Qun l user trn linux

GIT - Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu !"n #i$c t%o # &un l 'sers trn (inux)
1. Cc khi nim c bn v qun l account ca Linux v Unix
- *ccount trn (inux+'nix ,ao g-m nhi.u th/ng tin trong !0 hai phn lin &uan !"n #i$c
s1 23ng l username # userI45
usename5 6hi s1 23ng ! login7 g8n &uy.n7 #)#)) chng ta th9c hi$n th/ng &ua
username7 nh:ng h$ th;ng l%i hiu # lm theo userI4)
use!"5 <; !i 6=m #>i username7 h$ !i.u hnh 2?ng s; ny ! &un l) @h: #Ay
n"u c0 hai username 6h8c nhau nh:ng 2?ng chung mBt userI47 th h$ th;ng xem
hai tn ny chC l mBt)
- Quy.n h%n5 (inux # 'nix chC phDn ,i$t user lm hai lo%i
'ser c0 &uy.n oot5 TEt c nhFng user c0 userI4GH7 th:Ing th #>i mBt m8y
m>i7 chng ta s c0 ngay mBt user tn root # c0 userI4GH) @"u chng ta t%o ra
mBt user 6h8c # sau !0 s1a userI4 cJa n0 thnh H7 th lc ny n0 c0 &uy.n root y
chang user tn l root cJa h$ th;ng)
'ser th:Ing5 TEt c c8c user c0 userI4 6h8c H !i.u l ng:Ii 2?ng th:Ing)
- 'ser # Group 5KLi user trn linux ,Mt ,uBc phi thuBc mBt group no !0 NgOi l
Primary GroupQ7 ngoi ra cRn c0 th l9a chOn tham gia #o c8c group 6h8c NgOi l
<econ2ary GroupQ7 theo mBt s; ti li$u th user c0 th tham gia #o t;i !a ST <econ2ary
Group)
- Trn (inux # 'nix 7 tEt c th/ng tin #. users # groups !i.u !:Uc l:u #o c8c t$p tin
#Vn ,n th:Ing) W #Ay thay # ,%n 2?ng l$nh ! &un l user7 c0 th mX c8c Yiles ny
ra s1a tr9c ti"p) Tuy nhin chC lm #Ay 6hi thAt cn thi"t7 # #>i m3c !Zch hOc tAp m
th/i) Tr:>c 6hi s1a chFa c8c ,%n nn ,ac6up l%i) Theo t/i ,%n chC nn [!Oc[ m th/i\
#. $un l cc use
Th/ng tin #. c8c user !:Uc l:u trF trong c8c Yiles5 %etc%&ass'( # %etc%sha(o')
%etc%&ass'(5 ]ile ny ch^a th/ng tin #. user7 !i.u 6hin #i$c login cJa c8c user)
]ile ny !:Uc l:u 2:>i 2%ng *<_II7 mLi 2Rng l:u th/ng tin cJa mBt user7 # mLi 2Rng
l%i phDn thnh c8c tr:Ing ,`ng 2Eu hai chEm) @h: #Ay th/ng tin !a !:Uc l:u 2:>i
2%ng mBt [,ng[) _Eu trc cJa n0 nh: sau5
Use)ame * +ass'o( * Use!" * +inci&le,ou& * Comments * -ome"iecto. *
/hell
b nghca cJa c3 th cJa c8c tr:Ing5
S-usename5 tn !Vng nhAp7 phDn ,i$t doa+th:Ing7 nn 2?ng chF th:Ing)
e-passfor25 l:u chuLi passf2 !a hash7 n"u c0 s1 23ng +etc+sha2of th X !Dy s
l chF x
g-user I45 h$ th;ng 2?ng user I4 ! phDn ,i$t ng:Ii ny #>i ng:Ii 6h8c)
h-group I45 iDy l Primary Group cJa user ny)
j-comment5 m/ t cho user)
T-dome 4irectory5 Th: m3c home cJa tkng user7 th:Ing s n`m trong
+home+tenuser
l-<hell5 Tn ch:mng trnh s th9c thi ngay sau 6hi user login #o) @"u 6h/ng c0
shell user s 6h/ng th login) Knc nhin trn (inux s 2?ng ,ash shell X !Dy)
o%n xem nBi 2ung cJa +etc+passf2 ,`ng l$nh5
p cat +etc+passf2
root5x5H5H5root5+root5+,in+,ash
)))
%etc%sha(o' 5 _h^a chuLi passfor2 !a ma h0a ,`ng hm ,Vm # th/ng tin #. 6h8c
nh: Passfor2 *ge cJa 'ser)
S-usename5 phDn ,i$t doa+th:Ing7 nn 2?ng chF th:Ing)
e-passfor25 l:u chuLi passf2 !a hash) @"u n0 ch^a \ hay q th ng:Ii 2?ng
6h/ng th login #o ti 6hon ny
g-ngy s1a cu;i5 tZnh tk S+S+SrlH
