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    The human ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland. Feeding on fruits from bushes and low branches in woodland forced Ardi to walk on two legs often. Living in hospitable woodland, Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, was bipedal and harmonious. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural communication from bipedal Ardi’s free hands coordinated individuals effectively. The improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the emergence of the harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth for fighting. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution, is explained by the social temperaments. The three basic human temperaments consist of yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament that transcends yin yang and exists only in humans is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The three human temperaments result in the three-branch society of the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies. The origin of the human temperaments is explained by human evolution. About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate in different areas of Africa resulted in the differential decrease of tree-density in forest. The decrease of tree-density decreased food resource and security for apes. The original ape was the orangutan-like common ancestor with the best food resource and security in dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape that has the loose social structure without the support of tight social group. The slight decrease of tree-density in forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security. It needed the support of the matriarch collective society to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking ape without the strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive. The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with the harmonious society. Near the central Africa, the further decreased in tree-density caused the fourth split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat had the lowest tree-density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive. Hominid evolution involves the evolution of the conscience instinct for the harmonious temperament. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society. The Neolithic Revolution generated the inevitably large civilized social group of the agricultural-nomad society that destroyed the prehistoric harmonious society that was suitable for small social group.

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    The human ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland. Feeding on fruits from bushes and low branches in woodland forced Ardi to walk on two legs often. Living in hospitable woodland, Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, was bipedal and harmonious. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural communication from bipedal Ardi’s free hands coordinated individuals effectively. The improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the emergence of the harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth for fighting. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution, is explained by the social temperaments. The three basic human temperaments consist of yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament that transcends yin yang and exists only in humans is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The three human temperaments result in the three-branch society of the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies. The origin of the human temperaments is explained by human evolution. About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate in different areas of Africa resulted in the differential decrease of tree-density in forest. The decrease of tree-density decreased food resource and security for apes. The original ape was the orangutan-like common ancestor with the best food resource and security in dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape that has the loose social structure without the support of tight social group. The slight decrease of tree-density in forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security. It needed the support of the matriarch collective society to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking ape without the strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive. The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with the harmonious society. Near the central Africa, the further decreased in tree-density caused the fourth split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat had the lowest tree-density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive. Hominid evolution involves the evolution of the conscience instinct for the harmonious temperament. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society. The Neolithic Revolution generated the inevitably large civilized social group of the agricultural-nomad society that destroyed the prehistoric harmonious society that was suitable for small social group.

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    Human Evolution of Social Temperaments: Original Human As Bipedal Bonobo

    Uploaded by

    dao einsnewt
    The human ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland. Feeding on fruits from bushes and low branches in woodland forced Ardi to walk on two legs often. Living in hospitable woodland, Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, was bipedal and harmonious. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural communication from bipedal Ardi’s free hands coordinated individuals effectively. The improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the emergence of the harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth for fighting. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution, is explained by the social temperaments. The three basic human temperaments consist of yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament that transcends yin yang and exists only in humans is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The three human temperaments result in the three-branch society of the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies. The origin of the human temperaments is explained by human evolution. About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate in different areas of Africa resulted in the differential decrease of tree-density in forest. The decrease of tree-density decreased food resource and security for apes. The original ape was the orangutan-like common ancestor with the best food resource and security in dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape that has the loose social structure without the support of tight social group. The slight decrease of tree-density in forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security. It needed the support of the matriarch collective society to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking ape without the strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive. The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with the harmonious society. Near the central Africa, the further decreased in tree-density caused the fourth split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat had the lowest tree-density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive. Hominid evolution involves the evolution of the conscience instinct for the harmonious temperament. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society. The Neolithic Revolution generated the inevitably large civilized social group of the agricultural-nomad society that destroyed the prehistoric harmonious society that was suitable for small social group.

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    orangutan gorilla chimpanzee bonobo human

    Ardi

    bonobo-like ancestor

    orangutan-like ancestor

    Human Evolution of
    Social Temperaments:
    original human as bipedal bonobo

    bonobo Ardi
    PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES

    PSYCHOLOGY

    the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing

    PERSONALITY

    admission resolution socialization action openness


    (sensitivity- (distinctiveness– (bonding relation– free (goal– (persistence–
    assertiveness) network) relation) context) updating)

    • yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang (distinctiveness-free relation-goal =


    individualistic achievement)
    • passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) introgroup interaction
    • harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active

    SOCIAL TEMPERAMENT

    yin passive yin active harmonious yang active yang passive


    temperament temperament temperament temperament temperament
    (amiable) (expressive) (driver) (analytical)

    SOCIAL STRUCTURES
    the loose the tight collective society the harmonious society the tight the loose
    collective individualistic society individualistic society
    society

    2
    Ape Evolution
    orangutan-like common ancestor
    13 Ma

    orangutan bonobo-like common ancestor


    7 Ma (million years ago)

    gorilla
    6 Ma

    human
    2 Ma

    chimpanzee bonobo

    3
    History Initial Habitat
    (1 = best food resource
    and security )
    Orangutan original ape dense forest/tree (1)
    (> 13 Ma)
    Bonobo first split (13 dense forest/tree (2)
    Ma)
    Gorilla second split diverse forest/ground (3)
    (7 Ma)
    Human third split (6 hospitable
    Ma) woodland/ground (4)
    Chimpanzee fourth split inhospitable woodland/tree
    (2 Ma) (5)

    Characteristic Social Structure


    Orangutan solitary ape loose society
    Bonobo peacemaking matriarch collective
    ape society
    Gorilla loyal ape patriarch collective
    society
    Human harmonious ape harmonious society
    Chimpanzee aggressive ape patriarch individualistic
    society

    4
    Hominid Evolution:
    walking hands (bonobo-like common ancestor)
    bipedalism

    free hands for gestural language as hyper


    friendliness (non-Homo hominids 6-1 Ma)

    manipulative hands for tool


    (Homo habilis 2.2-1.6 Ma)

    speech for theory of mind


    (Homo erectus 1.9-0.1 Ma)

    hyper friendliness theory of mind

    conscience instinct
    extra prefrontal cortex
    enhanced conscience instinct
    (Homo sapiens < 0.2 Ma)

    conscience intelligence conscience will


    5
    Human Evolution of Social Temperaments:
    original human as bipedal bonobo
    Contents

    Diagram: the psychology and social structures 2


    Diagram: ape evolution 3
    Tables: apes 4
    Diagram: hominid evolution 5
    Abstract 7
    Introduction 8
    Part 1. Human Social Temperaments 10
    1. Personality: The Social-Information Personality System 12
    1.1. The Social Relation Type 12
    1.2. The Information Process Type 13
    1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness 14
    1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network 15
    1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context 17
    1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating 19
    1.3. The Big Five 20
    2. Social Temperaments 22
    2.1. The Social Temperaments for the Primate Social Structures 22
    2.2. The Human Instincts and Temperaments 26
    2.3. The Harmonious Temperament 30
    2. 3.1. Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct 31
    2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct 31
    2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct 34
    Part 2. Human Evolution 36
    3. Ape Evolution 39
    3.1. The Original Ape: the solitary ape 39
    3.2. The First Split: the peacemaking ape 39
    3.3. The Second Split: the loyal ape 40
    3.4. The Third Split: the harmonious ape 40
    3.5. The Fourth Split: the aggressive ape 41
    4. Hominid Evolution 43
    5. Summary 47
    6. Reference 48

    Email address: einsnewt@yahoo.com


    Website (download all books): http://sites.google.com/site/einsnewt/
    Books list: http://www.scribd.com/einsnewt

    6
    Abstract
    The original human ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat
    changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland. Feeding on fruits from bushes
    and low branches in woodland forced Ardi to walk on two legs often. Living in
    hospitable woodland, Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, was bipedal and
    harmonious. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural
    communication from bipedal Ardi’s free hands coordinated individuals effectively. The
    improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the emergence of the
    harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth for
    fighting. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution, is explained
    by the social temperaments.
    The three basic human temperaments consist of yin, yang, and harmony for
    feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious
    connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament that transcends yin yang and
    exists only in humans is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The three human
    temperaments result in the three-branch society of the collective, the individualistic, and
    the harmonious societies. The origin of the human temperaments is explained by human
    evolution.
    About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate in
    different areas of Africa resulted in the differential decrease of tree-density in forest. The
    decrease of tree-density decreased food resource and security for apes. The original ape
    was the orangutan-like common ancestor with the best food resource and security in
    dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape that has the loose social structure without the
    support of tight social group. The slight decrease of tree-density in forest by climate
    change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the
    bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security. It needed
    the support of the matriarch collective society to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking
    ape without the strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in
    some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the bonobo-like
    common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch
    collective society with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for
    protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the
    bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free
    hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive. The improvement in
    communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with the harmonious
    society. Near the central Africa, the further decreased in tree-density caused the fourth
    split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat
    had the lowest tree-density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that
    has the patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive.
    Hominid evolution involves the evolution of the conscience instinct for the harmonious
    temperament. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society.
    The Neolithic Revolution generated the inevitably large civilized social group of the
    agricultural-nomad society that destroyed the prehistoric harmonious society that was
    suitable for small social group.

    7
    Introduction
    Bipedalism in Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, is explained by the
    improvement in gestural communication from free hands to survive in woodland, because
    free hands from bipedalism allowed continuous and precise gestural communication. The
    improvement of communication led to the emergence of the harmonious temperament as
    indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth (fangs) for fighting. The harmonious
    temperament resulted from the direct divergence of human ancestors from peacemaking
    bonobo-like common ancestors. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid
    evolution, is explained by the social temperaments.
    In Part 1, the proposed psychology is derived from the personality system and the
    social temperament system, similar to the popular Big Five and the popular Merrill-Reid
    social style theory, respectively. In Chapter 1, the personalities are derived from the
    brain structure-neurotransmitters, and the temperaments are derived from the instincts.
    The five factors in the personality system are Bonding relation-Free relation, Sensitivity-
    Assertiveness, Distinctiveness-Network, Goal-Context, and Persistence-Updating,
    corresponding to agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and
    openness in the Big Five. In Chapter 2, the combination of the factors in the personality
    system results in the yin personality and the yang personality for collective wellbeing and
    individualistic achievement, respectively. The social temperaments for primates are the
    combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions
    among the basic social units in primates. The combination results in yin passive, yin
    active, yang passive, and yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical,
    and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid social style theory. The additional temperament is
    harmony that exists only in human. The instinct for the harmonious temperament
    (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly
    instinct and the detective instinct, resulting in maximized eager cooperation without lie.
    The yin active and passive, the yang active and passive, and the harmonious
    temperaments result in the collective tight and loose, the individualistic tight and loose,
    and the harmonious societies, respectively.
    Part 2 includes ape evolution and hominid evolution. In Chapter 3, ape evolution
    started in 14 millions years ago when the environment became progressively drier and
    cooler in different areas of Africa, resulting in the differential decrease of tree-density in
    forest as food resource and security. The original ape was the orangutan-like common
    ancestor with the best food resource and security in the dense forest. Orangutan is the loner
    ape that has the loose social structure without the support of tight social group. The slight
    decrease of tree-density in forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-
    like common ancestor to produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the support of the
    matriarch collective society. It had the second best food resource and security. Bonobo is
    the peacemaking ape without the strong need to fight for food in a social group. The further
    decrease in tree-density in forest by further temperature drop caused the second split from
    the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the
    patriarch collective society with strong loyalty to the dominatingly large male leader for
    protection. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like
    common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the
    improvement in gestural communication to survive in woodland. The improvement in

    8
    communication led eventually to the harmonious society. Human is the harmonious ape.
    Near the central Africa, the decreased tree-density caused the fourth split from the
    bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat had the
    lowest tree density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the
    patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive in
    woodland. In Chapter 4, hominid evolution involves largely the evolution of the brain. It
    is the evolution of the conscience instinct. The prehistoric harmonious hunter-gatherer
    society was suitable for the small social group.

