IV JORNADAS DE SIG LIBRE

Desarrollo de herramientas aplicadas a la

ingeniera civil la topogra!a en gvSIG"
A. Anguix Alfaro
(1)
y G. Carrin Rico
(2)
(1)
IVER. Asociacin gvSIG, C./ Lrida, 20, 400! Va"#ncia, a"varo.ang$i%&iv#r.#s
(2)
Cons#""#ria d# In'ra#s(r$c($ras ) *rans+or(# d# G#n#ra"i(a( d# "a Co,$ni(a( Va"#nciana, Av.
-"asco I./0#1, 20, 4010 Va"#ncia, carrion3ga.&gva.#s.
RES#$EN
El papel que juega la informtica e fun!amental en la rea !e la
topograf"a y la ingenier"a ci#il. $o!a nue#a infraetructura o mo!ificacin
!e una exitente requiere !e tra%ajo topogrfico pre#io& tanto para conocer
la reali!a! como para plantear la mo!ificacione a eta' en uno y otro
cao la (erramienta informtica juega un papel fun!amental.
En el eno !e la Conelleria !e )nfraetructura y $ranporte e (an i!o
utili*an!o !itinta (erramienta relati#a a la topograf"a y la ingenier"a
ci#il& to!a ella caracteri*a!a por er oft+are con licencia pri#ati#a.
,entro !el proceo !e migracin a oft+are li%re !e la Conelleria&
!enomina!o g#-onti& e (acia neceario !earrollar la (erramienta
necearia relati#a al rea !e la topograf"a e ingenier"a ci#il. Ete tipo !e
aplicacione& pee a tener un claro carcter cartogrfico& (itricamente
no tienen una orientacin .)G.
.ien!o g#.)G una aplicacin orienta!a a !ar er#icio a la necei!a!e
relati#a a informacin geogrfica& que !ipone !e una gran #arie!a! !e
funcionali!a!e para el anlii !el territorio y el tratamiento !e
cartograf"a& e (a inicia!o el proyecto !e !earrollar (erramienta !e
ingenier"a ci#il como parte integra!a !e g#.)G.
/a principale (erramienta a !earrollar incluyen la propia para el
manejo !e !ato topogrfico y principalmente la necearia para la
creacin y el tra%ajo con mo!elo !igitale !el terreno (l"nea !e rotura&
rea #ac"a& generacin !e malla !e tringulo& generacin !e cur#a!o&
etc.)& a%rien!o a" una nue#a rea !e aplicacin !e g#.)G.
%ala&ras clave' .)G& oft+are li%re& Girona& g#.)G& topograf"a& ingenier"a
ci#il& 0,$& $)1& Cur#a!o.
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
IN*ROD#++I,N
La (o+ogra'?a #s "a ci#ncia @$# #s($dia #" con;$n(o d# +rinci+ios ) +roc#di,i#n(os
@$# (i#n#n +or o.;#(o "a r#+r#s#n(acin gr/'ica d# "a s$+#r'ici# d# "a *i#rra, con s$s
'or,as ) d#(a""#s, (an(o na($ra"#s co,o ar(i'icia"#s.
E" o.;#(ivo d# "a (o+ogra'?a, +or (an(o, #s +"as,ar #n $na car(ogra'?a "a r#a"idad
vis(a #n ca,+oA #n #" /,.i(o r$ra" o na($ra", d# "a s$+#r'ici# (#rr#s(r#A #n #" /,.i(o
$r.ano, #s "a d#scri+cin d# "os <#c<os #%is(#n(#s #n $n "$gar d#(#r,inado= ,$ros,
#di'icios o ca""#s, #n(r# o(ros. Los +$n(os r#co+i"ados +or (cnicas (o+ogr/'icas (i#n#n
$n va"or (ridi,#nsiona"A #s d#cir, s# d#(#r,ina "a $.icacin d# cada +$n(o #n #" +"ano
<ori1on(a" (d# dos di,#nsion#s) ) #n a"($ra ((#rc#ra di,#nsin).
Los (ra.a;os (o+ogr/'icos (i#n#n dos ac(ividad#s +rinci+a"#s=
L"#var B#" (#rr#no a" ga.in#(#B= ,#dian(# "a ,#dicin #n (#rr#no o
"#van(a,i#n(o, s$ arc<ivo #n #" ins(r$,#n(a" #"#c(rnico +#r(in#n(# (G4S,
#s(acin (o(a", niv#") ) "$#go s$ #dicin ) an/"isis ,#dian(# a+"icacion#s
in'or,/(icas.
