M PMQFEN TVSTVMY. -WXSVME 3PSWS3IM
WXYHME^ TVSGIWYP ETEVM'MIM #M HI^ZSPXVMM GIPSV QEM HMZIVWI RZ'XYVM,
GSRGIT'MM, #GSPM, GYVIRXI 3PSWS3GI, SVMKMREPMXEXIE GVSVE IWXI MQTVMQEX R
'IWXYVE WTMVMXYEPMX'MM QSRHMEPI. -WXSVME 3PSWS3IM MRGPYHI R WMRI XSEXI
RZ'XYVMPI 3PSWS3GI, GSRWMHIVRHY-PI XVITXI R GYRSE#XIVIE PYQMM HI GXVI
SQ #M RIKRH E3VQE'MMPI TVIGYQ G I\MWX TSTSEVI GI R-EY GSRXVMFYMX GY RMQMG
PE HI^ZSPXEVIE 3PSWS3IM. -WXSVME YRMZIVWEP IWXI WYMXE IXIVRMX'MM TI GEVI S
GSQTYR XSEXI TSTSEVIPI. *MIGEVI TSTSV #M EVI KVEHYP WY HI TIVJIG'MYRI
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HI MHIM IWXI FMRIZIRMX RGIVGEVIE 5 EYXSVMPSV HI E MRXIVGEPE KRHMVIE 3PSWS3G
YRMZIVWEP GY GIE VSQRIEWG, IZMHIR'MMRH TEVXMGYPEVMX'MPI #M JEGMPMXRH EWXJIP
R'IPIKIVIE GMPSV HI HI^ZSPXEVI E KRHMVMM RE'MSREPI.
9RE HMR XVWXYVMPI IWIR'MEPI EPI MWXSVMIM 3PSWS3IM IWXI HMZIVWMXEXIE. RW
IE RY GSRWXMXYMI S WMQTP RKVQHMVI HI XISVMM HISWIFMXI, GM S MRXIKVMXEXI, YR
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HIT#IWG, WI HIXIVQMR YRE TI EPXE R QSH HMEPIGXMG. -WXSVME 3PSWS3IM RY WI
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R E HI^ZPYM PIKMX'MPI ETEVM'MIM #M VI^SPZVMM TVSFPIQIPSV 3PSWS3GI, HIZIRMVMM
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(MR MWXSVME KRHMVMM 3PSWS3GI GYTVMRHI GIPI QEM TVMRGMTEPI IXETI HI
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RW PE S VI4IGXEVI HITPMR E TVSFPIQIPSV MWXSVMGS-3PS^S3GI HMR EGIWXI
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KRHMXSVMPSV 3PSWS3, TVMR GEVI EY JSWX TVSQSZEXI TVMRGMTMMPI EHIZVYPYM,
HVITX'MM, FMRIPYM, JVYQSWYPYM, MHIMPI YQERMWXI, XIRHMR'IPI HIQSGVEXMGI.
R GEHVYP EGIWXYM QERYEP #M-EY KWMX PSGYP TSXVMZMX HMZIVWI QSHEPMX'M HI
MRXIVTVIXEVI E PYQMM GI TSX WIVZM HVITX MQ-TYPWYVM R HIWGSTIVMVIE YRSV RSM
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TVSJIWSVMPSV, WEZER'MPSV #M WTIVQ G ZE 3 YR MRWXVYQIRX YXMP HI PYGVY TIRXVY
XS'M GIM GI WYRX SVMIRXE'M WTVI E-#M HIWZV#M R'IPITGMYRIE, KRHMVIE GVIEXSEVI,
EVXE HMEPSKYPYM GYPX, WTMVMXYP GVMXMG R NYHIGEX, VQRRH R EGIPE#M XMQT 3HIPM
TVSTVMMPSV TVMRGMTMM 3PSWS3GI.
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'RH QTVEXYP -YWXMRMER E PMGLMHEX R E. 529 YPXMQE #GSEP HI 3PSWS3I
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IWIR' HISWIFMX HI KRHMVIE QMXSPSKMG TVIGIHIRX. 4VMRGMTEPE QIXSH E
KRHMVMM R WSGMIXEXIE TVMQMXMZ, FE^EX TI VIPE'MMPI KIRXMPMGI HI VYHIRMI, IWXI
XVERWTYRIVIE EGIWXSV VIPE'MM TIWXI ZM^MYRIE KIRIVEP EWYTVE PYQMM: #M WSEVIPI
#M PYRE #M WXIPIPI #M ZRXYVMPI #M ETIPI #M TMIXVIPI #M THYVMPI XSEXI IVEY
TIVWSRM3GEXI #M TYWI R EWXJIP HI VIPE'MM HI VYHIRMI. 1IXSHE 3PSWS3IM GSRWX R
VITVI^IRXEVIE PYGVYVMPSV R GEXIKSVMM RIQEXIVMEPI, GEVI WXEFM-PIWG GSQYRMXEXIE
KVYTYVMPSV HI SFMIGXI WEY JIRSQIRI HYT SEVIGEVI XVWXYVM.
8IVQIRYP 3PSWS3I E JSWX GVIEX HI ERXMGLMXEXIE KVIEG YRMM E3VQ G
TVMQYP P-E JSPSWMX 4]XLEKSVEW, EP'MM G ,IVSHSX R. EYX.) #M IWXI GSQTYW HMR
HSY GYZMRXI %iAcm G MYFIWG, QM TPEGI #M oo%io G R'IPITGMYRI. R PMRMM QEVM,
3PSWS3E E ETVYX GE S EGXMZMXEXI, S XIRHMR' HI E GYRSE#XI EHIZVEXE IWIR'
E PYGVYVMPSV. 4]XLEKSVEW WSGSXIE G EGIEWX IWIR' E PYQMM, #XMMR'E WYTVIQ,
GSRWX R #XMMR'E RYQIVIPSV, GGM GMJVIPI WYRX YPXMQIPI EFWXVEG'MM GI YRIWG
TVSTVMIX'MPI PYGVYVMPSV. ,IVSHSX WYW'MRIE G 3PSWS3E IWXI S MWGYWMR' HISWIFMX
HI E HIWGSTIVM PYGVYVM R'IPITXI R SVMGI HMVIG'MI. 4PEXSR RYQIE 3PSWS3E
GIVGIXEVI #M GYRSE#XIVI E EHIZVYPYM, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI WMQTPE TVIVI TI
GEVI S TSEXI EZIE 3IGEVI HIWTVI PYGVYVM. %VMWXSXIP R'IPIKIE TVMR 3PSWS3I 7
HSY PYGVYVM: 3PSWS3E GE HIWGSTIVMVI E PIKMX'MPSV #M TVMRGMTMMPSV #XMMR'IM
(QEXIQEXMGMM, 3^MGMM, IXMGMM, TSIXMGMM IXG.) #M 3PSWS3E GE #XMMR' HIWTVI TVMRGMTMMPI
WYTVIQI EPI I\MWXIR'IM, TVSXS3PS^S3E, GEVI QEM ETSM E TVMQMX HIRYQMVIE HI
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QERMJIWXEVI E GSR#XMMR'IM WSGMEPI, R WIRWYP IJSVXYPYM HI MRXIVTVIXEVI E
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GSR#XMMR' RGITI W VI4IGXI HSY MRXIVTVIXVM EPI VIEPMX'MM QEXIVMEPMWX #M
MHIEPMWX. -HIEPMWQYP, MRGPYWMZ GIP XISPSKMG, ZE GSRWXMXYM WYTSVXYP NYWXM3GEXMZ EP
WYTIVMSVMX'MM TXYVMPSV WSGMEPI HSQMRERXI, GY MRXIVIWIPI #M R^YMR'IPI
GSRWIVZEXSEVI. 1EXIVMEPMWQYP, RW, XMR^RH W KIRIVEPM^I^I GYGIVMVMPI SQYPYM
R EGXMZMXEXIE PYM GY QIHMYP REXYVMM, IVE KRHMVIE TXYVMPSV TVSKVIWMWXI EPI
WSGMIX'MM, MRXIVIWEXI R HI^ZSPXEVIE JSV'IPSV HI TVSHYGIVI. 0YTXE HMRXVI
ZM^MYRIE QEXIVMEPMWX #M GIE MHIEPMWX EVI S GSR3VQEVI HITPMR R GYRS#XMR'IPI
VIJIVMXSEVI PE HI^ZSPXEVIE GYPXYVMM, E #XMMR'IM #M E KRHMVMM 3PSWS3GI R 'VMPI GEVI
EY JSWX PIEKRYP GIPSV QEM ZIGLM GMZMPM^E'MM #M R GEVI SVRHYMVIE WGPEZEKMWX W-
E MRWXEYVEX GY ZVIS 2600 HI ERM R YVQ 1IWSTSXEQME, )KMTX, -RHME #M 'LMRE.
*MVI#XI, R HMJIVMXI VIKMYRM EPI PYQMM 3PSWS3E E EZYX PIKXYVM KIRIXMGI HI
MR4YIR', XVERWQM'RHY-WI SHEX GY PIKXYVMPI IGSRSQMGI, GSQIVGMEPI #M
TSPMXMGI. (MR 'LMRE #M &EFMPSR EY JSWX EHY#M R SVE#IPI -SRMIM HMR %WME 1MG
KIVQIRM HI GYRS#XMR'I EWXVSRSQMGI, QEXIQEXMGI #M 3^MGI, GEVI EY JSWX
TVIPYGVEXI R QSH SVMKMREP #M JSPSWMXI R TVEGXMG: EY JSWX GSRGITYXI GIPI QEM
WMQTPI MRWXVYQIRXI HI GIVGIXEVI, E JSWX EPGXYMX GEPIRHEVYP #. E.
R GYPXYVE IYVSTIER MWXSVME KRHMVMM IVE WXYHMEX QYPX XMQT HMR
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RHITVXEXI HI MRXIVIWYP #XMMR'IM SGGMHIRXEPI GE RIRWIQREXI TIRXVY GYPXYV.
1EM XV^MY IPI EY JSWX MRXIVTVIXEXI XIRHIR'MSW GE S QIRXEPMXEXI TVITSRHIVIRX
QMWXMG, MRHMJIVIRX JE' HI ZEPSVMPI VE'MSREPI #M ZEPSVMPI TVSKVIWYPYM YQER.
%WX^M, RW, GRH MWXSVME KRHMVMM IWXI TVISGYTEX #M HI TVSFPIQE ETEVM'MIM
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9RE HMR XVWXYVMPI HISWIFMXI EPI 3PSWS3IM ERXMGI IWXI GSVIPE'ME IM GY
GIVGIXEVIE REXYVMM, JETX GI E GSRXVMFYMX YPXIVMSV PE HI^ZSPXEVIE YRSV EWIQIRIE
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EJEVE GYRS#XMR'IPSV HIWTVI REXYV. 4VSGIWYP HI GYRSE#XIVI E REXYVMM HI
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%GIEWX WXEVI GSRGVIWGYX E #XMMR'IPSV XMQTYVMM GY 3PSWS3E WI RYQI#XI
WMRGVIXMWQ. %XVEKI EXIR'ME JETXYP G GSRGIT'MMPI 3PSWS3GI EPI TVMQMPSV
GYKIXXSVM ERXMGM WYRX R TVIEPEFMP VI4IG'MM EWYTVE REXYVMM #M JIRSQIRIPSV
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REXYV3PS^S3GI.
4VIQMWIPI WSGMEPI EPI ETEVM'MIM KRHMVMM 3PSWS3GI WYRX QM#GVMPI GI EY
TYW GETX SVRHYMVMM KIRXMPMGI #M EY WGMRHEX WSGMIXEXIE R HSY TV'M QEVM
WGPEZM #M WXTRM HI WGPEZM. *MPSWS3E ETEVI GE S RSY JSVQ HI TIVGITIVI E
PYQMM RHVITXEX QTSXVMZE JSVQIM ERXIVMSEVI QMXSPSKMGI HI KRHMVI. RW
TIRXVY QYPX XMQT R KRHMVIE 3PSWS3G QMXSPSKME VQRI QTPIXMX EWXJIP,
RGX HIZMR MQTIVGITXMFMPI GSRGIT'MMPI TVMQMPSV 3PSWS3 JV E GYRSE#XI QMXYVMPI
GI HSQMREY KRHMVIE ERXIVMSEV.
# 1. +RHMVIE 3PSWS3G R 1IWSTSXEQME.
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TMGXSKVE3G, MEV ETSM GYRIMJSVQ. 8SX EMGM WYRX EXIWXEXI #M GIPI QEM ZIGLM
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HMR RE#XIVIE #M EGXMZMXEXIE YRSV TIVWSERI HMZMRI. 0E RGITYX HMR RMQMG WI
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IWXI QEWGYPMR, MEV GIPPEPX JIQMRMR. 3GIERYP #M QEVIE TIVWSRM3GEXI HEY
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EGXMZ #M TPMR HI ZME'. (MR GYTPYP MRM'MEP ETEVI S EPX TIVIGLI HI ^IMX'M
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%FME EQ GTXEX ZME', G EQ #M ENYRW PE GETXYP IM, %Q TVMZMX R YVQ: R-EQ
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7GPEZYP IWXI RJ'M#EX GY S FSKEX I\TIVMIR' HI ZME', WYJIVMRH HI
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1SEVXIE M RMZIPIE^ TI XS'M SEQIRMM #M, HIGM, RW#M 3VIE EVEX G SEQIRMM RY
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SVRHYMVIE WGPEZEKMWX WI WXEFMPI#XI HI EWIQIRIE R )KMTX. 9R WMWXIQ
QMXSPSKMG FMRI RGLIKEX VITVI^IRXE XSEXI VIPE'MMPI HMRXVI WSGMIXEXI #M REXYV.
6IKIPI (JEVESRYP) IVE HMZMRM^EX, PYM M WI EXVMFYME TYXIVIE HI E GLIQE
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RGITYXYP WIG. -: .I.R., GRH HIQSGVE'ME HMR RSY E ZIRMX PE TYXIVI, 7SGVEXI E
JSWX XVEW PE VWTYRHIVI, RZMRYMX HI MKRSVEVIE ^IMPSV S3GMEPM, HI HIWJVREVIE #M
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RMQIRM RY HSVI#XI W EMF YR GVQEGM, XQTPEV, 4EYXMWX WEY HI EPX QIWIVMI
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ENYRKI PE R'IPIKIVIE HVITX'MM, E PIKMPSV, E FMRIPYM #M VYPYM, E GYGIVRMGMIM
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YVIGLMPSV W EYH, REWYPYM W QMVSEWI #.E.Q.H. (I EWIQIRIE ^IMM HEY
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QSVEP XVIFYMI W #XMI GI RWIEQR FMRIJEGIVIE GE EXEVI R KIRIVI, GE FE^ E
XYXYVSV FMRIJEGIVMPSV R TEVXI. 4IRXVY E KWM EGIEWX RS'MYRI KIRIVEP 7SGVEXI
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GY WGSTYP HI E ENYRKI PE EHIZV. "M GE S GSRXMRYEVI E TVSGIHIYPYM WIVZIE
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HMR JETXIPI QSVEPI GSRGVIXI, HMR EREPM^E #M GSQTEVEVIE PSV. %MGM MRXV R
ZMKSEVI MRHYG'ME #M HIXIVQMREVIE. (EG MRHYG'MI RWIEQR GYXEVIE
KIRIVEPYPYM R FMRIJEGIVM TEVXMGYPEVI TVMR EREPM^ #M GSQTEVEVI, EXYRGM
HIXIVQMREVIE RWIEQR WXEFMPMVIE KIRYVMPSV #M WTIGMMPSV, E GSVIPE'MIM HMRXVI
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RIGIWEVI ZMI'MM. "M RY I\MWX SQ PE ZVIYR TSTSV, GEVI, PYRH REXYVE HVITX
GPY^, W RY TSEX ENYRKI PE ZMVXYXI.
2EXYVE E QEM R^IWXVEX JTXYVE SQIRIEWG RY RYQEM GY EKIVMQIE
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HI HIWPY#MXI EPI QYPXSV #M QYPXSV PYGVYVM, SEVIGYQ YR JIP HI FE^I EPI #XMMR'IM
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'MGIVS I\EQMRIE^ GSQYRMXEXIE #M PIKXYVMPI GEVI-P YRI#XI TI SEQIRM
RXVI IM. 'IIE GI PIEK QEM QYPX HIGX SVMGI GSQYRMXEXIE IWXI GETEGMXEXIE HI
E ZSVFM ZSVFMVIE GE MRXIVTVIX EP KRHMVMM, ZSVFMVIE GEVI PE HMJIVMXI RIEQYVM
WI HISWIFI#XI TVMR GYZMRXIPI RXVIFYMR'EXI, HEV WI EWIEQR GY R'IPIW.
'IIE GI YRI#XI TI XS'M SEQIRMM RXV-S HI3RM'MI IWXI VE'MYRIE, WMRKYVE
TVMR GEVI WYRXIQ WYTIVMSVM ERMQEPIPSV, HEXSVMX GVIME WYRXIQ R WXEVI W
JEGIQ TVIWYTYRIVM, W HIQSRWXVQ, W VIWTMRKIQ GI I JEPW, W HMWGYXQ, W
XVEKIQ GSRGPY^MM, VE'MYRIE I, HIWMKYV, GSQYR XYXYVSV SEQIRMPSV.