    9
    Part 1: Human Social Temperaments
    In Part 1, the unified theory of human society starts with the three basic human
    temperaments: yin, yang and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine
    individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. Yin and yang are
    derived from the personality system and the social temperament system, similar to the
    popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Big Five personality theories and the
    popular Merrill-Reid social style theory, respectively. In Chapter 1, the personalities are
    derived from the brain structure-neurotransmitters, and the temperaments are derived
    from the instincts. The five factors in the personality system are Bonding relation-Free
    relation, Sensitivity-Assertiveness, Distinctiveness-Network, Goal-Context, and
    Persistence-Updating, corresponding to agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness,
    neuroticism, and openness in the Big Five. In Chapter 2, the combination of the factors in
    the personality system results in the yin personality and the yang personality for
    collective wellbeing and individualistic achievement, respectively. The social
    temperaments are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive
    intragroup interactions among the basic social units. The combination results in yin
    passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive,
    Analytical, and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid social style theory. The additional
    temperament is harmony that exists only in human. The instinct for the harmonious
    temperament (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper
    friendly instinct and the detective instinct, resulting in maximum eager cooperation
    without lie. The yin, the yang, and the harmonious temperaments result in the collective,
    the individualistic, and the harmonious societies, respectively.

    10
    PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES
    PSYCHOLOGY

    the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing

    PERSONALITY

    admission resolution socialization action openness


    (sensitivity- (distinctiveness– (bonding relation– (goal– (persistence–
    assertiveness) network) free relation) context) updating)

    • yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang


    (distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement)
    • passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) introgroup interaction
    • harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active

    the social instincts

    SOCIAL TEMPERAMENT

    yin passive yin active harmonious yang active yang passive


    temperament temperament temperament temperament temperament
    (amiable) (expressive) (driver) (analytical)
    bonding + nurturing + conscience instinct = dominative + systemizing +
    freezing manipulative hyper friendly instinct predatory addictive
    instincts instincts + detective instinct instincts instinct

    SOCIAL STRUCTURES
    the loose the tight collective the harmonious the tight the loose
    collective society society individualistic individualistic
    society society society

    11
    1. Personality: The Social-Information
    Personality System
    There are many personality theories. The two popular theories are the Big Five1
    and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)2 derived from Carl Jung's personality type3.
    The five factors in the Big Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual
    ideas, imagination, and curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather
    spontaneously), extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to
    be compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a
    tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as
    the OCEAN model of personality. MBTI includes four factors: Introvert-extrovert,
    sense-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. The personality system
    matches these two popular personality theories.
    The proposed personality system is the social-information personality system.
    The two general types of personality involve the social relation type and the information
    process type. Human is a social animal, so the social relation type deals with the two
    different types of social relation. The human brain also processes information, so the
    information process type deals with how the human brain process information like a
    computer. There are four different factors in the information process type. These four
    factors correspond approximately to the four factors in MBTI. These four factors in
    addition to the social type correspond the five factors in the Big Five.

    1.1.The Social Relation Type

    Sociability is a function of all social animals. Committed sociability is bonding


    relation (denoted as B), while non-committed sociability is free relation (denoted as F).
    The most famous experiment to distinguish bonding relation and free relation was done
    by Insel and Winslow4. They looked at two closely related but have different social
    organization: the prairie vole with strong male-female pair bonding and the montane vole,
    which is promiscuous without strong bonding male-female pair bonding. They found that
    oxytocin (a hormone) attaches to receptors in reward-related areas of the brain in the pair-
    bonding prairie vole but not in the non-bonding montane vole. When prairie voles
    intercourse, two hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, are released. If the release of these
    hormones is blocked, prairie voles become like montane voles. An injection of the
    hormones can invoke pair bonding without intercourse.
    Oxytocin sometimes is called “cuddle chemical” that builds bonds between mates,
    mother-child, and social members. Oxytocin and vasopressin are complementary in such
    way that oxytocin processes reward and vasopressin processes focus attention to the
    individuals for the bonding. Vasopressin is responsible for creating intense loving
    memories during passionate situations. Edorphin is a social neurotransmitter that
    response to touch and pleasing visual stimulus (such as smile).
    According the study by Pollack5 and his colleagues, infants raised in the uncaring
    environment of some Eastern European orphanages ended up with a long-lasting deficit
    in oxytocin and vasopressin. The deficits in oxytocin and vasopressin persisted even

    12
    after the children were removed from the orphanages and placed with loving and stable
    families, resulting in the difficulties in forming social bonds.
    Bonding relates to empathy and trust. Like bonding, empathy and trust increase
    with oxytocin. Before committed social bonding, empathy is required to start social
    bonding. It was found that oxytocin helps empathy6 in terms of reading the mind of
    others. The maintenance of bond requires trust. Trust has relaxed emotion and malleable
    cognition. Thus, bonding relation (B) has relaxed emotion and malleable cognition.
    Oxytocin was found by Kosfeld to increase trust 7 , and by Light to decrease blood
    pressure8. Distrust, on the contrary, has heightened emotion and narrow cognition. Thus,
    free relation (F) has heightened emotion and narrow cognition. Committed and non-
    committed relation can be pleasurable, but only committed relation has trust in terms of
    relaxed emotion and malleable cognition.
    A genetic example of free relation is autism, which has genetic impairment in
    forming social bonding. The people with autism have heightened emotion and narrow
    cognition. It was found that individuals with autism have lower level of oxytocin9. A
    genetic example of bonding relation is Williams Syndrome, which has genetic
    impairment to process visual–spatial information for independent living, but has
    unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. Individuals with
    Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount of fear with non-social encounter, and
    poor performance in non-social information, such as drawing.
    According to Simon Baron-Cohen10, the essential difference between the female
    brain and the male brain is that the average female brain favors slightly empathy, and the
    average male brain favors slightly in non-social information. Instead of social contact,
    the average male brain finds pleasure in systematizing non-social information. The
    overlapping of the male brain and the female brain is significant.

    1.2. The Information Process Type

    In the information process type, the human mind is like computer. The human
    mind or computer is to process information, which can be compared with the personality
    types from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality
    type. The combination of the information process type and the social information type
    can be compared with the Big Five personality model.
    Four important functions in the information process in human mind or computer
    are admission (the selection of the input data), resolution (the details of data), action (the
    format of the process program), and openness (the updating of the process program). In
    each of the process functions, there are two levels: high and low. These the information
    process types then are compared with the personality types from Myers-Briggs Type
    Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality type. The following table lists the
    information process type and its comparison with MBTI personality types.

    13
    The information process type

    Information Process The information process type Personality Type


    Function (MBTI)
    Admission High Sensitivity (S) introvert (I)
    Low assertiveness (A) extrovert (N)
    Resolution High distinctness (D) sense (S)
    Low network (N) intuition (N)
    Action High goal (G) thinking (T)
    Low context (C) feeling (F)
    Openness High updating (U) perceiving (P)
    Low Persistence (P) judging (J)

    1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness

    The admission of each set of input data can be high or low. In computer, program
    is written to recognize and admit a part of each set of input data. If every detail in a set of
    input data is important, the admission of data is high. In this case, under limited
    computer capacity, only few sets of data can be accepted. In the human mind, the
    perceived degree of harm determines the degree of admission. The high perceived degree
    of harm leads to the importance of every detail in a set of data, resulting in sensitivity
    (represented by S). The low perceived degree of harm leads to the importance of only
    few details, resulting in assertiveness (represented by A).
    The person of assertiveness has a low dose of stimulus for each encounter of
    stimulation source. The person of sensitivity has high dose of stimulus for each
    encounter of stimulation source. To maintain an optimal level of stimulation, the person
    of assertiveness requires numerous sources of stimulation sources. According to H. J.
    Eysenck 11, extroverts have persistently low cortical arousal and seek stimulation. The
    personality of assertiveness therefore is the personality of extrovert as described in MBTI
    and by Eysenck. On the other hand, the personality of sensitivity is introvert in MBTI.
    Introverts have persistently high arousal and avoid stimulation.
    Admission is like the gate for the entry of incoming information. It is the first
    reaction to the incoming information by opening or closing the gate. It is also the last
    reaction to the incoming information by closing the gate. Processing information
    requires energy and space, so it is necessary to keep incoming information minimum, just
    enough only for survival and reproduction. When survival and reproduction is secure,
    the admission of information can be low that leads to assertive. On the other hand, when
    survival and reproduction is insecure, the admission of information is high that leads to
    sensitivity. Therefore, security is the condition for assertiveness, and insecurity is the
    condition for sensitivity.
    Personality type is an adaptation to certain conditions during evolution and during
    personal development. Personality type that we were born with is an adaptation to
    certain conditions by our ancestors. Personality type that we develop later in life is an
    adaptation to certain condition we encounter. For human who is capable of the
    integration of various events, condition can also be belief system, a central theme for the
    past, the current, and the future events. In some cases, a new belief system can
    completely replace an actual condition. Under different conditions (belief systems),

    14
    different behaviors appear. The behaviors resulted from normal and excessive conditions
    are normal and excessive behaviors. .
    Under the condition of insecurity for sensitivity, the normal behavior is association,
    incorporating stimuli as a part of experience. Under extreme condition of insecurity, the
    extreme behavior is freezing, a behavior of total avoidance. Under the condition of
    security for assertiveness, the normal behavior is disregard, excluding input information.
    Under condition of extreme security, the extreme behavior is inactivity, complete
    disregard.
    The personality in terms of social inhibition for a child older than 10 months can
    be predicted by the behavior of the child before four months old12. Four-months-olds
    who cry, fuss, or fret often in response to a novel stimulus, such as a brightly colored
    mobile or a whiff of an alcohol swab, are more likely end up being socially inhibited.
    This shows that a baby who has an especially low threshold for activation ends up being
    introvert.
    The behavior is facilitated by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters facilitate
    communication between neurons (nerve cells). Different neurotransmitters enhance
    different personality types. Serotonin (5-HT) enhances the assertiveness type. The effect
    of serotonin is aided by drugs such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).
    This drug was popularized in the book, “Listening to Prozac” by Peter D. Kramer 13. It
    minimizes impulses and obsession, such as social fear shyness and eating disorders,
    because it decouples association from previous association learning. If excessive amount
    of serotonin is in the brain, the brain can become too selective, expressing as repetition or
    inactivity. This excessive behavior of assertiveness is different from the normal behavior,
    disregard.
    Serotonin is the oldest neurotransmitter. It is the index for perceived social
    security. In the study of crayfish 14, the winner in a fight between two crayfishes appears
    to have a higher amount of serotonin than the loser has. The winner perceives social
    security, while the loser perceived social insecurity. The loser has a quick response from
    the touch of tail, while the winner does not have this quick response. In social group of
    monkey, the leaders have the highest levels of serotonin reflecting the perceived security,
    while those on the bottom of have the lowest levels reflecting perceived insecurity.
    Assertiveness is more suitable strategy in a perceived secure environment to preserve
    energy, while sensitivity is more suitable strategy in a perceived insecure environment to
    enhance vigilance.
    Acetylcholine (Ach) is the neurotransmitter to enhance sensitivity. Acetylcholine
    provokes fear and withdrawal (freezing). Acetylcholine decreases in Alzheimer’s
    dementia, so the patient with Alzheimer’s dementia has trouble in association in terms of
    memory. During dream in the rapid eye movement period, there are large increase in
    acetylcholine, and large decrease in serotonin. It is why there is virtually free association
    during dream without inhibition. Such free association is necessary to reinforce the
    learning of association during waking.
    The source of Ach and 5-HT is the brain stem, the primitive part of the brain. Ach
    has another source near amygdala, the center for fear. They distribute widely in the brain.

