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Hnh 3.8 C cu hot ng ca mt ln lp li
Giai on khi to: Lu hnh 3.8 trnh by cc giai on ca mt ln lp li. Ln lp li
ny bt u vi 1 giai on khi to vi ng h m phng lun bt u gi tr 0.0 Thi gian m
phng s c tnh tng ng vi gi tr khi u ny V d nh, thi gian 0.0 c th tng ng vi
thi gian thc l 9h sng trong ngy u tin ca mt chui ngy m phng ca mt s lp li.
Khi bt u giai on khi to, khng c thc th no tn ti. Trong sut qu trnh khi to,
mt hay nhiu thc th ngoi c to ra v s kin tin n (arrival event) ca chng ngay lp tc
c ln k hoch, nh trong hnh v 3.8 (khi 1). V d trong h thng bn cng nh hnh 3.4, tu
loi A u tin i vo bn cng c to ra trong giai on khi to v thi im s kin ca vic i
vo ny, chng hn nh thi gian m phng l 23.5 pht, s c xc lp. S xc lp ny thc hin
bi vic ly mt mu gi tr t phn b thi gian gia cc ln n ca cc tu loi A. y chnh l
thi gian m phng tu loi A cp bn tng ng vi thi gian bt u l 0.0 ( thun tin
chng ta mc nh n v thi gian l pht nhng cng c th l n v khc tu thuc vo ngi
thit k m hnh). Trong giai on khi to, tu loi B u tin i vo bn cng cng c to ra v
thi gian n ca n, gi thit ti thi giam m phng l 18.2 pht, c xc lp.
Tho lun trn i vi vic to ra cc thc th ngoi trong giai on khi to. Nu m hnh
ny cng c cc thc th ni th chng cng cn c khi to. V d nh, gi s rng m hnh bn
cng trong hnh 3.4 c xy dng vi phn mm s dng mt thc th ni iu khin khong
thi gian m phng v s lp li ny s thc hin ti 43,200 (s pht ca 30 ngy vi 1 ngy c 3
gi). Mt thc th ni c to ra tng ng trong pha khi to.
40
Giai on thc th hot ng: Nh trong hnh 3.8, giai on thc th hot ng tip theo sau
pha khi to v trc pha cp nht xung ng h. Mc ch ca giai on thc th hot ng l cc
thc th iu kin thc hin cc hot ng ca chng ti thi im m phng. Mt thc th
iu kin hot ng nu thi im hot ng d kin ca n bng vi thi gian m phng hin
ti.
Lu : Cc nhm t nh thi im hot ng, thi im di chuyn v thi im s kin
thng c dng thay th cho nhau.
Giai on thc th hot ng u tin: Giai on thc th hot ng ny c bt u t
giai on khi to ti thi im m phng 0.0. Nu khng c thc th khi to no (thc th ni
hoc thc th ngoi) d nh bt u thc hin lc 0.0 th s khng c giai on thc th hot ng
ti thi im 0.0. Trong m hnh bn cng chng ta cho thi gian ti ca tu loi A v B ln lt l
23.5 v 18.2 pht. Trong v d ny khng c hot ng no ca thc th ngoi trong giai on thc
th hot ng u tin ny.
Thng thng, cn c hot ng no ti giai on thc th hot ng u tin. V d, nu nh
bng m ca hot ng lc 9 gi sng (thi im m phng l 0.0), c th c 3 khch hng- l cc
thc th ang i nh bng m ca. Ba thc th ny s ln lt hot ng trong giai on thc th
hot ng u tin.
Cc giai on thc th hot ng sau : Hot ng lun din ra trong cc giai on
thc th hot ng sau khi thc hin cc giai on cp nht ng h. l do mt giai on
cp nht ng h lun a trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng sm nht sau
m ti t nht mt thc th c lp lch thc hin hot ng.
Trong m hnh bn cng ny, chng ta gi thit thi gian cp bn ca tu loi B l 18.2 pht.
Thi gian bt u giai on thc th hot ng l 0.0 (ti khng c hot dng no din ra), giai
on cp nht xung ng h thit lp thi gian l 18.2 (thi gian sm nht thc hin hnh ng
theo lch trnh: thi gian 1 tu loi A theo nh lch trnh thc hin cp bn sau v lc 23.5
pht. Vy ri giai on thc th hot ng tip theo xy ra v tu loi B u tin ginh ly mt bn
trng, mt tu ko ri v khi to qu trnh i vo bn cng bng tu ko.
Cc giai on cp nht xung ng h (CUP): Sau khi cc hot ng c th c c thc
hin mt giai on thc th hot ng, mt CUP s din ra. Mc ch ca CUP thit lp ng h
ti thi im m phng tip theo sm nht m ti thi im c mt hoc vi hot ng c
lp lch trc. Thi im m phng tip theo sm nht ny c th l thi im m phng hin thi,
ty thuc vo liu hai hoc nhiu thc th c c lp lch ti cng mt thi im m phng ny
hay khng v cng ph thuc vo cc la chn bi ngi thit k ngn ng m phng. Hoc thi
gian m phng tip theo sm nht c th l thi im sau . (ng h m phng khng bao gi
gim gi tr. M phng cc s kin ri rc khng c thit k c th quay ngc thi im m
phng).
Sau khi kt thc mt giai on cp nht xung ng h, giai on thc th hot ngc
thc hin tr li cc thc th iu kin c th thc hin cc hot ng ti thi im m phng
mi c thit lp. Sau giai on cp nht xung ng h tip tc thc hin tr li, ri n giai
on thc th hot ng tip theo v c th tip tc.
im chnh ca mt s lp li vic hot ng lien tip nhau ca giai on thc th hot ng
v giai on cp nht xung ng h. Trong sut giai on thc th hot ng, thi gian m phng
gi nguyn c nh v thi gian thc tri qua trong khi trng thi ca m hnh c cp nht (hnh
3.6).
Thu thp cc kt qu thng k: Mt mc tiu ca m phng cc s kin ri rc l thu thp cc
kt qu thng k v hot ng ca h thng c m phng. Phn mm m phng cc s kin ri
rc c thit k thu thp t ng nhiu loi kt qu thng k khc nhau trong mt s lp li.
i vi cc ti nguyn, cc gi tr thng k chng hn nh s ln ginh c, thi gian chim gi
trung bnh v mc khai thc c th c o c t ng. i vi cc hang ch, gi tr trung bnh,
gi tr thng k l thi gian ch trung bnh v chiu di hang ch ln nht c th c o t ng. .
Ngoi ra vic thu thp cc gi tr thng k mt cch t ng, phn mm m phng cng cung cp
cng c ngi lm m phng c th thu thp chng mt cch ty .
41
S theo di v ghi li cc gi tr thng k thng c thc hin trong giai on thc th
hot ng (theo cch t ng bng phn mm hoc v ty ngi dung). Kt qu c s dng
trong bo co cui cng ca s lp li.
Kt thc mt ln lp li: Khi mt ln lp li c thc hin, mt iu kin kt thc thong
xy ra trong giai on thc th hot ng hoc trong giai on cp nht xung ng h. iu kin
kt thc c th da vo thi gian (v d, bn cng hot ng 3 gi) hoc theo s lng m c (v
d, l hng sn xut gm 500 sn phm) hoc c th nhiu yu t khc (v d, ngn hng m ca
vo bui sng, ng ca vo bui chiu v tt c cc khch hng c mt trong ngn hang khi ca
ng c phc v xong). iu kin kt thc c th xy ra hoc giai on thc th hot ng
hoc giai on cp nht xung ng h.
Sau giai on bo co c thc hin v kt thc ln lp li ny. Trng thi ca m hnh c
m t khi kt thc ln lp li ny. Chng hn nh m t gi tr ca ng h m phng, s lng cc
thc th khc nhau dung trong m hnh, s thc th hin ti trong m hnh. Cc kt qu thng k
ca ln lp li ny thng di dng cc bo co, bao gm kt qu thng k v ti nguyn v hang
ch.
3.5. Cc trng thi ca thc th
Mt thc th c to ra thi im c m phng, hot ng trong mt m hnh trong khi thi
gian m phng tng ln v sau c hy i. Trong chu trnh tn ti ca n, thc th thay i t
trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, thng nhiu ln i qua cc trng thi khc nhau trc khi b
hy. ( khng phi l yu cu bt buc, tuy nhin, thc th cui cng s b hy. Mt vi thc th
c th lp li s quay vng qua cc phn ca m hnh vi cc giai on ngng ty theo thit k m
hnh).
C nm trng thi ca thc th lun phin nhau: trng thi sn sng, trng thi hot ng, trng
thi tr thi gian, trng thi tr c iu kin v trng thi khng hot ng, c ch ra trong hnh
3.9. Hnh ny cng ch ra cc thi im to ra thc th v hy thc th, cng nh l ng dn m
cc thc th di chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Cc ng dn ny c nh s
h tr cho cc phn sau. Sau y trnh by ni dung v trng thi sn sng, trng thi hot ng,
trng thi tr thi gian, trng thi tr c iu kin v trng thi khng hot ng cng nh v vic
to v hy thc th.
3.5.1. Trng thi hot ng
C th ch c mt thc th di chuyn ti mt thi im bt k tnh theo ng h thi gian thc.
Trng thi hot ng l trng thi ca thc th hin ti ang di chuyn. Thc th trng thi hot
ng (thc th hot ng) di chuyn khng ngng n khi n b tr, hoc b hy, hoc to trng thi
kch hot cho mt vi thc th khc trc khi tr li trng thi kch hot ca n ti cng thi gian
m phng. Thi gian m phng gi nguyn trong khi mt thc th trng thi hot ng.
Nu thc th hot ng ny b tr, n chuyn t trng thi hot ng n mt trong ba trng thi tr
thay th khc: trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5 trong hnh 3.9), trng thi tr iu kin (ng s
7), hoc trng thi khng hot ng (ng s 9). Nu thc th hot ng ny to ra mt s di
chuyn m gy ra vic hy b chnh n (ng s 11 trong hnh 3.9), n s c xa ngay lp tc
trong m hnh v khng cn tn ti.
Trong mt vi m hnh, thc th hot ng ny c th tm thi ri trng thi hot ng v sau n
s tr li trng thi hot ng sau ti cng thi im m phng. Mc ch ca trng hp ny l
cho mt hoc nhiu thc th khc tri qua trng thi hot ng ny hon thnh mt hoc nhiu
nhim v trc khi thc th khi to ny mt ln na tr li trng thi hot ng ca chnh bn thn
n ti cng thi im m phng. Thc th khi to ny thc hin vic tm ngng trng thi hot
ng ny bng vic di chuyn t trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng (ng s 4 hnh 3.9).
42
To thc
th
To thc
th
Trng thi
sn sng
Trng thi
sn sng
Trng thi
kch hot
Trng thi
kch hot
Trng thi tr thi gian Trng thi tr thi gian
Trng thi tr iu kin Trng thi tr iu kin
Trng thi ng ng Trng thi ng ng
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(9)
Hy thc
th
Hy thc
th
(10)
(6)
(8)
(11)
Hnh 3.9 Cc trng thi ca thc th v cc ng di chuyn
3.5.2. Trng thi sn sng
Ti thi im m phng no , c th c nhiu hn mt thc th sn sng di chuyn,
nhng ch c mt thc th ti mt thi im c th trong trng thi hot ng. Nu c hai hoc
nhiu thc th mun di chuyn ti thi im m phng c thit lp, ch c mt thc th phi
ch n lt vo trng thi hot ng ti thi im m phng hin ti. Thi gian m phng gi
nguyn khi mt thc th ang trong trng thi sn sng.
C mt s ng trong hnh 3.9 m cc thc th c th di chuyn sang trng thi sn sng. V d:
vic di chuyn t cc trng thi tr thi gian, tr c iu kin, v trng thi khng hot ng lun
ti trng thi sn sng (cc ng theo th t 6, 8, 10). Trong s cc kh nng , vic di chuyn t
trng thi tr thi gian v tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng xy ra thng xuyn nht.
Di chuyn t trng thi khng hot ng n trng thi sn sng t (ng s 10) t xy ra hn, v
cc m hnh khng thng xuyn s dng trng thi khng hot ng. ng dn t vic to ra
thc th n trng thi sn sng (ng s 1) ch c thc hin bi cc thc th sn sng di
chuyn ti thi im m phng ca vic to thc th. ng t trng thi hot ng n trng thi
sn sng (ng s 4) l t xy ra nht. Hu ht cc m hnh khng yu cu s dng ng di
chuyn ny. (Mt vi phn mm m phng s kin ri rc khng cung cp ng ny).
3.5.3. Trng thi tr thi gian
Trng thi tr thi gian l trng thi cc thc th ang ch n thi im m phng no
xc nh trong tng lai m chng c th tr li trng thi sn sng mo u cho vic di chuyn
tr li. Cc thc th chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian t trng thi hot ng (ng s 5, hnh
3.9) v t im to thc th (ng s 2). Sau chng chuyn t trng thi tr thi gian sang
trng thi sn sng (ng s 6) khi thi gian m phng bit trc ca chng xy ra.
Hy xem xt mt v d v s nh hng ln nhau gia cc trng thi tr thi gian, trng thi hot
ng v trng thi sn sng. Gi s rng, mt thc th ang m phng sn phm ang trong qu
trnh sn xut. Sn phm ny cn c khoan mt l v gi s rng khi thc th sn sang cho vic
ny th my khoan ang ri. Ti thi im m phng , thc th ny chuyn t trng thi sn sng
sang trng thi hot ng (ng 3 hnh 3.9), ginh ly my khoan v sau chuyn sang trng thi
tr thi gian (ng 5), v gi nguyn trng thi ri ch n khi thi gian m phng xc nh
trong tng lai khi m hot ng khoan ny kt thc. (Thc th bit thi gian m phng trong
tng lai v n ly mu thi gian ca vic khoan l t s phn b thi gian khoan trong lc n
chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian).
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M rng v d ny, chng ta gi s rng, n thi gian m phng khi cc vic khoan l kt thc.
Sau thc th ny chuyn t trng thi thi gian tr sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 6 hnh 3.9)
nh l s mo u cho vic di chuyn. Sau , thc th chuyn t trng thi sn sng sang trng
thi hot ng v thay i trng thi ca my khoan ang b chim dng sang ri. Gi s thc
th ny sau cn c chuyn ti mt ch khc bng AGV v cng gi s rng AGV ang ri.
Thc th ny tip tc trng thi hot ng: thc th ginh ly mt AGV v chuyn v trng thi tr
thi gian (ng s 5) trong khi ch cho thi gian m phng c xc nh trc trong tng lai
khi hot ng truyn ti ny s kt thc.
Khi mt thc th c to ra, n bt u s tn ti ca n trong trng thi sn sng hoc trong trng
thi tr thi gian, ph thuc vo vic liu thi gian m phng khi n s di chuyn ln u tin bng
hay vt qua thi gian to ra n. Nu n di chuyn ln u tin ti thi im to n, thc th bt
u trng thi sn sng (ng s 1 hnh 3.9), nu khng, n bt u bng trng thi tr thi gian
(ng 2). Cc thc th thng xuyn bt u s tn ti ca mnh trong trng thi tr thi gian.
Mt v d v vic to thc th. Gi s rng, thi gian gia cc s kin n ca cc cuc gi
thoi n mt nh khai thc mng l hm phn phi m, v mt thc th dung m phng mt
cuc gi. Khi mt cuc gi n, thi gian trong tng lai m mt cuc gi tip theo s n c
quyt inh bi vic ly mu t hm phn phi m ca khong thi gian gia hai cuc gi. Thc th
gi tng ng c to v t vo trong trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 2 hnh 3.9), v ch thi
gian m phng trong tng lai c xc nh ti ln di chuyn u tin (n, lm cho in
thoi chung).
V d th hai v to thc th, gi s rng, khi ngn hng m ca vo 9h sng (thi gian m
phng l 0.0), ba khch hng ang ch m ca. Mi mt khch hng s vo trong ngn hng khi
ca m. (Trong thc t, mt vi giy s tri qua trong khi nhng khch hng ny vo ngn hng
tng ngi mt, nhng chng ta hy gi s rng c ba khch hng u vo ng thi). Ti thi
im m phng 0.0, khch hng (thc th) u tin c to v cho vo trng thi sn sng (ng
1 hnh 3.9). Thc th khch hng th 2 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v t vo trng thi sn
sng. Cui cng, thc th khch hng th 3 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v trong trng thi
sn sng. Trong sut khong thi gian thc th di chuyn ti thi im 0.0, mi mt khch hng s
chuyn mt cch tun t t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng v bt u hot ng.
3.5.4. Trng thi tr c iu kin
Trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi ca cc thc th m s di chuyn ca chng gp tr
ngi v mt vi iu kin. Cc thc th i trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi iu kin tr
ca chng c gii quyt. Trong khi tr c iu kin, cc thc th khng bit khi no iu kin tr
s c gii quyt, do chng ch trong mt khong thi gian m phng khng xc nh trc.
(tri ngc vi trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi tr thi gian, trong cc thc th ch trong
khong thi gian m phng bit trc).
Mt v d ca trng thi tr c iu kin, xem xt mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn
xut (WIP), cn khoan mt l. Gi s rng khi sn phm ny sn sng cho hot ng ny, my
khoan khng ri ( My khoan ang c s dng bi mt sn phm khc). Thc th hot ng WIP
ny c gng chim ly my khoan nhng gp tr ngi. Gi s rng, n khng c la chn no khc,
n s chuyn sang trng thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7 hnh 3.9) v bt u ch n lt s
dng my khoan. (C th c mt vi thc th WIP khc cng ang ch s dng my khoan). Thc
th WIP trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi my khoan tr nn ri v n lt n s
dng my khoan. Ti thi im thc th chuyn sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 8), v sau
chuyn sang trng thi hot ng (ng s 3) v sau s chim ly my khoan v chuyn sang
trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5).
