ETHICS, TV REGULATION AND MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY

ILANA ELE Scientific Coordinator Ilana.elea@gu.se

 NORDICOM

! !! Anthologies, reports and cooperation for raising awareness !! Children, youth and media !! Media & Information Literacy and Intercultural Dialogue

"! Introduction Children and TV

The is the precious starting point: the importance of mediations. Between the TV programs and the children there is always a dialogue, not direct effects. The child itself, his or her family opinions, school, peer groups, community, what he or she watch, read, listen to contribute for the way children deal and interpret the vast amount of information they receive and produce daily.

More about the concept of mediations: Martn-Barbero, J. (1993). Communication, culture and hegemony : from the media to mediations. London: Sage Publications.

"! Introduction Children and TV

!!Implications for behavior !!Cultivation of

learning worldview and

!!Potential for learning !!Centrality in family and social life

"! Introduction Freedom of expression vs. TV regulation?

!!Global media conglomerates !!The McBride report (UNESCO,1980) !!How to promote information,
dialogue and plurality if TV is in the hands of people whose ultimate goal is profit? expression and protection from harm can be combined!!

!!Childrens rights, freedom of

Freedom of press

"! Introduction Presentations structure

!!Part 1, Ethics: children's rights, discourage

potentially harmful content and encourage particular types of quality content in TV for children.

!!Part 2, TV regulation: public regulation, self

regulation and co-regulation.

!!Part 3, Media &Information Literacy (MIL).

"! Ethics Childrens Rights UN Convention

!! Article 13: every child shall have the

right to freedom of expression, () freedom to seek, receive and impart information ()

!! Article

17: () access to info and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well being, and physical and mental health. appropriate guidelines to protect children from information and material that is injurious to their well being.

!! creation of

"! Ethics European Union Television Without Frontiers Directive

TV content should not include programs which might seriously damage the physical, mental and moral development of minors. Article 16 provides that TV advertising shall not directly:

!! (a) exhort minors to buy a product or a service by exploiting their

inexperience;

!! (b) encourage minors to persuade their parents or others to purchase

the goods or services being advertised;

!! (c) exploit the special trust minors place in parents, teachers or

others to purchase the goods or services being advertised.

"! Ethics Potential harmful content Violence, Pornography European Union / Television Without Frontiers, 1989, article 22 TV content should not include programs which might seriously damage the physical, mental and moral development of minors, in particular programs that involve pornography or gratuitous violence. Acoustic warning / Visual symbol.

"! Ethics European Union Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AMSD)

!!Advertising "unhealthy" food and drinks in

children's programs Governments and the Commission must encourage media service providers to develop codes of conduct curtailing such advertising.

"! Ethics Potential harmful content Advertising

!!TV viewing and obesity !!Is it ethical to target children

in TV ads, especially when the goal is to sell products that compromises childrens health?

"! Ethics Quality content for children Diversity

drama / fiction fairytales

documentaries Music poetry Entertainment Science Sports education News

"! Ethics Quality content for children Domestic content

!! If

you never see anyone that you can really identify with you might want to be someone else. the most fundamental needs and to be seen on TV is to be seen in the world. program ask yourself: Is the child in focus?

!! To be seen is one of

!! When you read a script or watch a !! Is it about, or with, children? !! Can I identify?

"! Ethics Quality content Domestic content quotas

AMSD: requires all TV channels to devote a at least 50% of transmission time of European works to reflect linguistic or cultural specificities in each Member State.

"! Ethics Quality content for children 8 working principles

!!Diversity !!Complexity !!Similarity !!Unity !!Family !!Authenticity !!Voicing

Lemish, D. (2010). Eight Working Principles for Change in Childrens Television. The Views of Producers Around The World.

"! Ethics Quality content for children The Childrens Television Charter (1995)

!!High quality !!Children should hear, see and express themselves,

their culture, their language and their life experiences

!!Appreciation of

other cultures in parallel with the childs own cultural background. include gratuitous scenes of violence and sex. to view.