    1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network

    15
    When computer processes video pictures, it can have many pictures with coarse
    details (low resolution) or few pictures with distinct details (high resolution). The human
    brain has the same kind of trade-off. In some part of human brain such as the part for
    speech, there is distinctness with high resolution, but this part of the brain cannot cover
    many different areas of information at the same time. In another part of the brain, many
    areas of information can be covered at the same time, but distinctness is poor. The
    information process type with the high resolution is Distinctness (represented by D),
    while the information process type with low resolution and high connection is Network
    (represented by N).
    According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of sensing (represented by
    S) is a specialist, concerning with concrete details, facts, precision, single idea in depth,
    and step by step method. This sensing personality matches with the distinctness type in
    the information process type. According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of
    intuition (N) is a generalist, concerning with whole picture, speculation, many alternative
    ideas, and inventive ideas. The intuition type matches with the network type.
    Resolution is the detailed processing of information, which requires energy and
    space. With the same energy and space, high-resolution process can process a small picture
    with lots of distinctive details, while low-resolution process can process a large picture with
    few distinctive details. High-resolution process results in distinctiveness, and low resolution
    process leads to network. When the brain stores a number of pictures, Distinctiveness keeps
    maximum adjacent connections in the same picture and minimum broad connections among
    different pictures. Network keeps maximum broad connections among different pictures
    and minimum adjacent connections in the same picture.
    Network as the connection among different pictures is literally demonstrated in
    Capgras syndrome that is a mental disorder due to damage in the right frontal cortex, the
    area for Network. When the researchers showed the Capgras patient various pictures in
    which a woman was looking in different directions. The patient showed a curious
    inclination to conclude that the woman was several different people, depending on the
    direction of her gaze. The damage to Network literally causes the failure to connect
    different pictures.
    When the condition requires precision or single-minded approach, Distinctiveness is
    needed. Some tasks, such as fine motor movement and speech, require a series of
    distinctive space-time. When specific precise information is needed, the behavior is focus
    by inhibiting or disconnecting all other possible interference from other sources. Focus
    involves a specific task by a series of distinctive and small neural assembly. In multiple
    tasks, Network is needed to connect various tasks at the same time.
    The outer part of the brain is the cortex. The cortex consists of four lobes: the
    frontal cortex (motor cortex), parietal cortex (somatosensory cortex), temporal cortex
    (auditory cortex), and occipital cortex (visual cortex). The lobe other than the frontal
    cortex is called posterior cortex. The primary zone of the cortex receives input from the
    sense organs. The secondary zone receives input from the primary zone to integrate
    information from different primary zones. The association area receives information
    from the secondary zones, so it has the highest integration not only from the rest of the
    cortex but also from the subcortex. The frontal cortex has the largest area for the
    association area. It has the broadest connection to different parts of the brain. Therefore,
    the frontal cortex is the area for the overall distinctiveness or the excessive network

    16
    involving the large areas, while the posterior cortex is the area for the specific distinctive
    or the normal network involving small specific areas. Mood involves overall
    distinctiveness and network, so the recognition of mood takes place in the frontal cortex.
    The cortex is divided into the left cortex and the right cortex. The left cortex, which
    expresses language, is the cortex for distinctness, while the right cortex, which is good in
    orientation, is the cortex for network15. S. H. Woodward 16 proposed the left cortex and the
    right cortex use different neuron connections. The cortical neurons are organized in
    columns. Neurons are connected vertically and horizontally. Woodward proposed that left
    cortex processing relies primarily on tight connections between vertical columns of neurons,
    whereas right cortex processing depends on weaker and longer horizontal connections.
    Vertical cortical circuitry provides distinctness, and horizontal cortical circuitry provides
    network. Woodward proposed that vertical circuitry carries inhibitory signals to the right
    cortex by the corpus collosum (the part dividing the right cortex and the left cortex), so the
    right cortex does not rely on vertical cortical circuitry. The left brain contains greater cell
    density and more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural messages. The right
    brain, in contrast, contains ore areas of "associative" with white myelinated fibers for long
    distant neural messages (higher integrative level)17.
    A number of neurotransmitters are unequally distributed in the right and left
    hemispheres. Dopamine is distributed more extensively in the left hemisphere. It was
    found that rather than signaling pleasure as previously thought, dopamine may be released
    by brain neurons to highlight significant stimuli 18. Significant stimuli are distinctive stimuli.
    Dopamine has been implicated in the controlled of fine motor movement. The patient with
    Parkinson’s disease, which is deficient in dopamine, cannot control fine motor movement.
    Excessive dopamine, on the other hand, brings about unrealistically excessive focus.
    The social relation affects the brain structure involving network.
    The bonding relation type requires extensive social network resulting the brain structure
    with extensive network. As discussed before by Simon Baron-Cohen, woman is more
    social relation type than man, so the female brain has more network than the male brain.
    It is shown in the thicker corpus collosum that connect the right brain and the left brain,
    more dendritic connections between brain cells, and more evenly distributed language
    centers in the brain for better communication. Therefore, for woman, the brain is wired
    more for the bonding relation type and the network type, and for man, the brain is wired
    more for the free relation type and the distinctiveness type.
    The mental disorders involving Distinctiveness and Network deal with the
    extreme presence or absence of Distinctiveness and Network. The extreme presence of
    Distinctiveness involves Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
    characterized by perfectionism, orderliness, adherence to rules, exercise of control,
    hoarding and problems with personal relationships. The extreme absence of Network
    involves mostly the brain damages, such as Capgras syndrome. The extreme absence of
    Distinctiveness involves diseases, such as in Parkinson’s disease.

    1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context

    In a computer, each information process goes through an operating system that


    control the flow of information processing in terms of priority and scheduling of different
    information processes. A simple operating system put all information processes in a

    17
    context from which priority and scheduling are determined. Thus, each information
    process has a specific goal to reach, while each simple operating system has a context to
    arrange all information processes. In terms of action for actual information output,
    information process has much higher action than operating system.
    In the human mind, there is also Goal (represented by G) for information process
    and Context (represented by C) for operation system. Goal is action-oriented resulting in
    the measurable intentional change. Context is option-oriented resulting in the context for
    possible action. The evolutionary origin of Goal and Context is the first difference
    between male and female animals. Male animal carries extremely high number of sperms,
    while female animal carries limited number of eggs. During the mating session, the
    presence of a female animal with eggs triggers the desire of action in a male animal. Such
    action can result in a measurable intentional goal in terms of mating. On the other hand,
    to a female animal, the presence of a male animal is merely an option for which a context
    is set for possible action. Such context can be the show of strength, superiority, and
    affection. The context is for possible action. A female animal has much less drive for
    action, and much higher ability for the discernment for possible actions. Another
    important action in Goal is problem solving in terms of removing obstacle during
    courtship and mating, such as chasing off another male competitor. Context is emotion
    with option, and Goal is emotion with action.
    The free-bonding relation type is closely connected with the goal-context type
    because the man-woman difference. For man, the combination of free relation type and
    the goal type results in the thinking type (T) for MBTI. According to MBTI, The
    thinking type (T) has characteristics of theoretical, rational, analytical, purposive, logic,
    and unconcerned with people's feeling. In terms of Goal, the thinking type is essentially
    the action of problem solving to remove an obstacle in terms of solving a problem. It has
    a definitive goal to make a measurable intentional change. Since the goal is combined
    with the free relation type, it does not concern with people’s feeling.
    For woman, the combination of the context type and the bonding relation type
    results in the feeling type in MBTI. According to MBTI, the feeling type (F) has
    characteristics of passionate, warm, personal, artistic, and concerned with people's
    feelings. In the Context, the feeling type does not have a particular propose to make a
    measurable intentional change. It is merely to discern the situation. Since the context
    type is combined with the bonding relation type, it concern with people’s feeling.
    On average, the female human brains have a larger deep limbic system than males.
    The larger deep limbic brain allows women more in touch with their feelings to prioritize
    all possible options. When the brain at rest without consciously thinking of anything, men,
    on average, had higher brain activity in the more ancient and primitive regions of the
    limbic system, the parts that are more involved with action. Women, on average, had
    more activity in the newer and more complex parts of the limbic system, which are
    involved in feelings19. The hypothalamus, which is a tiny structure at the base of the
    brain, regulates many basic functions, such as eating, sleeping, temperature control, and
    reproduction. One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in
    male brains than in female brains, in human and non-human animals.
    In total Goal for nonhuman, the goals of life come from predominately biological
    self, the integration of biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. It
    includes hunger, thirst, and sex etc. For human, the goals of life come from not only

    18
    biological self but also autobiographic self in the form of life story. Autobiographic self
    is self-knowledge as described by Nancy Cantor20 and Hazel Markus21 for cognition and
    motivation. Autobiographic self is from episodic memory, which is different from
    semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to one’s stored knowledge of facts, concepts,
    and general principles of how the world operates. Semantic memory is the essential
    memory used to live in the world. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is not essential,
    and more or less serves as the map for semantic memory. It is an autobiographic store of
    life experiences. The prefrontal cortex in the human brain is large. The prefrontal cortex
    has a high number of connections with different parts of the brain. Consequently, the
    large prefrontal cortex in human is capable to integrate the autobiographic store of life
    experiences into autobiographic self in the form of the life story. Other animals do not
    have such autobiographic self. All animals have biological self, the integration of
    biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. Only human has a strong
    autobiographic self to determine the boundary of experiential self. Only human has both
    biological self and autobiographic self.
    Autobiographic self in the form of life story brings about path, meaning, and goal
    of life. The path of life allows human to map the past, the present, and the future
    experiences. The meaning of life lets human to know the experiential position in the
    world. The goal of life permits human to prioritize life. Because of the changes in life
    experiences and life expectation, the life story is in a continuous process of revision,
    resulting in the continuous changes in path, meaning, and goal of life.
    The mental disorders involved are the extreme Goal and the extreme Context The
    extreme Goal is the extreme action-oriented without stopping, resulting in manic. Manic
    can lead to psychopath, seeking the unstopping thrill of action. The extreme Context is the
    extreme option-oriented without any possible action, resulting in depression. Depression
    can result in suicide, terminating all possible action. Both extremes are the results of
    chronic stress in terms of pain and loss.

    1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating

    An elaborate operating system for a computer not only schedules information


    processes but also manipulate and update information from different information processes.
    For the human mind, the simple operating system corresponds to emotion, while the
    elaborate operating system corresponds to cognition for more elaborate manipulation and
    updating. In the human brain, the part involved in the update is the prefrontal cortex.
    The large size of the prefrontal cortex in human is an important difference between
    human and other apes. The opposite of update is persistence which keeps the program
    constant. The information process type for the low openness is persistence (represented
    by P), and for the high openness is updating (represented by U).
    According to MBTI, the judging type has characteristics of planned, orderly way,
    settled, organized, decisive, closeness, and finishing things. The judging type matches
    the Persistence type. The perceiving type has characteristics of flexible, spontaneous,
    flexible, tolerant, open option, understand life rather than control it. This perceiving type
    matches the Updating type.
    Updating is a change in information in order to be adaptable to the current situation.
    The change of information involves manipulation of several sets of information, including

    19
    old sets of information, possible new sets of information, and the final set of information.
    The manipulation of several sets of information requires the involvement of the prefrontal
    cortex. It involves in new combination and arrangement of information. The prefrontal
    cortex has multiple components: working memory buffers and a “central executive,” the
    manager that manipulates and coordinates information stored in the buffers for updating 22.
    Working memory is a “blackboard memory” operating over mere seconds. The process
    includes moving information into working memory, updating what is already there, and
    using it to select a final updating.
    The whole updating process involves both the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the
    cortex. The prefrontal cortex has extensive connections to various parts of the brain.
    Neuroscientist Edmund Rolls 23 found that the prefrontal cortex in a monkey had fired
    strongly immediately before the monkey changed the behavior in behavior to a changing
    circumstance. The prefrontal cortex allows a quick switch of strategy in behavior to a
    change of circumstance. The reason for such a quick switch of strategy is that the prefrontal
    cortex has ample free neuron network which provides the space to construct a new strategy
    one after another free of previous experience and memory. The people with damage in the
    prefrontal cortex cannot construct a new strategy one right after another. They tend to
    construct one strategy, and stay with the same strategy over and over again even there is a
    need for another strategy. They fail to select the most current strategy for their action. The
    people with damage in the prefrontal cortex may also persistently follow whatever
    command given to them without change. The damage in the prefrontal cortex is the
    example for the extreme case of persistence.
    The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that has expanded the most in primates.
    The large human prefrontal cortex provides human a very large space to construct new
    strategy in terms of new combination and arrangement of information. The large prefrontal
    cortex in human also provides an area to construct strategy overcoming salient and concrete
    experiences.
    Glutamate is the neurotransmitter for long-term potent (LTP) which is necessary
    for the working memory, which in turn is important for updating. Dopamine enhances
    the activity of few selective neurons by inhibiting the activity all other unrelated and
    unneeded neurons. Both glutamate and dopamine work together to accomplish updating.
    The mental disorders involved are the extreme Persistence without Updating. The
    extreme Persistence is impulsiveness without considering any possible consequences. One
    of such disorders is schizophrenia. The extremes are the results of chronic anxiety in
    terms of uncertainty.
    1.3. The Big Five

    The most popular model of personality is the Big Five. The five factors in the Big
    Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual ideas, imagination, and
    curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather spontaneously),
    extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to be
    compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a
    tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as
    the OCEAN model of personality.
    Openness correlates to Updating in persistence-updating for the propensity for
    adapting to changing information. Conscientiousness relates to Distinctiveness in

    20
    distinctiveness-network for the care for focusing attention. Extrovert corresponds to
    Assertiveness in sensitivity-assertiveness for the easy to receive incoming information.
    Agreeable corresponds to bonding relation in bonding relation-free relation in the way of
    social life for the propensity to form trust for social bonding. Neuroticism corresponds to
    Context in goal–context for emotion.

