WhaL you should already know:

ldenufy Lhe feed sLage, Lhe bouoms and

dlsullaLe sLreams, Lhe enrlchlng/recufylng
secuon, Lhe sLrlpplng secuon
uene Lhe exLernal reux rauo, Lhe bollup
rauo, consLanL molal overow
erform exLernal column balances (mass and
energy)
lor a parucular sLage lnslde Lhe column, label
all sLreams, perform mass balance
Cb[ecuves for Lhls lecLure
Apply Lhe Lewls meLhod Lo sLage-by-sLage
analysls of a conunuous dlsullauon column
CbLaln Lhe equauon of Lhe operaung llne for a
counLercurrenL recufylng column
lor a specled reux rauo, deduce Lhe number of
equlllbrlum sLages requlred, uslng Lhe McCabe-
1hlele meLhod
8eadlng asslgnmenL: ch. 3 and ch. 4 secuons 4.1-4.3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
MeCP-P
2
C recufylng column
-x
u
= x
0
(x
0
,y
1
)
y
lnL
-

sLage 1

(x
1
,y
1
)-
sLage 2

(x
2
,y
2
)-
sLage 3

(x
3
,y
3
)-
-(x
1
,y
2
)
-(x
2
,y
3
)
-x
8
1. uraw y=x llne
2. loL x
u
on y=x
3. loL y
lnL
and draw op. llne
4. SLep o sLages sLarung aL x
u
3. SLop when you reach x
8
Speclcauons:
x
u
= 0.8, 8 = 2
Column wlLh LoLal condensor
llnd n requlred Lo achleve x
8
= 0.1
L/v = 8/(8+1) = 2/3
y
lnL
= x
u
(1-L/v)= 0.8/3 = 0.26
6. nLvL8 sLep over Lhe vLL llne.

lowesL x
8
posslble for Lhls op. llne

-

8ecap:
1he exLernal reux rauo 8 ls relaLed Lo, buL noL
Lhe same as, Lhe lnLernal reux rauo L/v.
1he assumpuon of consLanL molal overow
(CMC) allows us Lo derlve a slngle mass balance
equauon for Lhe recufylng/enrlchlng secuon of a
dlsullauon column. When ploued on a McCabe-
1hlele graph, Lhls equauon ls called Lhe !"#$%&'(
*+'#.
Movlng from sLage-Lo-sLage down Lhe column,
elLher algebralcally, or graphlcally, amounLs Lo
%*,#$'%&'( -#,.##' ,/# 0%11 -%*%'2# %'3 ,/#
456 #78%&!'1.
Cb[ecuves for Lhls lecLure
uescrlbe Lhe operaung llmlLs for a recufylng column.
llnd Lhe mlnlmum number of sLages, n
mln
, requlred for
separauon by recucauon.
llnd Lhe mlnlmum reux rauo, 8
mln
, requlred for
separauon by recucauon.
8epeaL for a sLrlpplng column.
Assemble Lhe pleces Lo make a compleLe dlsullauon
column and ldenufy Lhe feed sLage.
Pomework: 4u28 (3
rd
ed, 4u33 ln 2
nd
ed).
Assume deslred y
u
= 0.74.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
Llmlung cases: recucauon
-x
u
= x
0
(x
0
,y
1
)
sLage 1

(x
1
,y
1
)-
Speclcauons:
x
u
= 0.8, vary 8 = L/u
1. L ! 0
8 = L/u ! 0
L/v ! 0
L/v = 0
no reux!
Max. dlsLance beLween vLL and op. llne
Max. separauon on each equll. sLage
Corresponds Lo n
mln
. 8uL no dlsullaLe!
L/v = 1
1oLal reux!
2. u ! 0
8 = L/u ! !
L/v = 8/(8+1) ! 1
(L'PplLal's 8ule)
Cperaung llne ls y=x
Column operaLes llke a slngle
equlllbrlum sLage.
(Why boLher?)
0 < L/v < 1
0 < 8 < !
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
Mlnlmum reux rauo
-x
u
= x
0
(x
0
,y
1
)
-
Speclcauons:
x
u
= 0.8, vary 8
L/v = 0
1he number of sLages n requlred
Lo reach Lhe vLL-op. llne
lnLersecuon polnL ls !.
L/v = 1
0 < L/v < 1
0 < 8 < !
lncreaslng 8
uecreaslng x
8
(for xed n)
uecreaslng u
-
-
-
-
x
8 ,mln
for Lhls 8