!!Wide-ranging in genre and content, but should not !!Regular slots at times when children are available

"! TV Regulation Main systems

!!Public regulation the public authority is the !!Self

regulator. In democratic societies it is independent, non-profit. regulation TV producers make up their own regulations and take full responsibility for monitoring them. Codes of conduct and guidelines. broadcasters and the civil society cooperate. Compulsory age classification, content description.

!!Co-regulation the public authority, the

"! TV Regulation Solutions

!! Protection harmful content

Laws, Prohibitions, Watershed, Warnings, Ratings

!! Quality content
Media conducts, Quotas, Supporting, Funding

"! Public Regulation Protection from harmful content Advertising (Sweden)

!!Commercial ads in TV broadcasts

may not be designed to attract the attention of children less than 12. or after childrens programs

!!May not appear immediately before !!Individuals or characters who play

a prominent role in programs that are primarily aimed at children may not appear in commercial advertising.

"! Public Regulation Protection from harmful content Watershed

!! In Sweden: Programs containing portrayals of

violence of a realistic nature or pornographic images which are broadcast on TV must either be preceded by a verbal warning or contain a warning text continuously displayed on the screen throughout the broadcast. The 9pm to 5.30am watershed is used.

"! Introduction European Union (Recommendation 2006)

Article 5 () To protect consumers from incitement to discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation and of combating any such discrimination. Such action should strike a balance between the protection of individual rights on the one hand and freedom of expression on the other.

"! Public Regulation Quality content Media conducts

Swedish case

!! Arouses fantasy, curiosity, empathy &

eagerness to learn.

!! Supports the childs positive image of

and its environment living-conditions

itself

!! Shows human beings equal value but different !! Look upon the audience as our employer and
gives space for opinions, experiences and participation about social & cultural differences.

!! Give the audience understanding & knowledge

"! Public Regulation Quality content Quotas

!!Commercial broadcasters in Sweden > seven hours !!In Canada, public broadcasters need to air at least
60% of Canadian content daily, while commercial broadcasters at least 50%. 35% of music on Canadian radio must be Canadian.

of childrens (below 12) programming, half should be programs in Swedish or other Nordic languages.

!!In Australia, a broadcaster must screen a combined

total of at least 260 hours of C programs (for children other than preschoolers) and at least 130 hours of P programs (for preschool children) per year.

"! Public Regulation Quality content Supporting home-grown content

!!Public grants and tax benefits in

Sweden are targeted at film production.

!!In Australia, government sources

accounted for about one-third of the total financing for Australian childrens television drama production.

"! Public Regulation Quality content Funding

!!The Danish Film Institute (DFI)

receives 25% of the annual government subsidies to produce stories from Danish childrens perspectives.

"! Self-regulation Protection from harmful content Advertising

USA: Childrens Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative

"! Self-regulation Protection from harmful content General content

Spain has opted for the self-regulation formula in 2004 (Selfregulation Code on Television Contents and Children).

Watershed: 8pm to 6 am.

Compromises: avoiding the inclusion of indecent and insulting language, behavior that is prejudicial to health, the use of personal and family conflicts as spectacle, messages or scenes with explicit violence or sex.

"! Co-regulation Protection from harmful content General content

"! Co-regulation Protection from harmful content General content

The Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (NICAM). Kijkwijzer (watch wiser or viewing guide): an age classification and content descriptors. Content descriptors: violence, sex, fear, drug and alcohol abuse, discrimination and coarse language. Age bands AL, 6, 12 and 16.

"! Co-regulation Protection from harmful content General content

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-zLrjDpH34&list=PL7F70415D6A865B9C

"! Media and Information Literacy EU Recommendation (2006)

Member States should consider:

actions to enable minors' responsible use of audiovisual and on-line information services, in particular through media literacy.

"! Media & Information Literacy Definition Media & Information Literacy is a field defined by UNESCO, promoting the capabilities of being able to: -! Access -! Use -! Understand -! Critically Analyze, and -! Produce Media and Information.
NORDICOM

"! Media and Information Literacy UNESCO curriculum

 NORDICOM

"! Media & Information Literacy Who is promoting MIL?

