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Piwr`g: N& Hkreit kfn H& @ii}gr"
^ag Hg~Bclg Pwr|gs il ~ag Khgrc`kf ^gk`agr: ]kp~" ]rgpgf~ kfn Lw~wrg& K Pwr|gs il ^gk`agrp" ]rcf`c}kbp kfn P~wngf~p
!Fgt Sire" FS:Hg~Bclg" Cf`&" ?==1#&
^acp }ibc`s orcgl tkp hkng }ippcobg tc~a ~ag dgfgriwp pw}}ir~ il Hg~Bclg Liwfnk~cif&
^gk`acfd lir k Fgt Tirbn:
 
]rg}krcfd Acda P`aiib Gnw`k~irp ~i Ngbc|gr @ibbgdg( kfn@krggr(_gkns Cfp~rw`~cif
 
Os H Hcbbgr
C~ cp pch}bg& Cl tg tkf~ ~ag |grs ogp~ lir iwr p~wngf~p" ~agcr ~gk`agrp hwp~ og kobg ~i }ri|cng ~agh tc~a~ag |grs ogp~ gnw`k~cif& ^ag hghogrp il ~ag fgq~ dgfgrk~cif il Khgrc`kfp tcbb fggn ~i drknwk~g lrihacda p`aiib rgkns ~i `ih}g~g cf k tirbn il rk}cn dbiokbczk~cif" owrdgifcfd ~g`afibidc`kb cffi|k~cifp"kfn `akfdcfd bkoir hkreg~p& ^ags tcbb fggn ~i og cflirhgn `c~czgfp cf k `ih}bgq tirbn& Fi~ ifbs ni iwrp~wngf~p fggn ~i og }rchgn lir ~acp fgt tirbn" iwr ~gk`agrp hwp~ og }rg}krgn ~i dwcng ~agh& Sg~" jwp~ kpiwr p~wngf~p ni fi~ kbtksp rg`gc|g ~ag }rg}krk~cif ~ags fggn lir ~tgf~s(lcrp~(`gf~wrs pw``gpp" fgc~agr nikbb il ~agcr ~gk`agrp&
;
Kbb ~ii il~gf" ~ag ~ti pc~wk~cifp krg cf~grrgbk~gn&
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 C~ cp tgbb gp~kobcpagn ~ak~ ~gk`agr {wkbc~s cp ifg il ~ag hip~ pcdfclc`kf~ p`aiib cflbwgf`gp if p~wngf~k`acg|ghgf~&
0
Wflir~wfk~gbs" c~ cp bgpp `bgkr ait ~gk`agrgnw`k~cif }ridrkhp `kf }rg}krg kfn rg`rwc~ gllg`~c|g gnw`k~irplir g|grs `bkppriih& Bk`e il rgpgkr`a"
>
cfpwllc`cgf~ nk~k(`ibbg`~cif psp~ghp"
7
kfn fi nglcfc~c|g kdrgghgf~ kp ~i ~ag}rg}krk~cif `kfncnk~gp fggn ak|g rgpwb~gn cf k bifd(p~kfncfdngok~g koiw~ ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif cf iwr `iwf~rs& Ow~ }ibc`shkegrp"rgpgkr`agrp" kfn }rk`~c~cifgrp kbceg krg p~cbb pggecfd hirggllg`~c|g rglirh il ~ag }rg}krk~cif ~gk`agrp rg`gc|g oglirg ~agsgf~gr ~ag `bkppriih
 „ 
pihg~acfd fi~ ak}}gfcfd kp rk}cnbs irgq~gfpc|gbs kp fggngn& Tacbg ~agrg cp g|cngf`g ~ak~ pihg ~gk`agrgnw`k~cif rglirhp hks og pw``ggncfd
 „ 
lir gqkh}bg" hirg ~akfakbl il }rcf`c}kbp kfn ~ti ~acrnp il ~gk`agrp pwr|gsgn cf ~ag ?==1Hg~Bclg Pwr|gs il ~ag Khgrc`kf ^gk`agr rg}ir~gn ~ak~ ~ag{wkbc~s il fgt ~gk`agrp kfn ~agcr ~rkcfcfd akp ch}ri|gn
<
 „ 
kpwr|gs il fgt ~gk`agrp cf ~ak~ pkhg sgkr liwfn ~ak~ ifbs >>
 }gr`gf~ lgb~ ‗|grs }rg}krgn“ lir ~agcr lcrp~ sgkr il ~gk`acfd&
4
 Lwr~agrhirg" acda p`aiib ~gk`agrp ~s}c`kbbs lggb bgpp }rg}krgn ~akf gbghgf~krs ~gk`agrp lir ~ag`akbbgfdgp il ~agcr tire&Kp ~ag dbiokb g`ifihs nghkfnp ~ak~ kbb p~wngf~p krg `ibbgdg kfn `krggr rgkns kl~gr acda p`aiib" ~gk`agrphwp~ og gnw`k~gn kfn pw}}ir~gn ~i cfp~rw`~ ~i ~acp acdagr p~kfnkrn& Ngp}c~g }i`eg~p il gq`gbbgf`g k`ripp~ag `iwf~rs cf ~ag tksp ~gk`agrp krg }rg}krgn cf oi~a ~rknc~cifkb kfn kb~grfk~c|g riw~gp"
1
~agrg cp k fggnlir k fgt" `ih}rgagfpc|g |cpcif&
Fi|ghogr ?==3
 