1hls represenLs x
8,mln
for a
parucular 8.
lL also represenLs 8
mln
for
Lhls value of x
8
.
8ule-of-Lhumb:
1.03 < 8
opL
/8
mln
< 1.23
Can speclfy 8
acLual
as a muluple of 8
mln
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
MeCP-P
2
C sLrlpplng column
(0.7,1)

-

-(x
1
,y
2
)
sLage 1

1. uraw y=x llne
2. loL x
8
= x
n+1
on y=x
3. uraw op. llne
4. SLep o sLages sLarung aL 8

3. SLop when you reach x
u
Speclcauons:
x
8
= 0.07,
Column wlLh parual reboller
llnd n requlred Lo achleve x
u
= 0.33
6. nLvL8 sLep over Lhe vLL llne.


!
V / B = 2

!
L / V = B/ V +1=1.5

!
y
int
= x
B
(1"L / V ) = 0.1(1"1.5) = "0.05

!
y =1=1.5x "0.05
!
x =1.05/ 1.5 = 0.7
-

x
8
= x
n+1
(x
n+1
,y
n+2
)
(x
n+1
,
y
n+1
)
- (x
n
,y
n+1
) -

8

(x
n
,y
n
) - - (x
n-1
,y
n
)
(x
n-1
,y
n-1
) -
-

x
u

hlghesL x
u

posslble
for Lhls op. llne

-
sLage 2

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
Llmlung cases: sLrlpplng
Speclcauons:
x
8
= 0.07, vary bollup rauo
Max. dlsLance beLween vLL and op. llne
Max. separauon on each equll. sLage
Corresponds Lo n
mln
. 8uL no bouoms producL!
8ehaves as lf Lhe column
wasn'L even Lhere.
(Why boLher?)
2. 8 ! 0
Cperaung llne ls y=x

!
L "V

!
L / V "1

!
V / B
1.
!
V "0

!
L / V "#
-

x
8
= x
n+1
-

8

no bollup!

!
L / V = "
1oLal bollup!

!
L / V = "

!
1" L / V " #

!
" #V / B # 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
Mlnlmum bollup rauo
Speclcauons:
x
8
= 0.07, vary bollup rauo
1he number of sLages n requlred
Lo reach Lhe vLL-op. llne
lnLersecuon polnL ls !.
-
-
-
y
u ,max
for
Lhls bollup rauo
-
1hls represenLs y
u,max
for a
parucular bollup rauo.
lL also represenLs Lhe
mlnlmum bollup for Lhls
value of x
u
.

!
1" L / V " #
-

x
8
= x
n+1
-

8

no bollup!

!
L / V = "
1oLal bollup!

!
L / V =1

!
" #V / B # 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y
(
M
e
O
H
)
x(MeOH)
McCabe-1hlele analysls
of a compleLe dlsullauon column
sLage 1

1. uraw y=x llne
2. loL x
u
and x
8
on y=x
3. uraw boLh op. llnes
4. SLep o sLages sLarung
aL elLher end, uslng new op. llne
as you cross Lhelr lnLersecuon

3. SLop when you reach
Lhe oLher end

Speclcauons:
x
u
= 0.8, 8 = 2
x
8
= 0.07,
1oLal condensor, parual reboller
llnd n requlred
LocaLe feed sLage
6. nLvL8 sLep over Lhe vLL llne.


!
V / B = 2
- -

8

- -
-
sLage 2

-

x
8
-x
u
leed musL
enLer here