8YXYVSV SEQIRMPSV PI QEM WYRX GSQYRI TEWMYRMPI, QERMJIWXRHY-WI
MRHMZMHYEP WMQ'YVMPI #M RS'MYRMPI, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP 1 'MGIVS. 3TIVI EPIWI. :SP. --,
T. 194. 'VSVE WI IZMHIR'ME^ RG S GSQYRMXEXI E SEQIRMPSV TYXMR'E HI E
GYRSE#XI.
'IIE GI GEVEGXIVM^IE^ GSQYRMXEXIE SQIRIEWG IWXI #M HVITXYP GEVI,
HYT 'MGIVS, #M EVI XIQIMYP R REXYVE GI RI-E TPWQYMX WTVI E 3 TVXE#M YRMM GY
EP'MM #M WTVI E QTV'M HVITXYP GE YR FYR GSQYR RXVI RSM XS'M. 'GM GIPSV GVSVE
PI-E JSWX HEX HI REXYV VE'MYRIE, PI-E JSWX HISTSXVMZ HEX #M HVIETXE VE'MYRI;
E#EHEV #M PIKIE, GEVI I HVIETX VE'MYRI EXYRGM GRH WI SVHSR WEY MRXIV^MGI;
HEG PI-E JSWX HEX PIKIE, PI-E JSWX HEX #M HVITXYP.
(EV VE'MYRIE PI-E JSWX HEX XYXYVSV; E#EHEV #M HVITXYP PI-E JSWX HEX
XYXYVSV. R STMRME PYM 'MGIVS, SQYP IWXI HVITX #M FYR HI PE REXYV, 3MRHG HEG
REXYVE R-EV WYW'MRI HVITXYP, EV HMWTVIE XSEXI ZMVXY'MPI #M EXYRGM YRHI WI ZSV
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E-P WIVZM TI EPXYP WEY HI E-#M EVXE VIGYRS#XMR'E# (I JETX, EGIWXI WIRXMQIRXI
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RGPMREVI GEVI GSRWXMXYMI JYRHEQIRXYP HVITXYPYM.1
-PYWXVYP KRHMXSV PEXMR RI RHVYQE E GSRGITI HVITXYP, HVITXEXIE #M EPXI
ZMVXY'M HI^MRXIVIWEX, GYPXMZEXI TIRXVY IPI RWIPI. %WXJIP, HI I\IQTPY, HEG SQYP
I KIRIVSW JV E GYXE VWTPEX, KIRIVS^MXEXIE I HI^MRXIVIWEX, HEG I
VWTPXMX, I MRXIVIWEX. "M RY RGETI RHSMEP G EGIPE HIWTVI GEVI WI WTYRI
G IWXI KIRIVSW WEY FYR #M YVQVI#XI HEXSVME, RY VWTPEXE. "M EXYRGM GMRIZE
GY GX WI KRHI#XI QEM QYPX PE MRXIVIWIPI WEPI R XSX GI JEGI GY EXX I QEM
TY'MR SQ HI XVIEF, XSX EWXJIP GIM GEVI QWSEV ZMVXYXIE HYT VWTPEX RY QEM
GSRWMHIV ZMVXYXIE HIGX ZMGPIRMI. 0E JIP #M TVMIXIRME TVIWYTYRI GE TVMIXIRYP W
3I MYFMX HMR XSEX MRMQE, GYQ WI WTYRI TIRXVY IP RWY#M. (EV HEG TVMIXIRME
XVIFYMI W 3I GYPXMZEX TIRXVY IE RW#M #M PIKXYVMPI HMRXVI SEQIRM #M IGLMXEXIE
#M HVITXEXIE XVIFYMI GYXEXI TIRXVY IPI RWIPI. (EG PYGVYVMPI RY WXEY E#E, RY
I\MWX RMGM S HVITXEXI.
1 'MGIVS. 3TIVI EPIWI. :SP. --, T.201.
'GM XSGQEM EGIEWXE I GIP QEM RIHVITX PYGVY: W GEY'M E SF'MRI TPEX
TIRXVY HVITXEXI.1
R'IPITGMYRIE, WTIGM3G 'MGIVS, IWXI QEQE XYXYVSV JETXIPSV FYRI, IE, HI
HVEKYP GVIME 3PSWS3E #M-E JYVMX RYQIPI WY KVIGIWG, RI-E RZ'EX W RI
GYRSE#XIQ TI RSM R#MRI. 'MGIVS EVI S MRXIVTVIXEVI TVSTVMI E EGIWXYM TVIGITX:
'MRI WI GYRSE#XI TI WMRI #M ZE HE WIEQE QEM RXM G EVI R IP GIZE HMZMR #M
ZE WSGSXM WTMVMXYP HMR JTXYVE WE GE S RXVYGLMTEVI WEGV, ZE JEGI #M ZE KRHM
XSXHIEYRE GI I HIQR HI YR EWIQIRIE HEV EP ^IMPSV #M, GRH ZE 3 GIVGIXEX #M
WI ZE 3 I\EQMREX EQRYR'MX, ZE R'IPIKI GX HI R^IWXVEX HI REXYV E MRXVEX R
ZME' #M HI GI QMNPSEGI TYXIVRMGI HMWTYRI TIRXVY E HSFRHM #M TWXVE
R'IPITGMYRIE, 3MRHG QEM RXM E GSRGITYX R WY4IXYP #M QMRXIE WE RS'MYRMPI
RG RIGPEVI EPI XYXYVSV PYGVYVMPSV, TVMR PYQMREVIE GVSVE, WYF GSRHYGIVIE
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JIVMGMX.2
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HMWXMRKIVMM EHIZVYPYM HI RIEHIZV, EVXE R'IPIKIVMM GSRWIGMR'IPSV #M
GSRXVEVMMPSV.
'YRSE#XIVIE HI WMRI TIVQMXI SQYPYM W-#M EWGYPXI XM#YP WTMVMXYPYM WTVI E
EPIKI FMRIPI #M E RHITVXE VYP, E MRXYM GI I R NYVYP WY GIVYP, TQRXYP,
QVMPI, HI YRHI ZMR IPI #M YRHI XVIFYMI W WI RXSEVG, GI I QYVMXSV #M XVIGXSV
R IPI, GI I HMZMR #M I\XIVR WI ZE GSRGITI TI WMRI RY RGSRNYVEX HI ^MHYVMPI
YRIM GIX'M, PSGYMXSV EP YRYM 'MRYX QVKMRMX, GM GIX'IER EP PYQMM RXVIKM. "M GRH
#M ZE HE WIEQE G W-E RWGYX TIRXVY E XVM RXV-S GSQYRMXEXI HI GIX'IRM, ZE
WSGSXM G XVIFYMI W RXVIFYMR'I^I RY RYQEM EGIWX QSH EFWXVEGX HI HMWGY'MI, GM
#M S ZSVFMVI QEM PEVK HIWJ#YVEX, TVMR GEVI W GSRHYG TSTSEVIPI, W WYW'MR
PIKMPI, W-P TIHITWIEWG TI GIM VM, W-P ETIVI TI 1 'MGIVS. 3TIVI EPIWI. :SP. --,
T.203.
2 -FMHIQ, T.207. 3EQIRMM GMRWXM'M, W-P TVMQIEWG TI FVFE'MM WXVPYGM'M,
TVMR GEVI W HIE, GYQ I QEM FMRI, WJEXYVM JSPSWMXSEVI #M RGYVENVM WTVI E-#M
GSRZMRKI GSRGIX'IRMM, TVMR GEVI W-P TSEX RHIQRE PE JETXI RSFMPI, RHITVXE
HI RIGMRWXI, QRKME TI GIM EFXY'M #M RGVIHMR'E YRSV STIVI IXIVRI JETXIPI #M
LSXVVMPI GIX'IRMPSV FVEZM #M R'IPIT'M SHEX GY R3IVEVIE XMGPS#MPSV. 3VMGX EV
3 QYPXI #M HI RWIQREXI EGIWXI GEPMX'M, E GVSV I\MWXIR' R SQ S ZH GPEV GIM
GI ZSV W WI GYRSEWG TI WMRI, QEQE #M IHYGE-XSEVIE PSV IWXI R'IPITGMYRIE
1. %Q PYEX GYRS#XMR' HI SVMKM-REPE QIHMXE'MI GMGIVSRMER EWYTVE GSRHM'MIM
YQERI. -HIIE HI GIX'IER EP PYQMM RI IWXI ETVSTMEX #M RSY EWX^M HI ZVIQI
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QSRHMEP, PE GSRGITIVIE TVSFPIQIPSV KPSFEPI #M R GSRWIGMR', PE JSVQEVIE
YRIM GSR#XMMR'I TPERIXEVI.
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QIR'MSRE HSY TIVMSEHI HI SGYTE'MI MRXIRWMZ HI 3PSWS3I: TVMQE GYTVMRHI
ERMM 54 #M 53 GY STIVIPI (I VITYFPMGE ((IWTVI WXEX) #M (I
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^IMPSV),
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(I S5GMMW ((IWTVI RHEXSVMVM), (I EQMGM'ME ((IWTVI TVMIXIRMI), (I
WIRIGXYXI ((IWTVI FXVRI'I), (I 3RMFYW IX QEPSVYQ ((IWTVI WYTVIQYP
FMRI #M WYTVIQYP VY).
'VIE'ME 3PSWS3G E QEVIPYM IVYHMX E JSWX ERMQEX HI HSY TSVRMVM: HI E
VWTRHM TVMRXVI VSQERM HSGXVMRIPI 3PSWS3GI EPI 1 'MGIVS. 3TIVI EPIWI. :SP. --,
T.208. +VIGMPSV #M HI E GVIE YR PMQFEN 3PSWS3G PEXMR MRI\MWXIRX TR EXYRGM. R
EQFIPI HSQIRMM IP E VIY#MX HI QMRYRI. %WXJIP, GLMEV RXV-YR STYWGYP (WGVMIVI HI
TVSTSV'MM VIHYWI), 'MGIVS, GSRWEGVRHY-P HSGXVMRIM 4SVXMGYPYM, EHMG
WXSMGMWQYPYM, HIQSRWXVIE^ G TVMRGMTMMPI EGIWXYM GYVIRX 3PSWS3G WYWGMX
YMQMVIE TYFPMGYPYM TVMR NYHIG'M GSRXVEHMGXSVMM. ) ZSVFE HIWTVI #EWI TEVE-HS\I
EPI WXSMGMPSV R 3PSWS3E QSVEP, TI GEVI 'MGIVS, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP EVXIM
SVEXSVMGI, PI JEGI EGGIWMFMPI TYFPMGYPYM: 1) RYQEM FMRIPI QSVEP GSRWXMXYMI YR
EHIZV FYR; 2) GIP GI TSWIH ZMVXYXIE RY EVI RIZSMI HI RMQMG EPXGIZE TIRXVY
E 3 JIVMGMX; 3) XSEXI KVI#IPMPI #M ZMVXY'MPI WYRX IKEPI, RXVYGX EY EGIIE#M
ZEPSEVI; 4) SVMGI TVSWX I RIFYR, EHMG SVMGI RI3PS^SJ IWXI RIFYR; 5) RYQEM
R'IPITXYP IWXI PMFIV, SVMGI TVSWX IWXI WGPEZ; 6) RYQEM R'IPITXYP IWXI FSKEX.
-RXIVIWERX IWXI JETXYP G 'MGIVS RY JSPSWI#XI I\IQTPIPI YXMPM^EXI HI
WXSMGM, GM #M I\XVEKI EVKYQIRXIPI HMR TEXVMQSRMYP XVEHM'MIM #M MWXSVMIM 6SQIM,
TIRXVY TVMQYP TEVEHS\ 3MRH EZSGE'M 6SQYPYW, 2YQE 4SQTMPMYW, 7GMTMSRMM IXG.
(I EPXJIP, 'MGIVS R XSEXI HMWGYVWYVMPI, HEV IPI W-EY TWXVEX 58 TR R TVI^IRX,
VIPEXIE^ GIPI QEM HMJIVMXI XIQI, JSVQYPRH RXSXHIEYRE REPXI TVMRGMTMM
QSVEPI, R3IVRH MKRSVER'E, IKSMWQYP, XVY3E #M GVY^MQIE.
1ENSVMXEXIE STIVIPSV GMGIVSRMIRI WYRX WGVMWI WYF JSVQ HI HMEPSK-
HMWGY'MI EWYTVE YRIM WEY EPXIM TVSFPIQI GRH EHIT'MM WEY EHZIVWEVMM YRSV
HSGXVMRI #M HMWTYX TYRGXIPI HI ZIHIVI. (MEPSKYP STIVIPSV PYM 'MGIVS IWXI
WTIGM3G #M RY VITIX GYRSWGYXYP HMEPSK EP PYM 4PEXSR. 'MGIVS MQTPMG HMEPSKYPYM
S RYER' HMHEGXMG, I\TVMQEX TVMR TVI^IR'E HMZIVWIPSV HSGXVMRI 3PSWS3GI #M E
HMJIVMXIPSV ETVIGMIVM EPI EGIWXSVE.
(MEPSKYP XVIFYMI W 3\I^I, R TVMQYP VRH, TSXVMZMX YRIM R'IPIKIVM RXVI
MRXIVPSGYXSVM, GEVI IWXI SFMIGXYP HMWGY'MIM GE R JSVQYPIPI HI JIPYP IWXI ZSVFE
HIWTVI EGIEWX TVSFPIQ. % GSRZIRM EWYTVE YXMPMX'MM HI3RM'MIM JV HI GEVI
EGSVHYP RXVI EHZIVWEVM R GEHVYP YRIM HMWGY'MM IWXI YRISVM MQTSWMFMP.
(MEPSKYP STIVIPSV PYM 'MGIVS RY EGGITX QSHIPYP YRIM GSRZSVFMVM, GM QEM
HIKVEF E YRIM HI^FEXIVM, GE RXV-YR HMWGYVW NYHMGMEV, TSXVMZMX VIXSVMGMM
3PSWS3PSV, RY GIPIM WTIGM3GI JSVYPYM, JSPSWMRH HMEPIGXMGE WMRKYVE #XMMR' R
QWYV W EREPM^I^I IWIR'E SVMGVYM PYGVY #M W-P HI3RIEWG #M XSXSHEX W
MRHMGI GEPIE YRIM HMWGY'MM.1
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HIRIKVE TI GIM GEVI EY EPX TVIVI HIGX IP RWY#M. 1EIWXVYP HMEPSKYPYM IWXI
MRHYPKIRX JE' HI STSRIR'MM WM: HEG YR 3PSWSJ WI RKVMNI#XI HI I\TVMQEVI,
RY-P HMWTVI'YMIWG, HEG R-EVI S I\TVMQEVI RKVMNMX, RY M-S TVIXMRH. (EV I\MWX
EXXIE TVIVM G'M SEQIRM..2
%HVIWEVIE GIPSV EVFSVE'M R HMWGY'MI I VIGMTVSG GSVIGX.
(VITX I\IQTPY TSEXI WIVZM RGITYXYP HMEPSKYPYM HMR XVEXEXYP (IWTVI
WYTVIQYP FMRI #M WYTVIQYP VY, YRHI 'MGIVS WYFPMRME^ G WGSTYP HMWGY'MIM
IWXI QEM HIKVEF TIRXVY E Q MRJSVQE IY RWYQM HIGX HMR HSVMR'E HI E XI
GVMXMGE TI XMRI WEY TI )TMGYV. "M IY, WTYWI 8SVUYEXYW, E# 3 QYP'YQMX W RZ'
GXI GIZE HI PE XMRI HIGX W XI GVMXMG.3 (IWTVI WYTVIQYP FMRI #M WYTVIQYP
VY IWXI S VIQEVGEFMP STIV HI 3PSWS3I QSVEP, GSR'MRRH GMRGM GV'M #M
MRGPY^RH XVIM HMEPSKYVM GI WI HIWJ#SEV RXVI HMZIV#M MRXIVPSGYXSVM #M R HMJIVMXI
PSGYVM.
R GEVXIE RXM 8SVUYEXYW TPIHIE^ TIRXVY TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI ITMGYVIMG
HIWTVI ZEPSEVIE WYTVIQ GEVI EV 3 JSWX 1 'MGIVS. (IWTVI WYTVIQYP FMRI #M
WYTVIQYP VY.
&YGYVI#XM, 1983, T.75.
2 -FMHIQ, T.46.