 
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‗^ag `akbbgfdg lk`cfd
gnw`k~cif p`aiibp cp fi~ ~i nik og~~gr jio k~ tak~ ~ags krgkbrgkns nicfd" ow~ ~i ni klwfnkhgf~kbbs ncllgrgf~ jio&^ags krg fit cf ~ag owpcfgppil }rg}krcfd ~gk`agrp lir k
fgt tirbn&“
 
„
 Kr~awr Bg|cfg
 
 K& Bg|cfg"
Gnw`k~cfd P`aiib ^gk`agrp
 !Tkpacfd~if" N@: Gnw`k~cif P`aiibp ]rijg`~"?==<#&
 
^acp orcgl illgrp k fgt `if`g}~cif lir pg`ifnkrs ~gk`agr }rg}krk~cif ~ak~ gfpwrgp `kfncnk~gp krg kobg ~i}rg}krg p~wngf~p lir `ibbgdg kfn `krggr pw``gpp kl~gr acda p`aiib"
k
gf`iwrkdgp k pacl~ ~i ~ag pecbbp"efitbgndg" kfn `ih}g~gf`cgp `kfncnk~gp paiwbn ak|g if`g ~ags og`ihg `bkppriih ~gk`agrp il rg`irn"acdabcda~p ~ag fggn lir ch}ri|gn ~gk`agr }grlirhkf`g kppgpphgf~p kfn nk~k psp~ghp" kfn `if~gh}bk~gpait lgngrkb }ibc`s `kf pw}}ir~ ~ag rgkbczk~cif il ~agpg dikbp&
K Fgt Gq}g`~k~cif lir ^gk`acfd
 „ 
@ibbgdg kfn @krggr _gkncfgpp lir Kbb
^rknc~cifkbbs" p~wngf~p gf~grcfd acda p`aiib
 „ 
kfn il~gf g|gf gkrbcgr
 „ 
tgrg pir~gn cf~i ifg il ~argg}k~atksp: ifg lir ~aipg tai kf~c`c}k~gn k~~gfncfd `ibbgdg" ifg lir~aipg tai tgrg }rg}krgn lir |i`k~cifkb tire" kfn ifg lir ~aipg fgc~agrdicfd ~i `ibbgdg fir }bkffcfd ~i }wrpwg k |i`k~cifkb `krggr& ^acprgpwb~gn cf nc|grdgf~ gq}g`~k~cifp ng}gfncfd if ~ag
p~wngf~–p ~rk`e5
`ifpg{wgf~bs" ~ag ribg il acda p`aiib ~gk`agrp kfn ait ~ags fggngn ~icfp~rw`~ gk`a driw} il p~wngf~p tgrg kbpi ncllgrgf~& ^gk`agrp tgrgrgp}ifpcobg lir agb}cfd ~agcr orcda~" hi~c|k~gn" `ibbgdg(oiwfn p~wngf~pgq`gb" ow~ fif(`ibbgdg(oiwfn p~wngf~p tgrg agbn ~i k ncllgrgf~" bitgrp~kfnkrn& ^acp hks ak|g oggf k``g}~kobg cf sgkrp }kp~" tagf hkfsdiin(}kscfd jiop tgrg k|kcbkobg ~i ~aipg tc~a bchc~gn gnw`k~cifkbok`edriwfn& Ow~ c~ cp fi bifdgr gfiwda& ^inks" ~ag i|grtagbhcfd}gr`gf~kdg il fgt jiop ~ak~ illgr k tkdg pwllc`cgf~ ~i pw}}ir~ k lkhcbskfn }ri|cng i}}ir~wfc~s lir `krggr kn|kf`ghgf~ rg{wcrg pihg }ip~pg`ifnkrs gnw`k~cif"
3
kfn g|cngf`gpaitp ~ak~ ~ag pecbb bg|gb rg{wcrgn ~i gf~gr `ibbgdg ir k tire(~rkcfcfd }ridrkh krg ~ag pkhg&
;=
Cf irngr ~igfpwrg k pwp~kcfkobg lw~wrg lir kbb Khgrc`kfp" ~gk`agrp hwp~ og kobg ~i }rg}krg
kbb
il ~agcr p~wngf~p lir`ibbgdg kfn `krggrp&