Nh gii thiu trong cc v d trc, trong mt s trng hp, mt s kin n c th l
cho vic thc hin s tr. y l nhng trng hp ca s tr n gin. Nu mt hoc nhiu
WIP b tr v ang ch n lt s dng my khoan, th khi ngi thao tc my khoan hin ti t
my khoan vo trng thi ri, s kin n ny thc hin vic tr cho sn phm tip theo ang ch.
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Vic chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng d dng lin quan n s kin
thc hin tr trong cc trng hp ny.
Mt v d v trng thi tr c iu kin phc hp hn: hy xem xt mt thc th tu ang chuyn
hng ha ti bn cng ri sn sng ri khi cng. Gi s rng, cn tha mn hai iu kin i vi
con tu ri khi cng: (1) cn tu ko v (2) thi tit tt. Vn gi nguyn trng thi hot ng
sau khi hon tt vic chuyn hng ha, thc th tu ny kim tra nu liu c tu ko no ang ri
hay khng v thi tit c tt khng. (Mt chuyn mch on/off c th c s dng nh phn t iu
khin bo hiu trng thi ca thi tit). Nu iu kin kt hp ny c tha mn, thc th tu
chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5) vi mt khong thi gian
bit c yu cu cho vic ri khi. Nu khng th n chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng
thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7) v bt u ch mt khong thi gian khng xc nh hai iu kin
trn c tha mn ng thi.
Trong trng hp ny chng ta c mt v d v s tr phc hp. chnh xc ca tr phc
tp khng th lin quan n trng hp ca mt s kin n l. Khi tu ko ri, khng c ngha l
thi tit s tt. Khi thi tit tt khng c ngha l tu ko ri. Vic gii quyt tr phc hp kh hn
nhiu so vi tr n.
3.5.5. Trng thi khng hot ng (ng ng)
Ging nh trng thi tr thi gian v tr c iu kin, trng thi khng hot ng l mt
trng thi m cc thc th c t vo trng thi dng trong mt khong thi gian m phng no
. Cc thc th trong trng thi khng hot ng ngi thit k m hnh thay v qun l t ng
bi chng trnh phn mm m phng. C th nh sau.
Cc trng thi tr c iu kin, tr thi gian, trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng c
qun l theo cc quy tc c xy dng trong phn mm m hnh ha. V d nh cc thc th
tiu chun t ng c truyn ti thi im m phng ti trong trng thi tr thi gian v sau
vo trng thi sn sng.
Tng t, cc thc th tiu chun c t ng truyn vo trng thi tr c iu kin v
cui cng t chuyn vo trng thi sn sng khi cc iu kin c tha mn. Ngi thc hin
m hnh ha c th thc hin ty nhng b gii hn nht nh V d, trong nm thc th ang
trong trng thi tr c iu kin, ang ch mt thit b. Khi thit b ri, thc th no trong nm thc
th l ngi tip theo c s dng thit b? Vy th trnh t phc v s ra sao? Ngi thc hin m
hnh ha c th dng mt trong s cc trnh t phc v no : v d: ai n trc th c phc v
trc, hoc da trn u tin, hoc ai n sau th phc v trc.
V d v vic s dng trng thi khng hot ng, gi s mt h thng ca nh sn xut s
dng trnh t phc v dng thi gian o hn ngn nht quyt nh cng vic ang i no s
c s dng my tip theo. Thi gian o hn l n v o da trn mi quan h gia ngy thng
n hn ca cng vic, thi im hin ti (v d: thi im ti khong thi gian o hn ang
c tnh ton) v khong thi gian hot ng cn li ca cng vic. (khong thi gian hot ng
cn li ca cng vic c tnh bi tng thi gian x l cn li c yu cu bi cng vic trc
khi n ri khi h thng khi cng vic c hon thnh). Khong thi gian o hn c tnh nh
sau:
Khong thi gian o hn = (ngy n hn) (thi im hin ti) (thi gian hot ng cn li)
Khong thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic cng nh th cng phi nhanh chng hon
thnh cng vic ng vi ngy n hn. Ch rng, thi gian o hn gim i trong khi thi gian
m phng (thi im hin ti) tri qua. Do thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic khng c tnh
ton khi mt cng vic n my. Thay vo , thi gian cn li c tnh ton sau , ti thi
im my bt u mt cng vic khc. Trong khi ch thi im mi ny, cc cng vic tr c th
gi trng thi khng hot ng. Khi n thi im my bt u cng vic khc, thi gian o
hn ca mi cng vic ang ch trng thi khng hot ng c tnh ton v cng vic vi thi
gian o hn ngn nht c truyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sng, ginh
s dng my.
45
Bng 3.1 Cc trng thi ca thc th
Trng thi M t
Hot ng Trng thi hot ngl trng thi ca s di chuyn hin ti ca thc th.
Sn Sng Trng thi sn sng l trng thi ca cc thc th ch chuyn sang trng
thi hot ng ti thi im m phng hin ti.
Tr Thi Gian Trng thi tr thi gian l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch trong mt
khong thi gian m phng bit trc, sau khong thi gian chng s
chuyn sang trng thi sn sng.
Tr c iu Kin Trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch trong
mt khong thi gian m phng khng bit trc khi iu kin gy nn
tr c gii quyt. Khi cc iu kin c tha mn, cc thc th s
c truyn t ng t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn
sng theo cc thit k c xy dng trong phn mm.
Khng hot ng Trng thi khng hot ng l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch
trong mt khong thi gian m phng cha bit trc khi iu kin gy
ra tr c gii quyt. Khi cc iu kin c tha mn, cc thc th
s c truyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sng
theo logic do ngi thit k m hnh t ra
3.6 Qun l thc th
Phn mm m phng qun l cc thc th bng cch t chc chng thnh cc danh sch
tuyn tnh. Mi danh sch tng ng vi mt trang thi thc th v c sp xp theo th t, vi
mt thc th no trn nh ca danh sch v cc thc th khc pha sau n, ti tn cui danh
sch. Hnh 3.10 m t mt danh sch thc th khi qut, trong mi mt hnh ch nht i din
cho mt thc th.
Hnh 3.10 Danh sch thc th
S sp xp th t ca danh sch thc th nu ln nhng cu hi v cc quy lut c s
dng xc nh th t v vai tr ca vic sp xp th t trong qun l danh sch. Khi mt thc th
c thm vo trong mt danh sch, lm th no xc nh c im chn vo ca n? Khi mt
thc th c ly ra khi danh sch, thc th c ly ra t v tr no? Cc thc th c th thay
i v tr tng quan ca chng trong mt danh sch hay khng ? Chi tit v nm loi danh sch
thc th s c miu t trong nhng phn sau y.
3.6.1 Danh sch thc th hot ng (Active Entity List)
ch c mt thc th trng thi hot ng, nh vy danh sch ny ch c mt phn t.
Do t danh sch khng c dung y. Thc th hot ng ny di chuyn khng ngng ti
46
thi im m phng cho ti khi n chuyn sang trng thi khc (chuyn sang sang danh sch khc)
hoc b hu b.
3.6.2 Danh sch s kin hin thi (Current Events List)
Nhng thc th trng thi sn sng c to thnh mt danh sch n gi l danh sch s
kin hin ti (CEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th c trng thi sn sng c chun b
sn di chuyn ti thi im m phng hin ti v nh th s di chuyn ca chng s to ra cc s
kin (v d nh: s kin n, s chim ti nguyn, s ri b) xut hin trong m hnh.
Nhng quy lut khc nhau c th c s dng xc nh im chn cc thc th vo
trong danh sch s kin hin ti. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc thc th di chuyn ti CEL, c th
c t vo cui danh sch. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc thc th c th c sp xp vo
CEL theo th t gim dn khi m th t u tin l mt thuc tnh ca thc th. Th t u tin c
th c gii quyt theo cch chn thc th mi vo trong danh sch di nhng thc th vi vic
so khp th t u tin. Trong nhng trng hp cn khc, cc thc th c th c t vo nh
ca CEL. Khi ti thi im chuyn mt thc th t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng,
thc th thng c chuyn i khi nh ca danh sch s kin hin ti.
3.6.3 Danh sch s kin tng lai
Nhng thc th tr thi gian to ra mt danh danh sch n gi l danh sch s kin tng
lai (FEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th ny s khng c gng di chuyn na cho ti
khi n thi im m phng no trong tng lai c bit trc. Danh sch nhng bin c
tng lai l mt kiu sp xp theo kiu t trn xung (top - down) theo s tng dn ca thi gian di
chuyn ca thc th. (Thi gian di chuyn ca thc th l thi gian c m phng ti thc th
s th to ra s di chuyn tip ca mnh hoc to ra mt tp nhng di chuyn trong mt m hnh).
Khi mt thc th c chn vo trong FEL, thi gian di chuyn ca n c tnh ton bng cch
cng thi gian ca ng h m phng vi khong thi gian bit ( ly mu) ca s tr thi gian
ny. Trt t v thi gian di chuyn thng c thc hin theo phng thc vo trc, ra trc
FIFO.
Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h xy ra, thi gian m phng tip theo sm nht (l khi
m mt di chuyn mi xy ra trong m hnh) bng thi im di chuyn ca thc th nm ti nh
ca danh sch s kin tng lai. Giai on cp nht ng h ny thit lp thi gian m phng bng
gi tr thi im di chuyn ca thc th ny v sau chuyn thc th ra khi danh sch FEL v ri
chn n vo danh sch cc s kin hin thi. Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h bt u, hai hoc
nhiu thc th ti nh ca danh sch s kin hin thi c th c cng thi gian di chuyn. Trt t
thi gian di chuyn trong trng hp ny s ty thuc vo phn mm m hnh ha. Mt phng
php p dng l mi thc th c cng trt t thi gian ny t FEL sang CEL trong mt giai on
cp nht ng h.
Mt phng php khc l trong trng hp ca trt t thi gian ging nhau, lin tip hai
hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v cc giai on di chuyn thc th s c thc hin ti
cng thi im m phng.
Nhng ngn ng m phng c dng cc thc th ni thng s dng FEL h tr nhng
thc th nh vy. Trong , FEL thng bao gm c thc th ngoi v thc th ni. Trong sut mt
m phng s kin ri rc, phn mm m phng nh vy thng chn cc thc th vo FEL. Nu
danh sch ny tr nn di th s tm ra im chn c th lm mt kh nhiu thi gian tnh ton. iu
ny thc y ngi thit k ngn ng php trin nhng thut ton c hiu nng cao trong vc tm
kim nhng im chn trong cc danh sch. V kt qu l, mt vi phn mm m hnh ha dng
FEL khng tuyn tnh (linear), m thay vo dung cc loi cu trc d liu khc. Tuy nhin, thc
t ha th chng ta c th hnh dung FEL nh l tuyn tnh.
3.6.4 Cc danh sch tr
Cc danh sch tr bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi tr c iu kin. Nhng thc th
ny ang ch cc iu kin gy tr c gii quyt cho chng c th c t ng truyn sang
trng thi sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi. C th c nhiu danh sch tr trong mt m
47
hnh, mt (hoc nhiu) danh sch cho mi iu kin gy ra s tr. iu ny tri ngc vi s tn ti
duy nht mt danh sch trng thi hot ng, danh sch s kin hin thi, v danh sch s kin
tng lai. V d nh trong h thng cng hnh 3.4, c th l mt danh sch tr bao gm
nhng chic thuyn kiu A ch ch cp bn kiu A; danh sch khc bao gm cc kiu B ch ch
cp bn kiu B; v danh sch khc bao gm nhng tu kiu A v B ang ch mt hay nhiu tu ko.
Khi mt thc th c chn vo mt danh sch tr, v tr ca n bng c xc nh bng
vic s dng mt tiu chun xp hng to bi ngi xy dng m hnh. C th c cc la chn khc
nhau. Danh sch tr c trng bng danh sch c sp xp FIFO (vo trc, ra trc); hoc LIFO
(vo sau, ra trc); hoc c sp xp theo kiu tng dn hoc gim dn da trn mt thuc tnh
ca thc th do ngi dng thit lp hoc mt biu thc s hc. Tt nhin l mi mt phng thc
sp xp u c cc tc ng i vi th t ly cc thc th ang ch ra khi danh sch tr v c
t vo trong trng thi sn sng vo danh sch s kin hin ti.
Khi mt iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt, thc th c xp hng cao nht trong danh
sch tr tng ng s c phn mm t ng chuyn thnh trng thi sn sng thuc danh sch s
kin hin thi.
3.6.5 Thi gian i lin kt v thi gian thm d
C hai phng php c th c phn mm m phng s dng di chuyn t ng mt
thc th ra khi cc danh sch tr. Nu s tr c th d dng c gn vi mt s kin n m c
th la b s tr ny th phng php thi gian i lin kt c th c s dng qun l danh
sch tr. V d, gi s rng trng thi ca my chim gi thay i t trng thi b chim gi sang
trng thi ri. phn ng trc tip ti s thay i ny ca trng thi my, phn mm c th di
chuyn thc th ang ch xp hng cao nht ra khi danh sch tr tng ng v t n vo trng
thi sn sng trong danh sch s kin hin thi. (thc th ny s l thc th tip theo s dng my.)
Trong mt vi trng hp, gii php cho s tr c th th yu cu hai hoc nhiu hn s
kin c bit xut hin trong mt m hnh. Vic xy ra mt trong s nhng s kin khng nht
thit c nghi rng vn tr c gii quyt. Cc iu kin cn c m bo chuyn mt
thc th t danh sch tr sang trng thi sn sng, do khng th ch n gin l c lin quan ti
vic xy ra mt s kin n. Trong nhng trng hp ny phng php thi gian thm d c th
c s dng qun l cc thc th tr. Trong phng php thi gian thm d, mt thc th
khng c chuyn t mt danh sch tr ngay khi xut hin mt s kin n. Thay vo , phn
mm m phng kim tra ln cui cng (vi thi gian thc sau , nhng cng thi gian m phng)
xem liu s kt hp cc iu kin xy n cha nhm bo m vic chuyn mt hay nhiu
thc th tr t trng thi tr sang trng thi sn sng trn danh sch s kin hin thi.
Mt v d cho phng php thi gian thm d: xem xt mt cng bin trong mt tu
khng th di chuyn vo trong mt ch cp bn ti khi c mt bn ri v mt tu ko cng trng
thi rnh ri. (gi thit rng bn cng ny c qun l theo cch: trc tin tu khng ngh mt
bn trng v sau s hi xem c tu ko no khng, m tu ch i cho ti khi c bn v tu ko
u ng thi rnh ri trc khi ngh mt trong s chng. Ch rng iu kin logic y l:
ch cho ti khi mt bn v mt tu ko cng rnh ri. S thay i trng thi mt bn sang rnh
ri khng nht thit trit tiu s tr. S thay i trng thi ca tu ko sang rnh ri cng khng
nht thit trit tiu s tr. Gii php ca vic tr khng th lin h vi mt trong s s thay i trng
thi n. V vy phng php thi gian thm d c s dng xc nh xem s tr c c gii
quyt hay khng. Thng thng vic kim tra thm d c thc hin thng xuyn v t ng
bi phn mm m phng ti mt im no trong giai on di chuyn thc th (chng hn nh
khi mt giai on di chuyn thc th ang hot ng).
3.6.6 Danh sch qun l ngi s dng
Nhng danh sch qun l ngi s dng qun l bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi
khng hot ng. Ging nh danh sch tr, c th c nhiu danh sch c ngi dng qun l
trong mt m hnh. Tuy nhin tri ngc vi danh sch tr, danh sch s kin hin ti v tng lai
m c to ra v qun l t ng bi bng phn mm m phng, ngi thit k m hnh phi t
48
to ra cc danh sch qun l ngi s dng v cung cp logic cn thit i vi vic chn thm vo
hay ly cc thc th ra khi nhng danh sch .
Cc thc th t quyt nh xem c t a chng vo mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng
hay khng. Khi ang trong trng thi hot ng, chng thc hin cc nh gi do ngi s dng
thit k ra quyt nh. V d nh trong phm v trt t dch v kiu thi gian o hn sm nht
c a ra phn 3.5.5, khi thao tc tip theo ca thc th l s dng my mc, n c th nh
gi xem my ny ang rnh ri khong. Thc th ny c th chim c my nu nh my ang
rnh ri hoc c th chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi khng hot ng trong danh sch
qun l ngi s dng nu nh my ny ang trong trng thi b chim.
Ngi thit k m hnh thng c nhiu la chn khi ch r im chn vo danh sch qun
l ngi s dng. Nhng s la chn ny l ty thuc vo s thc hin. Phng thc thc hin c
th bao gm vic chn mt thc th vo y ca mt danh sch, vo nh ca mt danh sch, hoc
vo trong danh sch c xp hng theo xu hng tng dn hoc gim dn da vo thuc tnh ca
thc th theo c trng ngi s dng.
Nhng thc th trong danh sch qun l ngi s dng khng th t di chuyn ra khi danh
sch, v phn mm m phng cng s khng t ng di chuyn cc thc th ra khi danh sch.
Vic di chuyn thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng xy ra khi thc th khc no
lm n xy ra. Da trn mt php th cung cp bi ngi thc hin m hnh ha, thc th khc ny
quyt nh xem liu c nn chuyn mt hoc nhiu thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s
dng no ti trng tri sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi hay khng.
Ngi thc hin m hnh ha linh hot trong vic la chn mt hay nhiu thc th no
di chuyn khi danh sch qun l ngi s dng. Nhng la chn n gin nht l di chuyn cc
thc th ra khi nh hoc y danh sch. S la chn phc tp hn l qut mt lt danh sch trn
xung di, lp li vic nh gi mt biu thc logic c ngi dng nh ngha, nh gi tng
thc th mt, s di chuyn mt hay nhiu thc th ng vi gi tr true ca biu thc logic. Gi tr
ca biu thc logic s ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu thuc tnh ca thc th hin ang c nh
gi. Nhng s la chn m ca ngi thc hin m hnh ha dung c cc quyt nh di chuyn
thc th ang trong trng thi khng hot ng, ph thuc vo s thc hin phn mm m phng.