)))
r-tr:Ing ny ! 2nh
sem nBi 2ung cJa +etc+sha2of gn gi;ng nh: c8ch X trn nh:ng lile ny ch^a c8c
th/ng tin nh%y cm nn n0 chC c0 th !Oc !:Uc n"u ,%n c0 &uy.n root) _huyn sang
root ,`ng l$nh tsut n"u h$ !i.u hnh cho phup root login7 n"u 6h/ng c0 th 2?ng su2o
nh: sau5
p su2o cat +etc+sha2of
o%n c0 th !Oc tman j sha2oft ! c0 th/ng tin !y !J #. n0)
)h0m lnh qun l use
- 12o use*
p usera22 voptionsw
c8c t?y chOn5
-u 'I4
-g GI4
-G GI4 5 4anh s8ch c8c <econ2ary group c0 th c8ch nhau ,`ng 2Eu phxy [7[
-c ghi ch
-2 2irectory
-m @"u nh: th: m3c cJa -2 ch:a c07 th t9 !Bng t%o m>i)
-s shell 5 mnc nhin s 2?ng ,ash shell
-/3a use*
usermo2 voptionsw v-l w
options5 hu h"t gi;ng nh: cJa l$nh usera22
-45i &ass'o(*
KLi user c0 6h nVng t9 !yi passf2 cJa chZnh hO7 #>i !i.u 6i$n hO nh> passf2 cz #
phi tuDn theo nguyn tMc !nt passf2 cJa (inux) root !:Uc phup !yi passf2 cJa tEt c
c c8c user m 6h/ng cn ,i"t passf2 cz7 czng nh: 6h/ng cn tuDn theo nguyn tMc
!nt passf2\
p passf2 vw
- s0a user5
p user2el v-rw
-r 5 x0a lu/n home 2irectory
sem thm c8c l$nh 6h8c nh:5 chYn Nthay !yi tn ng:Ii 2?ng # c8c th/ng tinQ7 chsh
N_hange login shellQ #)#))
i ,i"t c ph8p czng nh: c8c t?y chOn7 hay s1 23ng t?y chOn 66hel& hay !Oc
trong man)
7. $un l nh0m 89ou&:.
Th/ng tin #. nh0m czng t:mng t9 nh: user !:Uc l:u
trong 5 %etc%9ou&s #%etc%9sha(o's)
%etc%9ou&s 5 _h^a th/ng tin #. c8c groups
_Eu trc cJa n0 nh: sau5
,ou&)ame * +ass'o( * ,ou&!" * Use1;Use#;...; Usen
K/ chi ti"t c8c tr:Ing5
S-groupname5 tn nh0m
e-passf25 l:u chuLi passf2 !a ,Vm7 trong tr:Ing hUp c0 2?ng +etc+gsha2of th
chL ny !:Uc ghi l x
g-Group I45 I4 cJa nh0m
h-users5 4anh s8ch c8c user nhAn group ny l secon2ary7 ngVn c8ch nhau ,`ng
2Eu phxy
%etc%9sha(o's 5 _h^a th/ng tin passfor2 cJa groups)
S-groupname5 tn nh0m)
e-passf25 chuLi passf2 !a ma h0a ,`ng c8c hm ,Vm)
g-a2mins5 2anh s8ch c8c user c0 &uy.n a2min trn group ny)
h-users5 c8c user
)h0m lnh qun l 9ou&
- T%o group5
p groupa22 v-g groupi2w
- /3a 9ou&*
p groupmo2 v-n @ef namew v-g nef goupi2w
- 45i 9ou& &ass'o(*
gpassf2 vw
- <0a 9ou&*
p group2el
(inux cho phup &un l users+groups theo c 6iu cz # m>i) @h:ng ,%n nn s1 23ng
theo mnc !{nh 6hi ci7 th:Ing l 6iu m>i)
|iu cz5 chuLi passfor2 !:Uc l:u lu/n trong %etc%&ass'(7 # 6h/ng c0
Yile%etc%sha(o')
|iu m>i5 i tr8nh #i$c chuLi passf2 ,{ 2Rm ng0 2? !a !:Uc ma h0a7 giI !Dy
chuLi passf2 !:Uc 2i 2Ii #o trong %etc%sha(o' m chC c0 root !:Uc xem) i-ng
thIi cho phup l:u thm c8c th/ng tin #. Passfor2 *ge) _huy$n t:mng t9 #>i
group\
=. 1ha. >5i th?n9 s@ mAc >Bnh
|hi s1 23ng l$nh usea(( honc 9ou&a((7 n"u chng chng ta 6h/ng li$t 6 !y !J
c8c th/ng s; cn thi"t th h$ th;ng s lEy theo gi8 tri mnc nhin !a !:Uc !{nh nghca)
_hng ta c0 th thay !yi !{nh nghca nhFng gi8 tr{ ny trong Yile sau5
%etc%lo9in.(eCs 5 Yile ch^a th/ng s; mnc !{nh 6hi t%o user honc t%o group)
%etc%skel% 5 TEt c nhFng Yile l th: m3c con trong ny s !:Uc copy sang d}K~
cJa user m>i)