;;
 ^ag kocbc~s ~i gnw`k~g kbb p~wngf~p ~i ~ag acdagp~ p~kfnkrnp rg{wcrgp k aip~ il fgt pecbbp ~ak~ hkfspg`ifnkrs ~gk`agrp ni fi~ `wrrgf~bs ng|gbi} nwrcfd }rg(pgr|c`g }rg}krk~cif ir cf(pgr|c`g }rilgppcifkbng|gbi}hgf~& ^i knn ~i ~agpg fgt gq}g`~k~cifp" ~gk`agrp krg lk`cfd cf`rgkpcfdbs nc|grpg p~wngf~}i}wbk~cifp& Cf knnc~cif ~i p~wngf~p ak|cfd k tcng |krcg~s il bgkrfcfd fggnp" hip~
il ~inks–p `bkppriihp
`if~kcf p~wngf~p tc~a hirg |krcgn rk`ckb" bcfdwcp~c`" kfn `wb~wrkb ok`edriwfnp ~akf cf ~ag }kp~&
;?
Tacbg c~hks fi~ ak|g rg{wcrgn kp hw`a }rg}krk~cif lir }rip}g`~c|g acda p`aiib ~gk`agrp taipg hkcfrgp}ifpcocbc~s tkp ~i gnw`k~g ~ag p~wngf~p tai tgrg kbrgkns `ibbgdg ncrg`~gn" }rg}krcfd kbb p~wngf~p lir`ibbgdg kfn `krggrp `akfdgp ~ag fk~wrg il ~ag ~gk`acfd jio kfn" ~agrglirg" ait }rip}g`~c|g ~gk`agr`kfncnk~gp fggn ~i og ~rkcfgn&
;0
 
Dc|gf ~inks–p rcdiriwp k`knghc` nghkfnp" ~
gk`agrp hwp~ og kobg ~incllgrgf~ck~g cfp~rw`~cif ~i hgg~ ~ag fggnp il kbb il ~agcr p~wngf~p&
;>
 Wflir~wfk~gbs" tacbg ~ag p~wngf~ }i}wbk~cif kp tgbb kp ~ag gq}g`~k~cifp pg~ w}if ~agh krg rk}cnbspacl~cfd" hip~ }rg(pgr|c`g }rg}krk~cif }ridrkhp" oi~a ~rknc~cifkb kfn kb~grfk~c|g" ak|g fi~ knk}~gn ~i
agb} ~gk`agr `kfncnk~gp hgg~ ~ag fggnp il ~inks–p `bkppriih&
;7
@bgkrbs" fgt p~kfnkrnp dgkrgn ~i `ibbgdg(kfn `krggr(rgkns cfp~rw`~cif fggn ~i og ng~grhcfgn lir fgt ~gk`agrp" ow~ ~acp kbifg tcbb fi~ gfpwrg
gllg`~c|g gnw`k~cifkb rglirh& ^agrg kbpi fggnp ~i og k li`wp if `kfncnk~gp– kocbc~cgp ~i hgg~ ~agpg fgt
p~kfnkrnp if`g ~ags og`ihg ~ag ~gk`agr il rg`irn cf ~ag `bkppriih&
k
Tacbg kbb E
 ‐ 
;? ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif `kfncnk~gp fggn ~ag pecbbp ~i }rg}krg ~agcr p~wngf~p lir `ibbgdg kfn `krggr pw``gpp fi hk~~gr tak~ drkng ~ags tcbb ~gk`a" og`kwpg ~ag Kbbckf`g lirGq`gbbgf~ gnw`k~cif cp k }ibc`s irdkfczk~cif li`wpgn if acda p`aiibp" ~acp orcgl tcbb li`wp if pg`ifnkrs ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif& Aitg|gr" kp ~agrg cp k p`kr`c~s il rgpgkr`a p}g`clc` ~i ~ag}rg}krk~cif il acda p`aiib ~gk`agrp" ~ag hkjirc~s il ~ag cflirhk~cif cf ~acp orcgl `kf og dgfgrkbczgn ~ariwdaiw~ E
 ‐ 
;? }rg}krk~cif&
 