3.6.7 Tng kt v cc danh sch c s dng qun l thc th
Nhng trng thi thc th khc nhau v nhng tn chung c a ra cc danh sch c s
dng qun l cc thc th trong nhng trng thi c tng kt trong bng 3.2
Bng 3.2 Cc trng thi thc th v danh sch thc th i km
Trng thi thc th Tn chung ca danh sch thc th Ch thch
Hot ng None Ti a l mt thc th hot ng
Sn sng Danh sch s kin hin thi Ch c mt danh sch
Tr thi gian Danh sch s kin tng lai Ch c mt danh sch
Tr c iu kin Danh sch tr C nhiu danh sch
Khng hot ng Danh sch qun l ngi dng C nhiu danh sch
3.7 Trin khai vi 3 trng hp phn mm m phng.
Sau y, chng ti s gii thiu ba phn mm m phng s kin ri rc gm c SIMAN [Bank95b],
ProModel [Benson] v GPSS/H [Bank95a]. Trong SIMAN v GPSS/H c dng chung cho
nhiu trng hp cn ProModel l ng dng cho sn xut.
Table 3.3 Thut ng dng trong SIMAN
Cc cm t hay thut ng chung Thut ng ca SIMAN
Thc th ngoi (External entity)
Thc th ni (Internal entity)
Ti nguyn (Resource)
Thc th (Entity)
Ko c thut ng tng ng
Ti nguyn, khi vn chuyn(Resource,
49
Conveyor, Transporter)
Thnh phn iu khin Khi bao vy (blockage)
Hot ng Khi hay cc khi (Block or Blocks)
Danh sch cc s kin hin thi ( Curent Events
Chain)
Chui cc s kin hin thi (Curent Events Chain)
Danh sch cc s kin tng lai(Future Events
list)
Cy s kin tng lai (Future Events Heap)
Danh sch tr (Delay list) Hng i nh, Hng i ni
Danh sch do ngi dng c qun l Hng i tch
Giai on thc th di chuyn (entity movement
giai onse)
Khng c t/cm t tng ng
Giai on cp nht xung ng h (clock update
phase)
Khng c t/cm t tng ng
3.7.1 SIMAN
Cc phn sau y bao gm (1) vic tm tt thut ng ca phn mm SIMAN, (2) cc chi tit ca
giai on thc th di chuyn v giai on cp nht ng h ca SIMAN v s tng tc ca chng
vi s hot ng tng ng ca cc danh sch cc s kin hin thi v tng lai, v (3) danh sch
tr v danh sch do ngi dng qun l ca SIMAN
Thut ng dng trong SIMAN.
Cc thut ng SIMAN tng ng vi cc thut ng chung c a ra bng 3.3.
Cc thc th, ti nguyn, cc thnh phn iu khin v cc hot ng.
Trong SIMAN, cc thc th ngoi c gi l cc thc th. Cng ging nh s trnh by tng qut
v cc thc th, cc thc th SIMAN c dng m hnh ha i tng th ng hay tnh dang
di chuyn trn h thng v gy ra s thay i trng thi ca h thng. Cc thc th c th c cc
thuc tnh (v d nh mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut thi gian ti, thi gian cn hon
thnh, s nhn dng khch hng v...v ). Nhiu loi thc th ngoi khng c nh ngha chnh thc
trong SIMAN.
SIMAN dng cc thc th ni qun l s bt u v s kt thc ca thi gian ti nguyn khng
sn sng cho s dng (my mc hng, cng nhn ngh vic ---downtime) v cho s chm dt vic
chy m phng khi thi gian m phng n nh ht. Cc thc th ni ny khng c tn gi c th
trong SIMAN. (Cc thc th ni c c t cc thnh phn c xc nh trong tp tin thc hnh
SIMAN bi ngi thc hin m hnh ha). Cc ti nguyn ca SIMAN m hnh ha cc i tng
thc hin cung cp dch v vi t cch cc thc th. Cc bng ti (Conveyor) v My chuyn hng
(Transporter) l cc ti nguyn dng cho cc mc ch c bit tng ng vi vic m hnh ha s
di chuyn ca cc i tng trn cc ng dn c nh v ng dn t do trong h thng.
Trong SIMAN, cc khi (Blocks) c dng m t hot ng c thc hin bi hoc trn cc
thc th. Cc khi c sp thnh chui theo th t cc hot ng v c kt ni bng cc ng
dn. Cc thc th di chuyn dc theo nhng ng dn ny t khi ny sang khi khc, kch hot
s hot ng ca khi khi chung di chuyn qua. Mi loi khi c mt t kha v cc php tnh
(ton hng --- operand) m cc gi tr ca chng c th ha tng trng hp cc khi.
V d khi CREATE c dng to cc thc th trong phn b thi gian gia hai ln to ra
thc th (cng vi bin ngu nhin tng ng) c quy inh mt trong s cc php tnh ca n.
Khi WAIT c dng t mt thc th vo trng thi tr; n c mt ton hng m t phn
b ca thi gian tr. Khi SIEZE c dng bi thc th yu cu 1 hay nhiu n v ti nguyn;
n c cc ton hng nhn dng tng ti nguyn c th v s cc n v ti nguyn yu cu vv.
SIMAN cung cp hn 40 loi khi.
50
Chui s kin hin thi (CEC)
Chui s kin hin thi ca SIMAN c cc c im ca danh sch s kin hin thi c nu tng
qut trc kia. Cc thc th trng thi sn sng c a vo chui ny ti giai on cp nht
xung ng h, bi vic sao chp trong giai on thc th hot ng v bi s thc hin thi gian
i lin kt (related waiting) v thi gian i thm d (polled waiting) trong giai on thc th hot
ng. Khi mt giai on thc th hot ng kt thc, chui ny rng.
Giai on thc th hot ng. (EMP)
SIMAN khng c cc tn c bit cho giai on hot ng thc th. Hot ng ca mt EMP c
din t trong s hnh 3.11.
Khi bt u EMP trong SIMAN, chng trnh kim tra xem liu chui s kin hin thi c bao gm
cc thc th trng thi sn sng hay l mt chui rng ( s 1 trong hnh 3.11). Thng th s c
mt hay nhiu thc th trng thi sn sng nm trong CEC khi mt EMP bt u. Nhng CEC c
th rng bi v c cc thc th ang trong trng thi tr s dng phng thc thi gian ch thm d
(polling wating).
Gi thit mt CEC ban u khng rng. Sau khi thc hin bc kim tra ( s 1), SIMAN t thc
th v tr u tin ca CEC vo trng thi hot ng ( s 2) v sau a thc th ny qua nhiu
khi/hot ng (blocks/operations) nht c th c cho ti khi thc th chuyn t trng thi tch
cc sang trng thi tr thi gian (c chuyn ti FEC) hay trng thi tr c iu kin (c chuyn
ti mt Hng i ni Internal Queue hay Hng i nh Attached Queue) hoc thanh trng thi
khng hot ng (c chuyn ti Hng i tch Detached Queue).
Sau khi mt thc th chuyn khi trng thi hot ng, tch cc, CEC c kim tra ( s 4, hnh
3.11) xem liu n rng cha. Nu CEC vn cha rng, v giai on thc th hot ng thc
hin vng lp quay v s 2. Qu trnh lp s tip tc n khi CEC rng.
Thc th hot ng ny c th thc hin mt khi to ra mt hoc vi bn sao ca chnh n.
Trong trng hp ny, cc bn sao c t ngay vo trng thi sn sng v tr u tin trn CEC
(trn bt k trng thi CEC no khc) vi th t FIFO. V d nh, nu thc th hot ng to ra mt
bn sao th bn sao ny s c t vo v tr u trn CEC v s l thc th sn sng tip theo
a vo trng thi hot ng.
Sau khi CEC rng (bi vng lp cc s 2-3-4), EMP kim tra xem c khi SCAN no trong m
hnh ny hay khng ( s 5). Cc khi SCAN c dng thc hin hin c ch thi gian ch
thm d (polled waiting). Khi mt khi SCAN c thc hin, mt danh sch tr tng ng kim
tra xem iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt cho thc th ng v tr u danh sch tr ny
hay cha ( s 6). Nu iu kin tr gii quyt xong, thc th ny chuyn sang trng thi sn
sng CEC( s 7). Sau khi mi khi SCAN c thc hin, EMP tip tc x l cc thc th
trng thi sn sng x l (hp 2,3,4).
Giai on thc th hot ng tip tc hot ng nh vy cho ti khi CEC rng v khng cn thc
th no c chuyn sng trng thi sn sng bng c ch thi gian ch thm d na. M hnh
SIMAN sau c cp nht hon tan ti thi im m phng hin ti. Bc tip theo l thc
hin giai on cp nht ng h tip theo.
51
Bt u
EMP
CEC ny c rng
khng
Kch hot thc th nh ca
CEC
Di chuyn thc th c trng thi tch cc
cho ti khi n chuyn sang trng thi khc
CEC ny c rng
khng
Cn khi SCAN no
trong m hnh khng
Cn khi SCAN no
trong m hnh khng
i ti
CUP
t mi thc th
nh vy l n CEC
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Hnh 3.11 Giai
on th
c th
hot
ng trong SIMAN
Cy s kin tng lai (FEH).
Trong SIMAN, cc thc th tr thi gian (bao gm c thc th ni v thc th ngoi) c lu gi
trong Cy s kin tng lai (FEH). Cu trc ny hot ng nh mt danh sch c sp xp theo
thi gian di chuyn tng dn. Thc th c thi gian di chuyn nh nht l thc th tip theo c
a ra khi FEH khi giai on cp nht ng h xy ra. Nu nh c s trng hp thi gian di
chuyn, th th t cc thc th c a ra khi FEH khng nht thit phi trng vi th t khi a
t chng vo cy s kin ny.
Giai on cp nht ng h (CUP)
Giai on cp nht ng h tng ng h m phng ti gi tr thi gian di chuyn ca thc th hin
ang v tr nh ca FEH. iu g s din a tip theo ty thuc vo thc th l thc th ni hay
thc th ngoi. Hnh 3.12 trnh by s hot ng ca giai on cp nht ng h dung trong
SIMAN.
52
Bt u
CUP
nh thi cho thi gian hot
ng ca thc th nh ca
FEH
Loi b thc th khi FEH
y c phi l thc
th ni khng?
Thi gian hot ng ca thc
th nh FEH c trng vi
ng h khng?
i ti
EMP
Thc hin thc th
ni ngay l p tc
Yes
No
No
Yes
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
t mt thc th ngoi l n
nh ca CEC
Hnh 3.12 . Giai
on c
p nh
t
ng h
Sau khi ng h m phng c thit lp bng vi thi gian di chuyn ca thc th hin ang v
tr nh ca FEH ( s 1, hnh 3.12), thc th c a ra khi FEH ( s 2 ) v c kim tra xem
liu n l thc th ngoi hay thc th ni. Nu l thc th ni, n s c x l ngay lp tc ( s
4). Nu l thc th ngoi, n c chn vo v tr u (vo sau ra trc) ca chui s kin hin thi
( s 5).
Vic a thc th ra khi FEH c ngha l mt thc th no hin gi v tr nh ca FEH.
kim tra s trng lp thi gian c th xy ra, bc tip theo ( s 6) kim tra xem liu thi gian di
chuyn ca thc th ng u FEH c trng vi thi gian m phng hin ti khng. Nu c, thc
th c gii quyt theo cch tng ng (cc hp 2 v 3, 4, 5). Qu trnh lp li ti khi tt c
cc thc th c cng thi gian di chuyn c a ra khi FEH. Sau SIMAN thc hin giai on
thc th di chuyn cp nht trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng mi c thit lp
ny.
Hng i nh v Hng i Ni
y l hai loi danh sch ca SIMAN to bi cc thc th trng thi tr c iu kin. Cc danh
sch ny c kh nng c nh dng vi cc khi nh cc khi Hold (Hodl blocks). V d nh
khi SIEZE c dng bi mt thc th chim gi ti nguyn, l mt khi Hold. Nu mt thc
th hot ng c thc hin mt khi SEIZE v nhn ra rng n phi i ti lt mnh dng ti
nguyn c yu cu, n s c chuyn t CEC sang trng thi tr c iu kin nm hng i
ni hoc hng i nh v n s ch iu kin Gi c gii quyt.
Nu mt khi QUEUE c trc mt khi Hold, hng i nh c s dng. Hng i nh l danh
sch ca cc thc th ang i thc hin khi Hold tng ng. Cc thc th c da vo hng
i nh theo FIFO hoc LIFO, hoc sp xp theo gi tr ca biu thc s hc m ngi thit k m
53
hnh to ra. Nu khng c khi QUEUE no n trc khi Hold, SIMAN dng mt hng i ni
cho khi Hold . Mt hng i ni l hng i cha c t tn c thc hin theo kiu FIFO.
i khi, s thun li khi s dng cc khi Hold cng loi ti nhiu v tr trong mt m hnh (VD:
dng khi "SEIZE DRILL" hai hoc nhiu ni trong m hnh). Ngi thit k m hnh c th gn
kt mt hng i nh ring r vi mi khi Hold nh th. y l kiu hng i nh khng chia s,
do cc thc th hai hay nhiu hng i ang ch cc danh sch tr ring r i vi cngmt Ti
nguyn. (Mc u tin ca khi Hold c dng quyt nh hng i nh no s h tr thc th
th tip theo chim ly Ti nguyn). Ngi thit k m hnh cng c th t cc thc th tr ti
hai hoc nhiu khi Hold ging nhau cng mt hng i nh, c gi l hng i nh dng
chung. Thc th v tr cao nht trong hng i ny s chim ly Ti nguyn trc.
Hng i Tch.
L cc danh sch thc thc SIMAN dng thc hin trng thi khng hot ng. Cc thc th
c t trong hng i tch khi chng thc hin cc khi QUEUE vi chc nng DETACHED i
km. Cc thc th nh th sau c chuyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn
sang bi tc ng ca cc thc th khc. (Cc thc th khc dng cc khi nh SEARCH v
REMOVE, hoc QPICK v MATCH chuyn cc thc th t hng i tch sang CEC.).
3.7.2 ProModel
Trong phn tip theo ny, thut ng ProModel s c tng hp cng vi s m t cc chi tit ca
giai on thc th di chuyn v giai on cp nht ng h v tho lun v ccht hc x l cc thc
th tr trong ProModel. Thut ng ca ProModel: Bng 3.4 so snh cc thut ng ca ProModel vi
cc thut ng chung. Ni dung chi tit v cc thut ng c cung cp sau.
Cc Thc Th: Thc th ngoi trong ProModel c gi l Thc Th. Cc lp thc th khc nhau
phi c nh ngha khi m hnh ha trong ProModel. Cc lp thc th ny c gi l Loi Thc
Th. Cc loi thc th c t tn ring bi ngi thit k m hnh. ProModel s dng cc thc
th ni gi l Cc S Kin Ni v hot ng ca chng c tho lun di y.
Bng 3.4. Thut ng ProModel
C php v thut ng chung ProModel
Thc th ngoi Thc th
Thc th ni S kin ni
Ti nguyn Ti nguyn, vng, node
Thnh phn iu khin Bin
Hot ng iu hnh Bc x l
Danh sch s kin hin thi Danh sch hot ng
Danh sch s kin tng lai Danh sch s kin tng lai
Danh sch tr Danh sch i
Danh sch qun l ngi dng Khng c thut ng tng ng
Giai on chuyn thc th Khng c c php
Giai on cp nht ng h Khng c c php
Ti Nguyn. Trong ProModel c 3 khi nim tng ng vi khi nim chung Ti Nguyn: V Tr
(Location), Ti Nguyn (Resource) v Nt (Node). Nh tn c gi, V Tr (Location) tng ng
vi ni chn c nh. Chng c s dng m hnh ha cc thc nh cc khu vc ch, cc trm
lm vic (workstation), cc my mc c nh. Locations cng c s dng m hnh ha bng
ti tch ly (accumulating) v bng ti khng tch ly (nonaccumulating). Ti Nguyn (Resource) c
th c s dng m hnh cc vn v con ngi v cc thit b. Ti Nguyn c th l tnh, v
d nh dng m hnh ha mt cng nhn ng yn iu khin mt my v tr c nh. Ti Nguyn
54
c th l ng, v d nh dng m hnh ha cc xe nng hng hoc cc cng nhn l nhng
ngi c th di chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr khc trong mt h thng.
Ti nguyn ng (Dynamic Resource) di chuyn qua li trong mng li c to bi cc ng
dn (mng li ng dn - path network). C mt vi kiu mng li ng dn. V d nh c
mt mng li ng dn trong cc ti nguyn ng phi di chuyn theo kiu hang n. V
cng c mng li ng dn khc trong cc ti nguyn ng c th vt qua nhau. Cc nt
(node) l khi nim ti nguyn khc trong ProModel. Cc nt l cc im bt u v im kt thc
ca cc ng dn to nn cc mng li m cc ti nguyn ng di chuyn bn trong . Cc ti
nguyn cnh tranh ln nhau s dng cc nt v di chuyn trong mng trong khi tm kim mt ci
g v d nh thu hi ly hoc mt v tr trng.
Bi v cc ti nguyn ng di chuyn, thi im chng di chuyn c ngha quyt nh. Bi v
chng cnh tranh dnh ly cc nt nn s tr c th c cng c ngha quyt nh i vi chng.