    Information Personality system Personality The Big Five


    Process Type (MBTI)
    Admission High Sensitivity (S) introvert (I)
    Low Assertiveness (A) extrovert (N) Extrovert (E)
    Resolution High Distinctness (D) sense (S) Consciousness (C)
    Low Network (N) intuition (N)
    Action High Goal (G) thinking (T)
    Low Context (C) feeling (F) Neuroticism (N)
    Openness High Updating (U) perceiving (P) Openness (O)
    Low Persistence (P) judging (J)
    Social Relation
    Commitment High Bonding relation (B) Agreeable (A)
    Low Free relation (F)

    21
    2. The Social Temperaments for Social Structures
    The combination of the factors in the personality system results in the feminine
    yin personality and the masculine yang personality for collective wellbeing and
    individualistic achievement, respectively. The social temperaments are the combination
    of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions among the
    basic social units. The combination results in yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and
    yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Drive in the popular
    Merrill-Reid social style theory. The harmonious temperament is the unique new human
    temperament that no other organisms have. The instinct for the harmonious temperament
    (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly
    instinct and the detective instinct, resulting in maximum eager cooperation without lie.

    2.1. The Social Temperaments for the Primate Social Structures

    The social temperaments are derived from the personality system. The social
    temperaments for the primate social structures consist of three parts: the yin-yang
    personality, the intragroup interaction among basic social units, and the degree of
    openness.
    (1) Yin-Yang Personality (BNC-FDG)
    The feminine yin personality is the combination of the bonding relation type (B),
    the network type (N), and the context type (C), while yang is the combination of the free
    relation type (F), the distinctiveness type (D), and the goal type (G). For the yin
    personality (BNC) type, the combination leads to “collective wellbeing”, where collective
    means B and N, and wellbeing does not involve a specific action. For the masculine
    yang personality (FDG) type, the combination brings about “individualistic achievement”,
    where individual means F and D, and achievement involves a specific goal. Collective
    wellbeing deals with mainly people, while individual achievement deals with primarily
    with task. Therefore, yin represents people, while yang represents task. The society with
    the yin personality is the collective society, while the society with the yang personality is
    the individualistic society.
    (2) Passive-Active Intragroup Interaction (S-A)
    The social temperaments for primates are the combination of the yin-yang
    personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions among the basic social units
    (subgroups) within a social group. The basic social units (subgroups) can be single
    female and her offspring, monogamous family, polyandrous family (one-female-several-
    male group), polygynous family (one-male-several-female group), and multimale-
    multifemale group (non-committal male-female). The intragroup interaction among the
    subgroups can be passive or active interaction, corresponding to introvert (Sensitivity) or
    extrovert (Assertiveness). The passive intragroup interaction leads to a loose social
    group where the intragroup interaction in not active. The active intragroup interaction
    leads to a tight social group. The tight social group helps to provide protection against
    predators. It also helps to protect scarce food resources. This is especially true for non-
    human primates when the food is fruit. Leaf-eaters, such as colobus monkeys and
    langurs, tend to form smaller loose social groupings since there is little competition for
    their food. The very few nocturnal species of primates are mostly small, relatively

    22
    solitary hunters. In general, a social group under the condition of sufficiency resource
    and security leads typically to a loose social group, while a social group under the
    condition of insufficient resource and insecurity results typically in a tight social group.
    The combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup
    interactions leads to yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active. The loose
    collective society and the tight collective society come from the yin passive and the yin
    active temperaments, respectively, while the loose individualistic society and the tight
    individualistic society come from the yang passive and yang active temperaments,
    respectively. In the tight collective society, the active intragroup interaction produces the
    group wellbeing that promotes care about all members of the group and the group identity
    in addition to basic collective wellbeing. In the tight individualistic society, the active
    intragroup interaction produces the group hierarchy that promotes individual strength and
    effort as well as the submission to the leader of group in addition to basic individualistic
    achievement. The tight collective society is more egalitarian than the tight individualistic
    society.
    In general, the tight individualistic society is under the condition of less sufficient
    resource and security than the tight collective society. The reason is that the competitive
    hierarchy social structure, like an army, is more suitable to overcome the difficulties in
    insufficient resource and insecurity than the group wellbeing social structure. A typical
    example in ape is the different social structures of chimpanzees and bonobos. Bonobos
    live in the tropical rain forests with relatively sufficient food and security. Chimpanzees live
    in the tropical woodland savannah around the equatorial portion of Africa. Chimpanzees
    travel around 3 miles a day for food and water, whereas bonobos have hardly been noted to
    travel more than 1.5 or 2 miles a day. Bonobos have the female-centered collective
    society with the group wellbeing, while chimpanzees have the male-centered
    individualistic society with the competitive hierarchy.
    A primate society has typically more than one type of society. For example, the
    society of female mouse lemurs found in the Island of Madagascar as described by Robert
    Russell 24 is the tight collective society, and solitary male mouse lemurs have the loose
    individualistic society. Six to twenty female mouse lemurs form a lifelong social group.
    The basic lifelong unit of the social group is mother-daughter, so there are several units of
    mother-daughter from the same neighborhood. Mother and daughter have mutual growth
    relation. Mother takes care of daughter, and teaches her all skill of life. Daughter stays with
    her mother. About three to ten pairs of mother-daughter form a social group. They have a
    centrally located communal sleeping hollow for their daytime rest. The social group
    provides lifelong warmth, stimulation, shared experiences, and warning system for
    protection from the intrusion of predators. This form of social group increases greatly the
    chance of survival for female mouse lemurs. The ratio of adult females to adult males
    exceeds four females for every one male.
    For orangutans, there are the loose collective society for single female and her
    offspring and the loose individualistic society for solitary males. For chimpanzees, male
    chimpanzees have the tight individualistic society, while female chimpanzees have loose
    individualistic society. Female bonobos, on the other hand, have the tight collective
    society, while male bonobos have the loose individualistic society. Female bonobos as a
    group overpower male bonobos.

    23
    From of the perspective of acquisition instead of condition, the tight
    individualistic society can acquire resource and security better than the tight collective
    society, and the tight society acquire resource and security better than the loose society.
    On the other hand, from the perspective of the cost for individuals in terms of energy and
    time spend in intragroup interaction, the tight individualistic society is more costly than
    the tight collective society, and the tight society is more costly than the loose society.
    The social structure of non-human primates is the balance among condition, acquisition,
    and cost.

    Tight Tight Loose Loose


    individualistic collective individualistic collective
    Society society society society
    Condition 4 3 2 1 1 = under most abundant
    resource and security
    condition
    Acquisition 1 2 3 4 1 = acquire most resource
    and security
    Cost 4 3 2 1 1 = less costly for
    individuals in the
    intragroup interaction

    Humans, on the other hand, have tendency and capability for accumulation (greed) rather
    than mere survival and reproduction, so humans allow high cost for individuals, such as
    stress and anxiety.
    (3) The Degree of Openness (P-U)
    The additional social temperament is the harmonious temperament for
    harmonious connection that exists only in human that has the much larger prefrontal
    cortex responsible for the high openness in terms of Persistence-Updating in the
    personality system. The high openness allows the harmonious temperament to transcend
    yin-yang and passive-active. Consequently, the society with the harmonious
    temperament maximizes acquisition, and minimizes the cost for individuals in the
    intragroup interaction, resulting in the most successful society. However, the harmonious
    social group size has to be small. The description and the evolution of harmony
    temperament and harmonious society will be discussed in details in the next sections.
    The social temperament system consists of five different combinations of the
    factors in the personality system as in the following table.

    24
    The Social Temperaments Primate for Social Structures

    Social Temperaments Primate Social Characteristics Merrill-Reid


    yin (BNC ) -yang passive-active (introvert- Structures Temperaments
    (FDG) or extrovert) or flexible
    harmony (high Intragroup interaction
    openness) among basic social units
    yin passive the loose passive collective Amiable
    collective wellbeing
    society
    yang passive the loose passive Analytical
    individualistic individualistic
    society achievement
    yin active the tight active collective Expressive
    collective society wellbeing
    yang active the tight active Driver
    individualistic individualistic
    society achievement
    harmony flexible the harmonious harmonious
    society connection

    Merrill-Reid Temperaments The Yin Yang Social Temperament


    control emotion yang

    analytical driver yang passive yang active

    ask tell passive active


    amiable expressive yin passive yin active

    emote yin

    The social temperament system is similar to the Merrill-Reid social style theory25,
    consisting of amiable, expressive, analytical, and driver temperaments. According to the
    Merrill-Reid theory, the four temperaments are described below.
    • Amiable: Place a high priority on friendships, close relationships, and cooperative
    behavior. They appear to get involved in feelings and relations between people.
    • Expressive: Appear communicative, warm approachable and competitive. They
    involve other people with their feelings and thoughts.
    • Analytical: Live life according to facts, principles, logic and consistency. Often
    viewed as cold and detached but appear to be cooperative in their actions as long
    as they can have some freedom to organize their own efforts.
    • Driver: Give the impression that they know what they want, where they are going,
    and how to get there quickly.

    Amiable and Expressive have yin (female type) characteristic for collective
    wellbeing, while Analytical and Driver have yang (male type) characteristic for

    25
    individualistic achievement. Expressive and Driver are more active in interpersonal
    relations than Amiable and Driver. Merrill-Reid Temperaments do not include harmony.
    The amiable temperament in the Merrill-Rein theory corresponds to the yin passive
    temperament that involves and is keenly interested in the close relationship with people
    (yin) foe collective wellbeing. The expressive temperament corresponds to the yin active
    temperament that involves in both close relationships with people in the basic social unit
    and the intragroup in terms of group wellbeing in addition to basic collective wellbeing.
    The analytical temperament corresponds to the yang passive temperament that involves
    and is keenly interested in only systemizing task (yang) for individualistic achievement.
    The driver temperament corresponds to the yang active temperament that involves both
    the close relationships with people in the basic social unit and the intragroup in terms of
    group hierarchy in addition to basic individualistic achievement.

    2.2. The Human Instincts and the Yin Yang Temperaments

    The temperaments are derived from the human instincts. The human instincts
    include the humanized instincts and the dehumanized instincts. The humanized instincts
    are used originally involving human. The dehumanized instincts are used originally
    involving nonhuman. It is quite common among social animals to behave differently
    toward the animals of the same species and toward the animals of different species. For
    examples, cannibalism and the killing among the animals of the same species are rare in
    social animals even during the fighting among the animals of the same species. The
    fighting among the animals of the same species for the purpose of domination is often
    ritualistic without serious injure. The harms to the infant animals from the animals of the
    same species are infrequent. On the other hand, as predators, animals kill preys of
    different species without hesitation. As a prey, an animal makes a manipulative strategy
    to escape from a predator of different species. Animals make a clear distinction between
    the animals of different species and the animals of same species.
    The humanized instinct consists of the female-male instincts involving human.
    People possess all of the female-male instincts. The female instincts are in average
    stronger in women, while the male instincts are in average stronger in men. However, the
    overlap is large, so it is common for some men to have stronger female instincts, and for
    some women to have stronger male instincts. The female instincts include the bonding
    instinct to bond with other human and the nurturing instinct to nurture the love ones. The
    male instincts include the systemizing instinct to systemizing various objects into a
    system and the dominative instinct to have domination in social hierarchy.
    The dehumanized instincts involving nonhuman are the prey-predator instincts.
    The prey instincts include the freezing instinct to minimize the activity in the presence of
    strong nonhuman predator and the manipulative instinct to play tricks to a strong
    nonhuman predator for the protection of self and love ones. The predatory instincts
    include the addictive instinct to have obsession in terms of task and the predatory instinct
    to over-control a weak nonhuman prey.
    Such prey-predator instincts are for nonhuman, but in the large complicate
    civilized society where people relations are complicate, people misuse the prey-predator
    to subhuman that is defined as human who is treated as nonhuman. In an extreme case, a
    person regards all people as subhuman that activates the prey-predator instincts in the

    26
    person, resulting in mental disorders, such as depression, borderline personality disorder,
    obsession, and psychopath. The prey instincts closely relate to the female instincts, while
    the predatory instincts closely relate to the male instincts. The human temperaments are
    listed in the following table.