 0
Pacl~cfd lrih @iwrpgtire ~i ]grlirhkf`g
Cf ~ag }kp~" cf irngr ~i knnrgpp `if`grfp koiw~ ~ag {wkbc~s il ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif }ridrkhp" rglirh akp
il~gf li`wpgn if ~ag rgdwbk~cif il ‗cf}w~p“„ 
~ak~ cp" ~ag `iwrpgp kfn gq}grcgf`gp `kfncnk~gp fggn ~iwfngr~keg oglirg ~ags og`ihg ~ag ~gk`agr il rg`irn& ^ag ogbcgl akp oggf cl ~gk`agr `kfncnk~gpgf`iwf~grgn k }kr~c`wbkr pg~ il `bkppgp kfn gq}grcgf`gp" ~ags tiwbn og rgkns lir ~agcr lcrp~ nks cf ~ag`bkppriih& Ow~ tac`a p}g`clc` `bkppgp paiwbn ~gk`agrp rg`gc|g kfn tak~ gq}grcgf`gp paiwbn ~ags ak|g ~iog gllg`~c|g cf ~ag ~tgf~s(lcrp~(`gf~wrs `bkppriih9 Tacbg ~agrg cp pihg g|cngf`g koiw~ ch}ir~kf~gbghgf~p il pg`ifnkrs p`aiib ~gk`agr }rg}krk~cif
 „ 
lir gqkh}bg" k p~rifd efitbgndg il `if~gf~ kfnpwojg`~(p}g`clc` ~gk`acfd hg~ainp
 „ 
hw`a cp p~cbb wf`gr~kcf koiw~ ~ag ogp~ tks ~i }rg}krg `kfncnk~gp ~iagb} kbb p~wngf~p pw``ggn&
;<
 Knnc~cifkbbs" wf~cb rgbk~c|gbs rg`gf~bs ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif p~wngf~p tgrg ~s}c`kbbs siwfd tac~g tihgfk~~gfncfd k liwr(
sgkr `ibbgdg& ^inks–p `kfncnk~gp krg cf`rgkpcfdbs nc|grpg" orcfdcfd ncllgrgf~
ok`edriwfnp kfn pecbbp ~i ~agcr }rg}krk~cif }ridrkhp& Kf gcda~ggf(sgkr(ibn hcnnbg(`bkpp ~gk`agr`kfncnk~g tcbb bcegbs rg{wcrg ncllgrgf~ }rg}krk~cif ~akf k ~tgf~s(pg|gf(sgkr(ibn gfdcfggrcfd hkjir tai tkf~p ~i ~gk`a cf ~ag bit(cf`ihg fgcdaoiraiin cf tac`a ag drgt w}" ir k pcq~s(sgkr(ibn}ibc~c`ckf k~ ~ag gfn il agr }ibc~c`kb `krggr tai cp tgbb |grpgn cf`c|c`p ow~ bk`ep ~ag }gnkdidc`kb pecbbp kfn gq}grcgf`g fg`gppkrs ~icfp~rw`~ cf k bit(}grlirhcfd p`aiib& Fi~ ifbs hks ~agpg ~gk`agr`kfncnk~gp fggn ncllgrgf~ck~gn pw}}ir~p kfn ~rkcfcfd" ~ags kbpi`ihg tc~a pecbbp il ~agcr itf ~ak~ `kf cflirh ~gk`agr }rg}krk~cif&Lir cfp~kf`g" ~ag siwfdgp~ dgfgrk~cif il ~gk`agr `kfncnk~gp `kfillgr cfpcda~ cf~i ait ~ag orikngr `ihhwfc~s il ~gk`agrp hcda~w~cbczg fgt ~g`afibidcgp kbrgkns lkhcbckr ~i ~agcr p~wngf~p" cf irngr~i ch}ri|g gfdkdghgf~ kfn k`acg|ghgf~&
;4
Dc|gf ~ak~ ~ag`kfncnk~gp gf~grcfd ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif }ridrkhp ak|g pw`a k tcngrkfdg il pecbbp kfn gq}grcgf`gp" c~ cp wfngrp~kfnkobg ~ak~ fi ifg hingb akp oggf ng~grhcfgn ~i tire ogp~lir g|grs }i~gf~ckb ~gk`agr&
;1
 Lcfkbbs" rgdwbk~cfd `iwrpgtire lir ~gk`agr `kfncnk~gp illgrp fi kppwrkf`gp lir ait gllg`~c|g ~ags tcbb ogif ~agcr lcrp~ nks kp ~ag ~gk`agr il rg`irn& Cfp~gkn" }ibc`shkegrp tiwbn og tcpg ~i pacl~ ~ag li`wp ~i
~gk`agr }grlirhkf`g ‗iw~}w~p“„ 
hgkpwrkobg pecbbp il gllg`~c|g ~gk`acfd okpgn if ~ag k`knghc`pw``gppgp il ~agcr p~wngf~p& Kbb ~gk`agrp" fi hk~~gr ~agcr }k~atks cf~i ~ag pg`ifnkrs p`aiib `bkppriih"paiwbn }ippgpp kfn gqgr`cpg ~agpg pecbbp cf irngr ~i }rg}krg ~agcr p~wngf~p lir pw``gpp kl~gr acda p`aiib&Cf ~acp tks" k pcfdbg pg~ il acda gq}g`~k~cifp `kf og pg~ lir g|grs ~gk`agr `kfncnk~g tacbg kbbitcfd }rg(pgr|c`g }rg}krk~cif }ridrkhp
 „ 
~rknc~cifkb ir kb~grfk~c|g
 „ 
~i ~keg cffi|k~c|g k}}rik`agp ~i hgg~ ~agp}g`clc` fggnp il ~agcr `kfncnk~gp&
o
 
