Design approaches

according to Eurocode 7
Structural Engineering Master program
Geotechnical restriction
Ed <= Rd
Ed = E * Ek
Md = Mk / M
Rd = Rk / R
Parameters with their real values, without safety factors,
are named characteristic values with an index k: Ek =
characteristic actions, Rk = characteristic resistances.
Parameters with safety factors are named design values
with an index d: Ed = design actions, Rd = design
resistances.
For the GEO and STR limit states, the three possible design
approaches use different sets of partial safety factors:
Design approach 1 with two combinations:
Combination 1: A1 + M1 (= 1) + R1 (= 1) safety factors on loads
Combination 2: A2 (= 1) + M2 + R1 (= 1) safety factors on materials
(soil)
for piles:
Combination 1: A1 + M1 (= 1) + R1 (= 1)
Combination 2: A2 (= 1) + (M1 (= 1) or M2) + R4
(M1 for pile resistance, M2 for unfavorable actions like negative skin friction or
transversal loads)
Design approach 2:
A1 + M1 (= 1) + R2 safety factors on loads and resistances
Design approach 3:
A2 (= 1) + M2 + R3 (= 1)
(A1 for loads from the structure without influence of soil material parameters)
Design example 1 spread foundation
Stiff till
Square pad foundation
GEO ultimate limit state bearing resistance failure
Vd Rd
Vd design vertical load
Rd design bearing resistance
Short term safety undrained conditions for soil
Long term safety drained soil condition for soil
partial safety factors on Actions - A
Actions A1 A2
Permanent loads, unfavorable 1.35 1.00
Permanent loads, favorable 1.00 1.00
Variable loads, unfavorable 1.50 1.30
Variable loads, favorable 0.00 0.00
partial safety factors on Materials - M
Materials M1 M2
Angle of internal friction tan() 1.00 1.25
Cohesion c 1.00 1.25
Undrained cohesion cu 1.00 1.40
Unit weight 1.00 1.00
partial safety factors on Resistances - R
Resistances R1 R2 R3 R4
Sliding resictance 1.00 1.40 1.00
Bearing capacity resistance 1.00 1.10 1.00
Passive earth pressure 1.00 1.40 1.00
End bearing for bore piles 1.25 1.10 1.00 1.60
Skin friction for bore piles, compress. 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.30
Skin friction for bore piles, tension 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.60
Vertical loads
V
d
=
G
(G
k
+ G
pad,k
) +
Q
Q
k
=
G
(G
k
+ A
c
d) +
Q
Q
k
V
d
=
G
(900 + B
2
x 24 x 0.8) +
Q
x 600
Undrained condition short term safety
R
d
/A = R
d
/A = p
cr
= (( + 2) c
u,d
b
c
s
c
i
c
+
q
d
) /
R
= (( + 2) c
u,d
s
c
+ q
d
) /
R
b base inclination factor, b
c
= 1.00
i load inclination factor, i
c
= 1.00
s shape factor, s
c
= 1.20
A = A, centric loading case
R
d
= p
cr
x A = B
2
x (( + 2) c
u,d
s
c
+ q
d
)
/
R
= B
2
(( +2)(200/
M
)+22 x 0.8)/
R
DA1 combination 1
A1 + M1 (= 1) + R1 (= 1) safety
factors on loads
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x 24 x 0.8) + 1.5 x
600
R
d
= B
2
(( +2)(200/1.00)+22 x 0.8)/1.00
B = ?
DA1 combination 2
A2 (= 1) + M2 + R1 (= 1) safety
factors on materials (soil)
V
d
= 1.0 (900 + B
2
x 24 x 0.8) + 1.3 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(( +2)(200/1.4)+22 x 0.8)/1.00
B = ?
DA2
A1 + M1 (= 1) + R2 safety factors on
loads and resistances
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x 24 x 0.8) + 1.5 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(( +2)(200/1.00)+22 x 0.8)/1.40
B = ?
DA3
A1 + M2 + R3 (= 1)
A1 for loads from the structure without influence of
soil material parameters
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x 24 x 0.8) + 1.5 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(( +2)(200/1.40)+22 x 0.8)/1.00
B = ?
Drained condition long term safety
R
d
/A = c N
c
b
c
s
c
i
c
+ q N
q
b
q
s
q
i
q
+ 0.5 B N

c = 0
q = 0.8 x ( -
w
) = 0.8 x (22 9.81) = 9.75kPa
A = A = B
2
; B = B
i = all 1.00
b = all 1.00
s