    The Positive Negative Yin Yang Temperaments

    Temperament POSITIVE YIN POSITIVE YANG


    Origin humanized female-male instincts involving human
    Description collective wellbeing in mostly people individual achievement in mostly task
    Perceived abundant resource and security deficient resource and security
    Condition
    Perceived offensive mechanism for connecting defensive mechanism for survival
    Mechanism people
    PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE
    Merrill-Reid amiable expressive analytical driver
    Instinct bonding nurturing systemizing dominative
    Behavior kindness nurturing discipline strength
    Role friend nurturer systemizer leader
    Idealized Self- loyalist peacemaker idealist hero
    Image

    NEGATIVE YIN NEGATIVE YANG


    Origin dehumanized prey-predator instincts involving subhuman
    Description cool manipulation in mostly people obsessive over-control in mostly task
    Perceived deficient resource and security abundant resource and security
    Condition
    Perceived defensive mechanism for protection offensive mechanism for hunting
    Mechanism
    PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE
    Merrill-Reid amiable expressive analytical driver
    Instinct freezing manipulative addiction predatory
    Behavior withdraw manipulation obsession over-control
    Role prey manipulator addict predator
    Idealized Self- loner strategist specialist master
    Image
    Mental depression borderline obsession psychopath
    Disorder personality
    disorder

    As in the table above, the positive yin temperament and the positive yang
    temperament are derived from the humanized female instinct and male instinct,
    respectively. The general description of the positive yin temperament from the female
    instincts is collective wellbeing in mostly people. The best perceived condition to have
    collective wellbeing is abundant resource and security. It is hard to have collective
    wellbeing under deficient resource and security. Under such abundant resource and
    security, the mechanism is the active offensive mechanism to connect with people instead
    of passively connecting with people. The general description of the positive yang
    temperament from the male instincts is individual achievement in mostly task. The best

    27
    perceived condition to have individual achievement is deficient resource and security.
    The deficient resource and security motivate an individual to achieve in order to survive
    and prosper. Under the deficient resource and security, the mechanism is passive
    defensive mechanism to achieve in order to survive and prosper.
    The positive yin passive temperament (amiable) involves and is keenly interested
    in close relationships with people, so the instinct is the bonding instinct. The
    corresponding behavior is kindness toward people. The role for the yin passive
    temperament is friend. A person with the role of friend can idealize (exaggerate) the role
    as loyalist.
    The positive yin active temperament (expressive) involves in both basic social
    unit and intragroup. The instinct is the nurturing instinct in addition to the bonding
    instinct. The nurturing instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The role for the yin
    active temperament is nurturer. A person with the role of nurturer can idealize in terms
    of exaggeration the role as peacemaker to provide the peaceful environment for nurturing
    all love ones.
    The positive yang passive temperament (analytical) involves and is keenly
    interested in only task. The instinct is the systemizing instinct for the intrinsic human
    capability and desire to make a system out of various objects. The corresponding
    behavior is discipline to follow a well-developed system. The role for the yang passive
    temperament is systemizer. A person with the role of systemizer can idealize in terms of
    exaggeration the role as idealist to have the idealistic system.
    The positive yang active temperament (driver) involves in the basic social unit
    and intragroup. The instinct is the dominative instinct in addition to the systemizing
    instinct. The dominative instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The corresponding
    behavior is mental and physical strength. The role for the yang active temperament is
    leader to provide the best (dominating) condition to survive and prosper. A person with
    the role of leader can idealize in terms of exaggeration the role as hero who will fight for
    survival and prosperity.
    As in the table, the negative yin temperament and the negative yang temperament
    are derived from the dehumanized prey instinct and predatory instinct, respectively. The
    general description of the negative yin temperament from the prey instincts is cool
    manipulation in mostly people. The perceived condition to have cool manipulation is
    deficient resource and security. Under the deficient resource and security, the mechanism
    is passive defensive mechanism to stay away and to manipulate in order to survive. The
    general description of the negative yang temperament from the predatory instincts is
    obsessive over-control in mostly task. The perceived condition to have obsessive over-
    control is abundant resource and security. Under such abundant resource and security,
    the mechanism is the active offensive mechanism to obsess and to over-control.
    The negative yin passive temperament is derived from the dehumanized prey
    instinct that is the freezing instinct to avoid the contact with strong subhuman predator as
    much as possible. The corresponding behavior is to withdraw (coolness) involving
    subhuman predator. It involves only subhuman. The role for the yin passive
    temperament is passive prey. A person with the role of passive prey can rationalize the
    role as loner to avoid detestable people. In the extreme case, the person can regard all
    people as subhuman predator, resulting in the destruction of the intrinsic brain structure

    28
    to distinguish human and nonhuman. The result of the extreme case is the mental
    disorder of depression.
    The negative yin active temperament is derived from the dehumanized prey
    instinct that is the manipulative instinct in addition to the freezing instinct. The
    corresponding behavior is manipulation involving subhuman predator. Manipulation can
    be very deceptive as the broken wing trick that a mother bird plays to lead a predator
    away from the baby birds. It is the origin of the asymmetrical warfare. It involves both
    subhuman and task needed to carry on manipulation. The role for the yin active
    temperament is manipulator. A person with the role of manipulator can rationalize the
    role as strategist to protect the person and the love ones from strong opponents. The
    result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of borderline personality disorder.
    People with borderline personality disorder frequently have unstable relationships,
    fly into rages inappropriately, or become depressed and cannot trust the actions and
    motives of other people26. In the study, directed by neuroscientist Brooks King-Casas27,
    people with borderline personality disorder played a "trust" game involving sending
    money and receiving money. They play the game while their brains are scanned by
    functional MRI. The fMRI shows areas of activities in parts of the brain during the game.
    In this study, in the normal people, a part of the brain showed activity that responded in
    direct proportion to the amount of money sent and the money received. However, in
    people with borderline personality disorder, that part of the brain responded only to
    sending the money, not to the money received. The interpretation in term of the prey-
    predator relation is that money represents resource. In a prey-predator relation, a prey
    wants to protect its resource by measuring how much resource (money) that it gives away.
    It does not expect any resource from a predator. There is no mutuality in the prey-
    predator relation. Most of people with borderline personality disorder are women.
    The negative yang passive temperament is derived from the dehumanized
    predator instinct that is the addictive instinct. The corresponding behavior is obsession to
    do a very specific task all the time. It involves only task. The task can be an obsessive
    professional task for excessive wealth or an obsessive hobby task for excessive adventure.
    The role for the yin passive temperament is addict. A person with the role of addict
    rationalizes the role as specialist. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of
    obsession.
    The negative yang active temperament is derived from the dehumanized predatory
    instinct that is the predatory instinct in addition to the additive instinct. The
    corresponding behavior is over-controlling of weak subhuman prey. It involves both task
    and subhuman prey. The role for the yin active temperament is predator to weak
    subhuman prey. A person with the role of predator can rationalize the role as master who
    controls an inferior person. The mental disorder in the extreme case is psychopath.
    People with psychopath are very egocentric individuals with no empathy for
    others, and they are incapable of feeling remorse or guilt. Psychopath is a combination of
    dominant and cold interpersonal characteristics Most of people with psychopath are men.
    In an fNRI study by neuroscientist Kent Kichl28, a certain part of the brain in criminal
    psychopaths showed much less activity in responses to emotional charged words like
    blood, sewer, hell, and rape than the normal people. It shows that psychopaths are
    relatively insensitive to the cruelty involving human.

    29
    2.3. The Harmonious Temperament and Society

    The yin temperaments in general require long social memory of the special
    features and behaviors of friends, nurturers, and the one to be nurtured. With the
    dominative instinct, the yang temperament produces dominance hierarchy. Yin (female)
    and yang (male) are distinctively different in the gender dichotomy.
    Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important
    to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free
    cooperation among the members of society. Cooperation is important in survival
    strategies as described by Axelrod and Hamilton's evolution of cooperation29. To find
    different strategies for cooperation, they devised the prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's
    dilemma refers to an imaginary situation in which two individuals are imprisoned and are
    accused of having cooperated to perform some crime. The two prisoners are held
    separately, and attempts are made to induce each one to implicate the other. If neither one
    does, both are set free. This is the cooperative strategy available to both prisoners. In
    order to tempt one or both to defect, each is told that a confession implicating the other
    will lead to his or her release and, as an added incentive, to a small reward. If both
    confess, each one is imprisoned. But if one individual implicated the other and not vice
    versa, then the implicated partner receives a harsher sentence than if each had implicated
    the other.
    Among all strategies, TIT FOR TAT is the best strategy. On the first move
    cooperate. On each succeeding move do what your opponent did the previous move.
    Thus, TIT FOR TAT was a strategy of cooperation based on reciprocity. From the
    further analysis of TIT FOR TAT, four features of TIT FOR TAT emerged:

    1. Never be the first to defect: indicate eager cooperate


    2. Retaliate only after your partner has defected: important to detect defection
    3. Be prepared to forgive after carrying out just one act of retaliation: minimum
    social memory
    4. Adopt this strategy only if the probability of meeting the same player again
    exceeds 2/3: essentially a strategy for a small social group.

    A distinctive character in TIT FOR TAT is eager cooperation as in the first


    feature above. It always cooperates first. Such eager cooperation has minimum social
    memory to forgive the past defection as in the third feature above. Such eager
    cooperation generates a large cohesive domain, resulting in the best strategy. However, if
    defection has no consequence as in a large group, TIT FOR TAT does not work as in the
    fourth feature above. TIT FOR TAT works only in a small group.
    In the yin and yang temperaments, the high social barrier from long social
    memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy excludes eager cooperation in TIT
    FOR TAT strategy. To carry out TIT FOR TAT strategy, the evolution of human
    temperament produced two additional new instincts. The two additional new instincts are
    the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct. The hyper friendly instinct allows
    human to cooperate eagerly, while the detective instinct allows human to detect defection.
    The combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct brings about the
    conscience instinct. The conscience instinct is the base for the harmonious temperament.

    30
    The following sections describe the hyper friendly instinct, the detective instinct, and the
    conscience instinct.
    The Harmonious Temperament

    Temperament HARMONY
    Description maximum eager cooperation without lie: harmonious connection (mutual empathy and
    empowerment)
    Instinct hyper friendly detective
    Behavior eager cooperation theory of mind
    Idealized Self-Image harmonist

    2.3.1. Eager Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct

    Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important
    to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free eager
    cooperation among the members of society. To promote eager social cooperation, it is
    necessary to minimize such social barrier. One way for the minimization is the hyper
    friendly instinct. Through the hyper friendly instinct, the hyper friendly act minimizes
    the social barrier. One example of the hyper friendly instinct is the frequent sexual
    activities among all members of bonobo social group30. The sexual activities can be
    between couples regardless of ages and genders. They do sexual contacts to greet, to
    avoid social conflicts, and to reconcile after conflicts. The hyper friendly act minimizes
    the social barrier, and enhances social cooperation. For an example, bonobos engage in
    sexual activities before eating to avoid conflict during eating. Comparing to chimpanzees,
    bonobos are much more peaceful and egalitarian because of this hyper friendly instinct.
    Another example of the hyper friendly instinct is expressed in very enthusiastic greeting
    from dogs. This hyper friendly instinct is inherited from wolfs that form highly
    cooperative society. The domestication of dog for thousands years has enhanced the
    hyper friendly instinct, resulting in the high cooperation between dog and human.
    In human, the hyper friendly instinct is expressed as language. Language as an
    instinct was proposed by experimental psychologist Steven Pinker 31 . The verbal
    communication minimizes effectively social barrier. Human learns language quickly and
    early. The human brain encourages language by rewarding language. For an example,
    the extremely hyper friendly people are the people with Williams Syndrome, which has
    unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. They have excellent
    verbal skills, superior and precocious musical ability, perfect pitch and a good memory
    for names and faces. Individuals with Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount
    of fear with non-social encounter. The highly developed human language instinct
    indicates the highly developed human hyper friendly instinct.