3 -FMHIQ, T.70. 4PGIVIE. R GEVXIE E HSYE 'MGIVS GSQFEXI HSGXVMRE PYM
)TMGYV, 3MRHG EGIWXE WYW'MRIE HI^ERKENEVIE HMR ZME'E GMZMG, EVTMREXYP
E3VQRH: 2SM GSRWMHIVQ G ZME'E IWXI JIVMGMX RY TVMR RPXYVEVIE YRYM VY,
GM TVMR HSFRHMVIE YRYM FYR #M RY GYXQ S EWXJIP HI ZME' R MREGXMZMXEXI. GM R
EG'MYRI #M SFWIVZE'MI.1
'MGIVS VITVS#IE^ ITMGYVIMWQYPYM WYFIWXMQEVIE VE'MYRMM #M EHIZVEXIM
REXYVM E SQYPYM, GEVI RY W-EV VIHYGI PE WMQ'YVM, HISEVIGI SEQIRMM WI HMWXMRK
QEM EPIW TVMR VE'MYRI, GEVI PI-E JSWX HEX HI REXYV #M TVMR QMRXIE ZMKYVSEW
#M MYXI, GETEFMP W VI4IGXI^I EWYTVE QEM QYPXSV GLIWXMYRM R EGIPE#M XMQT #M
XSXSHEX EKIV R R'IPIKIVIE GEY^IPSV #M GSRWIGMR'IPSV, R WXEFMPMVIE
EWIQRVMPSV, R EWSGMIVIE IPIQIRXIPSV RHITVXEXI, R QTVIYREVIE ZMMXSVYPYM
GY TVI^IRXYP, R QWYV W QFV'M#I^I RXVIEKE I\MWXIR' ZMMXSEVI. %GIIE#M
VE'MYRI P-E HIXIVQMREX TI SQ W HSVIEWG PIKXYVE GY EP'M SEQIRM #M W WI
TSXVMZIEWG GY IM TVMR 3VI, PMQF #M RIGIWMX'M, TIRXVY GE, TSVRMRH HI PE MYFMVIE
TIRXVY QIQFVMM JEQMPMIM WEPI #M TIRXVY TVMIXIRMM WM, EGIEWX MYFMVI W WI
I\XMRH EWYTVE GSRGIX'IRMPSV WM, ETSM EWYTVE RXVIKMM GSQYRMX'M YQERI. 2
(YT 'MGIVS, I\GIPIR'E SQYPYM W-EV SF'MRI TVMR TVEGXMGEVIE GIPSV TEXVY
ZMVXY'M EGGITXEXI HI 4PEXSR #M HI EPXI GYVIRXI 3PSWS3GI: GPEVZM^MYRIE, NYWXM'ME,
GYVENYP, QSHIVE'ME WEY WXTRMVIE HI WMRI XIQTIVER'E. 3TIVE GMGIVSRMER
(IWTVI WYTVIQYP FMRI #M WYTVIQYP VY TVI^MRX MRXIVIW #M TVMR EGIIE G IE
HI^ZPYMI GSRGIT'MMPI WXSMGMPSV VIPEXMZI PE ZEPSEVIE WYTVIQ GEVXIE E XVIME),
STXMGE EVMWXSXIPMWQYPYM (GEVXIE E TEXVE) #M HSGXVMRE RISEGEHIQMGMPSV
('EQIEHI) GEVXIE E GMRGIE. R GSRGPY^MI 'MGIVS TPIHIE^ TIRXVY EVQSRME
RXVI GSVT #M WY4IX, EGGIRXYRH G ZEPSEVIE WYTVIQ VI^MH R GIIE GI IWXI
GMRWXMX: (IGM IY R'IPIK TVMR ZMVXYXI GIIE GI IWXI HIQR TVMR REXYVE WE W 3I
1 'MGIVS. (IWTVI WYTVIQYP FMRI #M WYTVIQYP VY, T.86.
2 -FMHIQ, T.87-88. 4VI'YMX R WMRI, JV E 'MRI WIEQE HIPSG HI YXMPMXEXI,
VWTPEX, EZERXEN. 2EXYVE ZMVXY'MM RY TSEXI 3 R'IPIEW EXX HMR HI3RM'ME
RSEWXV, HI#M TSEXI RXV-S SEVIGEVI QWYV, GX HMR NYHIGEXE GSQYR E
XYXYVSV, HMR IJSVXYVMPI #M JETXIPI XYXYVSV SEQIRMPSV HI GEPMXEXI, GEVI EY WZV#MX
QYPXI JETXI HMRXV-YR WMRKYV QSXMZ, ERYQI 3MRHG E#E WI GYZMRI, E#E IWXI
HVITX, E#E IWXI GMRWXMX, GLMEV HEG JETXE VIWTIGXMZ RY SJIV RMGM YR JSPSW
QEXIVMEP.1
0YQMRE ZMVXY'MM, EHMG GMRWXIE, HIXIVQMR VIPE'MMPI SQYPYM GY I\XIVMSVYP,
GY JEQMPME, GY 'IXEXIE, GY TVMIXIRMM. %VTMREXYP EHIWISVM VITIX GYZMRXIPI PYM
8IVIR'MYW: ,SQS WYQ IX LYQERM E QI EPMIRYQ TYXS (7YRX SQ #M RMQMG HMR
GI I SQIRIWG RY QM-P WXVMR). R HMEPSKYVMPI WEPI 'MGIVS GVIIE^ YR MHIEP EP
SQYPYM GEVI TSWIH GIPI QEM REPXI GEPMX'M EPI 3MR'IM YQERI.
8IVQIRYP YQER IWXI VWTRHMX #M R XMQTYVMPI RSEWXVI GY EGIE
WYTVIQ WIQRM3GE'MI TI GEVI M-S EXVMFYMQ RSM, GIM GEVI P-EQ QS#XIRMX HI PE
WXVFYRMM RS#XVM VSQERM.
3TIVIPI 3PSWS3GI EPI PYM 'MGIVS TVI^MRX MRXIVIW #M TVMR MQTVIWMSRERXE
FSK'MI E MRJSVQE'MIM HIWTVI HMZIVWI #GSPM #M GYVIRXI 3PSWS3GI #M, HEG 'MRIQ
GSRX G GIPI QEM QYPXI HMR M^ZSEVIPI KVIGI#XM HI GEVI W-E WIVZMX EYXSVYP W-EY
TMIVHYX QVXYVMMPI HSGYQIRXEVI EPI GIPIFVYPYM GYKIXXSV PEXMR TVI^MRX S
ZEPSEVI MRGSRXIWXEFMP.
'MGIVS E JSWX ETVIGMEX HI VSQERM QEM EPIW TIRXVY PMQF. )P E QFSK'MX #M
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4I\MFMPMXEXI.
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GMRIZE GEVI W 3I WJIXRMGYP VIKIPYM #M W WI GSRWMHIVI HI +I'M GE >IY. %WXJIP,
GRH &SIVIFMWXI E PYEX HSQRME EWYTVE +I'MPSV, GSRXVE GVSVE 'EIWEV ZSM W
TSVRIEWG S I\TIHM'MI, (IGIRIY IVE R SRSEVI. (YT (IGIRIY YVQIE^ YR EPX
TVSJIX, 'SQS^MGYW., ETSM EPXYVIE HI (IGIFEP RXPRMQ TI TVSJIXYP :I^MREW.2
*MMRH ^IM3GEX, >EQSP\MW IWXI MHIRXM3GEX GY +IFIPIM^MW (HYT GYQ RI
EVEX ,IVSHSX) #M GY /VSRSW. (MSKIRIW 0EIVXMSW 1 ,IVSHSX. -WXSVMM. :SP. -:, T.
94, 95.
2 7XVEFSR. +ISKVE3E. :SP. :--, T.3, 85. 7GVMI G 4]XLEKSVEW TSWIHE #M
YR WGPEZ >EQSP\MW, GEVI IWXI EHSVEX, WTYRI ,IVSHSX, HI +I'M, 3MRH WSGSXMX
HVITX /VSRSW 1.
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G IP TSEVX RYQIPI >EQSP\MW2, G PYM >EQSP\MW KI'MM M EHYG NIVXJI GE PYM
/VSRSW. 3 -HIRXM3GEVIE PYM >EQSP\MW GY /VSRSW EVI, TVSFEFMP, PE FE^ QMXYP
HIWTVI /VSRSW, GEVI, TYRRH GETX KYZIVRVMM HIWTSXMGI E XEXPYM WY, 9VERYW,
E MRWXEYVEX S WSGMIXEXI HVIETX, JV WYJIVMR'I, RYQMX ZVWX HI EYV E
SQIRMVMM. /VSRSW IVE WXTR #M EP MRWYPIM 4VIEJIVMGM'MPSV YRHI RMQIVIEY HYT
QSEVXI RYQEM EGIM GEVI HYGIEY S ZME' GYZMSEW #M HVIETX. %GIWXI MHIM IVEY
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QSHYP HI TVSTEKEVI HI GXVI >EQSP\MW E RZ'XYVMM WEPI E4Q HI PE 4PEXSR,
GEVI R HMEPSKYP 'LEVQMHIW RI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI HIWGRXIGYP TI GEVI 7SGVEXI
P-E RZ'EX HI PE YR XVEG, YRYP HMRXVI QIHMGMM PYM >EQSP\MW, HIWTVI GEVI WI #XMI
G WXTRIWG QI#XI#YKYP HI E XI JEGI RIQYVMXSV. "M WTYRIE XVEGYP EGIWXE, G
QIHMGMM KVIGM TI FYR HVITXEXI MEY WIEQE PE GIPI TI GEVI XSGQEM PI
TSQIRIEQ; RYQEM G >EQSP\MW, EHYKM IP, VIKIPI RSWXVY, GEVI I ^IY, EVEX
G, HYT GYQ RY XVIFYMI W RGIVGQ E ZMRHIGE SGLMM JV W ZMRHIGQ GETYP,
SVM GETYP JV W 'MRIQ GSRX HI XVYT, XSX EWXJIP RMGM XVYTYP RY TSEXI 3
RWRXS#MX JV WY4IX. %GIEWXE #M I TVMGMRE TIRXVY GEVI QIHMGMM KVIGM RY
M^FYXIWG W ZMRHIGI GIPI QEM QYPXI FSPM: IM RY WI VMHMG TR PE RXVIKYP HI
GEVI EV XVIFYM W WI RKVMNIEWG, MEV HEG EGIWXYME RY-P QIVKI FMRI, RMGM TEVXIE
RY WI TSEXI RWRXS#M. "M XSEXI HI EMGM TSVRIWG, QM 1 (MSKIRIW 0EIVXMSW.
(IWTVI ZMI'MPI #M HSGXVMRIPI 3PSWS3PSV.
&YGYVI#XM, 1963, T. 395.
2 -^ZSEVI TVMZMRH MWXSVME 6SQRMIM.
&YGYVI#XM, 1964. :SP. 1, T. 156.
3 -HIQ. :SP. 2, T. 761. 0QYVIE IP, HI PE WY4IX: EXX GIPI VIPI, GX #M GIPI
FYRI EPI XVYTYPYM SVM EPI JTXYVMM RSEWXVI HITPMRI #M HI EMGM WI VIZEVW IPI, E#E
GYQ HI PE GET XSXYP WI VWJVRKI EWYTVE SGLMPSV. 4VMR YVQEVI, QEM EPIW WY4IXYP
WI GEHI RKVMNMX, HEG EZIQ HI KRH W EHYGIQ PE S FYR WXEVI EXX GETYP, GX
#M VIWXYP XVYTYPYM. -EV WY4IXYP, EVEX IP, WI RKVMNI#XI GY ERYQMXI HIWGRXIGI #M
HIWGRXIGIPI EGIWXIE RY WYRX EPXGIZE HIGX VSWXMVMPI JVYQSEWI. (MR EWIQIRIE
VSWXMVM WI MWG R WY4IXI R'IPITGMYRIE; MEV SHEX GI EGIEWXE MIWI PE MZIEP #M
WXVYMI R RSM, M I PIWRI W HIWGLMH GEPI WRX'MM #M GXVI GET #M GXVI XVYTYP
XSX. 1
R EJEV HI EGIWX HIWGRXIG, IWXI GYRSWGYX #M VMXYEPYP HI E XVMQMXI PE
>EQSP\MW QIWEKIVYP GY HSVMR'IPI TQRXIRMPSV. 3HEX R 5 ERM R JE'E VIKIPYM
#M E WYMXIM WEPI, E HIQRMXEVMPSV HMR XSEX 'EVE, YR XRV, EPIW GE QIWEKIV EP PYM
>EQSP\MW, IVE EVYRGEX R WYPM'I HI PE TQRX WTVI GIV #M XVIFYME W QSEV JV
W EXMRK TQRXYP. 7I GVIHIE G HEG QSEVI, ^IYP IWXI QFYREX #M PI ZE
RHITPMRM SEQIRMPSV HSVMR'IPI, MEV HEG RY, EXYRGM NIVXJIEY EPX XRV.2
(YT GYQ ZIHIQ, PE FE^E RZ'XYVMM PYM >EQSP\MW WX XI^E HIWTVI SQ
GE YR RXVIK EPGXYMX HMR XVYT #M WY4IX, RXVIK R GEVI WYTIVMSVMXEXIE ZHMX
ETEV'MRI WY4IXYPYM. 7XEVIE WY4IXYPYM HIXIVQMR RXVY XSXYP WXEVIE GSVTYPYM.
%#EHEV, ERYQI WY4IXYP WSPYPYM (XRVYPYM NIVX3X) WI HYGI PE >EQSP\MW GY
QIWENYP TQRXIRMPSV.
7Y4IXYP, R VETSVX GY XVYTYP, VITVI^MRX IPIQIRXYP EGXMZ, HISEVIGI XSEXI
HI EMGM TSVRIWG HI PE WY4IX: EXX GIPI VIPI, GX #M GIPI FYRI.. (I EMGM,
GSRGPY^ME PSKMG G QEM RXM WY4IXYP WI GEHI RKVMNMX. 'Y TVIVI HI VY,
TIRXVY RSM VQRI S XEMR GSR'MRYXYP EGIPSV VSWXMVM JVYQSEWI, GEVI MWG R
WY4IX 1 4PEXSR. 3TIVI. :SP. 1.
&YGYVI#XM, 1974, T. 183-P84.
2 ,IVSHSX. -WXSVMM. :SP. -:, T. 95. R'IPITGMYRIE. (EV WI RXVIZIHI GPEV S
TVSJYRH RGVIHIVI G SQYP TSEXI W WI TIVJIG'MSRI^I TVMR MRWXVYMVI #M
IHYGE'MI QSVEP, EWTMVRH EWXJIP WTVI GIPI QEM REPXI TMWGYVM EPI R'IPITGMYRMM:
XSXYP HITMRHI, R JSRH, HI ZSMR'E #M HSVMR'E 3IGVYME HI E-#M RKVMNM WY4IXYP, HI
E-P RRSFMPE #M TIVJIG'MSRE. %#EHEV, TVMRGMTMYP QENSV IWXI PMFIVXEXIE HI E EPIKI:
IWXI R TYXIVIE XE W HSFRHI#XM RIQYVMVIE, XSXYP HITMRHI HI XMRI. (MR
RZ'XYVMPI PYM >EQSP\MW WI GSRXYVIE^ YRMZIVWYP ZEPSVMG EP KIXS-HEGMPSV,
GSRWXRH R GYQTXEVI #M WMQTPMXEXIE ZMI'MM, VIRYR'EVIE PE PY\, ZMXINME, XVME
XVYTYPYM, HVITXEXIE, GIE QEM WYTVIQ ZEPSEVI 3MRH PMFIVXEXIE. >EQSP\MW M
VIWTMRKI TI GIM GI #M-EY TMIVHYX PMFIVXEXIE. %GI#XME RY TSX TVIXMRHI PE
RIQYVMVI. -EX HI GI GHIVIE R VSFMI IVE GSRWMHIVEX HVITX RIRSVSGMVI
WYTVIQ. 7YRX IHM3GEXSEVI, R EGIWX WIRW, WGIRIPI HI TI 'SPYQRE PYM 8VEMER,
VITVI^IRXRH RYQIVS#M HEGM GI #M TYR GETX ^MPIPSV, TVIGYQ #M WMRYGMHIVIE PYM
(IGIFEP. %#EHEV, HSGXVMRE ^EQSP\MER E EZYX S QEVI MQTSVXER'. (I VRH GY
ZMXINME KIXS-HEGMPSV, MHIIE RIQYVMVMM GI EPGXYME JSRHYP RZ'XYVMM PYM >EQSP\MW
M JGIE W RY WI XIEQ HI QSEVXI, GSRGITRH-S GE QRXYMVI HI WYJIVMR'IPI
PYQMM #M RP'EVI R PYQIE GIPSV JIVMGM'M. 'MRI RY WI XIQI HI QSEVXI RY EVI
RIZSMI W WYJIVI RNSWMVMPI ZMI'MM MEX GVI^YP WXVQS#MPSV RS#XVM KIXS-HEGM, GEVI-
P JGIE GYVENS#M #M ETVSETI HI RIRZMRW R PYTXE GY HY#QERYP.
(EV, HYT GYQ EQ QIR'MSREX QEM WYW, QMXSPSKME KIXS-HEG EVI YR
GEVEGXIV TSPMXIMWX. (I VRH GY >EQSP\MW, S HMZMRMXEXI QEVI PE KIXS-HEGM IVE
+IFIPIM^MW >IY EP 'IVYPYM #M EP 7SEVIPYM.
6IMI#MRH HMR XI\XYP PYM ,IVSHSX, HMR GEVI E4Q G >EQSP\MW GLIQE
TSTSVYP WY W WI RGLMRI ^IYPYM +IFIPIM^MW, MEV QEM XV^MY RWY#M >EQSP\MW
IWXI MHIRXM3GEX GY IP, TYXIQ GVIHI G TR PE >EQSP\MW, +IFIPIM^MW IVE >IYP
WYTVIQ PE KIXS-HEGM. 9RMM GIVGIXXSVM KWIWG S EWIQREVI IXMQSPSKMG RXVI
+IFIPIM^MW #M >FIPWYVHSW >IYP JYPKIVYPYM PE XVEGMM HI WYH. %P'MM ZSVFIWG HIWTVI
GSRJY^ME RXVI +/2 HMR QERYWGVMWIPI PYM ,IVSHSX, 167 RYQIPI ^IYPYM 3MRH
2IFIPIM!^MW, RYQI GI TSEXI GSVIWTYRHI KVIGIWGYPYM RIJIPI, PEXMRIWGYPYM
RIFYPE, ZIGLMYPYM WPEZ ne-
Eo; MEV TEVXIE JMREP ^MW RWIEQR ^IY #M PYQMR (HIM (Y).