= 0.7; s
q
= 1 + sin
R
d
= A (q N
q
s
q
+ 0.5 B N

0.7) = B
2
(9.75 x N
q
x s
q
+
0.5 x 12.19 x B x N

x 0.7
DA1 combination 1
A1 + M1 (= 1) + R1 (= 1) safety factors on loads
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x (24 9.81) x 0.8) + 1.5 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x N
q
x s
q
+ 0.5 x 12.19 x B x N

x 0.7
N
q
= e
x tan
tan
2
(/4 + '/2) = e
tan35
tan
2
(/4 + 35.0/2) =
33.30
N

= 2(N
q
- 1) tan' = 2(33.3 1) tan35 = 45.23
s
q
= 1 + sin' = 1 + sin35 = 1.57
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x 33.3 x 1.57 + 0.5 x 12.19 x B x 45.23 x
0.7)/1.00
B = ?
DA1 combination 2
A2 (= 1) + M2 + R1 (= 1) safety factors on materials
(soil)
V
d
= 1.0 (900 + B
2
x (24 9.81) x 0.8) + 1.3 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x N
q
x s
q
+ 0.5 x 12.19 x B x N

x 0.7
'
d
= tan
-1
(tan 'k)/
M
= tan
-1
(tan35/1.25) = 29.30
N
q
= e
x tan
tan
2
(/4 + '/2) = e
tan29.3
tan
2
(/4 +
29.3/2) = 16.92
N

= 2(N
q
- 1) tan' = 2(16.92 1) tan29.3 = 17.84
s
q
= 1 + sin' = 1 + sin29.3 = 1.49
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x 16.92 x 1.49 + 0.5 x 12.19 x B x 17.84 x
0.7)/1.00
B = ?
DA2
A1 + M1 (= 1) + R2 safety factors on loads and
resistances
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x (24-9.81) x 0.8) + 1.5 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x N
q
x s
q
+ 0.5 x 12.19 x B x N

x 0.7
N
q
= e
x tan
tan
2
(/4 + '/2) = e
tan35
tan
2
(/4 + 35.0/2) =
33.30
N

= 2(N
q
- 1) tan' = 2(33.3 1) tan35 = 45.23
s
q
= 1 + sin' = 1 + sin35 = 1.57
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x 33.3 x 1.57 + 0.5 x 12.19 x B x 45.23 x
0.7)/1.40
B = ?
DA3
A1 + M2 + R3 (= 1)
A1 for loads from the structure without influence of soil material parameters
V
d
= 1.35 (900 + B
2
x (24 - 9.81) x 0.8) + 1.5 x 600
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x N
q
x s
q
+ 0.5 x 12.19 x B x N

x 0.7
'
d
= tan
-1
(tan 'k)/
M
= tan
-1
(tan35/1.25) = 29.30
N
q
= e
x tan
tan
2
(/4 + '/2) = e
tan29.3
tan
2
(/4 + 29.3/2) = 16.92
N

= 2(N
q
- 1) tan' = 2(16.92 1) tan29.3 = 17.84
s
q
= 1 + sin' = 1 + sin29.3 = 1.49
R
d
= B
2
(9.75 x 16.92 x 1.49 + 0.5 x 12.19 x B x 17.84 x 0.7)/1.00
B = ?
Design widths for different Design
Approaches and Design conditions
Design Approach Foundation width (m) OFS = Ruk/Vk
Undrained Drained
condition condition
DA1 (Combination 1)
DA1 (Combination 2)
DA2
DA3
Design example 2
GEO ultimate limit state bearing resistance failure
V
d
R
d
V
d
design vertical load
R
d
design bearing resistance
Short term safety undrained conditions for soil
Long term safety drained soil condition for soil
partial safety factors on Actions - A
Actions A1 A2
Permanent loads, unfavorable 1.35 1.00
Permanent loads, favorable 1.00 1.00
Variable loads, unfavorable 1.50 1.30
Variable loads, favorable 0.00 0.00
partial safety factors on Materials - M
Materials M1 M2
Angle of internal friction tan() 1.00 1.25
Cohesion c 1.00 1.25
Undrained cohesion cu 1.00 1.40
Unit weight 1.00 1.00
partial safety factors on Resistances - R
Resistances R1 R2 R3
Sliding resictance 1.00 1.10 1.00
Bearing capacity resistance 1.00 1.40 1.00
about vertical loads
N
q
= e
tan '
tan
2
(45 + '/2)
N
c
= (N
q
- 1) cot'
N

= 2 (N
q
- 1) tan
sq = 1 + sin' for a square or circular shape
s

= 1 - 0.3(B'/L') for a rectangular shape

s

= 0.7 for a square or circular shape

s
c
= (s
q
N
q
- 1)/(N
q
- 1)
i
c
= i
q
(1 - i
q
)/N c tan'
i
q
= [1 - H/(V + A c cot')]
m
i

= [1 - H/(V + A c cot')]
m + 1
m = [2 + (B'/L')]/[1+(B'/L')] when H acts in the direction of B'
about resistances
Values to determine, based on the B value