Kt qu l, cc ti nguyn ng c v ging vi cc thc th (Trong khi cc thc th l cc n v
lu lng di chuyn xuyn qua h thng v l cc ngi dung dch v, th cc ti nguyn ng l
cc n v ca lu lng di chuyn bn trong h thng v l cc nh cung cp dch v). Ging nh
cc thc th, cc ti nguyn ng c th c t vo trng thi tr thi gian trong khi chng i
mt khong thi gian tng lai bit trc khi m chng s n c ch ca chng. Chng cng
c th chuyn t trng thi tr thi gian sang trng thi sn sng, v sau vo trng thi hot ng.
Do c s cnh tranh dnh ly cc nt, chng cng c th c coi l thch hp i vi trng thi tr
c iu kin. ProMode s dng danh sch s kin tng lai (Future Events List), danh sch hot
ng (Action List), v danh sch ch (Waiting Lists) khng ch qun l cc thc th m cn
qun l cc ti nguyn ng. Cc danh sch s kin tng lai v danh sch hot ng cng c s
dng qun l cc s kin ni (Internal Events).
Cc phn t iu khin (Control Elements). Trong ProModel, mt Bin (Variable) l mt phn
t d liu dng cho nhiu mc ch m gi tr ca n c th l mt i tng ca mt ProModel
WAIT UNTIL. Ging nh tt c cc phn t iu khin khc, mt Bin (s dng trong vic kt hp
vi mt WAIT UNTIL) c kh nng gy ra tr cho cc thc th.
Cc hot ng (Operations) Phn lung di chuyn (transaction-flow) ca ProModel l c to ra
bi ngi thit k m hnh, nh l mt tp hp c th t ca cc Bc Chu Trnh (Process Steps)
nm trong mt Bng Chu Trnh (Process Table). Mi mt bc chu trnh nh ra tn ca ca mt
hoc tt c cc loi thc th (Entity Type) v tn ca mt hoc tt c v tr (Location). Mt thc th
di chuyn t mt bc chu trnh ti bc khc trong mt bng chu trnh bng cch nhy n bc
chu trnh tip theo ph hp vi loi (Type) v v tr (Location) ca n (lp li vic quay li nh ca
bng chu trnh nu cn thit). Cc bc chu trnh ny xc nh r ci m loi thc th (Entity Type)
ny phi lm ti v tr (Location) ny.
Logic hot ng (Operation Logic) v logic nh tuyn (Routing Logic) l cc thnh phn to nn
cc bc chu trnh (Process Step). Mt bc chu trnh c th bao gm khng (zero) hoc nhiu hn
cc thnh phn . S cnh tranh gia cc thc th i vi cc ti nguyn khng c kh nng
chuyn ti thc hin bi logic hot ng. S cnh tranh gia cc thc th i vi cc v tr
(Location) v cc ti nguyn c kh nng chuyn ti c gii thch r rng trong logic nh tuyn .
Logic nh tuyn c ng dng sau khi logic hot ng c thc hin.
Nhiu khi nim nh ngha m hnh trong ProModel c cc ty chn theo bi ngi s dng v d
nh logic thi gian dng hot ng (Downtime Logic ) v logic thot ki v tr (Location Exit
Logic). Logic l tp hp ca cc cu lnh thc hin mt cch t ng v s thc hin ca chng
c kh nng t cc s kin ni vo danh sch s kin tng lai. Khi c x l, cc s kin ni
ny c th quay li danh sch s kin tng lai hoc quay li danh sch tr. Chng cng c th lm
cho cc thc th hoc cc ti nguyn ng c a vo danh sch s kin hin thi.
Danh sch hot ng (Action List). Danh sch hot ng l tn gi dng trong ProModel i vi
danh sch cc s kin hin thi. Danh sch hot ng c th bao gm cc thc th, ti nguyn ng
v cc s kin ni (Thut ng phn t - element s c s dng k t y dung gi mt thc th,
55
mt ti nguyn ng hoc mt thc th ni bt k). Danh sch hot ng trng rng khi mt giai
on thc th hot ng bt u. Ngha l khng c phn t no trong trng thi sn sng. Tuy
nhin, mt thc th, mt ti nguyn ng, hoc mt s kin ni trong trng thi hot ng ti
thi im ny. Cc thc th, cc ti nguyn ng, v cc thc th ni c th c t vo danh sch
hot ng khi khi phn t trng thi hot ng ny bt u c di chuyn. Bt k mt phn t
mi no ca danh sch ny u c t vo u danh sch. Khi phn t hot ng chuyn t trng
thi hot ng, phn t ti u danh sch hot ng s chuyn sang trng thi hot ng. y l kt
qu trong cch qun l danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (Last-in, First Out).
Giai on thc th hot ng (Entity Movenment Phase). Giai on thc th hot ng ca
ProModel c ch ra trong hnh 3.13. Mt phn t trong trng thi hot ng khi giai on thc
th hot ng bt u (c gii thch trong phn giai on cp nht ng h sau y), v danh sch
hot ng hin ang trng. Nu phn t hot ng l mt thc th hoc mt ti nguyn ng ( 1,
hnh 3.13), n thc hin cc hot ng cho n khi n b p chuyn ra khi trng thi hot ng (
s 2). rng hp khc, n l mt s kin ni v tt c logic tng ng c thc hin trn n ( s
3)
Theo cch khc, mt hoc hn mt phn t mi trng thi sn sng c th c to ra v nh vy
s c a vo danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (v d nh mt thc th c th to ra mt
hoc nhiu hn bn sao ca chnh n). Trong trng hp ny (la chn no t s 4, hnh 3.13),
phn t hin ti nh ca danh sch hot ng c bin thnh phn t hot ng ( s 5) v giai
on thc th hot ng c tip tc. Nu khng th danh sch hot ng ny tr nn trng v mt
giai on cp nht ng h thc hin tip theo (la chn yes, s 4).
Danh sch s kin tng lai (Future Events List). Danh sch s kin tng lai ca ProMode to
b cc phn t nh thc th, ti nguyn ng, s kin ni hin ang trong trng thi tr v ch. Cc
phn t ny c sp xp trong danh sch t trn xung di theo th t tng dn ca thi gian di
chuyn. ProModel lun lun di chuyn duy nht mt phn t t nh ca danh sch trong mi giai
on cp nht ng h (iu ny c ngha rng trong trng hp cc phn t c trng thi gian di
chuyn, s c hai hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng ti
cng thi im m phng).
Giai on cp nht ng h (Clock Update Phase). Giai on cp nht ng h ca ProModel
c tng hp trong hnh 3.14. Giai on ny bt u bng cch thit lp ng h m phng bng
vi thi gian di chuyn ca phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai ( s 1). Phn t ny
c t ngay lp tc vo trng thi hot ng ( s 2) v chm dt giai on cp nht ng h v
bt u giai on di chuyn thc th. Trong ProModel, khng c cc thc th trng thi sn sng
khi mt giai on thc th hot ng bt u. (danh sch hot ng hin ang trng). Hn na, nu
c 2 hoc nhiu hn cc phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai c cng thi gian di
chuyn, 2 hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng lin tip s
c thc hin ti cng thi im m phng.
Danh sch ch (Waiting Lists). Danh sch ch l cc danh sch tr ca ProModel dnh cho cc
thc th v cc ti nguyn ng. Mt danh sch ch cho cc thc th c gn vi mi v tr, mi
ti nguyn tnh, mi ti nguyn ng, v mi Bin ty theo mt WAIT UNTIL. Mt dm sch ch
dnh cho cc ti nguyn ng c gn vi mi Nt.
Mt thc th n (hoc ti nguyn ng) c th xut hin ng thi trong nhiu danh sch tr. H
qu l ProModel khng s dng phng php thi gian ch thm d gii quyt cc tr phc hp.
56
B t u
EMP
Ph n t
tra ng tha i s n
sa ng co pha i la
ph n t n i
hay khng
Th c hi n t i a
co th ca c Hoa t ng
ta i th i i m na y
X ly t t ca ca c logic
cu a ca c s ki n
n ita i th i i m na y
Danh sa ch
hoa t ng co
tr ng hay
khng ?
T i
CUP
Th c hi n t i a
co th ca c Hoa t ng
ta i th i i m na y
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Co
Khng
Co
Khng
Hnh 3.13 Giai
on th
c th
hot
ng
Thay vo , phng php thi gian ch lin kt c s dng qun l cc danh sch ch cng
vi vic ProModel di chuyn thc th ny hoc ti nguyn ng ny khi tt cc cc danh sch tr
lien quan sm ngay khi co ch thi gian ch lin kt chuyn giao thc th ny hoc ti nguyn ng
ny t mt trong cc danh sch ti danh sch hot ng.
ProModel khng c cc danh sch tng ng vi danh sch do ngi dng qun l. Tuy nhin ,
JOIN, LOAD v SEND l cc logic nh tuyn ty chn s t cc thc th vo cc danh sch v tr
ring bit. Ti chng ch mt cu lnh hot ng JOIN, LOAD hoc SEND tng ng c
thc hin bi mt thc th khc ti v tr ch ny. Bi v cc danh sch ny l c trng cho v tr
nn chng c coi nh thuc v cc danh sch tr.
57
B t u
CUP
t ng h t i gia tri th i
gian di chuy n cu a ph n
t ta i vi tri u cu a Danh
sa ch s ki n hi n th i
Di chuy n ph n t na y
kho i Danh sa ch s ki n
hi n th i va thi t l p no
tra ng tha i hoa t ng
T i
EMP
(1)
(2)
Hnh 3.14 Giai on cp nht xung ng h ProModel
3.7.3 GPSS/H
Trong nhng mc tip theo, chng ta s tm lc v thut ng GPSS/H, m t cc chi tit
hot ng ca giai on thc th hot ng v giai on cp nht ng h trong GPSS/H v tho
lun v cc danh sch do ngi dng qun l.
Thut ng GPSS/H: Bng 3.5 bao gm cc thut ng GPSS/H tng ng vi nhiu thut ng
chung khc m c trnh by phn trc.
Bng 3.5 Thut ng GPSS/H
Cc cm t v thut ng chung Thut ng tng ng trong GPSS/H
Thc th ngoi Lu lng (transaction)
Thc th ni Lu lng h thng
Ngun ti nguyn Phng tin, Ngun lu tr
Phn t iu khin Chuyn mch Logic, Biu thc s hc, Biu
thc Boolean
Hot ng Khi
Danh sch s kin hin thi Chui s kin hin thi
Danh sch s kin tng lai Chui s kin tng lai
Danh sch tr Chui s kin hin thi
Danh sch ngi dng c qun l Chui ngi s dng
Gian on thc th hot ng Giai on qut
Gian on cp nht ng h Gian on cp nht ng h
Cc thc th, Ti nguyn, Phn t iu khin v Hot ng:
Trong GPSS/H, cc thc th ngoi c gi l Lu Lng (gi tt l Xacts). Khng c nh
ngha chnh thc v cc lp lu lng. Cc lu lng s hu nhng thuc tnh c gi tr l cc s.
Chc nng ca cc thuc tnh ny do ngi thit k m hnh quyt nh. Ngi ta s dng mt
thuc tnh lu lng c bit gi l Mc u Tin (Priority Level) quyt nh th t ca mt lu
lng khi a n vo danh sch cc s kin hin thi.
GPSS/H s dng mt s cc thc th ni gi l Lu lng h thng ( System Transactions).
Cc Lu lng h thng c nhim v thit lp cc qu trnh n (arrival processes), h tr mt s
loi quan st thng k cng nh cc thut ton x l danh sch c dng qun l danh sch s
kin hin thi v danh sch s kin tng lai. Trong mt s trng hp, GPSS/H s dng danh sch
s kin tng lai qun l vic xc nh thi gian ca cc lu lng h thng. GPSS/H khng s
dng cc thc th ni m hnh ha thi gian ngng hot ng (downtime) ca ti nguyn hay
58
thi gian dng m phng. Thay v , cc thc th ngoi (Transactions) s lm iu ny. Cc thc
th ngoi ny s thc thi cc khi (Blocks) (c tho lun di y) thc hin logic ca thi
gian ngng hot ng v thi gian dng m phng.
Cc phng tin v ngun lu tr dng m hnh ha cc ti nguyn. Cc phng tin
(Facility) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn c dung lng l mt n v. Ngha l mt phng tin l
mt ti nguyn m ch c th phc v mt lu lng ti mt thi im.
Trong khi , ngun lu tr (Storages) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn m c th c dung lng bt
k ty ngi dng. Ngha l ngun lu tr (Storages) c kh nng phc v ng thi nhiu lu
lng.
Trong GPSS/H, chuyn mch Logic l cc bin on/off c dng iu khin. Cc lu
lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt chuyn mch Logic nh trc nm trng thi c
ch nh. Cc lu lng c th di chuyn tun t hoc khng tun t. iu ny ph thuc vo vic
chuyn mch Logic nh trc c trng thi c ch nh hay khng.
Biu thc s hc v biu thc Boolean cng c th c s dng nh l cc phn t iu khin
trong GPSS/H. Cc lu lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt biu thc s hc nh trc
tha mn cc iu kin c lin quan nh trc (hoc cho n khi biu thc Boolean c gi tr thc
nh trc). Hoc cc lu lng c th i theo ng dn khng tun t ty thuc vo gi tr ca do
mt biu thc s hc hoc mt biu thc Boolean.
Trong GPSS/H, khi (blocks) c s dng m t cc hot ng do cc lu lng tin
hnh hoc thc thi trn chng. Cc Block c sp xp tun t theo trt t cc hot ng v lin kt
vi nhau bng ng dn. Cc lu lng di chuyn dc theo ng dn t khi ny n khi v
kch hot s hot ng ca khi khi chng di chuyn. Mi loi khi c mt t kha v ton hng
trong gi tr ca chng nu r cc trng hp ca tng loi khi. V d nh, khi GENERATE
c s dng to ra lu lng trong s phn b cng vi mt bin ngu nhin ca thi gian
gia hai ln to lu lng c nh trc trong mt ton hng. Khi ADVANCE c dng
a 1 lu lng vo trng thi tr thi gian v khi ny mt ton hng m t s phn b ca thi
gian tr. Trong khi , mt lu lng s dng khi SEIZE yu cu 1 phng tin v SEIZE c 1
ton hng xc nh phng tin cn thit. GPSS/H cung cp khong 65 loi khi.
Chui s kin hin thi (CEC):
Chui s kin hin thi ca GPSS/H gm cc lu lng trng thi sn sng. N cng c cc lu
lng trng thi hot ng. Ngoi ra, chui cc s kin hin thi c chc nng ging nh mt
danh sch tr GPSS/HH ton cc, gm cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong m hnh. Cc lu lng
ny c trn ln vi lu lng trng thi hot ng v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng trn
CEC.
Cc lu lng c 1 thuc tnh mang tr s ring bit c gi l Mc u Tin. Mc u tin ca
mt lu lng c gn cho lu lng khi to ra n v c th c thay i lin tc trong sut thi
gian hot ng ca lu lng . Cc lu lng CEC c sp xp theo kiu FIFO theo mc
u tin. Ngha l lu lng no n trc s c p ng trc theo mc u tin. (Chui ngi
s dng (c tho lun di y) c s dng m hnh ha nhng th t dch v khc)
GPSS/H cng c mt c cu hng i (queue) v mt khi hng i (khi QUEUE),
nhng ko ging nh khi QUEUE ca SIMAN, khi QUEUE ca GPSS/H khng thc hin chc
nng qun l danh sch. QUEUE ca GPSS/H c s dng vi mc ch duy nht l thu thp cc
gi tr thng k. Ph hp vi thc t l, ngoi tr CEC (v mt s danh sch tr bn trong h tr
CEC c tho lun di y), khng c thm danh sch tr no trong GPSS/H. Chnh nh c chc
nng ca danh sch tr m GPSS/H CEC thng khng tnh trng trng rng khi mt giai on
thc th hot ng kt thc.
Giai on qut (Scan phase)
59
Trong GPSS/H, giai on thc th hot ng c gi l giai on qut (Scan Phase). Giai on
ny chu trch nhim a cc lu lng tr c iu kin v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng vo
chui danh sch hin thi. Trong mt giai on qut, t u ti cui ca 1 CEC, cc lu lng c
th c kim tra tra nhiu ln. l v khi mt lu lng trng thi hot ng thc hin mt
khi m khi ny gii quyt vn tr, cc lu lng tr c iu kin ny c th u pha trn
lu lng ang hot ng ny trong CEC.
Cc lu lng tr c iu kin chuyn i t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng v
sau phi c chuyn sang trng thi hot ng ri c di chuyn trc khi ng h m phng
thay i gi tr.
Sau khi lu lng hot ng ny ra khi trng thi hot ng, giai on qut quay li lu lng
nm ti v tr u ca CEC v t bt u kim tra li t trn xung di m bo l n s pht
hin c cc lu lng bt k no c th va chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng
thi sn sng.
60
B t u
EMP
Co m t
Xact ta i u
cu a CEC
khng?
Ki ch hoa t Xact na y , di
chuy n no t i khi no chuy n
sang tra ng tha i kha c
Tra ng tha i thay
i khng ?
T i
CUP
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Co
Khng
Co
Khng
Co m t
Xact ta i u
cu a CEC
khng?
Co Xact ti p
theo trong CEC
khng ?