L"#var B#" ga.in#(# a" (#rr#noB= ,#dian(# #" r#+"an(#o +or #" ca,ino inv#rso,
d#sd# $n +ro)#c(o in'or,/(ico a "a $.icacin d#" ,is,o ,#dian(# +$n(os so.r#
#" (#rr#no.
Las +rinci+a"#s a+"icacion#s d# "a (o+ogra'?a son dos=
L#van(a,i#n(os d#" (#rr#no= +aso +r#vio a s$ a+"icacin #n o(ros /,.i(os.
Consis(# #n r#a"i1ar #" (ra.a;o d# ,#dicin #n ca,+o ) s$ +os(#rior vo"cado )
(ra(a,i#n(o con $n +rogra,a in'or,/(ico d# (o+ogra'?a. E" r#s$"(ado #s "o @$#
s# d#no,ina "#van(a,i#n(o (ridi,#nsiona" d#" (#rr#no.
C.ras civi"#s (#di'icios, +$#n(#s, (Dn#"#s, carr#(#ras, #(c(#ra). En #s(# caso s#
+ar(# d# "a r#a"i1acin d# $n +ro)#c(o #n $n +rogra,a in'or,/(ico d#
(o+ogra'?a E(#ni#ndo $n "#van(a,i#n(o d#" (#rr#no r#a"i1ado, )a s#a d# 1ona
r$ra" o $r.anaE, con #" 'in d# d#(#r,inar "os "?,i(#s d# "a o.ra, "os #;#s d#sd#
"os c$a"#s s# ,id#n "os #"#,#n(os (co"$,nas, (a.i@$#s,...), #s(a."#c#r "os
"?,i(#s d# "a o.ra. 4or (an(o, "os da(os d#" +rogra,a in'or,/(ico son
'$nda,#n(a"#s +ara "a #;#c$cin # inicio d# "a o.ra. L$#go, con'or,# "a o.ra
avan1a +$#d# s#r n#c#sario r#a"i1ar $n F#s(ado d# o.raF, @$# con""#va $n r#E
"#van(a,i#n(o Ea +ar(ir d# "os da(os d#" +rogra,a in'or,/(icoE +ara v#ri'icar si
s# #s(/ cons(r$)#ndo d#n(ro d# "a +r#cisin #s(a."#cida +or "os +"i#gos d#
condicion#s.
La r#"acin #n(r# "a (o+ogra'?a ) "as in'ra#s(r$c($ras #s dir#c(a # indivisi."#, ) #"
+a+#" @$# ;$#ga "a (#cno"og?a in'or,/(ica #s '$nda,#n(a" #n "a a+"icacin d# "a
(o+ogra'?a ) "a g#s(in d# "as in'ra#s(r$c($ras. La (o+ogra'?a +ar(ici+a #n "a
#"a.oracin d# c$a"@$i#r in'ra#s(r$c($ra. *oda n$#va in'ra#s(r$c($ra o ,odi'icacin
d# $na #%is(#n(# r#@$i#r# d# (ra.a;o (o+ogr/'ico +r#vio, (an(o +ara conoc#r "a r#a"idad
co,o +ara +"an(#ar "as ,odi'icacion#s a #s(aA #n $no ) o(ro caso "a <#rra,i#n(a
in'or,/(ica ;$#ga $n +a+#" '$nda,#n(a".
La Cons#""#ria d# In'ra#s(r$c($ras ) *rans+or(# (CI*) conc#n(ra, d#n(ro d# s$s
co,+#(#ncias, "a +"ani'icacin, g#s(in # i,+$"so d# (odas "as in'ra#s(r$c($ras
#s#ncia"#s +ara #" cr#ci,i#n(o #con,ico ) #" .i#n#s(ar d# "a Co,$nidad Va"#ncia=
*rans+or(#
En#rg?a
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
Ag$a
Carr#(#ras
*#"#co,$nicacion#s
4$#r(os ) Cos(as
In'ra#s(r$c($ras Gr.anas
En ,a(#ria d# o.ras +D."icas, (rans+or(#, +$#r(os, a#ro+$#r(os ) #n#rg?a, o #n
ac($acion#s +ro+ias #n ,a(#ria d# ar@$i(#c($ra, +a(ri,onio ar@$i(#c(nico ) $r.ano,
#@$i+a,i#n(os ) s$#"o ) cos(as, #s #s#ncia" "a +ar(ici+acin d# (o+ogra'?a, ) +or (an(o,
"a n#c#sidad d# con(ar con $na a+"icacin in'or,/(ica d# (o+ogra'?a.
