Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death) ramorumleaf blight and ramorum dieback.Since the early 1990’s, oaks and tanoaks have beendying in the coastal counties of California. Throughongoing surveys APHIS -PPQ continues to define theextent of the pathogen’s distribution in the U S andlimit its artificial spread beyond infected areasthrough quarantine and a public education program.Regulations were published February 14 2002, tocontrol the artificial movement of sudden oak deathfrom infested counties in California and an areaunder eradication in Oregon. Research service, USforest service, university and others is under way tobetter identify hosts, methods of detection, andeffective treatments. There are no chemicaltreatments currently available to eliminate thedisease in nursery stock.RISK ANALYSIS FOR P. RAMORUM:Risk associated with the importation of plants.Risk associated with domestic movement of thepathogen through plants, plant products, soil, othergrowing media, compost and water.Mitigation measures to prevent the movement andspread of P. ramorum to non- infested areas in theUnited States.
The risk presented by P. ramorum is high and basedon six elements: climate- host, interaction, hostrange, dispersal potential, economic impact,environmental impact, and pest opportunity.LABORATORY GUIDE.Designed to outline basic components (facilityequiptment, and standard procedures) needed toprocess and report sample results using the currentUSDA approved protocols for P. ramorum diagnostics.CONTAMINATION OF SAMPLES.Cross contamination of samples can occur in eitherELISA, culture ID, or nested PCR from the initialpoint of contact when the sampling takes place,because the components being detected aredifferent for each test steps that prevent crosscontamination for one assay. Each diagnostic stagemust be physically separated from previous stage toreduce the risk of contamination.SAMPLING PROCEDURES.As per USDA -APHIS -PPQ “Trace forward protocol”includes how the information that will be recordedfor each sample, how the sample will be stored priorto shipment, and how the sample will be shipped.All diagnostic lab personnel will be familiar with thesampling procedure so that they are aware of treatment of the sample prior to its arrival in thelab. The sampling will usually performed by trained
field inspectors. Personnel involved in field collectionswill never enter the diagnostic testing laboratorybecause of potential P. ramorum contaminants onclothes, shoes, hair and other personal items. At thepoint of shipment reception, a log will note the timeof arrival, who the package was from, who receivedthe package, and the shipper with the trackingnumber. The parcel will remain unopened andsecured in a cool, dry place away from directsunlight, and a phone call made to a trainedmember of the diagnostic testing lab to receive thepackage to continue the chain of custody. Thetrained lab personnel will take the parcel directly tothe lab for processing. The package will be openedaccording to the procedures outlined in the stateand federal pest permit for p. ramorum, and willinclude as a minimum that the samples will remainisolated from the natural environment outside the labfacility until a final disposition is reached. At the endof the testing and once the final disposition isreached, the samples and packaging will be disposedof appropriately according to permit conditions andwill include autoclave destruction of the plantsamples and all packaging materials.BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS: The rooms needed for diagnosis are:A receiving room that will contain a class 11, TypeA Bio- Safety Cabinet.
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