Police Foundation - The Role of Local Police: Striking a Balance Between Immigration Enforcement and Civil Liberties, by Anita Khashu (April 2009)

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The Role of Local Police:

Striking a Balance Between Immigration Enforcementand Civil Liberties

byAnitaKhashu

April 2009

Washington, DC

ii

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THEROLEOFLOCALPOLICE:StrikingaBalanceBetweenImmigrationEnforcementandCivilLiberties

The Police Foundation is a national, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to support-inginnovationandimprovementinpolicing.Establishedin1970,thefoundationhasconductedseminal research in police behavior, policy, and procedure, and works to transfer to local agen-ciesthebestinformationaboutpracticesfordealingeffectivelywitharangeofimportantpoliceoperational and administrative concerns. Motivating all of the foundation’s efforts is the goalof efficient, humane policing that operates within the framework of democratic principles andthe highest ideals of the nation.©2008bythePoliceFoundation.Allrights,includingtranslationintootherlanguages,reservedundertheUniversalCopyrightConvention,theBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorks,andtheInternationalandPanAmericanCopyrightConventions.Permissionto quote is readily granted.ISBN 1-884614-23-X978-1-884614-23-1Library of Congress Control Number: 2009924868

1201ConnecticutAvenue,NWWashington,DC20036-2636(202)833-1460voice(202)659-9149faxpfinfo@policefoundation.orgwww.policefoundation.org

An executive summary and the full report of

The Role of Local Police: Striking a Balance Between Immigration Enforcement and Civil Liberties

are available online athttp://www.policefoundation.org/strikingabalance/.

POLICEFOUNDATION

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iiiContributors

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viForeword

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viiAcknowledgments

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xExecutive Summary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiAbout the Project

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1History of the Role of Local Police in Immigration Enforcement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2The Call for Greater Enforcement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

Demographic changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

Perceptions of immigrant criminality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

Economic costs and benefits of migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Political pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Counterterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14Do Local and State Police Have Legal Authority

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15to Enforce Federal Immigration Law?Is Immigration Enforcement a Federal or Local Responsibility?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17The Local Police PerspectiveThe Various Ways in Which Local Law Enforcement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17and Federal Immigration Officials CollaborateState and Local Law Enforcement of Immigration Law

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21Benefits and Costs

BENEFITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Reduce jail population and save detention costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Deterrent to unauthorized immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Criminal enforcement tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Counterterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Access to federal databases to verify identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Immigration violators are lawbreakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Reduced trust and cooperation in immigrant communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

would undermine public safetyIncreased victimization and exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

of undocumented immigrantsPolice misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

Large financial costs of immigration enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

divert resources from traditional law enforcement activitiesComplexity of federal immigration law and difficulty in verifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

immigration statusRacial profiling and other civil litigation costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Immigrants will fear accessing other municipal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

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