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6.1
Chapter Six
Linear Functions and Matrices
6.1 Matrices
Suppose
 f 
:
 R R
 n p
→
be a linear function. Let
e e e
12
,,,
K
n
be the coordinatevectors for
 R
 n
. For any
 x R
 n
∈
, we have
 x e e e
= + + +
 x x x
n n
1 1 2 2
K
. Thus
 f f x x x x f x f x f 
n n n n
()()()()()
 x e e e e e e
=+++=+++
11221122
K K
.Meditate on this; it says that a linear function is entirely determined by its values
 f f f 
n
(),(),,()
e e e
12
K
. Specifically, suppose
 f a a a f a a a f a a a
 p pn n n pn
()(,,,),()(,,,),()(,,,).
eee
11121121222212
===
KKMK
Then
 f a x a x a x a x a x a xa x a x a x
n n n n p p pn n
()(,,,).
 x
=+++++++++
111122121122221122
K K KK
 
The numbers
a
ij
thus tell us everything about the linear function
 f 
. . To avoid labelingthese numbers, we arrange them in a rectangular array, called a
 matrix
:
 
6.2
a a aa a aa a a
nn p p pn
111212122212
KKM MK
The matrix is said to
 represent
the linear function
 f 
.For example, suppose
 f 
:
 R R
 2 3
→
is given by the receipt
 f x x x x x x x x
(,)(,,)
12121212
2532
=−+−
 
.Then
 f f 
()(,)(,,)
e
1
10213
==
, and
 f f 
()(,)(,,)
e
2
01152
==−−
. The matrix representing
 f 
is thus
213152
−−
Given the matrix of a linear function, we can use the matrix to compute
 f 
()
 x
forany
 x
. This calculation is systematized by introducing an arithmetic of matrices. First,we need some jargon. For the matrix
 Aa a aa a aa a a
nn p p pn
=
111212122212
KKM MK
,
 
6.3
the matrices
[]
a a a
i i in
12
,,,
K
are called
 rows
of 
 A
, and the matrices
aaa
 j j pj
12
M
are called
 columns
of 
 A
. Thus
 A
has
 p
rows and
n
columns; the
 size
of 
 A
is said to be
 p n
×
. Avector in
 R
 n
can be displayed as a matrix in the obvious way, either as a
1
×
n
matrix, inwhich case the matrix is called a
 row vector
, or as a
 n
×
1
matrix, called a
 column vector
.Thus the matrix representation of 
 f 
is simply the matrix whose columns are the columnvectors
 f f f 
n
(),(),,()
e e e
11
K
.
Example
Suppose
 f 
:
 R R
 3 2
→
is defined by
 f x x x x x x x x x
( , , ) ( , )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 3 2 5
= − + − + −
.So
 f f 
()(,,)(,)
e
1
10021
==−
,
 f f 
()(,,)(,)
e
2
01032
==−
, and
 f f 
()(,,)(,)
e
3
00115
==−
.The matrix which represents
 f 
is thus
213215
−−−
Now the recipe for computing
 f(x)
can be systematized by defining the product of a matrix
 A
and a column vector
 x
. Suppose
 A
is a
 p n
×
matrix and
 x
is a
n
×
1
column
of 00

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