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Statistical No pre-plannedPre-planned
Design design for design for
analysis analysis
Types of Research Design
Observational Unstructural Structured or
Design instruments for well thought-
collection of out
data instruments for
collection of
data
Operational No fixed Advance
Design decisions decisions
about about
operational operational
procedures procedures
CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Test area:
Level of phenomenon Treatment Level of
Phenomenon
Before treatment( X ) introduced after
treatment( Y)
Test area:
Treatment introduced Level of
Phenomenon
after
treatment( Y)
Control Area
Level of
phenomenon
After only with control design
Treatment introduced
Control Area:
Level of Phenomenon Level of phenomenon
without treatment( A) without treatment ( Z)
Randomly selected
population
sample
experimental T;A
Randomly
I.V
assigned
control T:B
Complete Randomized Design
( C.R.Design)
• Random Replication Design: It serves two
purposes
• It provides controls for the differential
effects of extraneous independent
variables
• It randomizes any individual differences
among those conducting the treatments
Formal Experimental
Design
• Randomized Block Design ( R.B.Design)
– All the three principles are taken care off
– In this the subjects are divided into groups,
known as blocks, such that within each group
the subjects are relatively homogenous in
respect to some selected variable.
– Each treatment appears the same number of
times in each block
– R.B.Designs are analyzed by the two way
analysis of variance ( two way ANOVA)
technique.
Randomized Block Design
( R.B.Design)
73
Form1 82 67 57 71
68 70 81
90 54
Form2 69
73 84
86 51
Form3 93 77 60 65 71
Form4
Randomized Block Design
• Is useful when there is only one
major external variable, such as
store size, that might influence the
dependent variable.
• The test units are blocked, or
grouped, on the basis of the
external variable.
• By blocking, the researcher
ensures that the various
experimental and control groups
are matched closely on the
external variable.
Table 7.4 Randomized Block Design
Treatment Groups
Block Store Commercial Commercial Commercial
Number Patronage A B C
1 Heavy A B C
2 Medium A B C
3 Low A B C
4 None A B C
Formal Experimental
Design
• Latin Square Design ( L.S.Design)
– Very frequently used in agricultural research.
– Used when there are two major extraneous factors
– The treatment in L.S. are so allocated among the plots
that no treatment occurs more than once in any row or
column
– Five types of fertilizer ABCDE $Two blocking
factors(varying soil fertility$varying seeds) may be
represented through rows and columns.
– Two way ANOVA technique is used.
– 5x5 to 9x9
Latin Square Design
• Allows the researcher to statistically control two
noninteracting external variables as well as to
manipulate the independent variable.
• Each external or blocking variable is divided into an
equal number of blocks, or levels.
• The independent variable is also divided into the same
number of levels.
• A Latin square is conceptualized as a table (see Table
7.5), with the rows and columns representing the blocks
in the two external variables.
• The levels of the independent variable are assigned to
the cells in the table.
• The assignment rule is that each level of the
independent variable should appear only once in each
row and each column, as shown in Table 7.5.
Table 7.5 Latin Square Design
Heavy B A C
Medium C B A
Low and none A C B
Latin Square Design
( L.S.Design)
I II III IV V
X1 A B C D E
X2 B C D E A
X3 C D E A B
X4 D E A B C
X5 E A B C D
Factors affecting Research Designs