Khng
Khng
Co
Co
Hnh 3.15: Giai on thc th
hot
ngGPSS/H
Logic ca giai on thc th hot ng trong GPSS/H (giai on qut) c th hin di
dng biu hnh 3.15. Trong biu ny, cc i tng khc nhau c nh s thun tin
cho qu trnh tho lun. Theo , GPSS/H bt u t mt giai on qut (Scan Phase) km 1 s
kim tra ( 1) xem liu c lu lng no ang trong CEC hay khng. (CEC c th trng nu
giai on qut xy ra ti thi im m phng 0.0 hoc nu giai on qut khi ng li). Nu CEC
trng, giai on cp nht ng h tip tc(ng dn no t 1)
Gi s c mt lu lng nh CEC. Nu lu lng ny trng thi sn sng ( s 2), lu
lng ny c kch hot v di chuyn ( 3) cho n khi n buc phi chuyn sang trng thi hot
ng. Sau kim tra ( 4) quyt nh xem liu nhng vic lm ny c th gii quyt c 1 hay
61
nhiu iu kin gy tr hay khng. Nu tr c th c gii quyt, qu trnh qut ca CEC bt u
t nh ca CEC (ng dn yes t 5). Nu khng c lu lng no tip theo, lu lng cui
cng trn CEC c thc hin v giai on cp nht ng h thc hin tip theo (ng dn no
t s 5)
Nu lu lng c x l 2 trong hnh 3.15 khng trng thi sn sng, n l mt lu
lng tr c iu kin. Trong trng hp nh vy s c mt ng dn no t s 2 n s 5.
Mc ch l nhm b qua cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong sut giai on qut. Phng thc
thc hin ca GPSS/H, trong thc hin vic gi li cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong CEC v
kim tra chng 1 hoc nhiu ln trong sut giai on qut xem liu chng c c a vo trng
thi sn sng cha, c ngha l tt c cc lu lng ny ang trong c ch thi gian ch thm d.
Chui s kin tng lai:
Trong GPSS/H, danh sch cc s kin tng lai cn c gi l Chui s kin tng lai (FEC) .
Cc lu lng c sp xp trn FEC theo trt t thi gian di chuyn tng dn. Vi cc thi gian di
chuyn trng nhau (move-time ties) th gii quyt bi cch thc vo trc cng s ra trc (FIFO).
Giai on cp nht ng h ca GPSS/H ly ra nhiu lu lng t chui s kin tng lai theo trt
t t trn xung di nu nh chng c cng thi gian di chuyn sm nht, a chng ln lt vo
chui s kin hin thi (sp xp theo mc u tin)
Giai on cp nht xung ng h
Nguyn l ca giai on cp nht ng h c th hin hnh 3.16. Thi gian m phng c
thit lp bng vi thi gian di chuyn ca lu lng t u trong chui cc s kin tng lai (
s1); sau cc lu lng c chuyn t chui s kin tng lai sang chui cc s kin hin thi
( s 2). Thc hin kim tra ( s 3) xem liu thi gian di chuyn ca lu lng u ca chui
s kin tng lai c khp vi thi gian m phng khng. Nu khp, lu lng ny s chuyn t u
chui FEC sang chui CEC (xem ng dn yes t s 3 ln s 2). Qa trnh quay vng ny
lp i lp li cho n khi lu lng v tr u trong chui s kin tng lai c thi gian di chuyn
vt thi gian m phng hin thi. Pha cp nht ng h hon tt v giai on qut tip tc (ng
dn no t s 3)
Chui ngi s dng
GPSS/H thc hin trng thi khng hot ng vi chui ngi s dng hay chnh l danh sch do
ngi dng qun l ca cc lu lng. Cc lu lng c th c a vo chui ngi dng u,
cui hoc sp xp theo th t tng dn da theo thuc tnh lu lng c ch nh bi ngi
thit k m hnh.
Sau khi mt Transaction t a n vo chui ngi s dng, n ch c th b 1 lu lng trng
thi hot ng loi b. Th t chuynTransaction ra khi chui ngi dng c th t trn xung
di, t di ln trn hoc c th da vo gi tr ca ca biu thc Boolean xc nh bi ngi s
dng.
Cc lu lng b di chuyn c a vo trng thi sn sng trong chui s kin hin thi v c
bo hiu thay i trng thi bt. Kt qu l, qu trnh qut CEC s bt u tr li (ng dn yes
t s 4 quay li s 1 trn hnh 3.15) sau khi lu lng hot ng chuyn t trng thi hot ng.
iu ny m bo rng cc lu lng mi ti trng thi sn sng s c a vo trng thi hot
ng trong chui s kin hin thi trc khi giai on cp nht ng h din ra.
62
Hnh 3.16 Giai on cp nht xung ng h trong GPSS/H
Ti liu tham kho
[Bank95a] J. Banks et al., Getting started with GPSS/H, 2nd ed., Wolverine Software Corporation,
Annandale, VA
[Bank95b] J. Banks et al., Introduction to SIMAN V and Cinema V, Wiley, New York
[Benson] D. Benson, Simulation modeling and optimization using ProModel, in the Proc. Of
Winter Simulation Conference 1997, La Jolla, Clifornia, pp: 587-593
63
Chng 4: M phng s kin ri rc trong cc h thng my tnh v truyn thng
Tc gi: Alfred Hartmann v Herb Schwetman
Dch thut: Nguyn Quang Huy, Nguyn Hong Minh Phc, Nguyn Thanh Hi
Bin tp: Nguyn Anh Tn
4.1 Gii thiu
Trong chng ny chng ta s tho lun v nhng k thut c s dng xy dng cc chng
trnh m phng s kin ri rc cho cc h thng my tnh v truyn thng. Trong khi cc phng
php phn tch nh l thuyt hng i i khi c dng (Lazowska , 1984) v c th cho ta nhng
s hiu bit c gi tr, phm vi ca chng b gii hn bi nhng vn , m ch c cc phng
php dng php phn tch gii php mi kh thi. M phng da trn my tnh c ng dng kh
rng ri, vi tin ch ca cc gi phn mm m phng cng s tng trng nhanh chng ca kh
nng tnh ton ph tn thp n mi my tnh, vic phn tch da trn m phng ang ngy cng c
v tr quan trng. Ngy nay, hu ht nhng nh thit k h thng my tnh v truyn thng u thn
thuc vi ngn ng lp trnh C/C++ v khi nim v cc qu trnh tnh ton. iu ny khin vic
m phng trn C/C++ da vo cc qu trnh tr thnh mt la chn tin ch v t nhin cho rt
nhiu nhng d n kiu mu.
4.2 Cc khi nim c bn
Mt mng my tnh hay truyn thng bao gm mt tp hp cc ngun ti nguyn. Nhng thc th
(v d nh nhng cng vic, cc chng trnh, cc nhim v, giao dch, thng ip, v.v.) cnh tranh
v quyn s dng cc ngun ti nguyn ny. Cc hnh thi ca nhng h thng ny s hu, t nht
l mc no , nhng cu trc i din cho c nhng ngun ti nguyn v nhng thc th. Hu
ht bt k kiu m phng ca bt k loi h thng no cng c cu trc tng ng. Trong chng
ny chng ta s kho st xem nhng sn phm to nn cc mng my tnh v truyn thng in hnh
khc bit nh th no so vi nhng kiu m phng ca cc h thng khc loi.
4.2.1 Nhng mc tiu
Mc tiu chnh ca tt c cc d n h thng in hnh l cho ra nhng s nh gi v hiu sut ca
h thng. i vi cc h thng my tnh, thng s o lng quan trng nht cn t c l thi
gian p ng nhim v. Cn vi nhng mng truyn thng, n li l thi gian tim tng ca thng
ip. V th mc ch ca nhiu d n l a ra nhng s nh gi chnh xc v cc thng s o
lng. Nhng mc tiu khc bao gm vic cung cp ci nhn r rng v hot ng ca h thng v
vic hng dn gim thiu s tc ng ca nhng ng gii hn p ng.
4.2.2 Cc ngun ti nguyn v nhng thc th
Nh cp trn, cc m hnh m phng ch yu bao gm nhng thc th (cc qu trnh,
nhng khch hng, cc thng ip, nhng giao dch, v.v.) v nhng ngun ti nguyn (b vi x l,
b nh, bus ng truyn, cc lin kt giao tip, v.v).
Trong cc m hnh ny, c mt vi kiu thc th khc nhau m cng c th c cc mu a dng ca
tng kiu thc th, chng hot ng nhng im trng nhau v khc nhau trong thi im c
m phng.Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng thc th ang cnh tranh ginh c mt s ngun
ti nguyn ca m hnh h thng. V d, trong m hnh h thng my tnh, mt vi nhim v m
phng c th cnh tranh ngun ti nguyn ca CPU.
Tng t nh vy, c rt nhiu kiu ti nguyn trong mt m hnh h thng. Chng c th c
chia ra lm 2 loi chnh : (1) cc ngun ch ng v (2) cc ngun b ng. Nt c th ca chng
ph thuc vo vic nhng kiu thc th lm g sau khi nm gi vic truy cp vo mt thnh phn
ca ngun ti nguyn. Mt thnh phn ca mt ngun ti nguyn ch ng thng c dng hoc
b nm gi trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v sau c gii phng. Cn mt ngun ti
64
nguyn b ng th b nm gi bi mt thc th; lc ny thc th x l p ng cc hot ng
khc, bao gm c vic ginh ly truy cp n cc ngun ti nguyn khc.
Nhng v d v cc ngun ti nguyn ch ng trong mt h thng my tnh bao gm cc
b vi x l trung tm, a cng, v cc b iu khin. Nhng v d v ngun ti nguyn th ng
bao gm b nh chnh v cc bus ng truyn. Trong mt mng truyn thng, nu cc b vi x l
thng ip v cc ng truyn lin nt mng c th c xem nh l cc ngun ti nguyn ch
ng, cc b m s l nhng v d v ngun ti nguyn b ng.
Cc thc th ca cc m hnh mng ny ph thuc vo cc cp ca m hnh. Vi m hnh
mng mc cao ca mt h thng my tnh, cc thc th c th l cc chng trnh hoc l cc giao
dch. Trong m hnh mng truyn thng, cc thc th c th l nhng thng ip. i vi m
hnh h thng my tnh mc thp, nhng thnh phn c th l nhng ch dn tnh ton c lp,
cc yu cu xut nhp d liu, v s truyn d liu n v i t b nh chnh. mt m hnh mc
thp hn ca mng truyn thng, cc thc th c th l cc gi hoc t bo d liu.
4.2.3 Ti lm vic
Mi m hnh h thng c c trng bi mt mc ti lm vic ca n. y ti lm vic cp
n trnh t cc yu cu ca cc thc th i vi cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng. Vic t c
mt c tnh chnh xc v ti lm vic ca h thng l mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht
hng n vic xy dng mt m hnh mng hu ch v chnh xc. Vi cc h thng my tnh,
nhim v ny, trong mt vi trng hp no , tr nn n gin hn bi s c mt ca nhng cng
c h thng c kh nng t ng thu thp cc d liu cn thit. V d, nu cc thc th ca m hnh
ang giao dch trc tuyn, th b gim st giao dch c th gi cc bin bn giao dch nhm s dng
xy dng mt c tnh dng giao dch u vo. Mt cch tng t, trong mt mng my tnh,
l cc bin bn thng ip ca cc nt mng xy dng nn cc bn trch ngang ca nhng lung
thng ip trong mng.
Nh vi hu ht cc m hnh mng, vic c c mt c tnh chnh xc v ti lm vic ng vi cc
nhu cu cho cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng l cn thit. Vi cc h thng my tnh, iu ny c
th gp phi mt s nhng kh khn. V d, mt u vo phn tch cho mt m hnh c th l s
phn b thi gian dch v ti mt a, nhng gi tnh ton h thng c th bo co cc thi im
p ng ti ny (v thi im p ng hu ch ti a s c th l mt u ra ca m hnh).
Tng t, gi tnh ton c th bo co cc k t trn hng truyn n mt a, nhng cng kh
tm c s tng quan gia s lng cc k t truyn vi thi gian p ng.
Mt cch in hnh, nhng g c yu cu i vi mt m hnh ca h thng my tnh l mt bn
m t s lc cc kiu cng vic hay cc nhim v c m hnh ho. Bn m t ny s bao gm
mt s phn tng ca cc nhim v theo cc lp khc nhau, v sau ng vi tng lp l mt bn
tm tt cc yu cu dch v i vi cc ngun ti nguyn khc nhau ca h thng. V d, mt ti
lm vic ca mt h thng x l giao dch trc tuyn c th c phn loi theo cc kiu giao dch
khc nhau v s c trnh, v sau ng vi mi kiu giao dch, s la chn cc thng tin
sau:
S lng cc giao dch ca mi kiu
Lng thi gian x l trn mt giao dch
S lng cc truy cp a trn mt giao dch
Lng d liu c gi li cho ngi yu cu trn mt giao dch
Vi mt mng truyn thng, c tnh ti lm vic c th bao gm cc kiu thng tin sau:
S lng cc thng ip to ra ti mi nt mng
S phn b chiu di thng ip
Thng tin v im n ca mi thng ip (v d, khong cch n ch)
65
T l cc thng ip yu cu mt s hi m Kt qu cui cng ca c tnh ti lm vic ny l mt
tp cc gi tr tham s m c th c yu cu m hnh ho mt cch chnh xc ti lm vic
trong m hnh.
4.2.4 u ra: S o lng kh nng p ng
Nh cp trn, nhng m hnh h thng thng c s dng t c cc nh gi v
thi gian p ng trung bnh ca h thng ng vi cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Mt cch tng
t, trong cc m hnh mng, nhng nh gi v tr (latency) trung bnh ca thng ip v/ hoc
bng thng c phn phi u c quan tm. y, thi gian p ng l thi gian khi mt
yu cu dch v c to ra cho n khi yu cu c thc hin . tr(latency) y c dng
cho thi gian p ng trong mt h thng ph xut nhp, mt h thng b nh ph, hoc trong mt
mng truyn thng. Nhng thi gian p ng (latencies) c n v l thi gian trn yu cu.
Nghch o ca thi gian p ng l t l dung lng (v d nh cc giao dch trn mt giy),
nghch o ca tr(latency) l bng thng (v d Mbytes/s). Tt c cc tham s trn thng l
nhng u ra ca cc m hnh m phng.
Nu mt m hnh ang c dng c c ci nhn tng tn v nhng vn hiu sut (ni m
nhng vn hiu sut thng c th hin bi nhng khong thi gian p ng hoc tr di
khng th chp nhn c), cng nhiu d liu u ra c yu cu xc nh chnh xc nguyn
nhn ca vn . Nhng d liu thm vo ny thng cha cc bng thng k v thi gian c
dng ti cc ngun ti nguyn c lp ca m hnh h thng hoc l thi gian c dng trong cc
hot ng c lp hon thnh mt thnh phn ti lm vic. Trong mt s trng hp, vic chn
thm cc thnh phn c bit l cn thit thu c cc d liu cn thit xc nh nguyn nhn
ca cc vn hiu sut.
4.2.5 Tnh 2 mt ca cc m hnh
Cc m hnh c nh hng theo tin trnh ca cc h thng truyn thng v my tnh c s phn
cng cc tin trnh ring bit cho cc thc th m phng. i vi vic m phng h thng my tnh,
cc qu trnh c giao vic cho cc ti lm vic (v d c trng cho cc qu trnh ca ngi
dng v cc ng dng), v cc qu trnh ny yu cu v gii phng ti nguyn h thng khi n c
hon thnh. Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, cc qu trnh li c giao vic cho cc ngun
ti nguyn (v d nh cc chuyn mch hoc l cc knh), v cc qu trnh ny nm gi cc thng
ip ti lm vic trong thi gian cn hot ng. Nhng s phn cng qu trnh ny nhm gi cho s
lng qu trnh trong mt php m phng mc hp l, k t khi h thng m phng gp phi bi
cnh chuyn mch qu ti vi qu nhiu qu trnh. Mt l thng thng, n s gii hn m hnh v
mi thng ip nh l mt qu trnh cnh tranh v ngun ti nguyn h thng truyn thng, do s
lng qu ln ca chng.
Nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca cc m hnh nhn thc lm nn tnh 2 mt ca m hnh gia cc
m hnh h thng my tnh v cc m hnh h thng truyn thng.
Thc th m phng H thng my tnh H thng truyn thng
Mc ti lm vic Qu trnh Token (cu trc)
Mc ngun ti nguyn Cu trc Qu trnh
Tnh hai mt ny c th dn n mt s khc nhau trong tin gia m phng h thng
my tnh v h thng truyn thng, v c l khc nhau v c cc cng c m phng.
Cc dch v hng i tng thch vi s ginh ly cc ngun ti nguyn cnh tranh trong
mt m phng h thng my tnh c th hoc khng tho mn nhng yu cu ca thng ip ti lm
vic thc hin trong mt m phng h thng truyn thng. FCFS (First come, first served) l mt
quy lut dch v chung cho c h thng my tnh v truyn thng, trong khi quy lut ln lch ca b
x l Round-Robin s gn nh chc chn khng ng dng c cho cc m phng h thng truyn
thng. Vic m phng h thng truyn thng c th cn n mt di rng cc trnh t qun l b
66
m khc nhau m c th khng c phn nh trong vic la chn nhng trnh t cp pht ngun
ti nguyn hin hu trong cc tin ch m phng ca h thng my tnh. V d, trnh t qun l b
m leaky bucket c dng cho b iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng ATM l duy nht trong
truyn thng, trong khi nhng phng php kt hp thi hn v sp t cc thng ip t bo theo
trnh t u tin dng cho vic gim thiu tc nghn trong mng ATM.
4.2.6 Nhng m hnh hng i tng ca cc h thng
Chng ta c th cho rng vic thit k phn mm hng i tng da trn cc quy tc sau:
S tm lc(Encapsulation): kh nng kt ni d liu v cc hm ti u d liu v
nhng dng tm lc
S k tha(Inheritance): kh nng rt ra cc kiu ph t cc kiu tm lc ang tn ti
S a dng(Polymorphism): kh nng cho php cc hm kt hp kho lo cc i tng t
cc kiu khc nhau m chc chn c chia x mi quan h tng quan cng kiu.