!! Media & Information Literacy has been promoted by UNESCO since 1982. !! The European Commission since 2009 calls on EU member states and industry to promote Media Literacy in Europe. !! United Nations/Alliance of Civilizations aims to include Media Literacy in educational curricula across the world.
NORDICOM

"! Media & Information Literacy National Associations Australia: ATOM Canada: Media Smarts USA: NAMLE; Media Education Foundation France: Le Clemi Sweden: Statens Medierd UK: British Film Institute Spain: Media and Information Literacy Observatory
NORDICOM

"! Thank you! Hvala ti!

!! UNICEF !! UNESCO !! Associazione Culturale Camaleonte !! Maria Faria Filmes: Paulo Sayas - Documentary Way beyoind
weight

!! Nordicom and The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth

and Media: Ulla Carlsson, Catharina Bucht, Cecilia von Feilitzen Qvarnskld, Ragna Wallmark

!! Public services in Sweden (UR): Cecilia Boreson, Jannike !! Authors: Dafna Lemish, Jeanete Steemers, Alessandro DArmi

REFERENCES

Children Now. (2009). The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised on Television to Children. http://www.childrennow.org/uploads/documents/adstudy_2009.pdf Vies, V.T; Oyola, M.L. & Landa, L.B.R. (2008). Contenidos programticos audiovisuales: experiencias internacionales en regulacin. Sphera Pblica. Revista de ciencias sociales y de la comunicacin. 8, 41-50. Fernndez-Martnez, A. & Lpez-de-Ayala-Lpez, M. C., (2011). "Television and Children: five years after the Self-regulation Code", at Revista Latina de Comunicacin Social, 66, 31-62. D'Arma, A. & Steemers, J. (2012). Localisation Strategies of US- owned Children's Television Networks in Five European Markets, Journal of Children and Media, 6 (2), 147-163 . DArma, A.; Sara, G. & Steemers, J. (2010). Serving Children in Public Service Media. In Lowe, Gregory Ferrell, (ed.) The public in public service media, (pp. 227-242). Gothenburg University: Nordicom. Steemers, J. & D'Arma, A. Evaluating and regulating the role of public broadcasters in the childrens media ecology: the case of home-grown television content. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 8 (1), 65-85.

REFERENCES

Reeve, B. (2013). Private Governance, Public Purpose? Assessing Transparency and Accountability in Self-Regulation of Food Advertising to Children. Bioethical Inquiry , 10, pp.149163.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 20122013. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/191125/e96859.pdf Canadian!Broadcast!Standards!Council (CBSC) (2002). CAB Code of Ethics. http://www.cbsc.ca/english/codes/cabethics.php#Clause2 Mendel, T. & Salomon, E. (2011). The Regulatory Environment for Broadcasting: An International Best Practice Survey for Brazilian Stakeholders. Brasilia: UNESCO. Nordicity Group Ltd. (2007). The Case for Kids Programming: Childrens and Youth Audio-Visual Production in Canada

REFERENCES

World Summit on Television and Children in Melbourne, Australia (1995).The Children's Television Charter. http://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/clearinghouse/childrens-television-charter Bond, B.J., Richards, M.N., Calvert, S.L. (2013) Media and obesity. In Lemish, D. (Ed.)The Routledge International Handbook of Children, Adolescents and Media. (pp.232-239).. USA and Canada: Routledge.

Lustyik, K. (2013) Media regulation: the protection and promotion of home-grown children-s television. . In Lemish, D. (Ed.) The Routledge International Handbook of Children, Adolescents and Media. (pp.378-385). USA and Canada: Routledge. Center for Law and Democracy. (2012). Freedom of expression and the regulation of television to protect children: comparative study of Brazil and other countries. Canada: CLD. Reeve, B. (2013). Private Governance, Public Purpose? Assessing Transparency and Accountability in Self-Regulation of Food Advertising to Children. Bioethical Inquiry , 10, pp.149163. World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 20122013. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/191125/e96859.pdf

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