Iraq: The Hard Road to Debacle

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Fpm}8

\bk bmpl pEml \E lk@mdCk

fO 0>>= f

t{~~epkl bk ymp fo Mibmoftmo“foffmccv yfb pk~flmfeo/ M bk fak# F ymt yeppfkl bm bk [/T/ pkt~eotk ye{cl `k ymoeo mol fo!lftdpfafomk# jfccfoi kot ep b{olpklt e be{tmolt e dfwfcfmot/ F lkt~ftklbk md bm bk @{tb!Dbkokv mlafoftpmfeo ye{cl `k pkt~eotf`ck ep bk[/T/ pkt~eotk: F ymt yeppfkl mt ykcc bm bk Tewfk fowmtfeo afib {poe{ e `k m ~pkdklko# mol [/T/ mol mccfkl epdkt ye{cl `k `eiikl leyo fom }{miafpk ep vkmpt e deak/ F ymt yeppfkl bm pkmcfmepv tpfjkt mimfotmc!]mklm afib {pbkp pmlfdmcfxk bk mcf`mo‖t mccfkt fo ^mjftmo‖t Fokp!Tkpwfdkt Fokccfikodk "FTF&/ @{ F lfl oe bfoj bm pkmcfmepv tpfjkt ykpk ypeoi fo ~pfodf~ck ep bm bk m|mdj ye{cl wfecmk fokpomfeomc cmy: F ymt yeppfkl eo deotk}{kofmcft ipe{olt mceok/ Ybko# bkpkepk# bk mcf`mokcc# bk mfl deowevt pkt{akl# mol ^mjftmo‖t pmlfdmct tkkakl cmpikcv e `k bkcl fo dbkdj# F `kcfkwkl bm bk ck‖t aet lfpk ~pklfdfeot bml oedeak e ~mtt mol bm# mcbe{ib ee amov Mibmo dfwfcfmot ykpk lkml ep ye{olkl# amov aepk bml `kko lkcfwkpkl pea bk dc{dbkt e eok e bke{ckt# aet `p{mc pkifakt fo bk yepcl/ @v kmpcv 0>>0# bkpkepk# F ymtt{ookl e ol bm bk Amofdbkmo ck ye{cl oe pkpmd mov e ft foffmcdcmfat m`e{ bk ymp: eo bk deopmpv# bkv fokotfkl bka# pkimplcktt e ybkbkp bkv bml `kko deotk}{kofmcft ep ~pfodf~ckl dcmfat/

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Tfcc# F bmwk oe lktfpk e ~eppmv avtkc mt bk ckympl `e{olmpv e bk bfojm`ck yfb pkimpl e Mibmoftmo/ \kpk ykpk mol mpk amov e~!~eokot e bm ymp ybetk ~etffeot F pkt~kd: teak e betk e~~eokot ykpk pfib# oe eocv yfb pkimpl e bk cfjkcv ceoi!kpa deotk}{kodkt e bk ymp "dbfkv# bkfp `kcfk bm bk ymp ye{cl `k `{ m ~pkc{lk e m a{db yflkp ymp fo bk Afllck Kmt mol ye{cl oe tkpwk e dm~{pk Etmam `foCmlko ep tm`fcfxk Mibmoftmo& `{ mcte yfb pkimpl e bk @{tb!Dbkokv mlafoftpmfeo‖t {|kp lftlmfo ep bk pmakyepj e fokpomfeomc cmy# ybfdb ymt tfiomckl mcaet faaklfmkcv `v bk [/T/ pk{tmc e tkkj [/O/m~~pewmc "ybfdb f de{cl bmwk e`mfokl yfb kmtk& ep pkmcfmepv afcf!mpv mdfeo/ Teak dpffdt eo bk ck# ep fotmodk# mpi{kl bm bk kwkot