En #" s#no d# "a Cons#""#ria d# In'ra#s(r$c($ras ) *rans+or(# s# <an ido $(i"i1ando
dis(in(as <#rra,i#n(as r#"a(ivas a "a (o+ogra'?a ) "a ing#ni#r?a civi", (odas #""as
carac(#ri1adas +or s#r so'(>ar# con "ic#ncia +riva(iva. H#n(ro d#" +roc#so d#
,igracin a so'(>ar# "i.r# d# "a Cons#""#ria, d#no,inado gv4on(is, s# <ac# n#c#sario
d#sarro""ar "as <#rra,i#n(as n#c#sarias r#"a(ivas a" /r#a d# "a (o+ogra'?a.
Si#ndo gvSIG $na a+"icacin ori#n(ada a dar s#rvicio a "as n#c#sidad#s r#"a(ivas a
in'or,acin g#ogr/'ica, @$# dis+on# d# $na gran vari#dad d# '$nciona"idad#s +ara #"
an/"isis d#" (#rri(orio ) #" (ra(a,i#n(o d# car(ogra'?a, s# <a (o,ado co,o so'(>ar#
.as# +ara d#sarro""ar "as <#rra,i#n(as d# (o+ogra'?a co,o +ar(# in(#grada d# gvSIG.
Es(# +ro)#c(o, iniciado a +rinci+ios d# 2010, (i#n# +"an(#ado #" d#sarro""o d$ran(#
"os +r%i,os dos a0os @$# +#r,i(an dis+on#r #n gvSIG d# <#rra,i#n(as d#
(o+ogra'?a E.as# +ara '$($ros d#sarro""os #n ing#ni#r?a civi"E ) ,#;or#n, ad#,/s, "as
ca+acidad#s d# gvSIG co,o Sis(#,a d# In'or,acin G#ogr/'ica.
AL+AN+E
E" a"canc# +r#vis(o d#" +ro)#c(o, #n c$an(o a d#sarro""o d# <#rra,i#n(as, #ng"o.a "os
sig$i#n(#s as+#c(os=
I#rra,i#n(as +ara i,+or(ar ) #%+or(ar da(os d# "#van(a,i#n(os (o+ogr/'icos.
4osi.i"idad d# d#'inicin d# $nidad#s d# (ra.a;o, @$# +#r,i(an (ra.a;ar con
/ng$"os (o+ogr/'icos ) d#'inir "a +r#cisin +ara "os c/"c$"os.
L#van(a,i#n(os. S# d#sarro""ar/n "as '$ncion#s n#c#sarias +ara +od#r g#n#rar
ca+as d# "#van(a,i#n(os (o+ogr/'icos.
7od#"os Higi(a"#s d#" *#rr#no. Cr#acin d# 7H* +or div#rsos ,(odos. S#
d#sarro""ar/n o+cion#s d# ,odi'icacin ) s$avi1ado.
I#rra,i#n(as d# in'or,acin d# da(os (o+ogr/'icos= a1i,$( ) dis(ancia #n(r#
+$n(os.
C/"c$"os (o+ogr/'icos.
$ODELOS DIGI*ALES DEL *ERRENO
H#" con;$n(o d# <#rra,i#n(as a d#sarro""ar, "os ,od#"os digi(a"#s d#" (#rr#no
cons(i($)#n $no d# "os a+ar(ados ,/s in(#r#san(#s, )a @$# son "a .as# +ara #"
d#sarro""o d# '$ncion#s +ro+ias d# a+"icacion#s ori#n(adas a "a ing#ni#r?a civi"
(carr#(#ras, +$#n(#s, '#rrocarri",...), +or "o @$# s# va a #n(rar #n ,/s d#(a""# #n #"
+r#s#n(# ar(ic$"o.
