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Accounting is often called the language of business. Its purpose is tocommunicate or report the results of business operations and itsvarious aspects.Definition:It is the process of identifying, measuring and communicatingeconomic information to permit informed judgments’ and decisions byusers of the information.According to American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA),
"Accounting is the art of recording, classifying andsummarizing in a significant manner and in terms of moneytransactions and events which are, in part at least, of afinancial character and interpreting the results thereof."
 American Accounting Association (AAA) has defined accounting as
"the process of identifying, measuring and communicatingeconomic information to permit informed judgements anddecisions by users of the information."
On analyzing the above definitions the following characteristics of accounting emerges:i.Accounting is the art of recording and classifying differentbusiness transactions.ii.The business transactions may be completely or partially ofinancial nature.iii.Generally the business transactions are described in monetaryterms.iv.In accounting process, the business transactions are summarizedand analyzed so as to arrive at a meaningful interpretation.v.The analysis and interpretations thus obtained are communicatedto those who are responsible to take certain decisions todetermine the future course of business.The following are the objectives of accounting:a.To record the business transactions in a systematic manner.b.To determine the gross profit and net profit earned by a firmduring a specific period.
 
c.To know the financial position of a firm at the close of thefinancial year by way of preparing the balance sheetd.To facilitate management control.e.To assess the taxable income and the sales tax liability.f.To provide requisite information to different parties, i.e., owners,creditors, employees, management, Government, investors,financial institutions, banks etc.Accounting suffers from the following limitations:i.Accounting information is expressed in terms of money. Nonmonetary events or transactions, however important, arecompletely omitted.ii.Fixed assets are recorded in the accounting records at theoriginal cost, that is, the actual amount spent on them plus allincidental charges. In this way the effect of inflation (ordeflation) is not taken into consideration. The direct result of thispractice is that balance sheet does not represent the truefinancial position of the business.iii.Accounting information is sometimes based on estimates;estimates are often inaccurate.
iv.
Accounting information cannot be used as the only testofmanagerial performance on the basis of more profits. Profit fora period of one year can readily be manipulated by omitting suchcosts as advertisement, research and development, depreciationand so on.v.Accounting information is not neutral or unbiased. Accountantscalculate income as excess of revenues over expenses. But theyconsider only selected revenues and expenses. They do not, forexample, include, cost of such items as water or air pollution,employee’s injuries, etc.Accounting like any other discipline has to follow certain principles,which in certain cases are contradictory. For example current assets(e.g., stock of goods) are valued on the basis of cost or market pricewhichever is less following the principle of conservatism. Accordinglythe current assets may be valued on cost basis in some year and atmarket price in another year. In this manner, the rule of consistency isnot followed regularly.
 
Financial accounting
provides information that is designed to satisfythe needs of external users. Such reporting is usually done in the formof financial statements.
Managerial accounting
provides information that is useful in runninga company by internal users. Such reporting is usually accomplishedthrough custom designed reports.Types of accounting and accounting information users
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
People and organizations make decisions based on financialinformation prepared by accountants. That is why it is important forthese people and organizations to understand how accountinginformation is measured. To facilitate communication, rules areestablished that business people can use to ensure they compareoranges to oranges. For example, assume a store sells goods. Whenshould an accountant record the sale, at the moment the goods areshipped (
accrual accounting
) or at the time cash for these goods isreceived (
cash accounting
)? Whether the store owner applies theaccrual or cash accounting is not important as long as a third rule is
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