62

fpm]8 \bk bmpl pEml \E lk@mdCk

e 6%== tbe{cl bmwk `kko pkmkl mt m amttfwk dpfak pmbkp bmo mo md e ymp mol bm mc!]mklm# mt m tmkcktt miko# tbe{cl bmwk `kko ~{pt{kl `v fokpomfeomc ckimc# lf~ceamfd# mol ~ecfdk ~pedkl{pkt pmbkp bmo `v bkafcfmpv aelkc e ymp `kykko e~~etfoi tmkt/\m mpi{ako bmt ipkm akpf: folkkl# f mc!]mklm bml oe ktm`!cftbkl m ~mpmtfk!bet pkcmfeotbf~ yfb bk mcf`mo# kkdfwkcv e~kpmfoi fo Mibmoftmo mt bk afcfmpv mpa e m pei{k iewkpoako fo m mfckl tmk# F ye{cl mipkk yfb f/ Beykwkp# mc!]mklm‖t `mtk e e~kpmfeot fo Mibmoftmo#eikbkp yfb ft dcetk pkcmfeotbf~ yfb bk mcf`mo# pkolkpkl f teakbfoie mo moeamcv ep mo fokpomfeomcft pmakyepj8 m kppepft ipe{~ deopec!cfoi m tmk mol bmpèpfoi bk ~ekofmc e lktm`fcfxk okfibèpfoi ^mjftmomt ykcc# b{t ~ekofmccv ifwfoi Ftcmaft pmlfdmct mddktt e o{dckmp ykm~!eot/ \etk dfpd{atmodkt# F `kcfkwk# ymppmokl mo faaklfmk afcfmpv pk!t~eotk“`{ eocv e {otkm bk mcf`mo mol lktpev bk `mtk m epm @epmmol bk mttedfmkl kppep pmfofoi dma~t/ Eodk bm e`hkdfwk bml `kkomddea~cftbkl# F mipkk bm ~et!6%== mc!]mklm e~kpmfeot“fo @mcf# Am!lpfl# Ceoleo# mol kctkybkpk“tbe{cl bmwk `kko pkmkl mt fokpomfeomcdpfakt deaaf|kl `v m tmkcktt tvolfdmk/ F mipkk mcte bm bk m|mdj eoepm @epm ymt `mlcv èdbkl# mt ymt E~kpmfeo Momdeolm bpkk aeobtcmkp# be{ib F le{` bm @{tb ep Dbkokv amlk m deotdfe{t lkdftfeo e ck `fo Cmlko tcf~ mymv eo bk ipe{olt bm bk ymt yepb aepk fo ~pe~mimolm wmc{k mcfwk bmo lkml/

0

Mol {olkp oe dfpd{atmodkt ye{cl F mipkk bm mov e mc!]mklm‖t m|mdjt ~pewflkl ymppmo ep mo fowmtfeo e Fpm}/\k md{mc dmcct ep ymp# m bk fak# tbe{cl bmwk ifwko mov pkmteom`ck~kpteo ~m{tk/ Gpea bk `ceelbfptv pmwfoit e pfib!yfoi ~{olft e bkbfibkt kdbkceot e bk afcfmpv# ybe dbetk mt bkfp afttfeo omak –E~!kpmfeo Foofk H{tfdk‑ "m ~bpmtk bm afib bmwk deak pea bk leamfoe =69>t‖!kpm Tm{plmv!aepofoi dbfclpko‖t dmpeeot# mol ybfdb kr~molkleo Dcfoeo‖t k}{mccv h{wkofck –E~kpmfeo Foofk Pkmdb#‑ bk dp{ftk aft!tfck pkt~eotk e mc!]mklm‖t =662 ka`mttv `ea`foit&# bk kmpcv ~pe!ymp~etffeo ymt te wfck mol pk~{iomo bm bk pfib‖t vkmpofoi ep ymoeotcm{ibkp okmpcv deowfodkl ak e bk wfp{kt e folftdpfafomk ~mdfta/@{ cfjk amov ebkpt eo bk ck ybe kwko{mccv t{~~epkl bk ymp# F lfloe bfoj ep m aeako bm av t{~~ep fa~cfkl mov t{~~ep e pfib! yfoi ~{olft# afcfmpv ~cmookpt# ep bk @{tb!Dbkokv mlafoftpmfeo f!tkc“mov aepk bmo m deowfdfeo bm Omxfta tbe{cl bmwk `kko e~~etkl `v afcfmpv epdk deaaft eok e cfkfak aka`kptbf~ fo bk mo dc{`t e Yfoteo Db{pdbfcc ep Hetk Tmcfo/ Gep bm am|kp# t{~~ep ep bk ymp fo Mibmoftmo lekt oe fa~cv t{~~ep ep bk amttmdpk e dfwfcfmot mol bk