(IGM, 2IFIPIM^MW EV TYXIE RWIQRE >IYP 'IVYPYM, GYQ E JSWX >IYW PE
KVIGM, .YTMXIV PE VSQERM, :EVYRE PE MRHMIRM IXG.1
7MRKYVYP VMXYEP, TI GEVI-P GYRSE#XIQ R PIKXYV GY +IFIPIM^MW HI PE
,IVSHSX, IWXI XVEKIVIE GY WKI'M R RSVM, GEVI EV TYXIE RWIQRE XIRHMR'E
SEQIRMPSV HI E-P ENYXE TI +IFIPIM^MW W QTV#XMI RSVMM GEVI EGSTIV 7SEVIPI.
%GIWX VMXYEP WI IJIGXYE GY TVITSRHIVIR' EXYRGM GRH EZIEY PSG IGPMTWIPI HI
WSEVI: WI GVIHIE G 7SEVIPI IWXI QRGEX HI WTMVMXI VYJGXSEVI.
1EVIPI >IY EP KIXS-HEGMPSV (GSRJSVQ HEXIPSV EVLISPSKMGI) I RWS'MX HI S
^IMXEXI JIQMRMR, GE #M EP'M ^IM HI EGIWX JIP: ,IVE IVE WS'ME PYM >IYW, -YRSRE
WS'ME PYM .YTMXIV. 1EVIE >IM' E KIXS-HEGMPSV IWXI VITVI^IRXEX EPXYVM HI
1EVIPI >IY, EZRH HVITX EXVMFYX TVMRGMTEP #EVTIPI WEY GIVFYP (YRYP WEY HSM) #M
WMQFSPM^RH >IM'E 1EQ, 1EQE-TQRX TVSXIGXSEVI E SKSE-VIPSV #M E
ZIKIXE'MIM. 2Y WI #XMI GYQ IVE RYQIPI TI GEVI M P-EY HEX KIXS-HEGMM 1EVIM
>IM'I, HEV I GYRSWGYX JETXYP G PE XVEGMM HI WYH 1EVIE >IM' WI RYQIE &IRHMW
#M IVE TVSXIGXSEVIE GWXSVMIM #M E VSEHIM, ^IM' E 0YRMM #M E ZRXSVMM. 9RMM
GIVGIXXSVM S MHIRXM3G TI 1EVIE >IM' E KIXS-HEGMPSV GY &IRHMW.2
9R EPX ^IY KIXS-HEG IVE 1EVXI >IYP V^FSMYPYM. %GIEWXE S GSR3VQ
WTYWIPI PYM :MVKMPMY G TVMRXIPI 1EVX EV T^M SKSEVIPI +I'MPSV, EPI PYM 3ZMHMY
GEVI RI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI +I'MM RGLMRXSVMM PYM 1EVX, EPI PYM 1EVXMEPMW #M 7XEXMYW
GEVI HI EWIQIRIE P RYQIWG TI 1EVX ^IY KIXMG3, EPI PYM -SVHERIW GEVI WTYRI
G KI'MM 1 1MVGIE )PMEHI. ,MWXSMVI HIW GVS]ERGIW.
4EVMW, 1979; 'VM#ER -SR.
7TMVMXYEPMXEXIE KIXS-HEGMPSV.
&YGYVI#XM, 1986.
2 :I^M: 6SQYPYW :YPGRIWGY. 3T. 'X., T. 106-P21.
3 <IRSTSP %. (. -WXSVME 6SQRMPSV HMR (EGME 8VEMER.
&YGYVI#XM, 1913, T. 88-89 P GSRWMHIVEY TI 1EVXI >IYP V^FSEMIPSV, G
PYM M NIVXJIEY TVMQIPI TV^M HI V^FSM #M-P GSRWMHIVEY GE TI YR TVMRXI.1
R QMXSPSKME KIXS-HEG WI TSQIRI#XI #M (IV^IPEW >IYP HXXSV HI
ZMKSEVI #M WRXEXI, (EFEXSTIMSW (EWIQRXSV GY ,ITLEMWXSW) >IYP JSGYPYM
(>IYP JEYV), ,IWXME:IWXE >IM'E TVSXIGXSEVI E ZIXVIM #M E GEWIM IXG. (VITX ^IM
IVEY GMRWXM'M #M QEVMM TVIS'M GEVI IVEY QEVM TVSJI'M #M VIJSVQEXSVM (IGIRIY,
'SQS^MGYW, :I^MRE, (YVEW IXG.
8SEXI EGIWXI QMXYVM VI4IGX, R QEVI QWYV, ZME'E WTMVMXYEP E
WXVQS#MPSV RS#XVM, XIRHMR'E PSV HI E MR4YIR'E TVMR HMJIVMXI VIQIHMM, YRISVM
MPY^SVMM, JSV'IPI I\XIVMSEVI EPI REXYVMM, MRXIR'MSRRH W S EHYG R GSRGSVHER'
GY WGSTYVMPI #M HSPIER'IPI PSV.
1 'VM#ER -SR. 7TMVMXYEPMXEXIE KIXS-HEGMPSV.
&YGYVI#XM, 1986, T. 398.
'%4-83090 : +2(-6)% *-0373*-' 2 ):90 1)(-9
# 1. *MPSWS3E TEXVMWXMG (YT GI -QTIVMYP 6SQER E JSWX GSQTPIX MRZEHEX
#M SGYTEX HI FEVFEVM, HYT GI QTVEXYP .YWXMRMER RGLMWI #GSEPE
RISTPEXSRMER HMR %XIRE (ERYP 529) #M HYT GI -QTIVMYP &M^ERXMR #M TMIVHYWI
GIPI HSY TVSZMRGMM YRHI QEM HMRYME S ZME' GYPXYVEP VIQEVGEFMP, EHMG 7MVME
(GY %RXMSLME), SGYTEX HI EVEFM R 638 #M )KMTXYP (GY %PI\ERHVME), SGYTEX HI
EGIME#M EVEFM TEXVY ERM QEM XV^MY, R RXVIEKE GYPXYV KVIGS-VSQER WI
TVSHYGI, TIRXVY YR XMQT, S WXEKREVI R IPEFSVVMPI 3PSWS3GI, RGITI S
TIVMSEH GRH RY WI QEM EHEYK GIZE IWIR'MEP RSY PE ZIGLMYP TEXVMQSRMY
GYPXYVEP, GRH TVITSRHIVIRX WI GSTME^ WEY WI EHETXIE^ PE RIZSM MQIHMEXI
GIIE GI PWEWI XVIGYXYP. *MVI#XI, EGIWXI GEVEGXIVMWXMGM RY TSX 3 EXVMFYMXI
YRMPEXIVEP XYXYVSV IXETI-PSV )ZYPYM QIHMY.
)ZYP QIHMY RGITI GVSRSPSKMG GY HIWTV'MVIE -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER R
-QTIVMYP HI %TYW #M GIP HI 6WVMX (395) #M HYVIE^ TR PE GYGIVMVIE
'SRWXERXMRSTSPYPYM HI GXVI XYVGM (1453).
*MPSWS3E )ZYPYM QIHMY R-E YVQEX MQIHMEX. % XVIFYMX W XVIEG S PYRK
TIVMSEH HI XVER^M'MI, R GEVI S WIEQ HI GYKIXXSVM, GSRXMRYRH XVEHM'ME
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TI VIPMKME RSY E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. (IWMKYV, S KVERM' I\EGX RXVI 3PSWS3E
KVIEG #M 3PSWS3E GVI#XMR RY I\MWX. 8VIGIVIE HI PE KRHMVIE KVIEG PE
KRHMVIE GVI#XMR WI JEGI TI RIWMQ'MXI GSRGSQMXIRX GY RSYP JIVQIRX WTMVMXYEP,
EHYW HI GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR, KRHMVIE QIHMIZEP EPMQIRXRHY-WI #M HMR
WYFWXER'E KRHMVMM KVIGI#XM. (EG RW WSGMIXEXIE WGPEZEKMWX E REMRXEX S
TPIMEH RXVIEK HI KRHMXSVM IQMRIR'M, GEVI EY TYW FE^IPI GSRGIT'MIM
3PSWS3GI 170 HIWTVI PYQI, ETSM R ITSGE JIYHEPMWQYPYM R HIGYVWYP QYPXSV
WIGSPI (HMR WIG. -: TR R WIG. <:: R -RHME R TVMQIPI WIGSPI EPI IVIM RSEWXVI;
R 'VMPI )YVSTIM ETYWIRI R WIG. :-:-; R 6YWME R WIG. -<), GSRGIT'ME
HSQMRERX HIWTVI PYQI E JSWX GIE VIPMKMSEW MHIEPMWX. *MPSWS3E, PSKMGE,
#XMMR'IPI REXYVMM, PMXIVEXYVE, HI^ZSPXEVIE RXVIKMM GYPXYVM WTMVMXYEPI IVE WYTYW
MRXIVIWIPSV #M GSRXVSPYPYM FMWIVMGMM, ETVVMM #M EVKYQIRXVMM HSKQIPSV
VIPMKMSEWI. *MPSWS3E QIHMIZEP E JSWX RYQMX HI YRYP HMRXVI VITVI^IRXER'MM IM
HI ZE^ %YVIPMYW %YKYWXMRYW GE 3MRH TWMLSPSKME GLVMWXMERE.
*MPSWS3E GVI#XMR E GYRSWGYX HSY IXETI TVMRGMTEPI R IZSPY'ME WE: 1.
*MPSWS3E TEXVMWXMG (TEXVSPSKME), E TVMR'MPSV FMWIVMGMM, GEVI 'MRI HI PE QSEVXIE
PYM -WYW TR TVMR WIGSPYP EP :----PIE, GRH GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR WI VWTRHI#XI R
PYQIE KVIGS-VSQER.
4EXVMWXMGE IWXI ITSGE HI JSVQEVI E HSKQIPSV GVI#XMRI, 3PSWS3E #M VIPMKME
3MRH R WXVRW PIKXYV. %GIEWX ITSG E JSWX GSRGSQMXIRX #M S VIEG'MI ZIRMX
XSX HMR MRXIVMSVYP VIPMKMIM QTSXVMZE TEXVMWXMGMM, VITVI^IRXEX RHISWIFM HI
KRSWXMGM #M YRIPI IVI^MM, TVIGYQ EY JSWX QERMGLIMWQYP, HSREXMWQYP,
TIPEKMWQYP.
2. *MPSWS3E WGSPEWXMG (HI PE PEX. WGLSPE -#GSEP), GSRWXMXYMI ITSGE R
GEVI HSKQIPI EY JSWX HINE IPEFSVEXI, VQRRH HSEV GE IPI W 3I I\TPMGEXI
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3I HMR RSY ETVIGMEX, HEV RY QEM WX EPXYVM HI GVIHMR', GM IWXI WYTYW
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WXEFMPMX HI3RMXMZ HI XVEHM'ME ETSWXSPMG #M TEXVMWXMG, MRWTMVEX HI (YLYP 7JRX.
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ERGMPPE XLISPMKMEI (WGPEZE XISPSKMIM).
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RGITYX GIPYM GEVI TVIHE GIPI #ETXI EVXI PMFIVEPI R #GSPMPI QRWXMVI#XM
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R HI^ZSPXEVIE WTMVMXYEP E SQIRMVMM, MRGPYWMZ E PSKMGMM #M 3PSWS3IM.
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JEG HMR %VMWXSXIP 3PSWSJYP WY S3GMEP #M TVIGYVWSVYP PYM 'LVMWXSW R GLIWXMYRMPI
REXYVEPI. %VMWXSXIP HIZMRI RSVQE #M VIKYPE XYXYVSV EHIZVYVMPSV, I\TPMGEFMPI
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GEVEGXIVMWXMG E GEXSPMGMWQYPYM QIHMIZEP IVE EWTMVE'ME WTVI S HSQMRE'MI
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GEVI E HIZIRMX TSWMFMP #M HEXSVMX I\MWXIR'IM YRIM PMQFM YRMGI R GYPXYV, PMQFMM
PEXMRI.
%GIWX JETX E TIVQMW QYPXSV TVSJIWSVM W TVIHII WYGGIWMZ PE 3\JSVH, 4EVMW,
'SPSRME IXG. 9RM3GEVIE TVMR PMQF E JSWX HIWZV#MX #M TVMR YRM3GEVIE
XIVQMRSPSKMIM.
3 GEVEGXIVMWXMG HI3RMXSEVI E WGSPEWXMGMM GSRWX R EXMXYHMRIE VE'MSREP
JE' HI HSQIRMYP GIVGIXEX. 'SRJSVQ STMRMIM PYM %PFIVXYW 1EKRYW, 3PSWSJYP
XVIFYMI GE XSX GI WTYRI W WTYR GY VE'MYRI. %GIEWXE MQTYRIE S TIVJIGX
GYRSE#XIVI E MRWXVY-QIRXYPYM PSKMG, HI YRHI #M TVSZMRI EQTPSEVIE GIVGIXVMPSV
PSKMGI R ITSGE HEX. 6E'MSREPMWQYP, GY ETPMGE'ME PYM PSKMWXMG, GSRWXMXYMI S RSX
TEVEHS\EP E QIRXEPMX'MM WGSPEWXMGI. 4I HI S TEVXI, )ZYP QIHMY IWXI QMWXMG #M
XISPSKMG, TI HI EPX TEVXI, IP IWXI VE'MSREPMWX #M PSKMWX. 4VMR EWTIGXYP QMWXMG,
WGSPEWXMGE IWXI EXE#EX XVEHM'MMPSV EWMEXMGI, MEV TVMR GIP VE'MSREPMWX-PSKMWX IE
VQRI 3HIP XVEHM'MIM KVIGS-VSQERI. 8IRHMR'E VE'MSREPMWX E WGSPEWXMGMM E HEX
RE#XIVI YRIM QYP'MQM MQIRWI HI XVEXEXI HI PSKMG #M GSQIRXEVMM YRSV TVSFPIQI
HI PSKMG TI GEVI %VMWXSXIP EFME G PI IZMHIR'ME.
7GSPEWXMGE WI QTEVXI, HI SFMGIM, R TEXVY TIVMSEHI: 1. 4VIWGSPEWXMGE WEY
3PSWS3E ITSGMM 6IRE#XIVMM GEVSPMR-KMIRI, GEVI GYTVMRHI R JSRH WIG. EP -<-PIE GY
YVQVMPI PYM R WIG. EP <-PIE #M WI GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TVMRXV-YR EZRX WXMQYPEX HI
GSRXEGXIPI GY FM^ERXMRMM #M EVEFMM.
2. 7GSPEWXMGE XMQTYVMI (RGITYXYP WIG. EP <--PIE WJV#MXYP WIG. EP <---PIE)
WI GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TVMR IJSVXYP HI E EHETXE 202 PSKMGE EVMWXSXIPMG #M 3PSWS3E
TPEXSRMER #M RISTPEXSRMER PE RZ'XYVE GVI#XMR.
3. 7GSPEWXMGE QEXYV (HI PE 1200 TR PE ERYP 1340) RYQMX #M ITSGE
QEVMPSV WMWXIQI, IWXI TIVMSEHE PVKMVMM #M HIWZV#MVMM WGSPEWXMGMM, R WTIGMEP TVMR
JSPSWMVIE 3PSWS3IM EVMWXSXIPMGI, HEV TYW R WPYNFE HSKQIPSV FMWIVMGI#XM.
4. 7GSPEWXMGE XV^MI (HI PE 1340 TR PE RGITYXYP 6IRE#XIVMM) 'MRI W
3\I^I KRHMVIE QIHMIZEP QEM QYPX HI XVIGYX, HEV TVIKXI#XI, R EGIPE#M XMQT
#M 6IRE#XIVIE.
9RE HMR TVSFPIQIPI GIRXVEPI EPI 3PSWS3IM QIHMIZEPI E JSWX TVSFPIQE
REXYVMM GSRGITXIPSV KIRIVEPI TI GEVI 3PSWS3M ITSGMM S RYQIEY YRMZIVWEPME.
(MWTYXE YRMZIVWEPMPSV E GSRWXMXYMX S PEXYV TYXIVRMG E WGSPEWXMGMM, HEV TVMR
GEVI IE WI ZE VYMRE.
4VSFPIQE REXYVMM MHIMPSV KIRIVEPI E JSWX EFSVHEX #M HI KRHMXSVMM HMR
ERXMGLMXEXI. 7SGVEXI, WTVI I\IQTPY, TVSRYR'RHY-WI QTSXVMZE WGITXMGMWQYPYM
WS3#XMPSV, WYW'MRIE G EHIZVYP I\MWX, HEV IP I\MWX R RS'MYRMPI KIRIVEPI, RY R
TIVGIT'MMPI MRHMZMHYEPI. 4IVGIT'MMPI MRHMZMHYEPI HMJIV HI PE YR MRHMZMH PE EPXYP,
TVMR YVQEVI, IPI RY WYRX ZEPEFMPI TIRXVY GIM GI PI EY.
