Polytropic star structure analysis under BonnorEbert gas

sphere astrophysical conguration thorough investigating

analytical solutions to the related LaneEmden equation
K. Boubaker
a,
, A.H. Bhrawy
b
a
Unite de Physique des dispositifs a` Semi-conducteurs, Faculte des Sciences, de Tunis, Universite de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Received 24 November 2011; received in revised form 10 January 2012; accepted 11 January 2012
Available online 20 January 2012
Abstract
In this paper, BonnorEbert gas sphere model of polytropic stars has been investigated through an analytical approach. Two con-
rmed and well-established methods have been used: the Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation Method ELFM and the Boubaker Poly-
nomials Expansion Scheme BPES. Solutions to the related generalized LaneEmden equation of the second kind have been expressed
and plotted. Results have given evidence to the relevance of the dimensionless BonnorEbert radius, in good agreement with some
recently proposed proles.
2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Polytropic star; BonnorEbert gas sphere; LaneEmden equation; Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation Method ELFM; The Boubaker
Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES; Eulerian representation
1. Introduction
Polytropic stars are described by what is now commonly
known as BonnorEbert gas spheres model (Bonnor, 1956;
Ebert, 1955). In this model a star is represented by an iso-
thermal gas sphere embedded in a pressurized medium at
the maximum possible mass allowing for hydrostatic equi-
librium (Fig. 1). The derivation is based on earlier works
done by Emden (1907), and hence equation is often
referred to as the LaneEmden equation of the second kind
(Momoniat and Harley, 2006; Ramos, 2008; Abbasbandy,
2006; Sajid et al., 2007; Liao, 2003). For implementing this
model (Fig. 1), let us consider Poissons equation:
dPr
dr
qr
G Mr
r
2
1
and equation for hydrostatic equilibrium given by:
dMr
dr
4pr
2
qr 2
where P(r) is the pressure at radius r, M(r) is the mass of
the star at radius r, G is the gravitational constant and
q(r) is star r-dependent density. Here the star is assumed
to be spherical in shape.
By combining these two equations, it gives:
1
r
2
d
dr
r
2
dPr
qrdr
_ _
4pGqr 3
Eq. (3) could be a linear dierential equation if it has not to
be solved both on both P(r) and q(r). The case of polytrop-
ic stars gives important simplication to this problem. In
fact, polytropes, which are thermodynamic paths similar
to adiabatics and isothermals, provide polytropic equations
of state, linking star core pressure P(r) to density q(r):
Pr W qr
c
4
where W and c are constants which depend on the thermo-
dynamic properties of the isothermal gas sphere. Finally,
by setting i.e., c = 1 and introducing the changes:
0273-1177/$36.00 2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2012.01.007

Corresponding author. Tel.: +216 71 811418; fax: +216 73 681313.

E-mail address: mmbb11112000@yahoo.fr (K. Boubaker).
www.elsevier.com/locate/asr
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Advances in Space Research 49 (2012) 10621066
yx Ln
qr
q
0

x r

4pGq
0
W
_
_
_
5
It gives:
y
00
x
2
x
y
0
x e
yx
6
This equation is a particular case of the LaneEmden equa-
tion of the second kind:
d
2
y
dx
2

n
x
dy
dx
f y 0
y0 0
y
0
0 0
f y e
by
_

_
7
This paper is structured as follows: in the next Section 2, we
give an overview of the Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation
Method ELFM and its relevant properties needed hereaf-
ter. Section 3 is devoted to second method: the Boubaker
Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES and its application.
Section 4 gathers solutions plots along with comparison
and discussion. Some concluding remarks are given in the
nal Section 5.
2. Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation Method ELFM
2.1. Presentation
In the Eulerian representation of the polytropic star
structure analysis, any specic star constituent dynamic is
a function of time t and of its location with respect to a
xed point at that instant of time. In this Eulerian repre-
sentation, the BonnorEbert mass represents the largest
mass that the star can have while still remaining in hydro-
static equilibrium and equations governing this hydrostatic
equilibrium can be expressed in two-dimensional conserva-
tion form as:
y
00
Ux; y; y
0
8
For solving this equation using the Enhanced Lagrangian
Formulation Method ELFM, the point type vector eld
is dened:
X nx; y
@
@x
gx; t
@
@y
9
With, as a rst prolongation:
X
1
X g
x
g
y
y
0
n
x
y
0
n
y
y
02