Nhng u im ca phng php ny cung cp tt c cc kiu ng dng pht trin phn mm
cng nh pht trin vic m phng. Cc thc th m phng c th c gi gn trong cc i
tng, cc lp ca chng c th c nhm thnh cc lp i tng c bn v c phn bit
vic s dng tnh k tha vo bn trong cc lp con tu bin, v cc hm hnh thi c th c
nh ngha mt cch hp l nh cc phng php ca cc lp i tng. Tt c nhng k thut
hng i tng u nhm phc v cho vic t chc v n gin ho cng tc pht trin m
hnh m phng.
Cc h thng pht trin m phng v cc ngn ng lp trnh cung cp cc lp c bn c nh
ngha trc cho cc kiu chung ca cc quy trnh v ngun ti nguyn m phng. Chng c th
c k tha bi cc lp con c nh ngha mi trong mt s n lc m phng c bit. Cc
hm a dng c th c nh ngha trc to nn s kt hp kho lo ng chun trn cc i
tng ngi dng, m c th l cc v d v cc lp xut pht t ngun lp c bn.
4.2.7 Trng thi gi song song trong cc m hnh h thng
M phng hng theo qu trnh s dng a qu trnh m phng cc hot ng song song trong
h thng c m phng. Tuy nhin, vic thc thi php m phng ny c th c chn mt cch
tun t vo mt b x l n l. Vic chn lin kt nhn chung c thc hin mt cch tin nh
m cc kt qu c lp li t php m phng ny sang php m phng khc. V nh cc dng
trng thi song song c cp n nh trng thi gi song song, phn bit chng vi trng
thi song song tht, l khng tun t v thng khng tin nh. Trng thi song song tht c th
c khai thc pha di mi trng m phng gi song song, tng tc m phng, nhng iu
ny r rng trong vic thit k m phng. Trng thi gi song song khng r rng trong vi c thit k
m phng nhng cng l mt thnh phn khng th thiu. Lu , mt vi ng dng thnh cng ca
cc k thut m phng song song bao gm cc m hnh ca cc h thng truyn thng ln.
Trng thi gi song song phi cung cp cc tin ch cho cc qu trnh m phng dng khi (tc l
vic ch i cc php m phng xong, cc ngun ti nguyn sn sng tr li, hoc mt s kin m
phng xut hin). Ti mt thi im hp l trong thi gian m phng ri rc, cc qu trnh phi
c tho ri v ti lp li vic m phng. Cc a qu trnh cn mt vi dng truyn thng lin qu
trnh c ng b, m c th c cung cp bi cc s kin b sung cc lp ng b, cc tn hiu,
cc hp th, cc bn m morse.v.v.
4.3 Cc h thng my tnh
Mt m hnh m phng ca h thng my tnh (MacDougall, 1987) phi c c cc thnh phn
cn thit ca h thng thc. Chng bao gm (1) cc thnh phn ti lm vic, (2) cc ngun ti
nguyn h thng v (3) cc lut h thng ( c th chi phi vic cung cp cc ngun ti nguyn cho
cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic). Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun v cc mc lin quan n
vic m hnh ho cc thnh phn trn (Jain, 1991).
67
4.3.1 Ti lm vic l g?
Cc h thng my tnh tn ti cc thnh phn x l ca ti lm vic, ni m ph thuc cch h
thng c m hnh ho, mt thnh phn ti lm vic c th l: (1) cng vic, chng trnh, hay
nhim v; (2) giao dch hoc nghi vn; hay (3) cc yu cu vo/ra hoc cc yu cu v mt th g
trong b nh chnh. Mi mt loi l mt chui cc yu cu v cc dch v s dng ti nguyn
ca h thng. V d, cho rng mt cng vic hay nhim v l thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Mt cng
vic (mt chng trnh) l mt chui ln lt cc yu cu v thi gian ca mt CPU (s bng ln
ca CPU) v cc tc v vo/ra (s chuyn giao cc khi d liu vo v ra t cc thit b I/O nh cc
a). Thm vo , cng vic s yu cu vic s dng cc khi ca b nh chnh. Trong mt s h
thng hin i, nhiu cng vic s thc hin cng mt lc, v th c s tranh chp v ngun ti
nguyn. p ng h thng (cc thi gian p ng cng vic) phn nh kh nng ca h thng c th
tho mn cc yu cu i lp cho vic s dng ngun ti nguyn.
4.3.2 M hnh ho cc thnh phn h thng
Cc h thng my tnh bao gm phn cng v phn mm. Ngoi ra cn c h iu hnh qun l
vic truy cp vo cc thnh phn ny; n i din cho c ch iu khin nhm m bo s chnh
xc v tnh hiu qu trong hot ng ca h thng. Trong mt m hnh m phng h thng nh vy,
tt c cc thnh phn quan trng, cng nh cc quy lut iu khin truy cp vo chng, phi c
c t chnh xc nu mun t c s nh gi ng v p ng ca h thng.
Cc thnh phn phn cng. Phn cng quan trng nht ca mt h thng my tnh l CPU v cc
thit b ngoi vi. B nh chnh l im then cht cho hot ng ca h thng, nhng trong hu ht
cc h thng hin i, b nh chnh khng ln lm v thng khng phi l thnh phn chnh
xc nh kh nng p ng ca h thng. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp hot ng ca b nh chnh ra
vo mt m hnh thng khng phi l mt nhim v kh. V mt phn quan trng na thng hay
b b qua l vic lin ni gia cc phn cng (gi l bus), thng c dng kin kt CPU v
cc thit b vo/ra vi b nh chnh. Vic m hnh ho cc thnh phn phn cng ny l hin nhin
v chng i din cho cc ngun ti nguyn tnh. Vn y l phi m hnh ho mt cch chnh
xc cc loi truy nhp song song v ni tip c th c i vi tt c cc thnh phn trn.
Cc thnh phn phn mm. Cc thnh phn phn mm c th kh c t hn. V nh, mt thnh
phn phn mm c th l mt chui di cc hnh ng v cc quy lut hot ng phc tp. Thm
vo , mt s thnh phn c cp bi mt nh cung cp th 3, v hot ng ni ti ca chng s
khng c phi by trong cc b m hnh ho h thng.
C mt lp ca thnh phn phn mm c tm thy trong cc h thng bao gm tt c cc dch v
cung cp cho cc chng trnh ngi dng. Mt v d l h thng qun l c s d liu (DBMS-
database management system). Rt nhiu cc ng dng trong mt h thng yu cu dch v t
DBMS. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng gii hn v s lng nhng yu cu m DBMS c th nm gi
mt cch ng thi. Cng chnh v th mt server c th b gii hn v kh nng p ng cc cng
vic m phi i hi truy cp d liu thng qua DBMS. Cc thnh phn phn mm khc c th tc
ng n kh nng p ng trong mt h thng my tnh bao gm cc b gim st qu trnh giao
dch, cc h thng truy cp mng v cc server tp tin t xa.
Nu mt thnh phn mng c xc nh c th l mt nt tht c chai v p ng trong mt h
thng s c m hnh ho, th mt n lc c bit c th c yu cu m bo rng mt biu
din c trng ca cc thnh phn l c gi tr. V d, nu mt DBMS thng mi l mt thnh
phn quan trng trong mt h thng, vic m hnh h thng c th i hi mt m hnh m phng
ca DBMS. kt hp thnh phn ny vo h thng, b m hnh ho phi thc hin cc bc sau:
Thu thp thng tin thm t cc nh cung cp hoc t cc ngun khc
68
Thc hin mt vi nghin cu o lng hp en, suy ra cc c tnh ca DBMS
t c mt m hnh m phng tin tin cu trc ca DBMS.
Mt kha cnh khc ca cc thnh phn phn mm trong mt m hnh l s quan trng ca cc tp
quy lut v qun l v iu khin c cung cp bi cc thnh phn khc. Cc quy lut v quy tc
c trong h iu hnh (c nhim v iu khin hot ng ca ton b h thng) cng nh c trong
cc thnh phn cp trn. Chng c t s u tin, cc quy tc ln lch, qun l cc ngun ti
nguyn, v cc quy tc tho thun vi s xung t v qu ti (v d, chiu di hng i ti a ti cc
thit b vo/ra). Ph thuc vo mc chi tit trong m hnh, cc quy lut ny c th l mt thnh
phn quan trng trong s pht trin ca mt m hnh h thng chnh xc.
4.3.3 Hot ng khng ng b
Nhm ci tin vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng, cc h thng hin i thng
khuyn khch kiu khng ng b. Nguyn tc c bn l mt chng trnh c th nhp vo cc hot
ng vo/ra mt cch song song vi cc ng dng lin tc ca CPU. Mt m hnh h thng phi
t c kiu hot ng song song khng ng b ny. Mt b m phng hng qu trnh cung cp
mt nn tng cho cc m hnh thc thi m trong cc thnh phn chnh c th hot ng mt cch
khng ng b.
4.3.4 Nhng s cn bng: Chi tit so vi gi c
Mc ch ca mt m hnh h thng, ni mt cch n gin nht, l to ra cc khong thi gian
p ng cho cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Nhng khong thi gian ny c th sau c s
dng cung cp s c tnh cn thit to ra nhng s phn on v p ng ca h thng.
Mt khong thi gian p ng tiu biu bao gm mt hay nhiu khong con, m trong mi
khong con u c mt khong tr v mt khong phc v ti mt vi ngun ti nguyn. Mt h
thng mc cao ch c mt vi ngun ti nguyn, v kt qu l khong thi gian p ng ch c
mt vi khong con. V nh mt m hnh c th thc thi rt nhanh , nhng kt qu c lng ca
cc khong thi gian p ng li khng chnh xc.
Nhm nng cao tnh chnh xc, cc ngun ti nguyn mc cao c th c nh ngha li cho ph
hp vi nhng s la chn cc ngun ti nguyn mc thp hn. Khi lm c iu ny, nhng g
trc y l mt khong thi gian phc v n l ti mt ngun ti nguyn nay l mt chui cc
khong thi gian phc v v tr cho nhng ngun ti nguyn thp hn. iu thu c l mt c
trng chnh xc hn v ti nguyn; gi tr y l s gia tng v s lng cc s kin c m
phng, m s chy lu hn vi m hnh c.
Mt v d, trong mt m hnh cp cao, mt hot ng vo_ra c th c m hnh ho nh l mt
khong thi gian phc v n l. Trong m hnh ny n c th l mt ti nguyn vo/ra n l, v
l cc chng trnh ly chng, mt cch lin tip, phc v ti ti nguyn. Thit b u vo/u ra
thc t v cc thnh phn kt ni h tr th phc tp hn; vic nm c r hn s phc tp ny
trong mt m hnh c th cho ta mt s c lng tt hn v thi gian c yu cu bi mt
chng trnh hon thnh cc yu cu vo/ra ca n. Mt m hnh phc tp hn na c th c 1
bus, mt b iu khin, v rt nhiu a. M hnh ny c th x l nhiu yu cu song song v c
th cho nhng c lng chnh xc v thi gian p ng ti ngun ti nguyn vo/ra.
Tt c cc m hnh h thng c trng cho s cn bng gia s gia tng cc mc chi tit v s
gia tng tnh thc thi. Cc h thng tt hng n mt s cn bng gia nhng mc ch tri ngc
nhau.
4.3.5 Nhng kt qu ca m hnh
Mt m hnh ca mt h thng c th c dng theo 2 cch ring bit [LaKe91]: (1) cung cp cc
c lng v cc gi tr u ra cho hot ng ca h thng trong trng thi vng vng v (2) cung
cp cc c lng v cc gi tr u ra cho hot ng ca h thng thng qua mt khong thi gian
c c t ( v d cho mt php dch 8 gi). Nhng vn v vic cung cp cc c lng chnh
xc trong c hai trng hp u nh nhau, cng nh l cc k thut tho mn nhng vn
(Law and Kelton, 1991).
69
Cc m hnh ca nhng h thng my tnh c th a ra thm mt vi vn v nhim v cung cp
cc c lng ng tin v cc bin u ra. Nhng iu ny xut pht t thc t rng cc h thng
my tnh tht c th ln hn v phc tp hn rt nhiu. Thm vo , mt vi thnh phn quan
trng l khng c th nhn thy sn, v vic to ra cc c trng chnh xc cho nhng cch hot
ng l rt kh. V th vic xc nhn v cu trc v hot ng c c t trong mt m hnh c th
l mt tn hiu ngha v s pht trin ca n.
Trong mt s trng hp c th t c nhng kt qu u ra cho vic kim tra ti lm vic
thng dng tham s ho m hnh ca ti lm vic. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc kt qu t
m hnh c th c xc nhn hon ton. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc nh pht trin m hnh
c th b bt buc phi xem li thit k v vic b sung li m hnh, nhm kim tra tnh xc thc
ca cc kt qu.
4.4. H thng truyn thng
Mi d n nhm pht trin m hnh m phng h thng truyn thng c th c phn chia
theo hai loi hnh cng vic chnh: (1) xy dng m hnh ti lm vic v (2) xy dng m hnh h
thng mng.
4.4.1 Ti lm vic l g?
V c bn, m hnh ti lm vic ca h thng truyn thng l s m t v lu lng truyn tin trong
mt h thng truyn thng. Vic m t ny c th r rng nu da vo nhng nghin cu thng qua
vic theo di mt h thng thc bng thit b o, hoc c khi ch mang tnh thng k nu ngu nhin
a ra kt qu t mt nhm cc hm phn phi xc sut. D dng no th vic m t ti lm vic
cng phi biu th chnh xc lu lng truyn tin trong mt h thng xc nh.
Vic xc nhn ti lm vic l qu trnh m bo c tnh chnh xc hp l trong vic lp
phn m t ti. Thm ch, nhng m hnh h thng mng tin cy nht cng khng em li kt qu g
nu chng c thc hin vi ti lm vic khng hp l np vo, a ra. Vic xy dng v xc
nhn ti lm vic l mt phn rt quan trng trong vic xy dng m hnh m phng bt k h thng
truyn thng no.
M hnh trnh iu khin ti lm vic a thng tin ti h thng truyn thng nhm phn phi
chng trong h thng mng. Vn cn quan tm l lu lng thng tin c truyn nh th no
trong khng gian v thi gian mng. Mt lng thng tin c th l mt phn ca lung thng tin ln
hn vi mt im ngun c xc nh trc v mt hay nhiu im ch. Thng tin c truyn
ti ch 1 im ch c gi unicast traffic trong khi thng tin c truyn ti nhiu im ch
c gi multicast traffic, cn nu truyn ti tt c cc im ch th gi l broadcast traffic.
Khi c gi ti mt hay nhiu im ch, mt thng tin c th hnh thc l 1 mu thng tin, c
th c chia nh hay c kt hp thm vi cc thng tin khc, cng c th nhng mu thng tin
khc nhau c kt hp hay phn tch nhiu ln trong qu trnh truyn tin trong h thng.
Nhng g xy ra vi 1 thng tin sau khi n c truyn vo trong mt h thng chnh l
cng vic ca m hnh h thng. M hnh h thng m t loi hnh thng tin cng nh thi gian ti
thi im chng i vo h thng. Vi cch hiu nh vy, ti lm vic s chu trch nhim cung cp
s kch thch, v h thng s a ra phn hi. Mt phn ca thit k qu trnh m phng l xc nh
loi hnh kch thch ph hp nht, qua s to tra s phn hi tng ng.
Bi v cc h thng mng thc t thng c cu to theo cc lp cho nn c im ca ti lm
vic s b nh hng nhiu bi lp c chn cho qu trnh m phng trc tip. V d, nu ch
nghin cu cc mi lin kt vt l th vic kch thch s c biu hin mc rt thp ca tng
phn lp (v d nh n v d liu vt l) , trong khi , nu nghin cu vic hot ng ca mt c
s d liu phn b hot ng trong h thng , th vic kch thch s mc cao (truy vn c s d
liu). Nu lp c chn cho vic m phng cng cao, ta cng phi biu din nhiu phn lp trong
m hnh mng, do , vic la chn phn lp s nh hng ln ti vic thc hin ton b m hnh.
70
Nu ta ch tnh ton n cc phn lp thp hn trn l thuyt, cn phi c kinh nghim a ra
quyt nh chi tit no nn b v phn no nn xut hin trong m hnh.
n v d liu logic c th ln hn nhiu so vi n v d liu vt l c truyn qua
ng lin kt, tuy nhin cng c th xy ra iu ngc li. Ly v d v vic d liu c truyn
qua Ethernet v ATM: gi d liu c truyn qua Ethernet c th t kch thc hng Kilobytes
trong khi d liu qua ATM ch mt vi chc bytes. Mt khc, khi so snh lng d liu qua ATM
v SONET ta thy rng cu trc SONET c th lu c mt s lng ln cc t bo ATM. Nu s
lng thng tin c th gim c 2 bc v ln th iu rt c mong ch nu bit rng vic
gim ln nh vy c th c thc hin m khng lm mt i s chnh xc trong qu trnh m
phng. Vic xc nh s iu chnh ny c th ph thuc vo thuc tnh hot ng no ca mng l
quan trng tnh ton, do tht kh a ra nhng quy lut c th.
M hnh ti lm vic tip nhn thng tin vo h thng mng v mi thng tin u phi c cc thuc
tnh ch yu sau:
Thi gian bt u
im bt u
im kt thc
c im thng tin (kch thc, quyn u tin.v.v.v)
Thng thng, thi gian xut pht ( v cung c th l a ch ca im kt thc) ca lng
thng tin tip nhn c tnh ton t cc hm phn phi xc sut. ng hn l khong thi gian
gia cc im xut pht thng tin ny ti mt thi im xc nh trc c tnh ton bng cc hm
phn phi xc sut. Vic la chn chnh xc s phn b gia cc khong thi gian xut pht l mt
mt quan trng ca vic xc nhn ti lm vic.