2S'MYRMPI KIRIVEPI GYTVMRH TEVXIE GSQYR E XYXYVSV TIVGIT'MMPSV
MRHMZMHYEPI, WYRX ZEPEFMPI TIRXVY XS'M SEQIRMM HISTSXVMZ #M EY, TVMR YVQEVI,
GIIE GI GSRWXMXYMI GEVEGXIVYP HMWXMRGXMZ EP EHIZVYPYM. 3V, #XMMR'E IWXI TSWMFMP,
HEG WI ZE WIVZM HI RS'MYRMPI WEY HI MHIMPI KIRIVEPI.
4PEXSR E EXVMFYMX MHIMPSV KIRIVEPI S I\MWXIR' WYFWXER'MEP, GSRWMHIVRH
G IPI WYRX RY RYQEM TVSHYWI EPI KRHMVMM RSEWXVI, GM I\MWX R EJEVE EGIWXSVE
#M R EJEVE SFMIGXIPSV KIRIVEPI.
-HIMPI KIRIVEPI EPGXYMIWG, HYT 4PEXSR, S PYQI ETEVXI, PYQIE
MRXIPMKMFMP, GEVI IWXI QEM VIEP HIGX PYQIE WIRWMFMP, GSQTYW RYQEM HMR
SFMIGXI TEVXMGYPEVI, GGM EGIWXIE RY WYRX HIGX GSTMM EPI MHIMPSV TYVI HMR
PYQIE MRXIPMKMFMP.
R )ZYP QIHMY TVSFPIQE YRMZIVWEPMMPSV E M^ZSVX HMRXV-YR GIPIFVY TEWEN GI
WI GSR'MRIE R PYGVEVIE PYM 4SV3V -RXVSHYGIVI PE GEXIKSVMMPI PYM
%VMWXSXIP (-WEKSKI), QERYEP XVEHYW HI &SIXLMYW. R EGIWX TEWEN WI REMRXE
RXVIFEVIE: KIRYVMPI #M WTIGMMPI WYRX VIEPI WEY WYRX RYQEM TPWQYMVM KSEPI #M
ZMHI EPI MRXIPIGXYPYM# 4SV3V WGVME: (IWTVI KIRYVM #M WTIGMM ZSM IZMXE W GEYX
HEG I\MWX R IPI RWIPI, SVM I\MWX RYQEM GE TYVI RS'MYRM EPI MRXIPIGXYPYM, WEY
HEG EY S I\MWXIR' GSVTSVEP WEY MRGSVTSVEP #M HEG EY S I\MWXIR' WITEVEX
HI WMQ'YVM WEY RYQEM R PYGVYVMPI WIRWMFMPI, IWXI S IRMKQ JSEVXI TVSJYRH
GEVI EV RIGIWMXE S EPX GIVGIXEVI QEM RXMRW HIGX EGIEWXE.
%GIEWX TVSFPIQ E JSWX TYW GY XSEX MRXIRWMXEXIE #M EQTPSEVIE RHEX
GI XI\XIPI PYM %VMWXSXIP EY HIZIRMX FMRI GYRSWGYXI. 0SKMGE PYM %VMWXSXIP IVE
PSKMGE YRMZIVWEPYPYM. 9RMZIVWEPYP EVMWXSXIPMG IWXI TVIPYEX HI 3PSWS3M )ZYPYM
QIHMY, GEVI HI EPXJIP P #M HI3RIWG TVMR EGIIE#M HI3RM'MI GE #M %VMWXSXIP. %WXJIP,
R STMRME PYM %PFIVXYW 1EKRYW, YRMZIVWEPYP IWXI GIIE GI, 3MRH R YRYP, TVMR
REXYVE PYM IWXI R QEM QYP'M #M HIWTVI QYP'M.
%VMWXSXIP QIR'MSRE G RY I\MWX S EPX #XMMR' HIGX GIE E YRMZIVWEPYPYM.
%GIEWX XI^ E JSWX TVIPYEX HI 3PSWS3M WGSPEWXMGM, GEVI R VITIXEXI VRHYVM
E3VQEY G #XMMR'E IWXI HIWTVI YRMZIVWEPMM, I\MWXIR'E IWXI E PYGVYVMPSV
WMRKYPEVI. 9RMZIVWEPYP HIGM HIZMRI TVSFPIQE GIRXVEP E SVMGVIM #XMMR'I,
JYRHEQIRXYP #M TYRGXYP IM HI TSVRMVI.
8VEXEXIPI HI MWXSVMI E 3PSWS3IM WMWXIQEXM^IE^ WSPY'MMPI WGSPEWXMGI
TVSTYWI R TVSFPIQE YRMZIVWEPMMPSV, IRYQIVRH HSEV XVIM WEY TEXVY WSPY'MM
TVMRGMTEPI. -SER HI 7EPIWFYV] (WIG. EP <---PIE), PSKMGMER QIHMIZEP, R PYGVEVIE WE
1IXEPSKMGYW TVSTYRI S GPEWM3GEVI GSQTPIX E EGIWXSV WSPY'MM. %YXSVYP
RYQI#XI 13 GYVIRXI R TVSFPIQE YRMZIVWEPMMPSV, TEXVY HMR IPI 3MRH TVMRGMTEPI:
RSQMREPMWQYP, GSRGITXYEPMWQYP, VIEPMWQYP XVERWGIRHIRXEP (VEHMGEP) #M VIEPMWQYP
XVMQSHEP (QSHIVEX).
6IEPMWQYP (PEX. VIEPMW WYFWXER'MEP) E3VQ G YRMZIVWEPMMPI EY S
I\MWXIR' HI WMRI WXXXSEVI (WYRX WYFWXER'I), GGM MHIMPI WTMVMXYEPI, HYT GEVI
(YQRI^IY, 3MR'E GIE QEM HIWZV#MX, GVIIE^ PYGVYVMPI TEVXMGYPEVI WIRWMFMPI,
WYRX TVSXSXMTYVM, QSHIPI EPI PYQMM WIRWMFMPI, HIGM XVIFYMI W TVIQIEVK
EGIWXSV PYGVYVM (VIW), HI YRHI TVSZMRI #M I\TVIWME HI VIEPMWQ.
%#EHEV, VIEPMWQYP WGSPEWXMG WYW'MRI G RYQEM MHIMPI, YRMZIVWEPMMPI WYRX
GY EHIZVEX VIEPMX'M.
R GEHVYP VIEPMWQYPYM WI GSR'MR HSY QSHEPMX'M HI EFSVHEVI E TVSFPIQIM
R GEY^: YRE VEHMGEP #M EPXE QSHIVEX. 6IEPMWQYP VEHMGEP (XVERWGIRHIRXEP)
IWXI YR XMT TPEXSRMG, E3VQRH G MHIMPI I\MWX MRHITIRHIRX HI PYGVYVM #M WYRX
HI S MQTSVXER' TVMQSVHMEP. %GIWXE IWXI QSHIPYP S3GMEP HI VI^SPZEVI TVSTYW
HI FMWIVMG, R WTIGMEP R WGSPEWXMGE XMQTYVMI, EZRHY-P GE TVXE#M TI )VMYKIRE
(818-877), %RWIPQ HMR 'ERXIVFYV] (1033-P109), 4IXVYW 0SQFEVHYW (1100-P160)
#.E. 3 VI^SPZEVI, R WTMVMX EVMWXSXIPMG, IWXI TVSTYW HI VIEPMWQYP QSHIVEX
(XVMQSHEP), HYT GEVI MHIMPI YRMZIVWEPI I\MWX RYQEM R PYGVYVM GE IWIR' E
PSV, GE YR KIRIVEP GSRGVIX, RY GE GIZE EFWXVEGX HIEWYTVE PYGVYVMPSV. %GIEWX
HI^PIKEVI HIZMRI TVIVI S3GMEP E FMWIVMGMM R TIVMSEHE WGSPEWXMGMM XV^MM KVE'MI
PYM %PFIVXYW 1EKRYW (1193-P280) #M 8SQEW H%UYMRS (1225-P274).
'SRGITXYEPMWQYP VITVI^MRX VI^SPZEVIE #M QEM QSHIVEX HIGX VIEPMWQYP
EVMWXSXIPMG: MHIMPI I\MWX WYFMIGXMZ, R WTMVMX, HYT PYGVYVM, GE GSRGITXI, GE
WIRWYVM PSKMGI. 3 EWXJIP HI STMRMI QTVX#IE 4MIVVI %FIPEVH (1079-P142).
2SQMREPMWQYP, HIWZV#MRH WTMVMXYP GSRGITXYEPMWQYPYM, HIZMRI GY XSXYP
STYW VIEPMWQYPYM. 9RMZIVWEPMMPI, R STMRME RSQMREPM#XMPSV, RY WYRX WYFWXER'I R
EJEV HI PYGVYVM WEY R PYGVYVM, GM RYQI (RSQMRE), ZSVFI (ZSGIW), XIVQIRM,
GEVI EY RWY#MVIE HI E WI ETPMGE PE S GEXIKSVMI HI SFMIGXI MRHMZMHYEPI,
WMRKYPEVI GI I\MWX R VIEPMXEXI. -HIMPI WYRX WMQTPI WYRIXI, WIQ-205 RI
GSRZIR'MSREPI EPI PYGVYVMPSV #M RWY#MVMPSV PSV KIRIVEPI.
2SQMREPMWQYP ETEVI RXV-S JSVQ W3SEW R PYGVVMPI JVERGI-^YPYM
6SWGIPMR (1050-P110), 3MRH TVSQSZEX QYPX QEM LSXVX R TIVMSEHE YVQXSEVI
HI ;MPPMEQ 3GGEQ (1285-P349), GSRWMHIVEX #M HMWXVYKXSVYP WGSPEWXMGMM.
7GSXYW )VMYKIRE E JSWX TVMQYP WGSPEWX HI WIEQ. 'SRGIT'ME PYM HIWTVI
PYQI I\TYW R (IWTVI HMZM^MYRIE REXYVMM ((I HMZM^MSRI REXYVEI) IVE S
GSRGIT'MI XISGIRXVMWX, MRWTMVEX HMR 3PSWS3E RISTPEXSRMWQYPYM. )P XMRHIE W
I\TPMGI PYQIE RXV-YR TVSGIW HI IQERE'MI E TVMRGMTMYPYM HMZMR.
'XVI QMNPSGYP WIG. EP -<-PIE )VMYKIRE I RYQMX HI 'EVSP 4PI#YZYP R
JVYRXIE %GEHIQMIM 4EPEXMRI HMR 4EVMW, VQRRH W XVMEWG PE GYVXIE VIKIPYM.
'Y QSEVXIE PYM 'EVSP HMWTEVI #M TIVWSERE PYM )VMYKIRE HI TI EVIRE MWXSVMG. 2Y
EZIQ MRJSVQE'MM I\EGXI HIWTVI YPXMQMM ERM HI ZME' EM PYM. (YT YRIPI HEXI,
)VMYKIRE EV 3 JSWX GLIQEX HI %PJVIH GIP 1EVI PE 3\JSVH, MEV QEM XV^MY EV 3
R3MR'EX S #GSEP PE 1EPQIWFYV] #M EV 3 QYVMX YGMW HI IPIZMM WM. 'SRJSVQ EPXSV
MRJSVQE'MM, )VMYKIRE EV 3 QYVMX R *VER'E, GEQ R EGIPE#M XMQT GY TVSXIGXSVYP
WY 'EVSP 4PI#YZYP. %Q ^MW TVSXIGXSVYP WY, TIRXVY G, GSRHEQREX HI HSY
7MRSEHI (R 859 #M R 885) TIRXVY IVI^MI, 7GSXYW )VMYKIRE #M-E TYXYX WEPZE
ZME'E RYQEM KVE'MI TVSXIG'MIM VIKIPYM E GVYM #GSEP S GSRHYGIE.
(I 4VEIHIWXMREXMSRI )VMYKIRE E WGVMW-S PE GIVIVIE E HSM ITMWGSTM WTVI E
GSQFEXI S IVI^MI, G^RH IP RWY#M R IVI^MI #M 3MRH GSQFXYX HI GIM GI P-EY
RHIQREX W WGVMI EGIEWX PYGVEVI. 8VEHYGIVIE HMR KVIGI#XI R PEXMRI#XI E
WGVMIVMPSV PYM (MSRMWMI %VMSTEKMXYP #M EPI PYM 1E\MQ 1XVYVMWMXSVYP (580-662) E
EZYX S MR4YIR' GSZV#MXSEVI EWYTVE GSRGIT'MMPSV, TI GEVI )VMYKIRE PI-E
HI^ZSPXEX R STIVE WE TVMRGMTEP (I HMZM^MSRI REXYVEI. 4VMR 7GSXYW )VMYKIRE,
KRHMVIE QIHMIZEP SGGMHIRXEP E JGYX YR VIQEVGEFMP TEW WTVI R'IPIKIVIE
PYQMM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP RISTPEXSRMWQYPYM.
)VMYKIRE #M-E HEX WIEQE G MQEKMRIE PYQMM TI GEVI S GSR-WXMXYMWI
RISTPEXSRMWQYP GSR'MRIE S MQTSVXERX XVWXYV GSQYR GY GSRGIT'ME
GVI#XMR HIWTVI PYQI. %WIQIRIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RISTPEXSRMWQYP IPEFSVEWI S
GSRGIT'MI XISGIRXVMG E 9RMZIVWYPYM. %XX R RISTPEXSRMWQ, GX #M R GVI#XMRMWQ,
9RMZIVWYP, TVMRXV-S QM#GEVI HYFP HI GSFSVVI #M YVGEVI, TYVGIHI HMR HMZMRMXEXI
#M WI RXSEVGI R HMZMRMXEXI. )VMYKIRE E WIWM^EX R EGIPE#M XMQT #M HISWIFMVIE GI
WITEV GVI#XMRMWQYP HI RISTPEXSRMWQ: PE RISTPEXSRMGMIRM, QSQIRXIPI
WYGGIWMZI EPI TVSGIWYPYM HIVMZ YRYP HMR EPXYP R GLMT RIGIWEV, REXYVEP #M
ZI#RMG; R GSRGIT'ME GVI#XMR HMZIVWIPI QSQIRXI WYRX GSRWXMXYMXI HI YR #MV HI
IZIRMQIRXI MWXSVMGI, HIXIVQMREXI 3IGEVI HI S PMFIV MRM'MEXMZ: GVIE'MI,
GHIVI R TGEX, QRXYMVI, ZME' ZI#RMG MEX TVMRGMTEPIPI QSQIRXI EPI
MWXSVMIM PYQMM E#E GYQ S GSRGITI GVI#XMRMWQYP.
(I HMZM^MSRI REXYVEI, EVXRH R WTMVMX RISTPEXSRMG GYQ TYVGIHI
GVIEXYVE HMR (YQRI^IY #M GYQ WI RXSEVGI IE R (YQRI^IY, GSRWMHIV WXEVIE
HI HYT GHIVIE R TGEX E SQYPYM GE PMQMX I\XVIQ E HMZM^MYRMM #M
RHITVXVMM I\MWXIR'IM (E I\MWXIR'IM R KIRIVEP, RY RYQEM E SQYPYM) HI TVMQYP
TVMRGMTMY.
-EV QRXYMVIE IWXI, R GSRGIT'ME PYM )VMYKIRE, RGITYXYP YRMYRMM 3REPI
E 3MR'IPSV YRIPI GY EPXIPI #M GY (YQRI^IY.
%GIEWX HYFP QM#GEVI, HI GSFSVVI #M YVGEVI, EVI R HSGXVMRE PYM
)VMYKIRE S HYFP WIQRM3GE'MI. 'IE HMRXM, QEM PE WYTVEJE', I\TVMQ MHIIE
HMZM^MYRMM REXYVMM GE HIWGSQTYRIVI E YRYM XSX R TV'MPI WEPI, HMZM^MYRI JGYX
GSRJSVQ XYXYVSV VIKY-PMPSV HMZM^MYRMM PSKMGI (E KIRYPYM R WTIGMMPI WEPI). 'IE HI-
E HSYE WIQRM3GE'MI, QEM TVSJYRH HIGX TVMQE, TVMR MHIIE GSFSVVMM HMRXV-YR
TVMRGMTMY YRMG GXVI RIRYQVEXI WTIGMM TEVXMGYPEVI #M E YVGVMM HI PE EGIWXI
WTIGMM PE TVMRGMTMYP GI PI YRI#XI 207 RXV-YR XSX YRMXEV, I\TVMQ GSRGITXYP
SVKERM^VMM MIVEVLMGI E 9RMZIVWYPYM, GSRGITX EXX HI WGYQT KRHMXSVMPSV
QIHMIZEPM.
(YQRI^IY, GSRJSVQ PYM )VMYKIRE, E GVIEX PYQIE R SVHMRIE KIRIVEPMX'MM
HIWGVIWGRHI E GEXIKSVMMPSV HI I\MWXIR'.
+IRYVMPI EY PYEX RE#XIVI EWXJIP REMRXIE WTIGMMPSV, MEV WTIGMMPI REMRXIE
MRHMZM^MPSV. +IRYVMPI #M WTIGMMPI JSVQEY HIGM I\MWXIR'I ERXIVMSEVI #M WYTIVMSEVI
MRHMZM^MPSV. :ME'E ZI#RMG E PYM (YQRI^IY ZE EFWSVFM QSEVXIE, MEV JIVMGMVIE PYM
ZE WXMRKI QM^IVME.