@
@y
10
Lagrangian L(x, y, y
0
) of Eq. (8) gives the EulerLagrange
equivalent equation:
d
dx
dL
@y
0
_ _

dL
@y
0 11
In this case, X is called: Noether point symmetry generator
(Ovsiannikov, 1982; Bluman and Kumei, 1989) corre-
sponding to L(x, y, y
0
) under the condition of existence of
a gauge function B(x, y) which veries:
@
@x
y
0
@
@y
y
00
@
@y
0

_ _
B
X
1
L
@
@x
y
0
@
@y
y
00
@
@y
0

_ _
nL 12
A rst integral of Eq. (8), associated with the operator X, is
hence:
I nL g y
0
n
@L
@y
B 13
If this rst integral is associated with the Noether point
symmetry generator X, it satises:
X
1
I 0 14
The main idea in the Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation
Method ELFM, as a extended form of the already per-
formed Variational Iteration Method VIM (Mohyud-Din,
2010a,b), is to presume the existence of solutions to Eq.
(8) in terms of quadrature. By associating a Noether point
symmetry generator to the related Lagrangian L(x, y, y
0
).
2.2. Application of the Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation
Method ELFM
For Eq. (7), the standard Lagrangian is:
L
1
2
x
n
y
02
x
n
_
f ydy 15
By substituting this Lagrangian in Eq. (8) and identifying
each power of y
0
, one obtains the system:
n
y
0
g
y

1
2
n
x
nx
1
n
x
n
g
x
B
y
nx
n1
n
_
f ydy x
n
gf y x
n
n
x
_
f ydy B
x
_

_
16
Fig. 1. Polytropic star BonnorEbert gas spheres model.
K. Boubaker, A.H. Bhrawy / Advances in Space Research 49 (2012) 10621066 1063
This system is consecutively transformed, after straightfor-
ward manipulations, to:
n ax
g
1
2
a
0
nx
1
ay bx
B
1
4
x
n
a
00
na=x
0
0
y
2
b
0
x
n
y cx
nx
n1
aa
0
x
n

_
f ydy
1
2
x
n
a
0
y
1
2
nx
n1
ay x
n
bf y
1
4
a
000
x
n
y
2

1
2
nx
n2
a
0
y
2

1
2
nx
n3
ay
2

1
4
n
2
y
2
x
n1
a=x
0
y
2
b
0
x
n
y b
0
nx
n1
y c
0
_

_
17
2.3. Resolution algorithm
Application of the Enhanced Lagrangian Formulation
Method ELFM starts from assigning the variables in the
system (18):
n x
f y ae
by
j
a1;b1
g
2
b
2
B k
_

_
18
where k is a constant.
In this case, the second Lie point symmetry generator is:
Y x ln x
@
@x

2
b
1 ln x
@
@y
19
The obtained solution is nally:
y x ln
u
x
_ _
20
with:
_
du
u

1 1=2abu
2
_
_
x ln x xdx 21
3. Solution using the Boubaker Polynomials Expansion
Scheme BPES
3.1. Presentation
The Boubaker Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES
(Awojoyogbe and Boubaker; 2008; Belhadj et al.,
2009a,b; Tabatabaei et al., 2009; Ghanouchi et al. 2008;
Fridjine et al. 2009; Chaouachi et al., 2007; Fridjine and
Amlouk, 2009a,b; Ghrib et al., 2008; Guezmir et al.,
2009; Oyodum et al., 2009; Slama et al., 2008; 2009a,b;
Zhao et al., 2008; Kumar, 2010; Barry and Hennessy,
2010; Agida, 2010; Yildirim et al., 2010; Milgram, 2011)
is a resolution protocol which has been successfully applied
to several applied-physics and mathematics problems. The
BPES protocol ensures the validity of the related boundary
conditions regardless main equation features. The BPES is
mainly based on Boubaker polynomials rst derivatives
properties:

N
q1
B
4q
xj
x0
2N0;

N
q1
B
4q
xj
xrq
0;
_

_
22
and:

N
q1
dB
4q
x
dx
j
x0
0

N
q1
dB
4q
x
dx
j
xrq

N
q1
H
q
with : H
n
B
0
4n
r
n

4rn2r
2
n

n
q1
B
2
4q
rn
B
4n1
rn
4r
3
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
23
Several solution have been proposed through the BPES in
many elds such as numerical analysis, theoretical physics,
mathematical algorithms, heat transfer, homodynamics,
material characterization, fuzzy systems modeling and
biology.
3.2. Application
The Boubaker Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES is
applied to the system (8) through setting the expression:
ux
1
2N
0