    2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct

    In the advanced stage of verbal communication, a verbal statement can express an


    event occurred elsewhere. Since the event occurs elsewhere, a listener has to determine
    if the expressed statement is a truth or a lie. The detective instinct for detecting a lie in a
    verbal statement is necessary for the advanced stage of verbal communication. The
    detective instinct is for subtle lie instead of conspicuous lie, which can be detected easily

    31
    without the new detective instinct. The neural network for the detective instinct is called
    the lie detection neural network. The neural network has been described by Hiram
    Brownell and Richard Griffin32 as the neural network for theory of mind. The network
    consists of the left brain, the right brain, and the prefrontal cortex as follows.
    The Lie Detection Neural Network

    left brain right brain

    expression statement 1 questionable internal alternative


    statement 1 statement 1

    prefrontal cortex

    statement 2 questionable internal alternative


    statement 2 statement 2

    prefrontal cortex

    repeat or conclusion

    When a speaker expresses a statement, which describes an event occurred


    elsewhere, the statement is registered in the right brain and the left brain. The left brain
    has greater cell density and the more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural
    messages, so the left brain can have a good copy of the statement consciously from the
    speaker. The right brain, in contrast, has more areas of "associative" with more white
    myelinated fibers for long distant neural message. In the right brain, instead of the exact
    copy, the statement becomes a questionable statement waiting to be verified. The
    questionable statement triggers automatically an internal alternative statement that relates
    the event occurred elsewhere. The association of the original statement and the
    alternative statement can be very weak. In the right brain, the questionable statement and
    the alternative statement coexist. The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting
    statements along with other information to determine the correct statement. The correct
    statement is realized by the left brain consciously as the statement 2. The statement 2 can
    undergo lie detection again or can become the conclusion.
    The reverse of the lie detection neural network is the lie making neural network as
    below.

    32
    The Lie Making Neural Network

    left brain right brain

    statement 1 changeable internal alternative


    statement 1 statement 1

    prefrontal cortex

    statement 2 Changeable internal alternative


    statement 2 statement 2

    prefrontal cortex

    expression repeat or conclusion

    In the lie making network, the statement 1 appears consciously in the left brain.
    The statement 1 becomes the changeable statement 1 in the right brain. The changeable
    statement in the right brain triggers automatically the internal alternative statement 1.
    The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting statements in the right brain to determine
    the appropriate statement, which is realized consciously in the left brain as the statement
    2. The statement 2 can undergo another lie making process or be the conclusion. The
    conclusion is then expressed.
    The lie detection neural network is for a subtle lie, and it is not needed for a
    conspicuous lie, which contradicts immediate observable evidences. Equally, a lie
    making neural network is for making a subtle lie, and it is not needed for making a
    conspicuous lie. Conspicuous lie can be detected and made in the left brain.
    The combination of the lie detection neural network and the lie making neural
    network brings about theory of mind that a person believes that the other people have the
    mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes.
    Automatic triggering of alternative statements in the right brain becomes the base
    for holistic thinking that requires a broad and non-obvious thinking. Automatic
    triggering of alternative statement in the left brain becomes the logical thinking that
    requires a narrow sequential thinking. The principle of humor is that subtlety in humor
    can be figured out by the right brain, not the left brain. When the subtlety is explained
    completely and logically by the left brain, the humor is no longer funny.
    Autism and schizophrenia are the two extremes in the detective instinct. Both of
    them have problems in bonding with people as indicated by that the people who have
    autism and schizophrenia are mostly men. Autism represents the inactive detective
    instinct, resulting in the theory of mind impaired33. People with schizophrenia have an
    overactive detective instinct. The prefrontal cortex is not able to sort out so many

    33
    ridiculous alternative statements, so people with schizophrenia also are not capable of
    subtle sensible deception. The deficiency in the detective distinct, however, can lead to
    the very logical mind, while the excess in the detective distinct can lead to very creative
    mind.
    2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct

    Theory of mind derived from the detective instinct is that a person believes that
    the other people have the mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes. The
    combination of the hyper friendly instinct and theory of mind derived from the detective
    instinct brings about the conscience instinct that is the instinct for maximum eager
    cooperation without lie that takes advantage of cooperation for selfish reason. People
    feel guilty about cooperation with lie, and feel other people should feel guilty about
    cooperation with lie. The conscience instinct as the self-regulation of cooperation results
    in maximum eager cooperation without lie, leading to harmonious connection (mutual
    empathy and empowerment). Mutual empathy is love, while mutual empowerment is
    diligence. The result is the harmonious temperament. The people with the harmonious
    temperament are harmonists. The society with the harmonious temperament is the
    harmonious society.
    The chart for the summary of the relationship between psychology in terms of
    personality and social temperament and social structure is as below.

    34
    PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES
    PSYCHOLOGY

    the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing

    PERSONALITY

    admission resolution socialization action openness


    (sensitivity- (distinctiveness– (bonding relation– (goal– (persistence–
    assertiveness) network) free relation) context) updating)

    • yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang


    (distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement)
    • passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) introgroup interaction
    • harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active

    the social instincts

    SOCIAL TEMPERAMENT

    yin passive yin active harmonious yang active yang passive


    temperament temperament temperament temperament temperament
    (amiable) (expressive) (driver) (analytical)
    bonding + nurturing + conscience instinct = dominative + systemizing +
    freezing manipulative hyper friendly instinct predatory addictive
    instincts instincts + detective instinct instincts instinct

    SOCIAL STRUCTURES
    the loose the tight collective the harmonious the tight the loose
    collective society society individualistic individualistic
    society society society

    35
    Part 2: Human Evolution
    Diverging from the peacemaking bonobo-like common ancestor, the early human
    ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest
    to hospitable woodland. Living in hospitable woodland, Early human ancestors were
    bipedal and harmonious. Feeding on fruits from bushes and low branches forced Ardi to
    walk on two legs often. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural
    communication from bipedal early human ancestors’ free hands coordinated individuals
    effectively. The improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the
    emergence of the harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp
    canine teeth for fighting.
    About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate resulted in
    the decrease of tree-density in forest. The decrease of tree-density decreased food
    resource and security for apes. The original ape was the orangutan-like common ancestor
    with the best food resource and security in dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape
    that has the loose social structure without the support of tight social group. The slight
    decrease of tree-density in forest by climate change caused the first split from the
    orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the
    second best food resource and security. It needed the support of the matriarch collective
    society for collective wellbeing to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking ape without the
    strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in some forests to
    become diverse forests caused the second split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to
    produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society for
    collective wellbeing with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for
    protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the
    bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free
    hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive in hospitable woodland.
    The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with
    the harmonious society. Human is the harmonious ape. Near the central Africa, the
    inhospitable woodland from further decrease in tree-density caused the fourth split from
    the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is the aggressive
    ape that has the patriarch individualistic society for individualistic achievement with
    individual and group aggression to survive in inhospitable woodland.
    During hominid evolution, the usage of tools and the successful harmonious
    society based on the conscience instinct (the combination of hyper friendliness and theory
    of mind) allowed the Homo to become highly successful species adaptable in diverse
    environments. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society.

    36
    3. Ape Evolution
    Early apes evolved during the Miocene epoch from 25 Ma (million years ago) to 5
    Ma. Miocene warming began 21 Ma allowed tropical forests to prevail in Eurasia and
    Africa. The early ancestors of apes migrated to Eurasia from Africa about 17 Ma. Apes
    evolved in Eurasia. Miocene warming continued until 14 Ma, when global temperatures
    took a sharp drop. As a result, some apes migrated south into tropical forests in Africa. By
    8 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply once again. Consequently, apes became extinct except
    in tropical forests in Southeast Asia and Africa. In Africa, the climate got even cooler and
    dryer and the forest patches shrank. By the end of the Miocene, East Africa had become
    mostly open grassland. About 2 Ma, a significant drying occurred in Africa.
    Cooling and drying cause the change in the density and type of trees in forest and the
    changes from forest to woodland, grassland, and desert. The difference between woodland
    and dense forest is in the canopy. Forest trees are tall and dense enough to hide most of the
    sky, while woodland trees are sparse enough for the sky to be visible and grass and brush to
    grow on the ground. Grassland has tall grass with few trees. Eventually, tropical forests are
    limited to a tight band around the equator. The original apes were arboreal animals in dense
    forest, adapting to life in the trees in dense forest that provided both food resource and
    security. Different apes evolved to adapt to the changes in environments.
    The family Hominidae (great apes) includes five apes: orangutans, bonobos,
    gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The most recent common ancestor of the Hominidae
    lived some 13 Ma, when the ancestors of the orangutans by the analysis of DNA diverged
    from the ancestors of the other four apes, which are in the subfamily Homininae. About
    7 Ma, the ancestors of gorillas diverged from the ancestors of the three other apes, which
    are in the tribe Hominin. About 6 Ma, the ancestors of humans diverged from the other
    two apes, which are in the genus Pan. About 2 Ma, bonobos and chimpanzees diverged.
    The divergences in DNA coincide with the significant changes in climate.

    3.1. The Original Ape: the solitary ape

    The original great ape existed before 13 Ma, when the warm and wet climate
    allowed tropical forest to prevail in Eurasia. It was the orangutan-like common ancestor
    with the best food resource and security from dense forest. The orangutan-like common
    ancestor did not migrate to Africa. Apes evolved a new way of moving around in the trees –
    brachiation that is arm-over-arm swinging from one branch to another. Brachiation evolved
    as a way to get at fruits that were at the very tips of branches. This allows apes to get at
    fruits that a monkey cannot reach. Apes have larger brains than monkeys. Gestural
    communication is virtually limited to great apes.
    As the orangutan-like common ancestor, current orangutan is the solitary ape that
    has the loose social structure without the need of the support of tight social group. They are
    currently found only in rainforests on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Orangutan is the
    largest arboreal animals in forest, adapting to life in the trees in dense forest that provides
    both food resource and security. Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes,
    spending nearly all of their time in the trees. Every night they fashion sleeping nests from
    branches and foliage. They are more solitary than other apes; males and females generally

    37
    come together only to mate. There is significant sexual dimorphism. Orangutans primarily
    eat fruit.

    3.2. The First Split: the peacemaking ape

    The Miocene warming began 21 Ma and continued until 14 Ma, when global
    temperatures took a sharp drop. About 13 Ma, the slight decrease in of tree-density in
    forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to
    produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security.
    It was necessary to have the support of social group for the procurement of food and for
    protection in this environment. With the support of social group, food and security posted
    no serious problems without the strong need to fight for food in a social group. As a result,
    as the bonobo-like common ancestor, bonobo is the peacemaking ape that has the matriarch
    collective society for collective wellbeing. Bonobos are now found in the wild only in the
    dense tropical forest south of the Congo River. Genetically modern bonobo is exactly as
    close to modern human as modern chimpanzee.
    For peacemaking, bonobo has “hyper friendliness” as shown in the frequent sexual
    activities among all members of bonobo social group34. The sexual activities can be
    between couples regardless of ages and genders. They do sexual contacts to greet, to
    avoid social conflicts, and to reconcile after conflicts. The hyper friendly act minimizes
    the social barrier, and enhances social cooperation. For an example, bonobos engage in
    sexual activities before eating to avoid conflict during eating. On the other hand, De
    Waal pointed out that 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos have plenty of conflicts.
    There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony.
    Bonobo walks upright approximately 25% of the time during ground locomotion. Its
    quadrupedal ground locomotion generally is characterized by forelimb 'palm walking',
    similar to orangutans and in contrast to the predominant use of knuckles as characteristic of
    gorillas and the chimpanzees. Like human, bonobo has relatively small canines. These
    physical characteristics and its posture, give bonobo an appearance more closely resembling
    humans than that of chimpanzee.