4VMR RXSEVGIVIE PE (YQRI^IY SQIRMVIE RXVIEK IWXI QRXYMX #M I S
REMZMXEXI W GVI^M G I\MWX GLMRYVM ZI#RMGI #M MEH WYFXIVER. -EHYP, GE #M VEMYP,
RY WYRX PSGYVM, GM WXVM WY4IXI#XM, YRE HI JIVMGMVI, TVSHYW HI QRXYMVIE
VIEPM^EX, GIEPEPX HI QM^IVMI QSVEP, TVSZIRMX HMR HSVMR'E RG RIQTPMRMX
E QRXYMVMM. R HSKQE GVI#XMR (YQRI^IY IWXI GSRGITYX GE S 3MR'
XVERWGIRHIRX, TIVWSREPMXEXI GVIEXSEVI E PYQMM, WMXYEX R EJEVE PYQMM. R
HSGXVMRE PYM )VMYKIRE, HMQTSXVMZ, 9RMZIVWYP WI GSRJYRH GY (YQRI^IY:
((YQRI^IY I R XSEXI, IP HIZMRI XSXYP, XSXYP I TEVXMGMTEV PE IWIR'E PYM),
HIGM (YQRI^IY GE GVIEXSV EP 9RMZIVWYPYM HIZMRI 9RMZIVW GVIEX (TERXIMWQ).
&MWIVMGE TVSTEKE MHIIE GVIE'MIM HMR RMQMG (GVIE'MS I\ RMLMPS); GVIE'ME PYQMM
IWXI YR IZIRMQIRX MWXSVMG, EVI PSG R XMQT. R GSRGIT'ME PYM )VMYKIRE,
HMQTSXVMZ, PYQIE IWXI TVSHYWYP YRYM TVSGIW HI IQERE'MI HMR (YQRI^IY,
IQERE'MI EXIQTSVEP GSIVIRX GY (YQRI^IY.
'Y XSEXI G XIQE JYRHEQIRXEP E GVIE'MIM GVI#XMRI EFSVHEX HI
)VMYKIRE E JSWX VIPYEX QIVIY HI KRHMVIE )ZYPYM QIHMY, FMWIVMGE GEXSPMG PE
QMNPSGYP WIG. EP <--PIE #M RGITYXYP WIG. EP <---PIE E EVYRGEX HI HSY SVM TI VYK
PYGVEVIE (I HMZM^MSRI REXYVEI, EYXSVYP IM 3MRH WSGSXMX YR IVIXMG.
9R VSP MQTSVXERX R HI^ZSPXEVIE KRHMVMM WGSPEWXMGI ETEV'MRI ITMWGSTYPYM
%RWIPQ HMR 'ERXIVFYV]. 'SRXMRYRH XVEHM'ME EYKYWXMRMER, %RWIPQ ZIHIE GEPIE
WYTVIQ HI SF'MRIVI E 208 EHIZVYPYM R GVIHMR'. 2YQEM TVMR GVIHMR' SQYPYM
M WYRX EGGIWMFMPI HSKQIPI FMWIVMGI#XM. %ZRH GVIHMR' #M QTMRW HI GVIHMR',
SQYP XMRHI W-#M I\TPMGI HSKQIPI, W XVERWTYR EHIZVYP PSV TI TPER VE'MSREP.
%WXJIP, VE'MYRIE ETEVI PE %RWIPQ GE YR MRXIVQIHMEV HMRXVI GVIHMR'E TYV #M
ZM^MYRIE HMVIGX TI GEVI GIM EPI#M S ZSV EZIE HIWTVI HMZMRMXEXI. %3VQRH G
VE'MYRIE TVMQI#XI XSXYP HMR EJEV, %RWIPQ M XKHYME HI JETX SVMGI GETEGMXEXI
HI MRM'MEXMZ VIEP R GIVGIXEVIE EHIZVYPYM.
%RWIPQ E JSWX TPEXSRMGMER: YRMZIVWEPMMPI TSWIH, R STMRME WE, S I\MWXIR'
HI WMRI WXXXSEVI, RY WYRX R MRHMZM^M, GM GSRWXMXYMI S PYQI R WMRI (VIEPMWQ
XVERWGIRHIRXEP).
%RWIPQ E REMRXEX HIQSRWXVE'ME SRXSPSKMG E I\MWXIR'IM PYM (YQRI^IY,
VIPYEX R ITSGE QSHIVR HI (IWGEVXIW #M 0IMFRM^.
3EQIRMM EY R QMRXIE PSV RS'MYRIE YRIM 3MR'I TIVJIGXI #M HI EMGM
GSRGPY^ME: *MMR'E GEVI IWXI EWXJIP, RGX RMQMG QEM TVIWYW HI IE RY TSEXI 3
KRHMX, RY TSEXI I\MWXE RYQEM R MRXIPMKIR'.
3V, MHIIE 3MR'IM WYTVIQI TI GEVI S TYXIQ GSRGITI MQTPMG R IE GY
RIGIWMXEXI #M MHIIE HI I\MWXIR' VIEP.
3 I\TVIWMI E MRHITIRHIR'IM HI GYKIXEVI S KWMQ R STIVE WGSPEWXYPYM
MXEPMER 4IXVYW 0SQFEVHYW, GEVI #M-E TVSTYW W I\EQMRI^I HSKQIPI GVI#XMRI GY
MRXIR'ME GYZMSEW HI E RPXYVE RHSMIPMPI HMR IPI #M HI E ENYRKI PE GIVXMXYHMRI.
R PYGVEVIE WE 'V'MPI GYKIXXSVMPSV 4IXVYW 0SQFEVHYW R#MVE QSXMZIPI TIRXVY
#M QSXMZIPI GSRXVE, GY TVMZMVI PE 3IGEVI HMR RHSMIPMPI GI WI VMHMGEY R JE'E
HSKQIPSV. (YT EGIEWXE, GEYX W QTEGI RHSMIPMPI I\MWXIRXI YRIPI GY EPXIPI
#M W ENYRK PE S GSRGPY^MI GI ZE TVSHYGI PMRM#XIE HSVMX HI WY4IXIPI
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"XMMR'E IWXI RIWMKYV R EHIZVYVMPI WEPI. 2YQEM GVIHMR'E TSEXI 3 EFWSPYX
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WYTVIQYP EHIZV, MEV 3PSWS3E EVMWXSXIPMG IWXI EHIZVEXE MRXIVTVIXEVI E
GVIHMR'IM. )P #M-E TVSTYW W GSQIRXI^I RXVIEKE STIV E 7XENMVM-XYPYM R XVIM
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GSQIRXEVMY, R GEVI STIVE PYM %VMWXSXIP IWXI I\TPMGEX JVE^ GY JVE^; 8EPOMW
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(MR MHIMPI WEPI 3PSWS3GI ZSQ QIR'MSRE YVQXSEVIPI: RGIVGEVIE HI E-P
VIHE TI %VMWXSXIP QEM EYXIRXMG, WSGSXMRH G GIP TVI^IRXEX HI KRHMXSVMM EVEFM
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8ISVME GIPSV HSY EHIZVYVM, YRYP TVSZIRMRH HMR GYRSE#XIVIE MRXYMXMZ
(HMZMR), MEV EPXYP HMR GIE YQER. %GIWXSV EHIZVYVM PI GSVIWTYRH HSY
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TSEXI W RY 3I EHIZVEX TIRXVY 3PSWS3I #M MRZIVW.
4IRXVY E ETVSFE EGIWXI HSY EHIZVYVM, %ZIVVSIW VIGSQERH
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'IP QEM MQTSVXERX HSGYQIRX WGVMW HMR ITSGE JIYHEP, GEVI RI TIVQMXI
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GEVI E HSQMREX R -EVE 6SQRIEWG R 1512-P521. 'Y XSEXIE EGIWXIE, 2IEKSI,
WMRXIXM^RH XVEHM'ME FM^ERXMR WYF VETSVXYP KRHMVMM TSPMXMGI, MRGPYHI R WJIVE
TVISGYTVMPSV WEPI #M QYPXMTPI TVSFPIQI GI HIT#IWG VIEPMX'MPI TSPMXMGI
MQIHMEXI, XVERWJSVQRH STIVE R GIE HMRXM GEVXI 3PSWS3G R PMXIVEXYVE
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(IR#Y#IERY. -WXSVME PMXIVEXYVMM VSQRI. 'YVW PMXSKVE3EX, 1998, T. 306-307.
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7IGSPIPI <-:-<:- WI GSRWXMXYMI GE ITSG HI R4SVMVI E GYPXYVMM FM^ERXMRI #M
WPEZI. R EGIWX VWXMQT WYRX GSTMEXI WYXI HI QERYWGVMWI KVIGI#XM, QEM EPIW
WPEZSRI, RW XSX EGYQ WI JEG TVMQIPI XVEHYGIVM HI WGVMIVM FMWIVMGI#XM R
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QEVM MIVEVLM, GPIVMGM GVXYVEVM #M E ZSMIZS^MPSV E4E'M PE GVQE ZMI'MM FMWIVMGI#XM HI
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:SP. --, T. 141.
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GY EXX RSM, SEQIRMM, RI ZSQ E4E QEM ETVSETI HI EHIZV.
9RMZIVWYP IWXI GVIE'ME PYM (YQRI^IY #M, XSXSHEX WPE#YP PYM
(YQRI^IY. (YQRI^IY IWXI MQERIRX PYQMM, IP IWXI RXV-YR JIP EFWSPYX R XSX
GIIE GI IWXI RXV-YR JIP VIWXVRW. 4VSGIWYP HI XVIGIVI HI PE (YQRI^IY PE
PYQI, EHMG HI GVIEVI E PYQMM IWXI TVI^IRXEX HI 'YWERYW GE S HIWJ#YVEVI
HMR (YQRI^IY E XSX GI WI GSR'MRI VIWXVRW, RGLMW R IP. 'VIEVIE PYQMM IWXI
VITVI^IRXEX GE S EYXSHIWJ#YVEVI E EFWSPYXYPYM, TSXIR'E GVIEXSEVI E PYM
(YQRI^IY VQRRH MRITYM^EFMP.1 8SX E#E GYQ PMRME HVIETX IWXI VI^YPXEXYP
HIWJ#YVVMM TYRGXYPYM, XMQTYP EP HIWJ#YVVMM GPMTIM, QM#GEVIE EP
HIWJ#YVVMM VITESWYPYM, PYQIE IWXI S HIWJ#YVEVI E TVSTVMIM IWIR'I,
GSQTVMQEXI R (YQRI^IY.
(MR MHIRXM3GEVIE PYQMM, E 9RMZIVWYPYM GY (YQRI^IY 1 Hnkonan
Kysancknn. HspannLe qnnocoqckne connennn. M., 1937, T. 294, 295.
'YWERYW HIGMHI G 9RMZIVWYP R-EVI QEVKMRM, G 4QRXYP RY IWXI GIRXVYP
9RMZIVWYPYM (GIRXVYP IWXI (YQRI^IY), G GMVGYQJIVMR'E 4QRXYPYM RY
VITVI^MRX S WJIV HI WXIPI RIQM#GEXI (GYQ WYW'MRIEY WGSPE#XMM). 4QRXYP #M
WXIPIPI RY WYRX MQSFMPI, IPI WI E4 RXV-S RIGSRXIRMX QM#GEVI, WYW'MRIE
'YWERYW.
%GIEWXE E JSWX S XIRXEXMZ RHV^RIE' HI E GSQFEXI VITVI^IRXVMPI
XVEHM'MSREPI KISGIRXVMGI HIWTVI PYQI.
0YQIE, 9RMZIVWYP IWXI GIE QEM QVIE' GVIE'MI E PYM (YQRI^IY.
*VYQYWI'IE PYQMM, GI WI QERMJIWX R GSI^MYRI YRMZIVWEP E XSX GI I\MWX, RI
HIQSRWXVIE^ QMIWXVME PYM (YQRI^IY, GEVI R TVSGIWYP GVIE'MIM E JSPSWMX
QEXIQEXMGE, KISQIXVME, QY^MGE, EWXVSRSQME IXG.
8SEXI #XMMR'IPI #M EVXIPI TI GEVI PI JSPSWIWG SEQIRMM EXYRGM GRH
WXYHME^ VETSVXYVMPI HMRXVI PYGVYVM, IPIQIRXI #M QM#GVM.1 'IE QEM WYTIVMSEV #M
QEM QVIE' GVIEXYV E PYM (YQRI^IY IWXI SQYP. 2EXYVE SQYPYM IWXI YR
QMGVSGSWQSW, IE IWXI S TIVJIG'MYRI EFWSPYX MHIRXMG GY HMZMRMXEXIE. (EV R
3IGEVI SQ GSRGVIX EGIEWX REXYV, EGIEWX IWIR' TIVJIGX WI QERMJIWX
HSEV TEV'MEP, WYF HMJIVMXI EWTIGXI. 3 QERMJIWXEVI HITPMR E REXYVMM HMZMRI E
SQYPYM IWXI TSWMFMP RYQEM R 3YP PYM (YQRI^IY 'LVMWXSW.
6E'MYRIE, QMRXIE SQYPYM IWXI S MQEKMRI RSFMP E PYM (YQRI^IY GI
TSWIH GETEGMXEXIE HI E GYRSE#XI PYQIE I\XIVMSEV GEVXIE HMZMR, R GEVI
(YQRI^IY WI HIWXMRYMI#XI.
4VSGIWYP HI GYRSE#XIVI, WTYRI 'YWERYW, TSVRI#XI HI PE WIR^E'MM GEVI,
3MRH EREPM^EXI GY ENYXSVYP MQEKMRE'MIM #M VE'MYRMM, TIVQMX MRXIPIGXYPYM W GVII^I
RS'MYRM. 'YRSE#XIVIE IWXI GSRGITYX HI IP GE YR TVSGIW HI EWGIRWMYRI HI PE
GYRSE#XIVIE SFMIGXIPSV 3RMXI WTVI GYRSE#XIVIE IWIR'IPSV PSV MR3RMXI, IWIR'I
HMZMRI R GEVI GSRXVEVMMPI GSMRGMH. (EV RMGM WIR^E'MMPI #M RMGM VE'MYRIE RY TSX
JEGI TSWMFMP GYRSE#XIVIE GSMRGMHIR'IM GSRXVEVMMPSV, EGIEWXE 3MRH EGGIWMFMP
HSEV MRXYM'MIM MRXIPIGXYEPI.
1 Hnkonan Kysancknn. 3T. 'X., T. 106.
4VSGIWYP HI GYRSE#XIVI IWXI MR3RMX. 6E'MYRIE IWXI XSX EXX HI ETVSETI
HI EHIZV, TVIGYQ TSPMKSRYP RWGVMW RXV-S GMVGYQJIVMR' HI EGIEWX
GMVGYQJIVMR', HEX 3MRH G GY GX QEM QEVI IWXI RYQVYP HI PEXYVM EPI
TSPMKSRYPYM RWGVMW GY EXX QEM QYPX IP WI ETVSTMI HI GMVGYQJIVMR', HEV
RMGMSHEX RY WI XVERWJSVQ R IE. 4VMR EGIEWX EREPSKMI 'YWERYW I\TVMQ
MHIIE HIWTVI GEVEGXIVYP MR3RMX EP GYRSE#XIVMM, GSQFXRH EWXJIP XI^E WGSPEWXMGMM
QIHMIZEPI HIWTVI TSWMFMPMXEXIE HSFRHMVMM YRSV GYRS#XMR'I EFWSPYXI.
R GSRGPY^MI ZSQ QIR'MSRE G R GSRGIT'ME PYM 'YWERYW IWXI TYXIVRMG
GSRXYVEX ZEPSEVIE TIVWSREPMX'MM, ZEPSEVIE SQYPYM GSRGITYX GE QMGVSGSWQSW,
JETX GI P GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TI EGIWX KRHMXSV GE TI YR EHIZVEX VITVI^IRXERX EP
6IRE#XIVMM. R PSGYP GVIHMR'IM SEVFI 'YWERYW YXMPM^IE^ TVSGIHII QEXIQEXMGI
HI HIQSRWXVEVI E IWIR'IM PYM (YQRI^IY #M E 9RMZIVWYPYM. 'SRGITIVIE
9RMZIVWYPYM GE MR3RMX TSXIR'MEP, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI (YQRI^IY GE MR3RMX
EFWSPYX, E JSWX VIPYEX HI GXVI 6. (IWGEVXIW TIRXVY HIQSRWXVEVIE MR3RMX'MM
9RMZIVWYPYM.
-HIMPI RISTPEXSRMWQYPYM R )TSGE 6IRE#XIVMM EY JSWX HI^ZSPXEXI #M HI
%GEHIQME 4PEXSRMER HMR *PSVIR'E R JVYRXI GY 1EVWMPMS *MGMRS (1433 1499).
1EVWMPMS *MGMRS YR SQ QMG HI WXEXYV, ETVSETI KLIFSW, IVE XSXSHEX
JSEVXI IRIVKMG, IVYHMX, TIVWSREPMXEXI HI GYPXYV I\GIT'MSREP #M YR QEVI
TVIWXMKMY QSVEP. )P E XVEHYW STIVIPI PYM 4PEXSR (1477), EPI PYM 4PSXMR (1485) #M
EPI EPXSV TPEXSRMIRM R PEXMR #M PI-E RWS'MX GY GSQIRXEVMM, MRXIR'MSRRH W
EVQSRM^I^I MHIMPI TPEXSRMGI GY GSRGIT'ME GVI#XMR. R PYGVVMPI 6IPMKME
GVI#XMR, 8ISPSKME TPEXSRMER, (IWTVI ZME', 7GVMWSVM IXG. *MGMRS E3VQ
G 3PSWS3E RY IWXI S WPYNMXSEVI E XISPSKMIM, GM S WSV E VIPMKMIM. *MPSWS3E
XVIFYMI W WYFWXMXYMI XISPSKME, 3MRH, R ZM^MYRIE PYM, S VIPMKMI WEZERX,
GETEFMP W HI^ZPYMI EHIZVYVMPI IXIVRI EPI GVIHMR'IM. %WXJIP, IP WSGSXIE G
RISTPEXSRMWQYP IWXI YR WGLMQF HIWXSMRMG EP XISPSKMIM WGSPEWXMGI.