Bi v h thng truyn thng thng c phn tch nh l cc h thng ch m hu ht u c
x l ton hc vi khong thi gian phn phi c tnh theo hm m. Vic phn phi theo hm m
thng c la chn d n khng hn l mt s la chn ng n. iu ny c th ng dng
c i vi a im xut pht thng tin l qu trnh Poisson (khng c nh) tuy nhin lu lng
thng tin a phng tin a dng nh ging ni v chui video c nn li s ch ra cc c im
ca qu trnh Markov. Mt qu trnh Poisson v qu trnh Markov phi Poisson vi khong thi gian
chuyn tip trung bnh gia cc thng tin c th mang li cc kt qu rt khc nhau v hot ng
ca h thng mng do lu thng b nghn ti cc nt mng.
4.4.2 Mng v giao thc mng
M hnh mng l na cn li ca vn , n cng vi m hnh ti cu to nn m hnh ca c h
thng truyn thng. Mng thng c th hin l cc biu vi cc nt, v lin kt. cc lin kt
nhiu im hay cc bus c th coi l cc lin kt trong cc mng siu biu . Thng thng, cc
nt u cui l cc nt ngun v cc nt ch, cn cc nt khc l cc nt chuyn mch v nt nh
tuyn. cu trc biu ny tr nn phc tp hn khi tnh n c cc giao thc mng, c bit khi
tnh n vic phn lp phn mm nh trong cc cu trc mng ngy nay.
71
Hnh 4.1
Cc topology thng th
ng
ca
mng l
i
M hnh tng kt ca cc nt mng v lin kt mng cu to nn topo mng. vic thit k cc topo
mng phc tp v c bit bao gm thi gian thit k v thi gian m phng c th s rt t, nhng
khng phi lc no cng trnh c. Cc topo mng n gin v bnh thng thng thy c th
hin trong hnh 20.1.
Khng cn thit c s phn bit gia topo mng logic v topo mng vt l. Nh v d trong hnh
20.2a, mt mng logic vng c th c thit k nh mt mng vt l vng, chui tun t ( xen k
hoc khng xen k) hay mng sao. Mng token ring ph bin thng c xem l mng hnh sao, v
thit k vt l mng ny theo kiu vng s cng knh v d sai st.
S khc nhau gia topo vt l v topo logic c th c hoc khng c ngha. Nu s tr hon tn
hiu truyn l quan trng th topo vt l cn phi c ch trong m hnh mng. v d trong mng
ethernet thit k theo kiu bus, s tc ng ca cc va chm nhm b nh hng bi v tr tng i
v s phn tch cc nt trn ng truyn v bi c qu tr hon tn hiu gia cc u nt.
4.4.3 Quy nh dch v i vi cc b nh m, cc knh v b chuyn mch.
Hot ng ca h thng truyn thng c th b nh hng rt ln bi vic la chn cc quy nh
dch v. cc quy nh dch v c th thay i v mc n gin ca vic thc hin ( ph thuc
vo vic la chn cc cng c v th vin) v trong hot ng tnh ton trong thi gian m phng.
Vic cn bng cc yu t k thut c th chng li vic p dng cc quy nh dch v ti u v mt
l thuyt, hoc trong thi gian m phng hoc trong vic thit k mng thc t.
72
Hnh 4.2:
Cc topology logic
v topology v
t
l ca
mng l
i
Mt s quy nh dch v ph bin c th p dng cho cc b nh m truyn thng:
- First come, first served (FCFS), cng gi l First in, first out (FIFO)
- Th t u tin, da trn vic u tin thng ip n gin hoc trn cc thuc tnh ca thng
ip (vd thi gian hnh thnh hay mt s tham s cht lng dch v (QoS)lin quan n
thng ip, knh hay ch)
- Th t ngu nhin, c th l hon ton ngu nhin(phn phi ng b) hoc thin v cc
thuc tnh ca thng ip hoc thi gian ch)
iu quan trng l FCFS l mt trng hp c bit ca th t u tin, quy nh ny u tin thi
gian ch. Tng t, th t u tin cng c th coi l mt trng hp c bit ca th t tin nh,
ngc li vi th t ngu nhin. Cc kin trc s ca h thng truyn thng cng quan tm n vic
la chn cc th t dch v lm ti u cc tr s mng. do c hot ng ca mng v cc chi ph cho
mng u l cc lng a chiu, thng s k thut ca mt tr s ph hp khng phi n gin (
n chiu)
Trong mt s trng hp, c mt s th t dch v c chng minh l ti u cho mt mc tiu
thit k nht nh, v thng th ngi ta mong mun m phng c hot ng ca cc th t ti
u v khng ti u. iu ny c bit ng nu nh chi ph hay mc phc tp ca vic p dng
th t ti u l cao.
i vi vic qun l b nh m, chng ta cn xem xt (1) gi thng ip ti b nh m, (2) s
ghi nh thng ip ti b nh m, v (3) s chuyn thng ip ra khi b nh m (mt cch bnh
thng hoc khng bnh thng)
Vic chuyn thng ip ti b nh m c th ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti ca b nh m (v
d.trn vn hay khng chn vn, vic u tin cc thng ip ang trong vng m hay cc thng
ip sp c chuyn n b nh m, vv) v cc thuc tnh ca cc thng ip sp chuyn n b
nh m. Vic ghi nh cc thng ip c th bao gm vic sp xp li ni dung b nh m da
trn cc tham s ng, bao gm thi gian ch ca cc thng ip ang trong b nh m. vic
chuyn thng ip ra khi b nh m c th xut hin mt cc bnh thng nh khi thng ip
c thc hin hoc bt bnh thng nh khi thng ip b t chi do qu hn dch v, quyn u
tin ca thng ip, hay bt c yu t g.
Thng thng, cc b nh m c s dng kt hp vi cc b chuyn mch lu tr cc thng
ip trong qu trnh chuyn cc thng ip ny t mt knh n ti mt hoc nhiu knh i. Nhng
iu cn tr v s phc tp lin quan n vic chuyn mch thng ip c th c nh hng ln n
chin lc qun l b nh m. cc b nh m c th c s dng cc cng u vo(input-
bufered switch), cc cng u ra( output-bufered switch), c u vo v u ra ca b chuyn mch,
hay bt c giai on trung gian no trong chuyn mch nhiu giai on.
73
Ph lc : So snh, nh gi v l a chn chng trnh m phng mng
Tc gi: Tng hp t nhiu ngun
Dch thut: T Thnh Cng, H Tt Thnh
Bin tp: V Thy Vn
1. Cc tiu ch nh gi chng trnh m phng mng.
Cn xem xt cc c im sau y ca cc chng trnh m phng mng la chn c chng
trnh m phng mng thch hp nht cho cc d n nghin cu c nhn.
Loi m phng c h tr
C 3 loi m phng ph bin: m phng s kin ri rc, m phng theo vt (trace driven) v m
phng Monte. Mt loi khc l a lu lng trc tip vo chng trnh m phng v/hoc a lu
lng t mt chng trnh m phng vo mng tht. Trn thc t, cc c im ny ging b gi
lp hn l m phng.
H tr chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau
S hu ch nu c mt chng trnh m phng chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau, c th l trn c
cc h iu hnh linux v windows. Trong trng hp m phng c ti tnh ton nng, cn quan
tm ti cc kh nng x l a nhim, song song, hay phn tn
H tr trong vic to cc topo mng.
Hai loi to topo mng chnh l dng cc tp lnh c bit, hoc cc ngn ng lp cu hnh v giao
din ha. Cc chng trnh m phng cn c kh nng to cc topo mng phn cp, khng phn
cp cng nh cc topo mng ngu nhin.
H tr vic to v qun l cc profile lu lng.
Cc chng trnh m phng cn cc b pht d liu tun theo mt vi phn b c th (v d
Poisson hay cc phn b nhn c t cc quan st thc t v lu lng ). Mt chng trnh m
phng tt thng c mt h thng cc b pht lu lng nh vy.
Mt khc, cng cn phi c cc cng c nhm m t s lc lu lng pht v tnh ton cc con
s thng k cn thit a ra kt lun
H tr gim st.
Trong qu trnh m phng, s rt c li nu gim st hot ng ca mng trn mi lung, mi nt
mng hay tng qut hn l trn mt s cc tiu ch tng hp. Vic gim st c th c tr gip bi
giao din ha.
Kt qu gim st c th ghi vo cc file nhm to ra cc d liu so snh v sau hay chy li m
phng phc v mc ch nghin cu cc hot xy ra.
Module cho cc giao thc OSI, cc m hnh di ng v truyn lan sng v tuyn
Cc module OSI rt ng ch : Cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng, hot ng n nh ca lp
MAC, li vt l v lp ng truyn (link). Ti lp ng dng hay lp phin, c l ch cn ng dng
kiu FTP l . Ti lp vn chuyn, cn h tr TCP v UDP.
S c li nu chng trnh m phng c module di ng bi nghin cu so snh s d hn do cc
nh nghin cu khc hin cng ang c xu hng s dng module ny. Truyn lan sng v tuyn
trong cc chng trnh m phng thng c thc hin trc tip da trn cc kt qu chun t cc
nghin cu v in t. Mt m hnh truyn lan sng v tuyn chnh xc cn xem xt n yu t
hnh thi v nhng c tnh vt l ca mi trng.
Cc vn v s cn i, kh nng m rng, kh nng iu chnh v tnh mm do/ linh hot.
74
Cc chng trnh m phng phi c mt kin trc module thc s m m trong , cc thnh phn
c th d dng chuyn i gia hai trng thi bt tt, cc m hnh hin thi c th c thay th hay
chnh sa, v kin trc module ny c th b sung c cc m hnh mi.
Kh nng m rng cng l mt vn quan trng. V nguyn l, tt c cc chng trnh m phng
u cho php thm nhiu nt mng tng ti tnh ton ca cc mu lu lng v cc mt ng ca
mng (cc thnh phn di ng, cc nt mng ang xut hin/ bin mt, cc ng b li vn vn).
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, ch mt vi chng trnh m phng l cn i tt gia cc ch tiu trn, do
, cn nhn ra cc hn ch ca cc chng trnh m phng ny.
Tnh kh dng rng ri
Thit k phn mm ca mt chng trnh m phng cng nh l cc cng c lp trnh dng trong
chng trnh m phng c tc ng ln n tnh kh dng ca n.
Li ch ca giao din ha c th tng tc thao tc trn chng trnh m phng v do c coi
l mt u im.
Cui cng, cht lng chung ca cc ti liu sn c v h tr v k thut cng l cc yu t quan
trng c th hc cch s dng v iu khin chng trnh m phng mt cch hiu qu v
nhanh chng.
Mc cng ng mng chp nhn mt chng trnh m phng
Vic chn la mt chng trnh m phng c s dng rng ri v c chp nhn bi cng
ng mng cho php to ra cc kt qu d so snh vi cc kt qu c trnh by trong cc ti liu
c, v kha cnh no , cc kt qu ny cng d c gii khoa hc chp nhn hn.
Loi bn quyn phn mm
R rng l theo l thuyt th cc chng trnh m phng min ph lun tin li hn. Tuy nhin cng
cn xem xt, la chn cc chng trnh m phng thng mi nu chng c nhiu u im chin
lc hn cc chng trnh m phng min ph.
OPNET, GloMoSim/QualNet, NS-2 v OMNeT++ c xem nh cc ng c vin sng gi nht.
Tip theo y, chng ta s tho lun v cc c im chnh ca mi phn mm trn c mc
tng qut v trn tng quan im v cc tiu ch la chn bng 1.
2- Gii thiu cc chng trnh m phng mng
2.1 OPNET
OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tools) l cng c "c ph" ca tp on cng ngh
OPNET [2] dng cho vic m hnh ha v m phng cc mng thng tin, cc thit b v cc giao
thc.
OPNET l chng trnh m phng trn nn Windows c s dng rng ri. N c xy dng
da trn ngn ng C++ v cung cp mi trng o cho vic m hnh ha, phn tch v d on hiu
nng mng, gip m hnh ha chnh xc cc ng dng, cc my ch v nhiu cng ngh mng.. Cc
giao thc v thit b mi thng xuyn c cp nht nhm theo kp xu hng pht trin nhanh
chng ca cng ngh mng.
OPNET c s dng bi nhiu cc t chc thng mi, cc t chc chnh ph v cc trng i
hc trn ton th gii. C nhiu cc tnh nng a dng cho ngi dng OPNET. Bao gm:
- To v chnh sa cc mng v cc nt mng.
- To v chnh sa cc qu trnh ang chy trn cc nt .
- Phn tch kt qu m phng v to biu hiu nng.
- nh ngha cc qu trnh ton hc trong vic dng cc cng c phn tch.
Cc tnh nng ny lm cho OPNET rt linh hot v cung cp kh nng m phng hu nh mi loi
hnh mng truyn thng. To m phng topo mng n gin l d dng vi vic s dng cc thnh
phn ko & th v cc ci t c nh trc. C th qun l c mt mng vi hng trm nt
75
mang. Tuy nhin, vi ngi mi bt u, hc s dng trit OPNET nhm trin khai mt giao
thc mi c i cht kh khn; ngi dng cn lm quen vi phng php v ngn ng hng i
tng nh C++, cng nh l kin thc c bn v mng.
Phng php m hnh ha trong OPNET c t chc theo cu trc phn cp. mc thp nht, l
mc hon ton c th iu chnh c, cc m hnh Process c xy dng nh cc FSM (Finite
State Machine - c cu c s trng thi gii hn ). Trng thi v cc chuyn dch c th c c th
ha mt cch sinh ng bng cch s dng hnh v cc lu chuyn dch trng thi, trong khi cc
iu kin xc nh din bin trong mi trng thi c lp trnh bi Proto-C, mt ngn ng tng t
C.
Cc m hnh Process, v cc module i km trong OPNET (cc module ngun v ch, cc b pht
lu lng, cc hng i, cc module v tuyn...) sau c cu hnh vi cc bng la chn v
c t chc thnh cc lu dng d liu th hin cc nt mng bng cch dng b bin tp nt
kiu ha (graphical Node Editor). Trnh bin tp mng ha, cc nt v link c la chn
xy dng topo mng truyn thng.
The Modeling libraries are included with OPNET Modeler and OPNET Planner and contain
protocols and environments (e.g., ATM, TCP, IP, Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11,
support for wireless), link models such as point-to-point and bus, queuing service disciplines such
as First-in-First-Out (FIFO), Last-In-First-Out (LIFO), priority non-preemptive queuing, shortest
first job, round-robin or preempt and resume.
Cc th vin m hnh ha c km trong OPNET Modeler v OPNET Planner, c cha cc giao
thc v mi trng (V d: ATM, TCP,IP Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 820.11 trong thng
tin khng dy), cc m hnh ng truyn nh im - im, bus, cc quy tc dch v hng i nh
FIFO, LIFO, u tin khng chn, round robin vv
2.2 GloMoSim/QuaNet
GloMoSim [3] l mt th vin m phng c kh nng m rng c thit k ti phng th nghim
my tnh UCLA h tr vic nghin cu cc m hnh mng quy m ln c th ln ti hng triu
nt, bng cch s dng ng thi qu trnh thc hin phn phi and/or trn mt tp hp cc my
tnh song song khc nha (c ngha l c 2 cng phn phi hoc chia s b nh). N c thit k
cho cc mng v tuyn v h thng mng din rng. Nhng ti thi im ny n ch h tr cho cc
giao thc trong mng v tuyn. GloMoSim l mt th vin cho ngn ng m phng theo s kin ri
rc song song da trn C gi l PARSEC [4]. Mt c trng quan trng v ni bt nht ca
PARSEC l kh nng thc hin mt m hnh m phng s kin ri rc bng cch m phng mt vi
giao thc khng ng b khc nhau trn mt lot cc kin trc song song.
GloMoSim c xy dng theo hng tip cn cc tng c phn chia trong m hnh OSI.
Thng thng, API gia hai m hnh thuc chng giao thc gn nhau c nh ngha trc
h tr cho thnh phn cu trc ca chng. Cc API ch r vic trao i v cung cp cc thng s
gia cc tng lin k nhau. N cho php tch hp mt cch nhanh chng cc m hnh c pht
trin ti cc tng khc nhau bi nhng ngi khc nhau. Hin nay, cc m hot ng thc t c th
c tch hp mt cc d dng vo GloMoSim.. Nu tt cc cc m hnh giao thc u tun th mt
cch cht ch theo cc API c nh ngha cho tng tng th n c th hon i cc m hnh
giao thc trong mt tn no m khng phi chnh sa cc m hnh cn li trong ngn xp. l
vic thc hin cc modul c kh nng so snh tnh nht qun ca cc giao thc v mc khc
nhau chi tit ti mt tng no .
thc hin mt chng trnh GloMoSim, cn phi c trnh bin dch PARSEC. pht trin cc
giao thc mi trong GloMoSim, ngi s dng nn c nhng hiu bit r rng v PARSEC, nhng
76
ngi dng cng khng cn phi hiu bit mc chuyn mn su. i vi a s cc giao thc
n kh nng thm vo mt vi hm PARSEC c vit hon ton bng m C. Mt s cc giao thc
c pht trincho tng lp, cc giao thc ny hoc cc tng c th c trin khai vi mc
chi tit khc nhau v c im ny l c th thc hin c trong GloMoSim. Telnet ftp, CBR,
HTTP sao chp cc file h thng c lin quan n cc ng dng . Trong khi cc m hnh c
cp n trong tng truyn ti (transport layer) l c kh nng thc hin c, v d nh: TCP
(FreeBSD), UDP, TCP (tahoe). i vi nh tuyn theo kiu unicast th cc thut ton c th s
dng c l: AODV, Bellman-ford, DSR, Fisheye, Flooding, LAR, NS DSDV, OSPF, WRP/ Cc
m hnh c th s dng c cho tng MAC l CSMA, IEEE 802.11, FAMA, MACA. Sng v
tuyn chung s dng ng ten a hng c hoc khng c kh nng chim gi. S truyn sng v
tuyn c th c m phng thng qua cc vng trng, m hnh Rayleigh, m hnh Ricean hoc m
hnh SIRCIM (bao gm cc vt cn, cc tnh hung trong nh).. M hnh di ng bao gm nhiu
loi hnh nh basic Random waypoint, Random drunken, ECRV, BBN, Pathloss matrix, v di ng
nhm.