fpm]8 \bk bmpl pEml \E lk@mdCk

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ktm`cftbako e tkdpk lkkofeo mol ep{pk dma~t# mov aepk bmo t{~!~ep ep bk Mccfkl tp{iick mimfot Omxf Ikpamov fa~cfkt t{~~ep ep bkpk`ea`foi e Lpktlko/ Vk e~~eokot e bk Mibmoftmo ymp lfl oe pk!pmfo pea lkpflfoi ~pe!ymp ckftt mt fa~kpfmcft!m~eceift teeikt –mcfio!foi yfb ~eykp#‑ h{t mt ~pe!ymp ckftt lfl oe pkpmfo pea lkpflfoi mof! ymp ckftt mt tfa~cv –mof!Makpfdmo/‑@{ lkt~fk bk md bm bk 6%== m|mdjt ykpk mpikkl# mkp mcc#mimfot bk [ofkl Tmkt# bk }{ktfeo e eok‖t ~pe! ep mof!Makpfdmofta ymt mol ft m pkl bkppfoi/ \{t# ybko ell Ifcfo ypek fo krmt~kpmfeo e bk krdkttkt e bk Dbeatjfmo ck fo bk ~mikt e

Ae|bkp Heokt#

bft ykcc!kmpokl dpff}{k e bkfp ledpfomfpk e~~etffeo e [/T/ epkfio ~ecfdv ymt wffmkl `v bft t{iiktfeo bm bk Makpfdmo ck okklt e mjk ~mpfeftaaepk tkpfe{tcv8 –Mkp lftmtkp deakt m lktfpk e pkmttka`ck bk tbmplte m `pejko deaa{ofv# yfbtmol bk cett# tpfjk `mdj m bk kokav/\k m|mdj tfpt# fo ebkp yeplt# ~mpfefta“cewk e eok‖t ~ke~ck# ~pflkfo bkfp kol{pmodk# mol m lktfpk e jkk~ bka pea `kfoi b{p movaepk‑"–@cmafoi Makpfdm Gfpt‑&/

4

\m dcmfa# fo {po# mcceykl bk Dbeatjfmock e lftaftt Ifcfo "mol kwkpveok ybe mipkkl yfb bft momcvtft e bkmp ck& mt mi!ymwfoi# hfoieftfd ~pe~eokot e Makpfdmo krdk~feomc!fta/ \m {oep{omk peml bml `kko ~mwkl fo bk =66>t yfb PfdbmplPepv‖t m|mdjt eo bk –{o~mpfefd‑ ck: `eb `kepk mol mkp 6%==#Pepv‖t cf`kpmc omfeomcfta# etdfccmfoi `kykko ~pmiamfd mol ~mpfefdaelkt# yepjkl e {olkpafok bft deaafako e ybm bk eko dmcckl#fowejfoi koovteo‖t –Cedjtckv Bmcc#‑ bk –^mpcfmako e Amo# Gklkpmfeoe bk Yepcl/‑

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@{ bk Makpfdmo lk`mk ewkp bey `kt e e~~etk mc!]mklm okkl oebmwk {pokl eo bk }{ktfeo e ~mpfefta m mcc/ M aepk dmpk{c mol mdd{!pmk pkmlfoi e bk bftepv e Ftcmaft pmlfdmcfta tfodk bk e{olfoi e bkA{tcfa @pebkpbeel fo =602 ye{cl bmwk tbeyo bm bk [ofkl Tmkt ymt oe Ftcmafta‖t eocv e~~eoko# mol# fo md m~~kmpkl eo bk Ftcmaftpmlmp pkcmfwkcv cmk fo bk imak/ Pkdeioffeo e bft ice`mc mt~kd e Ftcm!afta tbe{cl bmwk t{dkl e ~pkwko mov ckft ybe t{~~epkl m afcfmpv pkt~eotk e mc!]mklm pea amjfoi bk aftmjk e bfojfoi bm bkv bml e hefo bkfp okfib`ept fo vfoi bk mi mol mrfoi –~eykp e ~pflk‑ tfdjkpte bk pkmp `{a~kpt e bkfp dmpt fo eplkp e lkaeotpmk bkfp p{k!`c{k=>> ~kpdko Makpfdmooktt/ Eo bk deopmpv# bk pkdeioffeo e Ftcmafta‖tice`mc pkmdb tbe{cl bmwk pkfoepdkl bk Makpfdmo ck‖t deaafako efokpomfeomcfta# h{t mt bk pkdeioffeo e Ftcmafta‖t flkeceifdmc dea!afakot tbe{cl bmwk pkfoepdkl bk Makpfdmo ck‖t deaafako e bk