R GIRXVYP EXIR'MIM 3PSWS3IM PYM *MGMRS WI E4 TVSFPIQE GSVETSVXYPYM
HMRXVI (YQRI^IY #M REXYV, (YQRI^IY #M SQ.
(YQRI^IY E JYVMX PYQIE GEVI, HYT TVIVIE PYM *MGMRS, VIWTIGX
YVQXSEVIE MIVEVLMI: XVIETXE WYTIVMSEV IWXI (YQRI^IY, ETSM YVQIE^
VE'MYRIE RKIVIEWG, HYT GEVI WY4IXYP 9RMZIVWYPYM #M GIE QEM MRJIVMSEV
XVIETX PYQIE QEXIVMIM. (YQRI^IY IWXI GEY^E TVMQSVHMEP #M M^ZSVYP
I\MWXIR'IM, IP GYTVMRHI R WMRI XSXYP. (YQRI^IY IWXI MHIRXMG GY REXYVE
YRMZIVWEP E PYGVYVMPSV. 0YQMREX HI IQERE'ME HMZMR, VE'MYRIE RKIVIEWG
3\IE^ JSVQIPI PYGVYVMPSV GEVI YVQIE^ E 3 GVIEXI, VITVI^IRXRH EWXJIP S
PYQI E MHIMPSV, S RGTIVI E JSVQIPSV S TVMQ RXVYGLMTEVI E 'SWQSWYPYM.
6E'MYRIE RKIVIEWG TI FE^E MHIMPSV GVIIE^ WY4IXYP 9RMZIVWYPYM GEY^E ZMI'MM
#M QM#GVMM 'SWQSWYPYM, E XYXYVSV PYGVYVMPSV. %MGM PE *MGMRS IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI
EYXSQM#GEVIE 'SWQSWYPYM. 7Y4IXYP 9RMZIVWYPYM GVIIE^ PYQIE QEXIVMEP. RXVI
GVIEXSV #M GVIE'MMPI WEPI I\MWX S GSRXMRY PIKXYV, YR GYVIRX GSRXMRYY
-YFMVIE, GEVI VITVI^MRX GEY^E TVMRGMTEP GI XVERWJSVQ ,ESWYP R 'SWQSW.
-YFMVIE, EGIEWX JSV' QEKMG, EG'MSRIE^ R RXVIK 9RMZIVWYP: QEKRIXYP
EXVEKI 3IVYP, 0YRE QM#G ETIPI, 7SEVIPI RHVIETX 4SVMPI #M JVYR^IPI WTVI IP
IXG. R PYQI -YFMVIE WI QERMJIWX R JSVQ HI *VYQYWI'I. 0YQIE IWXI GIE QEM
JVYQSEW GVIE'MI E PYM (YQRI^IY, I\MWXIR'E IM IWXI S TPGIVI. 4VI^IR'E
GSRXMRY E PYM (YQRI^IY R PYQI WI QERMJIWX TVMR PYQMRE GEVI WI VIZEVW
TIWXI XSX. %#EHEV, PYQIE, R ZM^MYRIE RISTPEXSRMIRMPSV 4SVIR-XMRMIRM, RY IWXI S
RIKEVI E PYM (YQRI^IY WEY XVIETXE MRJIVMSEV E GVIE'MIM PYM, GM, HMQTSXVMZ,
PYQIE IWXI MQEKMRIE QMRYREX E PYM (YQRI^IY HIWGLMW GYRSE#XIVMM.
3QYP IWXI GSRGITYX HI *MGMRS GE S GYRYR E GVIE'MIM, GE REXYV
WYTIVMSEV. 3QYP TSEXI W-#M WYTYR, W HMVMNI^I EXX REXYVE ZMI, GX #M
REXYVE QSEVX; IP IWXI WMRKYVYP GEVI EVI GETEGMXEXIE HI E WI GVQYM TI WMRI
RWY#M, E-#M GSRHYGI JEQMPME, E RXIQIME WXEXYP, E HSQRM TIWXI TSTSEVI #M
RXVIEKE 273 VSXE'MI TQRXIER.1 'IE QEM MQTSVXERX XVWXYV E SQYPYM
IWXI XIRHMR'E WTVI PMFIVXEXI. *MMRH RWGYX W HSQRIEWG, SQYP RY TSEXI WYJIVM
VSFME. 4VMR GETEGMXEXIE WE HI E GYRSE#XI REXYVE, QM#GEVIE E#XVMPSV GIVI#XM, HI
E GEPGYPE #M GLMEV TVIZIHIE EGIEWX QM#GEVI SQYP WI EWIEQR GY (YQRI^IY.
9R EHIZVEX MQR SQYPYM PMFIV IWXI #M GVIE'ME YRYM EPX QIQFVY EP
%GEHIQMIM 4PEXSRMIRI HMR *PSVIR'E +MSZERRM 4MGS HIPPE 1MVERHSPE (1463
1494). 4MGS HIPPE 1MVERHSPE YRYP HMRXVI GIM QEM RZ'E'M SEQIRM EM XMQTYPYM,
HIZMRI GIPIFVY TVMR TYFPMGEVIE R E. 1486 E 900 HI XI^I EWYTVE YRSV WYFMIGXI
HMR HMJIVMXI HSQIRMM EPI #XMMR'IM R GEVI WI GSR'MRI, HI JETX, IWIR'E GSRGIT'MIM
WEPI 3PSWS3GI. R GEPMXEXI HI MRXVSHYGIVI PE EGIWXI XI^I IP E WGVMW XVEXEXYP
(IWTVI HIQRMXEXIE SQYPYM R GEVI E IPSKMEX JSV'E GVIEXSEVI E SQYPYM #M
R^YMR'E EGIWXYME HI E GYRSE#XI XEMRIPI 9RMZIVWYPYM.
4MGS E VIWTMRW EWXVSPSKME, GEVI GSRGITIE SQYP GE TI YR VSF EP
TVIHIWXMRE'MIM GIVI#XM. 4IVWSREPMXEXIE YQER IWXI PMFIV, WYW'MRIE IP. 'SVTYVMPI
GIVI#XM RY EY RMGM S MR4YIR' QEKMG EWYTVE SQYPYM; ZME'E PYM HIGYVKI HSEV R
HITIRHIR' HI VETSVXYVMPI REXYVEPI. (YQRI^IY M-E HEX TSWMFMPMXEXI SQYPYM
WMRKYV W-#M EPIEK RJ'M#EVIE #M PSGYP R MIVEVLME IWIR'IPSV.
%RMQEPIPI QS#XIRIWG TVMR IVIHMXEXI RWY#MVMPI PSV, ^IMM WI REWG TIVJIG'M #M
RYQEM SQYP TSEXI W-#M JYVIEWG WSEVXE HYT TPEGYP WY. (EXSVMX EGIWXYM
JETX, SQYP TSEXI W WI VMHMGI TR PE WXIPI #M RKIVM, TR PE EWIQREVIE GY
^IMM, HEV TSEXI #M W HIGEH, W WI RNSWIEWG TR PE WXEVIE ERMQEPMG.
0MFIVXEXIE HI E EPIKI WX PE FE^E SVMGVIM JETXI, TVIGYQ #M PE FE^E ETVIGMIVMM IM
QSVEPI. 2EXYVE SQYPYM, QIR'MSRIE^ 4MGS, IWXI R TIVQERIRX HIZIRMVI #M
VI^YPX HMR EPIKIVIE JGYX HI WMRI WXXXSV, GSR#XMIRX #M GY REPX WMQ' EP
VIWTSRWEFMPMX'MM. 3QYP 1 *MGMRS 1. 8LISPSKMI TPEXSRMGMIRRI HI PMQQSVXEPMX
HIW QIW.
4EVMW, 1964-P970, ZSP. --, T. 225-226. *SVXYREI WYEI MTWI JEFIV IWXI
JYVMXSVYP TVSTVMIM WEPI WSEVXI, TVSTVMIM WEPI JIVMGMVM EGIEWX QE\MQ E PYM 4MGS
HIPPE 1MVERHSPE I\TVMQ PEGSRMG IWIR'E GSRGIT'MIM PYM 3PSWS3GI.
%VMWXSXIPMWQYP HMR )TSGE 6IRE#XIVMM IWXI VITVI^IRXEX GIP QEM EQTPY R
GVIE'ME PYM 4MIXVS 4SQTSRE^^M (1462 1525).
4SQTSRE^^M E EFWSPZMX 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 4EHSZE YRHI YR XMQT E TVIHEX
3PSWS3E, XVIGRH HMR 1512 PE 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR &SPSKRE. 3TIVIPI TVMRGMTEPI EPI
PYM 4. 4SQTSRE^^M WYRX: (IWTVI MQSVXEPMXEXIE WY4IXYPYM (1516), (IWTVI
GEY^IPI JIRSQIRIPSV REXYVEPI (1520), (IWTVI JEXYQ, PMFIVYP EVFMXVY #M
TVIHIWXMRE'MI (1520) IXG. *MMRH YR TIVMTEXIXMGMER GSRZMRW, VIGYRSWGYX HVITX
GTIXIRME EVMWXSXIPMGMPSV QSHIVRM, 4SQTSRE^^M RY YVQE XSXY#M SVFI#XI 3PSWS3E
7XEKMVMXYPYM; IP IVE GETEFMP W WI HI^MG HI PE EGIPI XI^I EPI PYM %VMWXSXIP GEVI
ZIRIEY R GSRXVEHMG'MI GY HEXIPI I\TIVMQIRXEPI WEY GY EVKYQIRXIPI VE'MYRMM.
3 XI^ RHVKMX HI 4SQTSRE^^M IVE QE\MQE PYM 7SGVEXI: )Y #XMY RYQEM
EGIIE G RY #XMY RMQMG. )P RY HSKQEXM^E EYXSVMX'MPI, TYXIE W-#M TIVQMX PE
PIG'MM W WTYR G *MPSWSJYP (EHMG %VMWXSXIP) #M 'SQIRXEXSVYP (EHMG %ZIVVSIW)
IVEY SEQIRM #M, HIGM, TYXIEY W KVI#IEWG. (IWTVI 8SQE H%UYMRS
4SQTSRE^^M WTYRIE G VE'MSREQIRXIPI EGIWXYME WYRX JEPWI, MQTSWMFMPI, QEM
HIKVEF EQKIPM #M VXGMVM, HIGX VI^SPZEVI E TVSFPIQIM, EMYVIPM #M EQKIPM
GSTMPVI#XM.
9RE HMRXVI TVSFPIQIPI 3PSWS3GI GIPI QEM EGXYEPI EPI XMQTYPYM IVE
GSVIPE'ME HMRXVI GVIHMR' #M VE'MYRI. 4SQTSRE^^M S VI^SPZ HI TI TS^M'MMPI
XISVMIM EHIZVYPYM HYFPY. 4IRXVY 3PSWS3I EHIZVYP IWXI GIP GTXEX TI GEPIE
GYRSE#XIVMM VE'MSREPI, FE^EXI TI WIR^E'MM. 6IPMKME, RW, RY-P RMGM EHIZVEX,
RMGM JEPW, IE VITVI^MRX YR VIKYPEQIRX YXMP TIRXVY E QIR'MRI QSVEPMXEXIE R
TSTSVYP WMQTPY, EVI QIRMVIE TIVJIG'MSRVMM QSVEPI E SEQIRMPSV #M RMGMHIGYQ
GYRSE#XIVIE PYQMM #M JYVRM-^EVIE HEXIPSV HIWTVI IE. 4SQTSRE^^M WI QERMJIWX
GE EHITX TIVWIZIVIRX EP MRHITIRHIR'IM 3PSWS3IM HI XISPSKMI.
6E'MSREQIRXIPI HI SVHMR KRSWISPSKMG EPI PYM 4SQTSRE^^M WYRX R QEVI
QWYV WMQMPEVI GY EPI PYM %VMWXSXIP. %QFMM KRHMXSVM QIR'MSRIE^
MQTSWMFMPMXEXIE I\MWXIR'IM KRHMVMM JV GSVT, JV WIR^E'MM #M VITVI^IRXVM.
6E'MYRIE IWXI RIHIWTV'MX HI QEXIVMI, MRWITEVEFMP HI GSVT WGVME
4SQTSRE^^M. &E^R-HY-WI TI EGIWXI XI^I, IP RIEK RIQYVMVIE WY4IXYPYM.
7Y4IXYP I QYVMXSV GE #M GSVTYP, IPI WYRX RIHIWTV'MXI. (EV RIKEVIE RIQYVMVMM
WY4IXYPYM TYXIE GEY^E HIGHIVIE QSVEPMX'MM. 4SQTSRE^^M WYW'MRI XSGQEM
GSRXVEVMYP. 7MWXIQYP IXMG FE^EX TI JVMG R JE'E TIHITWIPSV RY TSEXI 3 WSGSXMX
RMGM TI HITEVXI HIWZV#MX. (SEV #XMMRH HIWTVI JETXYP G #M WY4IXYP I QYVMXSV,
SQYP ZE TVEGXMGE FMRIPI R QSH HI^MRXIVIWEX, JV E QEM E#XITXE VWTPEXE WEY
TIHIETWE R ZME'E HI ETSM #M EWXJIP WI ZE VMHMGE PE GIPI QEM REPXI GYPQM EPI
QSVEPMX'MM.
(EV HEG RY I\MWX ZME'E HI ETSM, EXYRGM GEVI IWXI WIRWYP ZMI'MM SQYPYM#
4SEXI SEVI IP 3 JIVMGMX# 3EVI E4RH G IWXI QYVMXSV, SQYP RY ZE 3 QEM RIJIVMGMX
HIGX SVMGI ERMQEP# 6WTYR^RH PE EGIWXI RXVIFVM EPI STSRIR'MPSV WM,
4SQTSRE^^M QIR'MSRE G TVMSVMXEXIE SQYPYM GSRWX RY R RIQYVMVI, GM R
GETEGMXEXIE HI E GYRSE#XI #M HI E TSWIHE ZMVXY'MPI. :MVXYXIE XVIFYMI TVIJIVEX
TIRXVY IE RW#M, HISEVIGI R RW#M ZMVXYXIE WI GSR'MRI VWTPEXE, XSX E#E
TVIGYQ GIE QEM WXVE#RMG TIHIETW TIRXVY TGEXI #M MRJVEG'MYRM IWXI RWY#M
ZMGMYP. R ZME'E GSXMHMER IWXI TSWMFMP JIVMGMVIE; IE GSRWX R ZMVXY'MPI
SEQIRMPSV, R FMRIPI PSV.1
4SQTSRE^^M GIVIE GE XSEXI JIRSQIRIPI RIR'IPIWI, WXVERMM, QMWXIVMSEWI
W 3I I\TPMGEXI VIMI#MRH HMR GEY^I REXYVEPI. )P RIKE I\MWXIR'E RKIVMPSV #M
HIQSRMPSV, GY EXX QEM QYPX TSWMFMPMXEXIE PSV HI E GSRXEGXE GY PYQIE
QEXIVMEP. 1MRYRMPI TI 1 4IRXVY MHIMPI GI RIKEY RIQYVMVIE WY4IXYPYM PYGVEVIE
PYM 4SQTSRE^MM (IWTVI MQSVXEPMXEXIE WY4IXYPYM E JSWX HI RIRYQVEXI SVM
EWTVY GVMXMGEX #M EVW TYFPMG TI VYK R :IRI'ME. 'EVI PI WZV#IWG HMJIVM'M
ZVNMXSVM, TVSJI'M #.E. TSX 3 I\TPMGEXI, WTYRIE IP, TVMR TVSTVMIX'MPI GYVEXMZI EPI
YRSV TPERXI, QMRIVEPI, ZETSVM, TVIGYQ #M TVMR WTIGM3GYP TWMLMGYPYM YQER,
GETEGMX'MM PYM HI VIGITXMFMPMXEXI, JSV'IM HI MQEKMRE'MI. %#EHEV, XSEXI QMRY-RMPI
EY GEY^I REXYVEPI.
9RE HMRXVI TVMRGMTEPIPI MHIM EPI GSRGIT'MIM 3PSWS3GI EPI PYM 4SQTSRE^^M
IWXI MHIIE HIXIVQMRMWQYPYM GSWQMG. 0YQIE RXVIEK, RXVIK 'SWQSWYP IWXI
KYZIVREX HI S PIKMXEXI REXYVEP RIGIWMXEXIE REXYVEP. 0YQIE RY EVI RMGM
RGITYX, RMGM WJV#MX, HEV RMGM HI^ZSPXEVI: XSXYP E JSWX, IWXI #M ZE 3 HI
RIRYQVEXI SVM. 0IKIE QM#GVMM IWXI GMVGYMXYP IXIVR, IXIVRE VITIXEVI. R
PYGVEVIE (IWTVI JEXYQ, PMFIVYP EVFMXVY #M TVIHIWXMRE'MI 4SQTSRE^^M RIEK
I\MWXIR'E RXQTPVMM #M WYW'MRI G R PYQI HSQRI#XI *EXYQYP (7SEVXE,
(IWXMRYP), GSRGITYX GE S GEY^EPMXEXI YRMZIVWEP GI HIXIVQMR XSEXI TVSGIWIPI
#M JIRSQIRIPI. 3QYP IWXI #M IP S ZIVMK HMR EGIWX PER' HI GEY^I IJIGXI.
