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Piracy
The act of making illegal copies of video tapes, computer programs, books, etc, in order to sell them.
Literature Review
;Moral rights are rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and first recognized in France and Germany, before they were included inthe Berne Convention for the Protection of literally and Artistic Works in 1928. Some of the moral rights are copyright, patent, trademarks, industrial design rights, utility models,geographical indication, trade secrets, related rights, trade names and domain names.
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Intellectual property is an intangible property, which, against other forms of property, cannot bedefined or identified by its own physical parameters. Four separate and distinct types of intangibleproperty; namely, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets collectively are referred toas intellectual property.
2
A license is a permission to use a resource claimed under intellectual property laws, oftenagainst a royalty fee. ‘Piracy’ is an industry label for the unauthorized use of thatresource.
3
Pakistan is a member of the Berne Convention on copyrights and the World Intellectual PropertyRights Organization (WIPO), but is not a member of Paris Convention for protection of intellectualproperty.
4
 
Pirated products are sold in almost all the economies of the world but its consumption isdifferent. For example, automotive parts market in Middle East and pharmaceuticals inAfrica. Piracy of music, movies and software appears to be significant in all economies,especially developing countries
.
5
1
 
: Peter E. Berlowe, Laura J. Berlowe-Heinish, and Peter A. Koziol, 81
 Fla. Bar J 
. 30(2007)
2
:
Lawrence R. Hefter and Robert D.Litowitz, ‘What is Intellectual Property’? US StateDepartment Study, at
www.us.gov.ipr.htm
.
3
Martin Kretschmer, Issue Paper for SSRC “
 Intellectual Property, Markets, and Cultural  Flows
” New York, 24-25 October 2003
4
:
European Commission’s market Access Sectoral and trade Barriers database. See Pakistan-IPR Related Measures at
http//www.europa.eu.int 
5
John Dryden ,Deputy Director for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD, Paris,
Third Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy 30-31 January 2007, International Conference Center, Geneva
Presentation for the Third Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy, 30-31January 2007, International Conference Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
 
The higher price earning ratio gives rise to demand of pirated products which gives riseto a black market opportunity and raises expected profit for smugglers and distributors of  pirate products. The higher level of piracy market share is due to expected profits in themarket. Higher the level of corruption and black market activity, higher the level of  piracy.
6
 
Economic inequality is important variable to have negatively affected national piracy rate.Effective Judicial system of a country also affects piracy rate but they are not the only factorswhich affect piracy rate.
7
Higher costs of original software are compelling towards piracy. The cost of original product hasthe key factor in using pirated products.
8
The high prices of foreign books are the main cause of piracy in Pakistan. Preventing piracy can only be a success until low priced books are available to local readers.
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Four indicators which may have significant impact on piracy are1.economic,2. technical,3.regulatory, and4. social/culturalBut these are not the only factors which determine piracy. Furthermorecountries which have less corruption rate have low rate of piracy.Factors such as strong economic growth, low trade regulations, highuncertainty avoidance, low Internet use, better ICT laws, and strong ITinfrastructure had partial influence on low piracy.
The study explains 78% (1996) to 84% (2001) to 83% (2003) of increase in software piracy data. Economic factor is not the only factor which determines high piracy rate as piracy is prevalent in more developed counties as well. Social structures and attitudesshould also be changed in order to decrease piracy.
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Text shortened for delivery. It will be available on the OECD web site at
www.oecd.org/sti/counterfeiting.
6
: Papadopoulos, Theo, (2003) "Determinants of International Sound Recording Piracy."
 Economics Bulletin,
Vol. 6, No. 10 pp. 1−9, August 7, 2003.
7
 
:
Andrés, Antonio Rodríguez,
 Applied Economics Letters 
pp. 101-105(5), Volume 13, Number2, Number 2/10 February 2006 ,
8
:
Eric Kin-wai Lau, Factors motivating people toward pirated software,
Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 
 
Volume:
9
Issue:
4
 Year:
2006
9
 
:
Khalid Mahmood, Muhammad Ilyas
,
 IFLA Journal 
, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pp:324-332(2005)
10
 
Kallol Bagchi, Peeter Kirs,
and 
Robert Cerveny, COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMJune 2006/Vol. 49, No. 6
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