GloMoSim c kin trc phn lp. Qu trnh m phng l s tp hp cc nt mng, vi mi nt
mng l cc tham s giao thc v s liu thng k. i li, mi lp l mt i tng vi cc bin v
cu trc ca chng. Cc bn tin c th trao i cho ga cc nt v cc tng vi bt k mc yu cu
no ca nhm v mc chi tit. S ng b gia cc s kin c m bo bi vic t lp lch
(b nh thi timer) ca cc bn tin. Th vin vi tp hp cc hm n gin c xy dng trn
cc API chun, dng to ra, truyn ti v thao tc thng tin. Cc kiu s kin mi nh l : cc
bn tin. Cc nt, cc lp c th c to ra mt cch khc d dng.
Kin trc bn trong ca GloMoSim c thit k pht trin mi trng m phng theo modul
c kh nng m rng mng vi hng nghn/hng triu nt khc nhau v d dng chuyn i gia
mi trng tnh ton song song/phn phi. Cc yu cu i vi tnh cht m rng v tnh modul ha
lm cho vic thit k th vin gp kh khn. GloMoSim cho rng h thng mng c phn tch
thnh cc nhm phn vng, mt thc th n c nh ngha m phng mt lp n trong ton
b chng giao thc ca tt c cc nt trong h thng mng thuc cng mt phn vng. S tng tc
gia cc thc th tun theo cc API tng ng.
QualNet: Phin bn thng mi ca GloMoSim
GloMoSim khng phi l min ph, nhng n c s dng t do m khng cn tr ph cho mc
ch gio dc, nghin cu hoc cc t chc phi li nhun. Tuy nhin cc ti liu c gi cng vi
GloMoSim l kh t (thm ch khng c mt ti liu hng dn cho ngi s dng). Tp hp cc
cng c c kh nng tng tc to ra cc topo, gim st hot ng h thng, phn tch kt
qu m phng b xung hay tng qut hn l thit k cc c c im cho s tng tc i vi
cc mi trng m phng cng rt hn ch.
QualNet b sung phn no thiu st ca GloMoSim. QualNet[5] l mt sn phm thng mi c
ngun gc t Scalable Network Technologies, cng l ni bt ngun ca GloMoSim. Tuy nhin,
QualNet c np thm vo nhiu tnh nng c nh gi cao hn so vi GloMoSim. QualNet c
mt b m rng cc m hnh v cc giao thc thc thi chnh xc cho c mng hu tuyn v mng
v tuyn/ khng dy (ni ht, v tinh, mng ad hoc, mng cellular) , cng nh s lng ln cc t
liu v h tr k thut. Ba th vin c th dng c l:
+) Mt th vin chun cung cp hu ht cc m hnh v cc giao thc cn thit ginh cho c
hai hng nghin cu v hng thng mi, hot ng trong mng hu tuyn v mng
khng dy.
+) Mt th vin MANET cung cp thm cc thnh phn rt c th cho cc mng ad hoc
khc nhau hn l cc th vin chun tn ti khc .
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+) Mt th vin QoS bao gm cc giao thc chuyn dng cho cht lng dch v. QualNet
cng bao gm m hnh cao s ho - DEM (Digital Elevation Model) to cc nt v
cc sng v tuyn chuyn ng trong nhng a hnh khng bng phng vi cc c tnh
bc x radio. M phng, hay bn thn chng trnh m phng c thit k cung cp cc
m hnh mng c trung thc cao vi hng vn nt c lu lng v tnh di ng cao.
Thm vo QualNet a ra nhng pht trin song song i vi vic qun l v thc thi
song song.
2.3 OMNeT++
OMNet++ l mt m ngun m, thnh phn c bn ca chng trnh m phng ny c xy dng
trn nn tng C++. N cung cp mt th vin m phng C++ v h tr giao din ho (cho php
chnh sa mng bng hnh v, h tr hnh nh ng).
Chng trnh m phng ny c th c s dng : thc hin m phng lu lng trong mng
vin thng, to m hnh cc giao thc, xy dng m hnh cc hng i trong mng, xy dng cc
b vi x l a nhim v cc h thng phn tn khc, kim tra li kin trc phn cng, nh gi kha
cnh v hiu sut ca cc h thng phn mm phc tp , v ni chung l vic to m hnh bt k mt
h thng no khc u gn vi cc thnh phn tch cc m chng giao tip vi nhau bng vic gi
cc bn tin. V mt s mt th OMNet++ khc so vi cc phn mm m phng ni trn.
OMNet++ khng c thit k chuyn cho mng vin thng, m n tng qut hn nhiu. Thc t l
OMNet++ vn l mt phn mm mi (c pht trin t nm 1998), iu cho thy OMNet++ c
t cc modul v cc giao thc (v mng ) i km hn cc chng trnh m phng ni trc y
kh nhiu
Trn mt kha cnh khc, OMNeT++ c thit k cn trn phng din phn mm, kt qu l
c mt sn phm c t chc tt hn, mm do v d dng s dng hn so vi cc phn mm
m phng khc, m cc phn mm ny u da trn cc sn phm phn mm v cc khi nim thit
k c.
Mt m hnh OMNeT++ ca mt h thng (vd: mt mng) bao gm cc modul phn cp lng
nhau. su ca vic lng ghp cc modul ny l khng c gii hn, n cho php ngi s dng
nh x cu trc logic trong thc t bng cc m hnh cu trc trong m phng. Cc modul giao
tip vi nhau thng qua vic truyn nhng thng bo. Cc thng bo c th cha cc cu trc d
liu phc tp ty . Cc modul c th gi cc thng bo trc tip n ch hoc dc theo mt ng
dn c nh trc thng qua cc cng hoc cc kt ni, m cc ng ny c gn cho
cc c tnh nh bng thng, tr v t l li. Cc module c th c cc thng s m c dng
ty chnh hot ng ca n, iu ny to nn tnh linh hot trong cc topo mng v khi cc
module giao tip vi nhau ging nh vic chia s gia cc bin.
Cc modul thp nht trong module phn cp th c cung cp bi ngi s dng, cc modul
cha cc thut ton. Trong qu trnh thc hin m phng, cc modul n ny s chy song song vi
cc modul khc, bi v chng c thi hnh nh cc thng trnh ph (i khi gi l qu trnh
nh ti)
vit mt vi module n, i hi ngi s dng phi bit lp trnh C++. OMNeT++ c nh
hng thit k hng i tng cht ch. Ngi dng c th dng cc khi nim ca vic lp trnh
hng i tng mt cch t do m rng chc nng ca chng trnh m phng
Cc chng trnh m phng trong OMNeT++ c th c c tnh khc nhau v giao din ngi
ngi dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh: g ri, th hin v thc thi cc khi cng vic. Giao
din ha gip cho ngi s dng c th nhn thy c bn trong ca m hnh, cho php h c
th bt u/ ngng thc hin m phng v can thip vo bn trong m hnh bng cch thay i cc
78
bin hoc cc i tng. Th vin ha c lin kt vi cc chng trnh g ri/bm vt tr
thnh cc chng trnh m phng c th thc thi c. La chn ny cho php tt c ngi dng
ngi to ra i tng c th nhn thy c i tng ( v c th sa i n) trong giao
din ha thng qua ca s kim sot.
OMNeT++ cng h tr m phng song song thng qua vic s dng cc th vin giao tip MPI
hoc PVM3. Trong trng hp tng qut, OMNeT++ ging vi PARSEC (Parallel Simulation
Environment for Complex Systems ), nhng n mm do hn, linh hot hn v mi trng phong
ph hn.
OMNeT++ cng vi mt tp hp rng ln cc lp bao hm i din cho cu trc d liu (vd: hng
i, mng ), cc lp thu thp d liu, lp xc xut v lp thng k (vd: Cc biu ct, cc phn
phi theo lut s m), cc lp pht hin nhanh v cc lp pht hin kt qu chnh xc. Cc file u
ra l cc file text m sau mt vi qu trnh x l n gin, c th c chuyn thnh cc tp tin
mang tnh thng k v ton hc chun.
OMNeT++ cng vi b giao thc internet bao gm: IP, TCP, UDP, RTP v mt vi giao thc h
tr cho cht lng dch v c bn, trong khi lin quan n mng v tuyn, y l mt modul
m phng cc tng thp hn ca mng GSM, mt vi modul m u dnh cho cc nt c tnh
chuyn ng, s lan truyn sng v tuyn, cc thut ton nh tuyn (AODV) v s truyn thng
v tuyn ni chung.
2.4 NS-2
Chng trnh m phng mng NS [7] c ngun gc t U.C.Berkely/LBNL, NS l mt chng trnh
m phng s kin ri rc hng i tng c mc tiu tin hnh nghin cu hot ng mng v l
mt phn mm min ph. NS-2 c s dng rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu hot ng
mng, da trn s tha nhn rng ri NS-2 nh l mt cng c th nghim cho cc tng mi,
cc giao thc, v cc thut ton phn phi. NS2 lun lun nhn c bao gm s ng gp quan
trng t cc nh nghin cu.
Ngy nay, NS-2 thch hp vi mng chuyn mch gi v mng v tuyn (ad hoc, local and
satellite), v c s dng ch yu cho cc vic m phng quy m nh ca hng i, thut ton
nh tuyn, cc giao thc truyn ti, iu khin tc nghn v mt vi cc cng vic c lin qua n
a ng (multicast). N cung cp cc h tr quan trng dnh cho m phng TCP, nh tuyn v
cc giao thc a ng (multicast) thng qua cc mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn
NS-2 thch hp khng ch hp cho vic m phng m cho c s gi lp, iu ny c ngha l n c
th a chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t. Nhng i tng trong chng trnh m
phng c kh nng a cc lu lng thc vo trong chng trnh m phng v a mt phn lu
lng trong chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t.
Nhng tic rng, vi kin trc phn mm ca n th vic thm cc thnh phn mi hoc chnh sa
nhng im hn ch khng d dng. iu ny c ngha l v kh nng thc hin kim tra thut ton
hay cc kch bn m phng mi th NS-2 yu th so vi cc phn mm m phng khc. Ngoi ra
NS-2 khng cn i (scale) tt i vi s lng nt mng v theo nh cc bo co th NS-2 tnh
ton kh chm.
Kin trc ca NS-2 bm st m hnh OSI. M hnh mng ny c trung cho quan h ca cc yu t
mng. Bao gm cc nt v cc lin kt. Cc b pht lu lng loi n lu lng hay a lu lng
bao gm cc b pht kiu thng k v c kiu in hnh khc nh FTP v telnet c th c gn cho
mi nt. Thm vo , hot ng mng v giao thc truyn ti c m phng bi thao tc gn cc
tc nhn thch hp vo cc nt c lin quan. M ngun ca ns 2 c phn chia thnh C++(ng
vai tr li chng trnh) v OTcL, i tng m rng ca MIT vi TcL, dnh cho vic cu hnh v
79
cc on m m phng
S kt hp ca hai ngn ng ny to ra s tha hip gia tnh hiu qu v tnh d dng s dng. Gi
phn mm ny cung cp mt trnh bin dch lp phn cp ca cc i tng vit bng C++ v vic
dch cc lp phn cp ca cc i tng ny c vit bng TCL, sau c thng nht thnh
mt trnh bin dch duy nht. Ngi s dng to ra cc i tng mi ny bng b bin dch TCL.
Cc i tng mi ny c nh x bng qu trnh trao i cc i tng trong trnh bin dch phn
cp. Cc ch th TCL c cung cp mt cch linh hot v c quyn hn mnh m thng qua vic
m phng( bt u v dng cc s kin, s c trong mng, qu trnh tp hp s liu v cu hnh
mng). B bin dch Tcl cn cung cp cc cu lnh to cc lin kt v cc nt trong cc topo
mng, v kt hp cc agents vi cc nt.
Vic thc hin v m phng NS2 bao gm 4 bc:
(1) Thc hin cc giao thc bng cch thm mt t hp gia m C++ v m Tcl vo trong m
ngun ca NS-2.
(2) M t vic m phng bng kch bn OTcl;
(3) chy chng trnh m phng v
(4) phn tch cc tp tin bm vt c sinh ra. Vic thc hin mt giao thc mi i hi phi
b xung thm m C++ cho chc nng ca cc giao thc ny, iu ny tng t nh vic cp
nht thm cc t kha cho cc file cu hnh NS-2 Otcl mt cch hp l dnh cho NS-2, iu
ny gip nhn bit ra cc giao thc mi v cc tham s mc nh ca n. M C++ cng miu
t cc tham s v cc phng thc, iu ny to nn tnh sn sng thc thi c khi thc
hin kch bn OTcl.
Qu trnh m phng c cu hnh, iu khin v vn hnh thng qua vic s dng giao din
ha c cung cp bi lp m phng OTcl. Lp ny cung cp cc th tc to v qun l cc
topo, khi to nh dng cc gi v la chn lch lm vic. N lu tr cc ch dn bn trong mi
phn t ca topo. Ngi s dng to ra topo bng cc s dng OTcl thng qua vic s dng nt cc
lp c lp v lin kt, cc lp c lp v lin kt ny a ra mt vi bc khi u n gin.
Cc topo mng ty , gm c cc b nh tuyn, cc lin kt v knh truyn chung, c th c xc
nh bng cch lit k cc nt mng v cc ng ni cc nt trong mt tp tin topo hoc s dng
mt vi b pht/to nt sinh ca mng c xy dng cho NS-2. (Tiers v GT-ITM)
thu thp d liu u ra hay d liu vt trong mt chng trnh m phng, NS-2 s dng, c hai
loi thng tin vt l cc bn ghi ca mi gi tin khi n ti, i, hoc b loi khi ng truyn hoc
hng i, v thng tin gim st - l cc s m bn ghi ca nhiu ch s ng ch nh s gi tin
v byte ti, i vv.. Chng c th c kt hp li vi c gi tin v lung. Chng trnh NAM l
mt Tcl/Tk c da trn cng c hot hnh ng, n c th s dng cho vic quan st cc tp tin
ghi s kin ca qu trnh x l b xung, phn tch v thc hin li ca cc qu trnh m phng
(thm ch NAM c th s dng vi mi chng trnh m phng min l cc nh dng d liu c
c quan tm).
NS-2 l phn mm m phng ph bin nht c s dng cho vic nghin cu trong cc lnh vc
v mng Ad hoc. NS-2 c y cc trang thit b cho cc giao thc, cc m hnh, cc thut ton,
cc cng c thm vo, v n cn min ph. Bi vy, xt v tnh chp nhn khoa hc, v s lng
cc cng c/ modul v v gi thnh th NS2 c l l mt la chn l tng.
3. Cc gi cho s la chn chng trnh m phng mng thch hp
C mt iu chc chn rng, khng c chng trnh m phng no c xem xt trn l thc
s p ng c ton b cc yu cu c trng ph hp vi cc k hoch v cc mc tiu ring l.
Tuy nhin, chng trnh m phng tt nht l chng trnh c kh nng hi ha cc kha cnh nh
80
s cc thnh phn c xy dng t trc, kh nng modul ha, kh nng m rng, v kh nng
chnh sa, gi thnh ...vv.
C th, mt chng trnh m phng tt thng i km vi:
1 Mt tp hp ln cc m hnh, giao thc v thut ton c xy dng t trc
2 Mt mc tha nhn cao t cng ng khoa hc
3 C kh nng cn i (scaleability) tt
4 Thit k phn mm cng phi tt v c tnh modul cao
5 Mc tha ng ca tnh tin li, tnh c th sa i c v tnh m rng
6 S tin tin v ho v cc cng c ton hc dnh cho vic xy dng th nghim, gim st
v x l b xung
7 Ti liu hng dn c th
8 Kh nng thc hin song song v/hoc phn tn
9 Kh nng xc nh mt m hnh 3D thc t cho mi trng
10 Chi ph hp l trong cc trng hp ngn sch b gii hn
Bng 2. So snh nh tnh ca OPNET, QualNet, OMNeT++ v NS-2
c im ca cc chng
trnh m phng mng
OPNET QualNet OMNET++ NS2
Cc kiu m phng c h tr S kin ri rc S kin ri rc S kin ri
rc
S kin ri
rc
Nn tng tnh ton Song song/phn tn Song song / phn
tn
Song song Phn tn
Cc topo Cu trc phn cp Cu trc phn cp Cu trc
phn cp
Cu trc
thng nht
Cng c nh ngha cc topo ha ha ha Kch bn
cu hnh
B sinh d liu lu lng C C C C
Qu trnh to lu lng C C C C
H tr gim st ha ha ha ha
Cc modul dnh cho cc tng
trong m hnh OSI
C C C C
Tnh linh hot ca cc m hnh C C C C
M hnh dnh cho s truyn
sng
C C C khng
Tnh c th sa i v m rng C C C Kh thay
i
co gin C H tr thay i t
l ln
C Kh thay
i
Tnh d s dng Kh vi nhng ngi
mi bt u
Bnh thng Kh vi
nhng
ngi mi
bt u
S tha nhn ca khoa hc c tha nhn c tha nhn c tha
nhn
c tha
nhn
Loi giy php ca phn mm Thu ph Thu ph Min ph Min ph
81
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Gianni A. Di Caro, Analysis of simulation environments for mobile ad hoc networks
[2] OPNET Simulator, http://www.opnet.com
[3] GloMoSim, http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/
[4] Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems (PARSEC),
http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/parsec/
[5] QualNet Simulator, http://www.scalable-networks.com
[6] OMNET++, http://www.omnetpp.org/
[7] Network Simulator, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/