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Contemporary Essays on

Vanishing Ethnicity, Culturesand Languages of Nepal

A Focus on Kiranti-Kõits

................................................................................................................................

Lal-Shyãkarelu Rapacha

PhD

Research Institute for Kirãtology Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by Research Institute for Kirãtology G P O Box: 5569Kathmandu, Nepal© Copyright Author 2009First published AD 2009 Yalamba (Yele) Thotse 5069 Vikram Samvat 2066Nepal Samvat 1130 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for thepurposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, without the prior permission of the author.For information e-mail tokiranti.muru@hotmail.comshyakarelurapacha@yahoo.comkiranti.rapachalal@gmail.comContemporary Essays on

Vanishing Ethnicity, Cultures and Languages of Nepal

A Focus on Kiranti-KõitsISBN 978 9937 21670 8Logo concept and designLal Rapacha, Uttam Katicha and Sameer Kyabacha (Mukhiya)Typing/layoutLal Rapacha/Sahadev MaharjanCover concept, illustration and designLal Rapacha, Lokpriya Khanal and Debendra KhapungMaa Tara Offset PressJorpati, KathmanduTel: 4912692Printed in Nepal

for

My and our

tami

Animon Rapacha,

tau

Aristocha HumboldtRapachaand the rest Kiranti future generations, who will one day certainly ask themselves about theiridentity Also in memoriamof our Kiranti ancestorsSirijanggahang Thebe (Rupihang Raya),Lalsor Sendang,Imanxing Chemjong,Falgunanda Lingden,Lasahang, Bajhang Limbu, Kangsore, Additional Chief Secy. RB Rujicha-Mukhia,Naradmuni Thulung, Buddhikarna Kebang (Raya),Devi Je

:ticha, Karna Je

:ticha et al.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Books are the windows through which the soul looks outside. A home without books is a room without windows.No man has right to bring up his/her children without surrounding them with booksIf s/he has no means to buy them, it is wrong to his/her family.

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Books are good enough in their own way, but they are a mighty bloodless substitute for life.Robert Louis Stevension,

Virginibus Puerisque

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Contents

................................................................................................................................

Preface vi Abbreviations, Terms and Symbols used xiv Plates xviFigures xviTables xviBoxes xvii

P A R T O N E

Ethnoidentity and Sociopolitical Crisis 1

-68

Sunkosi’s phantom in ethnoidentity

22 Seeking the Sunuwar identity 53 Toni Hagen misunderstood Sunuwar 104 Evidence for Sunuwar as Kiranti 145 Demystifying the myths of Sunuwar 286 Saroza's Sunuwar-Jirel revisited 317 Ethnofederalism on its deathbed 378 Mismatching antiques and identity

9 Kiranti-Kõits identity crisis 50

P A R T TW O

Issues on Historical and Cultural Identity

69-110

10 A look on Chemjong's contributions 7011 Writing unwritten ethnohistory 7112 Past, present and future of Kiranti-Kõits 7413 Age-old socio-anthropology of Nepal 8814 Guardian angels of

Sakela Sili

15 Three deities in Kiranti-K

its lore 9516 The restoration of

Sakela Sili

17 Semantic aspects of Salaku in Sunuwar 100

PART THREE

Languages, Grammars, Criticism and Folklore

111-276

18 Nepali language matters 11219 A preliminary sociolinguistic Survey of Sunuwar 11320 Language planning for peace building 12621 Sunuwar as an endangered language 12922 Kiranti-Yamphu grammar's face 137