N
0
k1
k
k
B
4k
xr
k
24
where B
4k
are the 4k-order Boubaker polynomials, x e
[0, 1] is the normalized variable, r
k
are B
4k
minimal positive
roots, N
0
is a prexed integer and k
k
j
k1::N
0
are unknown
pondering real coecients.
Thanks to the properties expressed by Eqs. (22) and
(23), boundary conditions are trivially veried in advance
to resolution process. The system (8) is hence reduced to:
1
2N
0

N
0
k1
k
k

d
2
B
4k
xr
k

dx
2

1
xN
0

N
0
k1
k
k

dB
4k
xr
k

dx

exp
1
N
0

N
0
k1
k
k
B
4k
xr
k

_ _
_

_
25
Fig. 2. ELFM solution plots for 0 < b < 2.
1064 K. Boubaker, A.H. Bhrawy / Advances in Space Research 49 (2012) 10621066
y
00
x
2
x
y
0
x e
yx
The BPES solution is obtained by determining the non-null
set of coecients
~
k
k
j
k1...N
0
that minimizes the absolute
dierence D
N
0
:
D
N
0
j
1
2N
0

N
0
k1
~
k
k
K
k
_ _

1
2N
0

N
0
k1
~
k
k
K
0
k
_ _
j
with :
K
k
r
2
k
_
1
0
d
2
B
4k
dx
2
x r
k
dx
K
0
k
r
k
_
1
0
2
x

dB
4k
dx
x r
k
exp
1
N
0

N
0
k1
B
4k
x r
k

_ _ _ _ _ _
dx
_

_
26
The nal solution is hence:
ux
1
2N
0

N
0
k1
~
k
k
B
4k
xr
k
27
4. Results plots and discussion
Plots of the solutions obtained using the Enhanced
Lagrangian Formulation Method ELFM are presented in
Fig. 2 for dierent values of the parameter b. Fig. 3 pre-
sents the solutions obtained using the Boubaker Polynomi-
als Expansion Scheme BPES for sampled values of the
integer parameter N
0
.
While investigating the behaviors of the solutions (Fig. 2
and 3), given by the two methods, at the vicinity of the ori-
gin, a strict respect of the two initial conditions (y = y
0
= 0)
could be observed while an exponential parabolic x-depen-
dent behavior was recorded for 1 < b < 2 and x > 0.5. This
result is conrmed by the results presented in the relevant
literature.
BonnorEbert radius main features, like value, b-depen-
dence, and variations, were also concordant with precedent
results, particularly those of detailed by Banerjee and Pud-
ritz (2006), Alves et al. (2001), Braithwaite and Spruit
(2004) and Andre et al. (2000).
Fig. 3 monitors the eect of increasing values of N
0
on
the obtained prole. This gure is an additional proof of
the rapid convergence of analytical solutions obtained
through the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme
(BPES).
Additionally, it had been noticed that the density prole
can be deduced from Eq. (5) using a simple inverse scheme.
Fig. 4 monitors the obtained density prole. The presence
of the central core at about 70% from the outer radius,
as well as the value of this radius, is in perfect agreement
with the results recorded by Kratter and Matzner (2006).
5. Conclusion
In this work we have tried to give evidence to the e-
ciency of two enhanced protocols: the Enhanced Lagrang-
Fig. 3. BPES solution plots for 0 < b < 2 and dierent values of N
0
.
Fig. 4. Polytropic star BonnorEbert gas sphere model density prole.
K. Boubaker, A.H. Bhrawy / Advances in Space Research 49 (2012) 10621066 1065
ian Formulation Method ELFM and the Boubaker Poly-
nomials expansion Scheme BPES as tools for solving
non-linear partial dierential equations. These schemes
have been successfully applied to the BonnorEbert gas
sphere model of polytropic stars.
Solutions expressions a graphics have given evidence to
the relevance of density radial prole, dimensionless
BonnorEbert radius and cores, whose recorded parameters
were in good agreement with some recently published results.
Obtained results can be a sustainable guide for under-
standing star formation/extinction dynamics. Nevertheless,
the studied model is seriously contested and hence, many
other modeled stars have to be considered and deeply stud-
ied i.e., Protostars, Tauri, Red Giant, White Dwarf, Red
Dwarf, Neutron and Supergiant Stars.
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