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
La #"a.oracin d# $n 7od#"o Higi(a" s# conci.# a +ar(ir d# $n (ra.a;o #"a.orado con
#"#,#n(os d# di.$;o :H ) 2H con #"#vacin (c$rvas d# niv#", "?n#as :H, #(c.) o .i#n
con $nos da(os #"a.orados #n ca,+o ) c$)a r#+r#s#n(acin son +$n(os, @$#
conv#ni#n(#,#n(# Bar,adosB con'ig$ran "o @$# s# d#no,ina n$.# d# +$n(os, @$# son
r#+r#s#n(ados +or s$s coord#nadas J, K, L, ) <a.i($a",#n(# +or $n nD,#ro ordina" )
$n cdigo asociado.
6ig$ra 1= )mportar fic(ero !e punto (piloto)
Es(os da(os organi1ados #n 'i"as ) co"$,nas con s#+arador#s d#'inidos, con'ig$ran
$n 'ic<#ro d# da(os d# +$n(os. gvSIG +#r,i(ir/ ad#,/s ,odi'icar dic<a n$.# d#
+$n(os ,#dian(# $na s#ri# d# <#rra,i#n(as r#"acionadas con "a g#s(in d# "os +$n(os.
6ig$ra 2= 1u%e !e punto
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
L-NEAS DE RO*#RA
S# d#sarro""ar/n div#rsas <#rra,i#n(as ca+ac#s d# d#'inir d# 'or,a ,an$a",
a$(o,/(ica o s#,ia$(o,/(ica "as "?n#as d# ro($ra, @$# .i#n +or "as carac(#r?s(icas d#"
(#rr#no o .i#n +or n$#s(ra 'or,a +#c$"iar d# v#r"o, (#ndr/n @$# 'or,ar +ar(# co,o
"?n#as o."igadas +ara "a 'or,acin d#" ,od#"o digi(a" d#" (#rr#no. Mo #s o."iga(orio
d#'inir dic<as "?n#as, +#ro r#s$"(a a"(a,#n(# acons#;a."# +ara @$# #" (ra.a;o (#nga
va"id#1 ) +r#cisin, +$#s(o @$# ,#dian(# #s(as "?n#as s# d#'in# #" r#"i#v# ,arcando
"os ca,.ios d# +#ndi#n(# #%is(#n(#s.
Las "?n#as d# ro($ra son +o"i"?n#as @$# s# #nc$#n(ran d#'inidas #n d#(#r,inadas
ca+as. Los vr(ic#s d# #s(as +o"i"?n#as +$#d#n coincidir o no con +$n(os (o+ogr/'icos.
Si <a) coincid#ncia #n +"an(a, #" +roc#so d# (riang$"acin consid#rar/ "a co(a d#"
+$n(o. Ma($ra",#n(#, si no <a) coincid#ncia, s# (o,ar/ "a co(a d#" +ro+io vr(ic# d# "a
+o"i"?n#a. Es(as #n(idad#s no ""#van in'or,acin adiciona" asociada, +or "o @$# +$#d#n
s#r (ra(adas con #n(#ra "i.#r(ad +or #" $s$ario. 4ara as$,ir #n "a (riang$"acin n$#vas
"?n#as d# ro($ra, #n caso d# #s(ar "a (riang$"acin d#'inida, #s n#c#sario r#(riang$"ar,
s#"#ccionando "as ca+as dond# s# #nc$#n(ran "as "?n#as d# ro($ra. gvSIG no
co,+ro.ar/ d$ran(# #" di.$;o si s# +rod$c#n cor(#s #n "as "?n#as d# ro($ra, +or "o @$#
#s(o s# consid#ra r#s+onsa.i"idad d#" $s$ario. H# (odas 'or,as, s# i,+"#,#n(ar/n
co,andos d# d#+$racin d# "a (riang$"acin, @$# d#.#r/n $sars# +ara d#(#c(ar
dic<os casos, co,o #s #" caso d#" co,ando NV#ri'icar L?n#as d# Ro($raO.
6ig$ra := /"nea !e rotura e ila !efini!a en g#.)G
S#%ER.I+IES
La o.(#ncin d#" ,od#"o digi(a" r#@$i#r# d# $n +roc#so an(#rior d#no,inado
(riang$"acin. H$ran(# #s(# +roc#so s# (#s#"a "a s$+#r'ici# ,#dian(# $na s#ri# d#
+"anos (riang$"ar#s @$# s# ada+(an a" r#"i#v# ) si,$"an "os @$i#.ros o ca,.ios d#
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
+#ndi#n(# @$# s# +rod$c#n #n #" (#rr#no ) @$# vi#n#n d#'inidos +or "as d#no,inadas
"?n#as d# ro($ra.