    3.3. The Second Split: the loyal ape

    By 8 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply once again. The further decrease in tree-
    density in some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the
    bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla in diverse forests in about 7 Ma. In some
    regions in Africa, dense forest turned into diverse forest with various tree-densities. Gorilla
    is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society for collective wellbeing with strong
    loyalty to the dominatingly large male leader for protection.
    Gorillas are the largest of the living primates. Instead of relying trees for protection,
    gorillas rely on their physical sizes for protection. Relying on physical size for protection
    was adaptable to diverse forests with various tree-densities. Large gorillas could not climb
    trees easily, so gorillas were ground-dwelling. Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking.
    Gorillas are shy and peaceful vegetarians. Diverging from the bonobo-like common
    ancestors, early gorillas ancestors were basically the dominatingly large bonobos. Gorillas
    today live in tropical or subtropical forests in different parts of Africa.

    38
    In social group, a silverback is the strong, dominant troop leader. He typically leads
    a troop (group size ranges from 5 to 30) and is in the center of the troop's attention, making
    all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining the movements of the group, leading the
    others to feeding sites and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop.
    All members of a social group are loyal to the dominatingly large silverback.

    3.4. The Third Split: the harmonious ape

    The progressive drying and cooling turned parts of forests in Africa into woodlands.
    The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like common ancestor
    to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the improvement in
    gestural communication to survive in hospitable woodland. Early human ancestors were
    basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable
    woodland. Free hands from bipedalism allowed continuous gestural communication
    during walking. The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious
    society. Human was the harmonious ape.
    Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) 35, the oldest human skeleton discovered, lived in 4.4
    Ma. Similar to other apes, Ardi's skull encased a small brain – 300 to 350 cc. Ardi’s feet
    had a stout opposable big toe for climbing trees. She lived in grassy woodland with patches
    of denser forest and freshwater springs. Woodland allowed increasingly amount of food
    from bushes and low branches, which could be seen and reached from the ground.
    Chimpanzees today move on two legs most often when feeding on the ground from
    bushes and low branches. In the same way, feeding on fruits from bushes and low
    branches, Ardi moved on two legs often. When chimpanzees today are under duress from
    a poor fruit season, they break up into smaller foraging units that scour the environment
    more thoroughly. In the same way, Ardi and the members of her social group fanned out
    to find food. Individuals could communicate with one another by vocal/gestural
    communication. Bipedal Ardi’s free hands allowed individuals from the searching group
    to communicate continuously and precisely during walking. (Without bipedalism, apes
    cannot walk and do gestural communication at the same time continuously.) Such
    effective coordination by vocal/gestural communication allowed them to find food
    efficiently. The effective coordination also allowed them effectively escaping from
    predators.
    They climbed trees mostly at night, for high branch fruits, and for safety. The
    tree-density was high enough, so they had easy access to trees to escape from predators,
    and did not need the rapid movement of quadrupedal locomotion, such as knuckle
    walking, to escape from predators. This initial woodland habitat was quite hospitable for
    early bipedal hominid. Bipedalism might possibly happen in a number of locations with
    similar hospitable woodland environment. Early human ancestors were basically bipedal
    bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland.
    Gorillas did not develop bipedalism, because instead of searching for high quality
    food, such as fruits, gorillas today eat abundant low quality foods such as leaves, when
    high quality is not readily available. Gorillas today do not break up into smaller foraging
    units that scour the environment more thoroughly. As seen later, chimpanzees did not
    develop bipedalism, because they needed knuckle walking to escape from predators and
    for the large foraging ranges in inhospitable woodland as the initial habitat. In

    39
    inhospitable woodland, bipedal walking initially was not fast enough to escape from
    predators, and initially was not efficient enough for the large foraging ranges to survive.
    The continuous gestural communication allowed improved explanation gestural
    communication for improving mutual understanding and the improved cooperative
    gestural communication for establishing elaborate social rules. The improvement in
    communication reduced conflicts by the improvement of understanding among them and
    the establishment of some elaborate social rules.
    The primitive gestural communication emerged first involved the primitive natural
    gestures of pointing and pantomiming. Such primitive gestural communication did not
    require the large expansion of the brain. What robust vocal/facial/gestural
    communication needed was pleasure connecting with vocal/facial/gestural
    communication. For bonobos, hyper friendliness for peacemaking is expressed by causal
    sexual contact that gives them pleasure. Unlike other apes, humans, including babies,
    enjoy gestural/facial/vocal communication, such as dancing, singing, and talking. The
    pleasurable vocal/facial/gestural communication of early human ancestors gradually
    replaced pleasurable casual sexual contact of the bonobo-like common ancestors as
    pleasurable way to bond with one another. By the time of Ardi, pleasurable causal sexual
    contact disappeared, and replaced by pleasurable vocal/facial/gestural communication.
    Instead of group sex for peacemaking, human ancestors, like Ardi, had group dancing and
    group singing for peacemaking. The disappearance of casual sexual contact allowed
    human ancestors to develop monogamy for pair bonding. Communication became not
    only useful but also pleasurable. Communication became frequent. Communication
    became sharing information both related and unrelated physical needs. The human
    ancestors, like Ardi, evolved from the merely peacemaking bonobo-like common
    ancestors to the harmonious hominids as shown in the absence of large sharp canine teeth
    (fangs) for fighting. Other apes, particularly males, have thick, projecting, sharp canines
    that they use for displays of aggression and as weapons to defend themselves. Such
    harmonious coherent social group improved its ability to find and collect food and to fend
    off predators, resulting in improved chance for survival in woodland.
    The human ancestors inherited good gestural communication from the bonobo-
    like common ancestors as shown by Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal in “Ape Gestures
    and Language Evolution” 36 . Gestural communication is virtually limited to the
    Hominoidea (great apes). Chimpanzees beg other chimpanzees for food by approaching
    them with open hands. Gestures seem less closely tied to specific emotions, hence they
    permit greater cortical control than other forms of communication. They compared
    bonobos and chimpanzees. They found that facial/vocal displays were used very
    similarly by both ape species, but bonobos showed greater flexibility in gestural
    communication than chimpanzees and were also the only species in which multimodal
    communication (i.e., combinations of gestures and facial/vocal signals) added to
    behavioral impact on the recipient. The bonobos' variable gestural repertoire and high
    responsiveness to combinatorial signaling indicate that the human ancestors came from
    the bonobo-like common ancestors. The development of free hands for the improvement
    of gestural communication was a natural extension of the gestural communication from
    the bonobo-like common ancestors.
    The connection between human communication and human cooperative
    infrastructure is shown by Michael Tomasello in “Origins of Human Communication” 37

    40
    Tomasello proposes that the most fundamental aspects of uniquely human
    communication are biological adaptations for cooperative social interaction. The
    cooperative infrastructure in human hominid ancestors was inherited from the bonobo-
    like common ancestors who were the peacemaking apes. Gestural communication by
    free hands from bipedalism improved greatly such cooperative infrastructure. No other
    animals develop such human-like communication.
    Gestural communication served as a stepping stone for the evolution of human
    symbolic communication. Gesture production in humans is so automatic that it is
    relatively immune to audience effects: blind subjects gesture at equal rates as sighted
    subjects to a known blind audience. Gestural communication as gestural language is the
    predecessor of spoken language38. The generally right-handed dominant hominid caused
    the development of the gestural language area (Broca’s area) in the left-brain that eventually
    developed into the part for the spoken language later. In the study by Hickok, Bellugi and
    Klima39 , the impairment for sign language patients was identical with that of speaking
    patients. At the hemispheric level the neural organization of sign language is
    indistinguishable from that of spoken language.

    3.5. The Fourth Split: the aggressive ape

    Near the central Africa about 2 million years ago, the inhospitable woodland from
    the further decrease in tree-density caused the fourth split from the bonobo-like common
    ancestor to produce chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the patriarch
    individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive in inhospitable
    woodland. The initial tree-density in the initial habitat of chimpanzees was the lowest
    among the five apes.
    Anatomical differences between chimpanzee and bonobo are slight, but in sexual
    and social behaviors there are marked differences. Bonobos live in the tropical rain forests
    with relatively sufficient food and security. Chimpanzees live in the tropical woodland
    savannah around the equatorial portion of Africa. Chimpanzees travel around 3 miles a day
    for food and water, whereas bonobos have hardly been noted to travel more than 1.5 or 2
    miles a day. Individual and group aggression of male chimpanzees became the mean to
    survive in such inhospitable woodland. Chimpanzees cannot abandon quadrupedal
    locomotion and its speed advantages because of their large foraging ranges and
    susceptibility to predation. Diverging from the bonobo-like common ancestors, early
    chimpanzee ancestors were basically the aggressive bonobos whose habitat changed from
    hospitable forest to inhospitable woodland.
    Chimpanzees have the patriarch individualistic society with the competitive
    hierarchy. Primatologist Frans de Waal described male chimpanzees in Chimpanzee
    Politics40. The male chimpanzees fight to be the number one. A leader is under constant
    challenge. A leader is deposed after the other male chimpanzees have formed alliance
    and ganged up against the leader. In the wild, male chimpanzees are extraordinarily
    hostile to males from outside of the social group. Male patrolling chimpanzees attack and
    often kill the neighboring male chimpanzee outsider who might be traveling alone. On
    the contrary, bonobo males or females prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation
    with outsiders.

    41
    In summary, the decrease of tree-density of dense forest in Africa by climate
    change generated the environments for ape evolution. The decrease of tree-density
    decreased food resource and security for apes. The orangutan-like common ancestors
    had the best food resource and security in dense forest. The bonobo-like common
    ancestors compensated the decreased food resource and security from the decreased tree-
    density with the support of the peacemaking social group. Gorilla compensated the
    further decreased food resource and security by following dominatingly large male leader
    for protection. Humans compensated the further decreased food resource and security
    with improved gestural communication by free hands from bipedalism. Chimpanzees
    compensated the further decreased food resource and security with individual and group
    aggression of male chimpanzees. Each species of apes made its initial niche divergence
    from the previous species to fit its initial environment. Each species stays the same,
    continues to evolve, diverges, or becomes extinct in the subsequent environment.
    The diagram and the table of ape evolution and social structures are listed below.
    Ape Evolution and Social Structures
    orangutan-like common ancestor (loose society)
    13 million years ago (Ma) Family Hominidae

    orangutan (loose society) bonobo-like common ancestor (matriarch collective)


    Subfamily Homininae
    7 Ma
    Tribe Hominin
    gorilla (patriarch collective society)
    6 Ma

    human (harmonious society) Genus Pan


    2 Ma

    chimpanzee (patriarch individualistic society) bonobo (matriarch collective society)

    Ape Evolution

    History Initial Habitat Characteristic Social Structure


    (1 = best food resource and
    security)
    Orangutan the original ape dense forest/tree the solitary ape loose society
    (> 13 Ma) (1)
    Bonobo the first split dense forest/tree the peacemaking matriarch collective
    ( 13 Ma) (2) ape society
    Gorilla the second split diverse forest/ground the loyal ape patriarch collective
    ( 7 Ma) (3) society
    Human the third split (6 hospitable woodland/ground the harmonious harmonious society
    Ma) (4) ape
    Chimpanzee the fourth split Inhospitable woodland/tree the aggressive ape patriarch
    (2 Ma) (5) individualistic society