4SQTSRE^^M VIGYRSE#XI PMFIVXEXIE SQYPYM HI E EPIKI, TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E
TVSGIHE R GSRJSVQMXEXI GY TVSTVME-P ZSMR', HEV WSGSEXI G ZSMR'E IWXI
HIXIVQMREX HI REXYVE YQER, MEV EGIEWXE HI *EXYQ. R REXYVE YQER WI
GSR'MRI EXX XIRHMR'E WTVI FMRIPI WYTVIQ, GX #M XIRHMR'E WTVI VY: HIGM SQYP
EFWSPYX RIGIWEV EVI RGPMRE'MI EXX WTVI JETXI FYRI, GX #M WTVI JETXI VIPI,
GIIE GI HIXIVQMR I\MWXIR'E RIGIWEV EXX E ZMVXY'MPSV, GX #M E ZMGMMPSV.
*MIGEVI SQ R TEVXI TSEVX WMRKYV VWTYRHIVI TIRXVY JETXYP GI
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9RMZIVWYP YRMG GSMRGMH GEPHYP #M JVMKYP, ETEVM'ME #M HMWTEVM'ME, QMRMQYP #M
QE\MQYP, QEXIVME #M JSVQE, (YQRI^IY #M REXYVE.
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IZIRMQIRXI #M JETXI QIVIY WGLMQFXSEVI IWXI WGSTYP TVMRGMTEP EP GYRSE#XIVMM,
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3PSWSJI^I, XVIFYMI QEM RXM W WI RHSMEWG R XSEXI WTYRIE IP. RHSMEPE
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XVITXI EPI GYRSE#XIVMM: WIR^E'MMPI, MQEKMRE'ME, VE'MYRIE, MRXIPIGXYP WEY QMRXIE
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WYTIVMSEV E TVSGIWYPYM HI GYRSE#XIVI, IWXI XSXSHEX #M VI^YPXEXYP PSKMG EP
IZSPY'MIM EGIWXYM TVSGIW HI PE RMZIPYP WIR^SVMEP (WIR^E'MM #M MQEKMRE'MI) PE GIP
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&VYRS, XSXSHEX, RY RIKE RIGIWMXEXIE IM TIRXVY IHYGEVIE TSTSVYPYM WMQTPY.
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MRWXEYVI^I IKEPMXEXIE XYXYVSV SEQIRMPSV R JE'E PIKMM. (EV &VYRS RY ETVSFE
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XVWXYVM P GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TI YR 3PSWSJ EHIZVEX.
9R QEVI EWXVSRSQ #M 3^MGMER, KRHMXSV TVSIQMRIRX HI PE WJV#MXYP
6IRE#XIVMM E JSWX +EPMPIS +EPMPIM (1564 1642).
+EPMPIS +EPMPIM #M-E JGYX WXYHMMPI PE 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 4M^E, YRHI E WXYHMEX
QIHMGMRE, 3PSWS3E, QEXIQEXMGE #M 3^MGE.
R TIVMSEHE 1589 1592 GSRHYGI GEXIHVE HI QEXIQEXMG HI PE
9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 4M^E, ETSM YVQXSVMM 18 ERM EGXMZIE^ PE 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR
4EHSZE, YRHI HIZMRI YR R4GVEX EHITX #M TVSTEKERHMWX EP RZ'XYVMM PYM
'STIVRMG. 0IG'MMPI PYM IVEY JVIGZIRXEXI HI WEZER'M HMR XSEX )YVSTE. 0E
GLIQEVIE QEVIPYM HYGI 'SWMQS HI 1IHMGM, +EPMPIM TPIEG PE *PSVIR'E YRHI #M
GSRXMRY GIVIGIXVMPI #M I\TIVMIR'IPI. %MGM WGVMI GXIZE PYGVVM R GEVI WYW'MRI
XISVME LIPMSGIRXVMG E PYM 'STIVRMG. 2IGXRH PE MRXIV^MGIVMPI -RGLM^M'MIM, +EPMPIM
RY WI HI^MGI HI TVIVMPI WEPI #M 1 Epyno ). O reponeckoH an1ysnasHe.
M., 1953, p. 155.
CH. 1914, p. 134 135. R 1632 R PYGVEVIE (MEPSKYVM HIWTVI GIPI
HSY WMWXIQI TVMRGMTEPI EPI PYQMM EP PYM 4XSPIQIY #M EP PYM 'STIVRMG VIME
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EZRH REMRXIE SGLMPSV )ZERKLIPMMPI TI GEVI PI EXMRK GY TVSTVMMPI QIPI QMRM,
EFNYV, FPIWXIQ #M HIXIWX IVSEVIE #M IVI^ME QM#GVMM 4QRXYPYM.
0IKIRHE WTYRI G +EPMPIM HYT ERYR'EVIE WIRXMR'IM EV 3 VSWXMX )TTYV #M
QSYZI ("M XSXY#M WI QM#G).
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FEPER'E LMHVSWXEXMG, PYRIXE GEVI PE RGITYX QVIE HI 3 SVM, MEV HYT GI E
TIVJIG'MSREX-S QVIE HI 32 SVM #M GY GEVI E JGYX SFWIVZE'MM #M HIWGSTIVMVM
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TIXIPI #M VSXE'ME 7SEVIPYM R NYVYP E\IM WEPI, JE^IPI TPERIXIM :IRYW. % SFWIVZEX
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1EGLMEZIPPM VIWTMRKI XSEXI XVEGXEXIPI HIWTVI WXEXIPI MHIEPI #M #M TYRI WGSTYP
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3 RHVITX'MX HEG VI^YPXEXIPI ZSV 3 FYRI.
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7TYRIE 1 Maknaaennn H. Connennn. T. 1. M-I., 1934, T. 289.
1EGLMEZIPPM. 3EQIRMM TVI'YMIWG QYPX QEM QYPX FSK'ME, HIGX SRSEVIE.
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MRWXEYVEVIE PMFIVX'MM R WSGMIXEXI. (I WMQTEXME PYM 1EGLMEZIPPM WI FYGYV
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-^ZSVYP PYRXVMG EP QM#GVMM IWXI GPHYVE GEY^E ZIVMXEFMP E ETEVM'MIM,
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-^ZSVYP EGIWXSV RWY#MVM IWXI (YQRI^IY, JSV'E, R'IPITGMYRIE #M MYFMVIE GVYME
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EGXMZMXEXIE PYM (YQRI^IY WI PMQMXIE^ GY QEVIE QMRYRI GVIEVIE PYQMM #M
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EGIEWX STIV IWXI I\TYW YR TVSKVEQ HIXEPMEX EP VISVKERM^VMM WSGMEP-TSPMXMGI
E WSGMIX'MM TI FE^E MRWXMXYMVMM TVSTVMIX'MM GSQYRI #M E QYRGMM GSR#XMIRXI E
XYXYVSV GIX'IRMPSV.
7VGME, WGVME 'EQTERIPPE, M JEGI TI SEQIRM NSWRMGM, ZMGPIRM, R#IPXSVM,
LS'M, ZEKEFSR^M, QMRGMRS#M IXG. -EV FSK'ME RKQJE'M, MKRSVER'M, XVHXSVM,
FRYMXSVM JV XIQIM, PYHVS#M, 302 PMTWM'M HI EJIG'MYRI, HIQRM HI SGEV IXG.
1. 7SPY'ME GSRWX R WXEFMPMVIE TVSTVMIX'MM GSQYRI GEVI M JEGI TI SEQIRM
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TIRXVY G RY TSWIH RMQMG.2 0SGYMXSVMM 'IX'MM 7SEVIPYM ZMI'YMIWG R GSQYR,
XS'M PYGVIE^ #M WYRX VIQYRIVE'M GSRJSVQ RIGIWMX'MPSV.
1YRGE IWXI R QEVI GMRWXI, SVM#MGI QYRG IWXI SRSVEX, MEV QYRGMPI QEM
KVIPI 3IVVME, ^MHVME IXG. 7YRX GIPI QEM WXMQEXI.
(EXSVMX SVKERM^VMM FYRI, E EXMXYHMRMM GSR#XMMRGMSEWI #M ETPMGVMM
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0E WSPEVMIMRM RY WYRX VSFM, IKEPMXEXIE IWXI XSXEP. 'IE QEM QEVI TEVXI E
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HI SVKERM^EVIE TVSHYGIVMM #M HI GSRHYGIVIE WSGMIX'MM. R JVYRXIE 'IX'MM WI
E4 7SEVIPI WEY 1IXE3^MGYP YR SQ I\GIT'MSREP, GEVI GYRSE#XI MWXSVME
XYXYVSV KMR'MPSV, VMXYEPYVMPI #M PIKMPI, VITYFPMGMPI #M QSREVLMMPI, PIKMW-PEXSVMM #M
MRZIRXEXSVMM, #XMMR'IPI 3^MGI, QEXIQEXMGI #M EWXVS-PSKMGI, EVXIPI #M, QEM TVIWYW
HI XSEXI, QIXE3^MGE #M XISPSKME.
'SRHYGXSVYP 'IX'MM XVIFYMI W EMF #M S ERYQMX I\TIVMIR' HI ZME',
HI EGIIE IP IWXI EPIW R EGIWX TSWX HYT QTPMRMVIE ZVWXIM HI 35 ERM #M
VQRI PE GSRHYGIVI EXXE XMQT GX RY WI KWI#XI GMRIZE QEM R'IPITX HIGX
IP #M QEM ETX W KYZIVRI^I.
1 8SQQEWS 'EQTERIPPE. 'IXEXIE 7SEVIPYM.
&YGYVI#XM, 1959, T. 74 75.
2 -FMHIQ, T. 75.
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SVRHYMVI EWIQRXSEVI GIPIM HMR 'IXEXIE 7SEVIPYM; R'IPITGMYRIE (7MR) GEVI
GSRHYGI GY #XMMR'IPI, EVXIPI #M RZ'QRXYP; -YFMVIE (1SV) GEVI WI SGYT GY
TVSFPIQIPI XVEMYPYM, QFVGQMRXIM #M TVSGVIVMM.
4SR, 7MR #M 1SV EY YR #MV HI ENYXSVM, RYQM'M HYT JYRG'ME GI S
RHITPMRIWG: %WXVSPSKYP, 'SWQSPSKYP, %VMXQIXMGYP, -WXSVMSKVE-JYP, 4SIXYP,
0SKMGYP, 1IHMGYP, 4SPMXMGYP, 1VMRMQME, :MXINME, %HIZVYP, &MRIJEGIVIE IXG.
3VM#MGI GIX'IER TSEXI SGYTE SVMGI JYRG'MI R HITIRHIR' HI TVIKXMVIE #M
GEPMX'MPI PYM TIVWSREPI.
7GSTYP RSMM SVRHYMVM WSGMEPI IWXI JIVMGMVIE SQYPYM. R 'IXEXIE 7SEVIPYM
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VIHYGRH XSXYP PE S GSRZMI'YMVI GSQYR. 'E #M PE 4PEXSR, R 'IXEXIE 7SEVIPYM
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HI HMVMKYMXSVM.
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3^MGI *VYQSWYP, 2WSWYP, +VWERYP, RGVYRXEXYP, 7PFRSKYP IXG. 7EY
WTMVMXYEPI: -WGYWMXYP, 1EVIPI TMGXSV IXG.
1IR'MSRRH EGIWXI QSQIRXI ERXMVIREWGIRXMWXI, ZSQ QIR'MSRE XSXSHEX
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HIWTVI VSPYP HIGMWMZ EP #XMMR'IM 304 #M XILRMGMM R ZME'E WSGMIX'MM, HIWTVI
RWIQRXEXIE MRWXVYMVMM #M IHYGE'MIM GIX'IRMPSV, HIWTVI RIGIWMXEXIE ETVIGMIVMM
ZEPSVMM SQYPYM HYT GEPMX'MPI #M ETXMXYHMRMPI PYM, HYT QYRGE HITYW, EWTMVE'MMPI
PYM WTVI S WSGMIXEXI, JV V^FSEMI #M I\TPSEXEVI, S WSGMIXEXI IGLMXEFMP #M
JIVMGMX.
# 5. 'SRGIT'MMPI WSGMEP-TSPMXMGI #M 3PSWS3GI EPI PYM 'SRWXERXMR
'ERXEGY^MRS 7XSPRMGYP 'SRWXERXMR 'ERXEGY^MRS 7XSPRMGYP (16401716) I
GSRWMHIVEX YRYP HMRXVI QEVMM GVXYVEVM #M GYKIXXSVM VSQRM HMR WIG. EP <:---PIE.
)P EZIE GYRS#XMR'I TVSJYRHI R MWXSVMI, EGSVHE S EXIR'MI WTSVMX ZEPSVM3GVMM
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VE'MSREPMWQYPYM MWXSVMG. 'E #M EP'M YQERM#XM VSQRM EM ITSGMM, 'ERXEGY^MRS
ZIRIVE ERXMGLMXEXIE GPEWMG, HEV IVE TVISGYTEX #M HI TVSFPIQIPI QENSVI EPI
I\MWXIR'IM RSEWXVI: YRMXEXIE TSTSVYPYM VSQR, GSQYRMXEXIE HI SVMKMRI VSQER,
TVIGYQ #M HI TVSFPIQE PMQFMM.
:M^MYRIE GVXYVEVYPYM GYTVMRHI #M YRIPI IPIQIRXI VIJIVMXSEVI PE
MRXIVTVIXEVIE QSHM3GEX E RS'MYRMM *SVXYRE PEFMPMW (GSRGITXYP ZMI'MM
RIWXEXSVRMGI) GEVI QEM GYVRH I\TVMQ VIKVIXYP TVWMVMM PYQMM TQRXI#XM,
HIGX EXMXYHMRIE HMWTVI'YMXSEVI JE' HI IE. )VYHM'ME YQERMWX #M ZM^MYRIE GPEV
EWYTVE HI^ZSPXVMM WSGMIX'MM P-EY SVMIRXEX WTVI GSRGPY^ME TVSJYRH G GYPXYVE
GSRXVMFYMI WYFWXER'MEP PE RRSFMPEVIE TIVWSREPMX'MM. R STIVE JYRHEQIRXEP
-WXSVME VMM 6YQRI#XM 'SRWXERXMR 'ERXEGY^MRS HIRSX S GYPXYV ZEWX #M YR
WTMVMX GVMXMG VIEPMWX HI SVMIRXEVI YQERMWX, 3MRH JYRHEQIRXEXI TVMR EVKYQIRXI
HI SVMIRXEVI PSKMG #M MWXSVMG. )\TYRRH HMZIVWI EWTIGXI EPI HIVYPVMM
IZIRMQIRXIPSV MWXSVMGI #M EPI EGXMZMX'MM YQERI, IP JEGI GSRGPY^MM 3PSWS3GI, WI
ETVSTMI HI GSRGITIVIE RS'MYRMM PIKMXEXI MWXSVMG, I\TVMQEX TVMR QM#GEVI,
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GYKIXVMPSV 305 GVXYVEVYPYM: %GIME HI JEG E#E, EHIGXI HI GIPI GI RY #XMY #M
HI GIPI GI RY GYRSWG, ^MG G GYRSWG, ME#XI E XVYJE#MPSV #M E HI#IV'MPSV, TVRHY-
PI G QEM GY VY#MRI PI MEWXI E ^MGI G RY #XMY #M RY GYRSWGY GIPI GI RY #XMY #M
RY MEWXI EHIZV, HIGX E QMR'M #M E ^MGI G GYRSE#XI #M #XMI GIPI GI RY #XMI. "M
RY WI HSQMVIWG G QYPX QEM QYPX #M QEM QEVI MEWXI VY#MRI E ^MGI QMRGMYRE (G
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4VMRGMTEPYP GSRWX R EGIIE G WXYHMIVIE MWXSVMIM RIGIWMX RY RYQEM S
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GSQTEVEXMZI WYRX EFWSPYX RIGIWEVI, HISEVIGI RMGMYRYP HMR PYQI RY ME#XI
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JSWX HI EPXYP RZ'EX. 2MGM RMQIRM RY WI TSEXI HSQMVM HI RMGM YR PYGVY, HI RY
QEM REMRXI EY Z^YX, EY EY^MX, WEY EY GIXMX #M HI RY GE EGIPIE, EWIQIRI GE
EGIPIE QGEV GX HI TY'MR #M HI RY EGIPE#M EHIZV #M HI PYGVY GI TSJXI#XM
RI#XMRI, EY ^MW, WEY EY WGVMWY QGEV GX HI TY'MR #M HI EPXIPI GE RYQEM W WI
TSEX EPXYP HI#XITXE WTVI KRHMVIE EGIPSVE #M E EPXSV PYGVYVM RG HIWXYP ME#XI.
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JEGI, GYQ ZIHIQ PE XSEXI WIQMR'IPI; #M TR RY TYXVI^I#XI YRE, RY RE#XI EPXE
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RY WI JEGI EPX GLMT. (IGM TI GYQ ZIHIQ PE GIEWXI 3VI#XM, GEVI MEV TYXIVIE PYM
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