6ig$ra 4= Contruccin !e un $)1 en g#.)G (piloto)
La (riang$"acin s# +$#d# o.(#n#r +or di'#r#n(#s ,(odos, si#ndo #" ,/s $s$a" a
+ar(ir d# $na n$.# d# +$n(os. Con cada (r#s +$n(os s# g#n#ra $n +"ano, ) dic<os
(ri/ng$"os cons#rvan $na s#ri# d# +ro+i#dad#s carac(#r?s(icas @$# son "as @$# <an
+#r,i(ido "a 'or,acin d# "a r#d d# (ri/ng$"os irr#g$"ar#s (*riang$"ar Irr#g$"ar M#(>orP
Q *IM) #n "a n$.# d# +$n(os, r#s+#(ando "a 'or,a d#" (#rr#no.
6ig$ra 4= $)1 genera!o en g#.)G
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/
Servicio de Sistemas de In!ormaci(n Geogr)!ica *eledetecci(n
III Jornadas de SIG Li&re
C(ro +roc#di,i#n(o +ara "a o.(#ncin d# "a (riang$"acin #s a +ar(ir d# c$rvas d# niv#".
Es(# ,(odo consis(# #n "a discr#(i1acin d# cada c$rva d# niv#" ) "a +os(#rior
(riang$"acin d# "os +$n(os g#n#rados, consid#rando "as c$rvas d# niv#" co,o "?n#as
d# ro($ra.
+#RVAS DE NIVEL
4ara #;#c$(ar #" +roc#so d# g#n#racin d# c$rvas d# niv#" s#r/ n#c#sario (#n#r $na
s$+#r'ici# d#'inida. S# +odr/ #s+#ci'icar "a ca+a dond# s# di.$;ar/n "as c$rvas
nor,a"#s ) dir#c(oras. En #" di/"ogo (a,.in s# +odr/ ca,.iar #" rango d# co(as
7?ni,a a 7/%i,a a c$rvar, @$# +or d#'#c(o s# #s(a."#c#r/ a "a (o(a"idad d# "a
s$+#r'ici#, as? co,o "os in(#rva"os #n co(a +ara c$rvas Mor,a"#s ) Hir#c(oras @$# s#
a+"icar/n a "a <ora d# r#a"i1ar #" c$rvado. La o+cin 6ac(or d# S$avi1ado, <ar/ @$#
"as +o"i"?n#as g#n#radas inc"$)an s#g,#n(os d# arco +ara cons#g$ir $n ,#;or
as+#c(o. C$an(o ,a)or s#a #" va"or d#" +ar/,#(ro, ,a)or s#r/ #" arco in(rod$cido.
6ig$ra 4= Cur#a!o a partir !el $)1
%ER.ILES LONGI*#DINALES
Es(# co,ando r#s$"(ar/ ,$) D(i" +ara (#n#r $na id#a d#" (#rr#no d# 'or,a ins(an(/n#a.
7#dian(# #s(a ord#n s# +#r,i(ir/ indicar #" con;$n(o d# "?n#as @$# d#'in# "a (ra1a d#"
+#r'i" @$# s# d#s#a o.(#n#r, ) con s(a s# r#+r#s#n(ar/ #n $na v#n(ana #" +#r'i"
o.(#nido. La r#+r#s#n(acin d#" ,is,o s# +odr/ #sca"ar +ara a+r#ciar con ,/s ni(id#1
"os ca,.ios d# +#ndi#n(# con "a casi""a 6ac(or V#r(ica". Ad#,/s, s# ro($"ar/n "a
in'or,acin d# dis(ancia ) co(a d# cada $no d# "os vr(ic#s #n "os @$# s# si(D# #"
+$n(#ro d#" ra(n.
RE.EREN+IAS
gvSIG. R#c$+#rado #" 20 d# #n#ro d# 2010, d# <((+=//>>>.gvsig.org/
4"a5a 6#rra(#r 7ora 1, 18081 Girona
*#". !82 41 90 :!, 6a%. !82 41 92 :0
in'o;ornadas&sig(#.$dg.#s <((+=//>>>.sig(#.$dg.#s/;ornadassig"i.r#/