    42
    4. Hominid Evolution
    Human is Homo sapiens, which is the only non-extinct species of hominids.
    Hominid evolution started from woodland in Africa. From 6 Ma to 2 Ma, the drier and
    cooler climate progressed slowly. By around 6 Ma to 2 Ma in Africa, an apelike species
    had evolved with two important traits that distinguished it from apes: (1) bipedalism and (2)
    small canine teeth.
    The two most complete skeletons for early hominids are Ardi and Lucy
    (Australopithecus afarensis) 41. Ardi (45% complete skeleton) is estimated to be 4.4 million
    years ago. (Similar to other apes, Ardi's skull encased a small brain – 300 to 350 cc.) She
    lived in grassy woodland with patches of denser forest and freshwater springs. The further
    decrease in temperature and rain decreased food resource and security as shown in Lucy
    (40% complete skeleton) in 3.2 million years ago. (The brain size is 450-530cc.) The
    environmental pressure led to the small expansion of the brain as shown in the larger brain
    in Lucy than in Ardi.
    After about 2.8 Ma, in East Africa east of the African Rift System, the
    environment pressure came from the climate fluctuation and significant drying. During
    this period, parts of forest and woodland turned to grassland. Without the protection of
    forest, the bipedal hominid in the open grassland faced predators from both large dangerous
    animals 42 and intense inter-group competition. The climate fluctuation and open grassland
    forced hominids to evolve quickly in terms of the brain size to thrive in diverse
    environments including forests, woodlands, and grassland savannas. It involved the
    usage of tools and the emergence of the highly efficient cooperative harmonious society
    based on the conscience instinct as the combination of hyper friendliness and theory of
    mind for social cooperation. The usage of tools and the highly efficient cooperative
    harmonious society allowed human to thrive in diverse environments.
    With bipedalism, the walking hands turned into free hands that allowed the potential
    for many usages. For the Australopithecines, the usage is gestural language to improve
    communication for survival as discussed previously. The brain size was only slightly larger
    than other apes.
    In the next 2 million years, the Australopithecine evolved into the Homo with larger
    brain than its predecessor. The next most significant gradual change of hominid evolution is
    the conversion of free hands into manipulative hands with precision grip resulting in the
    acquisition of tool-use and making. The most primitive stone tool-use hominid family is
    Homo habilis in about 2.2-1.6 Ma. (The brain size is 750-850cc.) Because tool-use and
    making required thinking and precision manipulation, the competitive advantage of the tool-
    use and making resulted in the rapid expansion of the brain for tool-use and making. The
    use of tools allowed hominids to hunt and butcher animals which provided the nutrients for
    the brain.
    Eventually, (1.9-0.1 Ma), Homo erectus had not only perfected stone tools
    considerably but had also learned how to control and use fire. (Homo habilis and Homo
    erectus coexisted. The brain size is 1000-1250 cc.) The hearth for fire and the gathering for
    cooperative tool manufacture promoted the development of social organization. The
    competitive advantage of social organization resulted in the rapid development of spoken
    language to aid gestural language in the same area of the brain. The bone structures of
    Homo erectus showed signs for commanding speech. For speech, Homo erectus had a

    43
    larynx with an equivalent position to that of an 8-year-old modern child 43. Both brain-size
    and the presence of the Broca's area also support the use of articulate language44.
    The competitive advantage of the spoken language led to theory of mind as
    mentioned before. Ardi already had vocal/facial/gestural communication as hyper
    friendliness. The combination of hyper friendliness and theory of mind from theory of mind
    led to the conscience instinct that is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The
    temperament is the harmonious temperament in the harmonious society. Homo erectus was
    probably the first hominid to live in small, familiar band-societies similar to modern hunter-
    gatherer band-societies45.
    Language alone cannot solve all social conflicts to achieve maximum eager
    cooperation without lie, so it is necessary to control social conflicts by will. The social
    behaviors were still affected greatly by the instincts from the old non-harmonious
    temperaments that hinder frequently maximum eager cooperation without lie. The
    competitive advantage of the harmonious society (TIT FOR TAT strategy as the best
    strategy) resulted in the expansion of the prefrontal cortex to control the non-harmonious
    instincts. As the brain had tripled in size during human evolution, the prefrontal cortex
    had increased in size six fold. The prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger
    percentage of the brain than any other animal. Adult humans with injure in the prefrontal
    cortex know what to do for socialization, but do not have the will to do for socialization.
    Therefore, the conscience instinct can be divided into the conscience intelligence for the
    knowledge of socialization and the conscience will to control the non-harmonious
    instincts to achieve maximum eager cooperation without lie. A large part of the
    prefrontal cortex is for the conscience will connecting emotion and instinct areas in the
    brain.
    The competitive advantage of the harmonious society filtered out the less
    harmonious people and social groups (trouble makers) who were marginalized or forced
    to move out of the harmonious society. The remaining people with the harmonious
    temperament continued to evolve into even more harmonious temperament, and the less
    harmonious people and groups continued to be marginalized or move out. The
    technological and social 46 selections generated the unusually fast evolution of the
    hominid brain. Eventually, the most technologically advanced and harmonious hominid,
    Homo sapiens, emerged in Africa where the harmonious society originated. This social
    movement follows exactly the outcome for the TIT FOR TAT strategy as the best
    strategy to defeat all other strategies. The earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia were
    dated to be about 200,000 years old. (The brain size is 1,350 cc.) The brain of Homo
    sapiens reaches the maximum efficiency in terms of size and complexity. Any additional
    size and complexity to achieve higher harmonious temperament are counter-productive47,
    so Homo sapiens have the maximum harmonious temperament rather than the ideal
    harmonious temperament.
    The genetic psychological reinforcement of the harmonious temperament is
    achieved by both the positive good feeling in practicing the harmonious temperament and
    the negative bad feeling in violating conscience for the harmonious temperament. For the
    detection instinct in conscience, the automatic emergence of shame and uneasiness in
    lying is the negative bad feeling in violating conscience. Such bad feeling of lying moves
    people toward honesty. For hyper friendliness in conscience, the automatic emergence of
    miserable feeling in loneliness steers people toward social connection. Psychologist John

    44
    Cacippo 48 finds that prolonged loneliness can be as harmful to health as smoking or
    obesity. Since conscience involves significantly the prefrontal cortex, loneliness impairs
    the performance of the prefrontal cortex, such as in logical reasoning49. Such harmful
    and miserable effect of loneliness indicates the strong preference of social connection
    through the harmonious connection in a social group for our primitive ancestors.
    In summary, walking hands turned into free hands by bipedalism. Free hands
    allowed improved gestural language that became the expression of hyper friendliness.
    Such evolution took place in woodland without the requirement of additional brain
    expansion for intelligence. In the highly impoverished and insecure open grassland, the
    brain started to expand as free hands evolved into manipulative hands to make improved
    tools. The appearance of very useful spoken language greatly accelerated the expansion
    of the brain. The spoken language became the expression of theory of mind as theory of
    mind that exists only in human. The combination of hyper friendliness and theory of
    mind resulted in the conscience instinct. The enhanced conscience instinct came from the
    expansion of the prefrontal cortex to control the non-harmonious instincts. Hominid
    evolution is the evolution of the conscience instinct.
    Hominid evolution as the evolution of the conscience instinct is as follows.

    Hominid Evolution: The Evolution of the Conscience Instinct


    walking hands (bonobo-like common ancestor)
    bipedalism
    free hands for gestural language as hyper friendliness
    (non-Homo hominids 6-1 Ma)

    manipulative hands for tool (Homo habilis 2.2-1.6 Ma)

    speech for theory of mind (Homo erectus 1.9-0.1 Ma)

    hyper friendliness theory of mind (detective instinct)

    conscience instinct
    extra prefrontal cortex
    enhanced conscience instinct (Homo sapiens <0.2 Ma)

    conscience intelligence conscience will

    The prehistoric harmonious hunter-gatherer society as maximum eager


    cooperation without lie was egalitarian, democratic, and peaceful. The prehistoric
    hunter-gatherers were averaged 6 inches taller than agricultural peoples up to 100 years
    ago. Each person lived adequately. Today, we are now as tall as we once were. The

    45
    prehistoric hunter-gatherer society may be similar to the modern Bushman in African’s
    Kalahari Desert as described by Marshall Sahlins’ “The Original Affluent Society” 50 .
    The hunter-gatherer society in small groups (about 20-35 people) adjusts its daily needs
    and desires with what is available to them. The period between childbirths is four to five
    years by the long prolonged lactation, so the population growth is very slow. Available
    food is actually fairly adequate for their modest need without population pressure.
    Without material accumulation, they work only for daily needs, so only the able-bodied
    work no more than 19 hours only a week, and 40% of people do not need to work.
    Without clear property lines, they welcome all visitors. They do not have to permanently
    stay in one social group.
    A great deal of evidence suggests that the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was
    much less war-like than later peoples. Archaeological studies throughout the world have
    found hardly any evidence of warfare the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society51. Many of
    the world’s cultures have myths that refer to an earlier time when life was the balance
    way of social life. In ancient Greece and Rome this was known as the Golden Age; in
    China it was the Age of Perfect Virtue, in India it was the Krita Yuga (Perfect Age),
    while the Judeo-Christian tradition has the story of the Garden of Eden52. The prehistoric
    hunter-gatherer society is the prehistoric harmonious society.
    The Neolithic Revolution as the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to
    the cultivated crops and domesticated animals for their subsistence was first adopted by
    various independent prehistoric human societies about 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic
    Revolution may be caused by climatic change from the retreat of the glaciers at the end of
    the last Ice Age at about 12,000 BC. These climatic shifts prompted the migration of
    many big game animals to new pasturelands in northern areas. They left a dwindling
    supply of game for human hunters in areas such as the Middle East. Climatic shifts also
    led to changes in the distribution and growing patterns of wild grains and other crops on
    which hunters and gatherers depended. These changes forced people to systematic
    cultivation of plants and domestication of animals as the supplement for the
    undependable source of food by gathering and hunting. As cultivated crops and
    domesticated animals improved, people depended on cultivated crops and domesticated
    animals as the main food source.
    The agricultural-nomad society resulted from the Neolithic Revolution had large
    social group. Because one of the rules for TIT FOR TAT is the probability of meeting
    the same player again exceeds 2/3, the large size social group does not allow TIT FOR
    TAT strategy for the harmonious society. TIT FOR TAT is essentially a strategy for a
    small social group, like the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society. The agricultural society
    with large size social group forced the society moving away from the original
    harmonious society that had small social group53.

    46
    5. Summary
    The original human ancestors were basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat
    changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland. Feeding on fruits from bushes
    and low branches in woodland forced Ardi to walk on two legs often. Living in
    hospitable woodland, Ardi, the oldest human skeleton discovered, was bipedal and
    harmonious. When a group fanned out to find food, the continuous gestural
    communication from bipedal Ardi’s free hands coordinated individuals effectively. The
    improvement of gestural communication led eventually to the emergence of the
    harmonious temperament as indicated by the absence of large sharp canine teeth for
    fighting. Human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution, is explained
    by the social temperaments.
    The three basic human temperaments consist of yin, yang, and harmony for
    feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious
    connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament that transcends yin yang and
    exists only in humans is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The three human
    temperaments result in the three-branch society of the collective, the individualistic, and
    the harmonious societies. The origin of the human temperaments is explained by human
    evolution.
    About 14 millions years ago, the progressively drier and cooler climate in
    different areas of Africa resulted in the differential decrease of tree-density in forest. The
    decrease of tree-density decreased food resource and security for apes. The original ape
    was the orangutan-like common ancestor with the best food resource and security in
    dense forest. Orangutan is the solitary ape that has the loose social structure without the
    support of tight social group. The slight decrease of tree-density in forest by climate
    change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to produce the
    bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security. It needed
    the support of the matriarch collective society to survive. Bonobo is the peacemaking
    ape without the strong need to fight for food. The further decrease in tree-density in
    some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the bonobo-like
    common ancestor to produce gorilla. Gorilla is the loyal ape that has the patriarch
    collective society with strong loyalty to their dominatingly large male leader for
    protection to survive. The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the
    bonobo-like common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free
    hands for the improvement in gestural communication to survive. The improvement in
    communication led eventually to the harmonious temperament with the harmonious
    society. Near the central Africa, the further decreased in tree-density caused the fourth
    split from the bonobo-like common ancestor to produce chimpanzee whose initial habitat
    had the lowest tree-density among the five apes. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that
    has the patriarch individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive.
    Hominid evolution involves the evolution of the conscience instinct for the harmonious
    temperament. The prehistoric human society was the harmonious hunter-gatherer society.
    The Neolithic Revolution generated the inevitably large civilized social group of the
    agricultural-nomad society that destroyed the prehistoric harmonious society that was
    suitable for small social group.

    47
    6. Reference
    Email address: einsnewt@yahoo.com
    Website (download all books): http://sites.google.com/site/einsnewt/
    Books list: http://www.scribd.com/einsnewt

    1 Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
    2 Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differing (Palo Alto: CPP, 1993)
    3 Carl Jung, V6, Psychological Types (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955)
    4 Insel, T., Winslow, J., Wang, Z., & Young, L. (1998). In H. Zingg, C. Bourque, & D. Bichet (Eds.),
    Vasopressin and Oxytocin: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Advances (pp. 215-230). New York:
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