o
 
@bgkrbs" ~acp nigp fi~ ch}bs ~ak~ kbb ~gk`agr ng|gbi}hgf~ hwp~ i``wr nwrcfd }rg}krk~cif& C~ cp `rc~c`kb ~gk`agrp rg`gc|g p~rifd hgf~ircfd kfn cfnw`~cif cf~agcr lcrp~ lgt sgkrp cf ~ag `bkppriih kfn gllg`~c|g }rilgppcifkb ng|gbi}hgf~ ~ariwdaiw~ ~agcr `krggrp& Aitg|gr" c~ cp |c~kb ~i gfpwrg if ~ag |grs lcrp~ nks il p`aiib kbb p~wngf~p rg`gc|g ~ag acda({wkbc~s cfp~rw`~cif ~ags jwp~bs ngpgr|g&
 
 
‗
 Knncfd k `iwrpg" ir g|gf pg|grkb`iwrpgp" ~i k ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif`wrrc`wbwh nigp bc~~bg ~i knnrgpp ~agbkrdgr ~gk`agr gnw`k~cif rglirhch}grk~c|g&
“
 
„
Bcfnk Obkf~if kfnHkrbggf ]wdk`a
B& Obkf~if kfn H& ]wdk`a"
@ibbkoirk~c|g ]ridrkhp cfDgfgrkb kfn P}g`ckb ^gk`agr Gnw`k~cif: Kf K`~cif Dwcnglir Acdagr Gnw`k~cif kfn P~k~g ]ibc`s Hkegrp
!Tkpacfd~if" N@: @iwf`cb il @acgl P~k~g P`aiibp Illc`grp"?==4#&
 
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