TM TT TON 12 (Chng trnh chun)

A. I S ! "I#I T$C%
PH&N 1' %!M S
()* t+,n 1' -h.+ /,t h)0 /1
1.Ham so bac 3 : y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d ( a 0 )
+ TX : D
+ ao ham: y
/
= 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c vi
/
= b
2
3ac

/
0
/
> 0
y
/
cung dau vi h!" #o a
$%: ham #o &a'ng &(!)n* (gia+m
&(!)n*)
y
/
= 0 co hai nghi!"m x
,
- x
2

$%: ham #o &a'ng* .ia+m*
/am #o 0ho)ng co c1c &(2 31c &(i 4 c1c 5ai* 31c &i!6u*
+ .ii han:
3 2
( 0)
lim( )
( 0)
x
a
ax bx cx d
a
+

+ >
+ + +
<

3 2
( 0)
lim( )
( 0)
x
a
ax bx cx d
a

>
+ + +
+ <
+ 7a+ng bi!n &hi!)n:
a 8 0:
x
9 +
y: +
y
+
9
a ; 0:
3hu y : du y
/
= 0 co nghi!"m 0!< vi!"c x!& dau va=n 5ung
+ >!? 5o@ &h2 : xac 5inh 31c &(2 * i!6m uon A(
a
b
3
-B(
a
b
3
)) (gii
pt y = 0 )
5i!6m 5aCc bi!"& : .iao vi Oy, Ox
a80 - co 2 3T a;0- co 2 3T a80D0ho)ng 3T a;0D0ho)ng 3T
2.Ham phan thc :
ax b
y
cx d
+

+
( c 0- ad bc 0 )
+ TX :
\
d
D
c


' ;

+ ao ham :
2
'
( )
ad bc
y
cx d

+
adbc ; 0 adbc 8 0
y
/
; 0D x E y
/
8 0 D x E
/am #o khong co c1c &(2
/am #o ngh2ch bi!n &(!)n &1ng
0hoa+ng xac 52nh
/am #o 5o@ng bi!n &(!)n &1ng
0hoa+ng xac 52nh
x 9

x
,
x
2
+

y: + 0 9 0 +
y
y
3
+

y
3T
x
9 +
y: 9
y
+
9
x 9

x
,
x
2
+

y: 9 0 + 0 9
y
+

y
3
y
3T
9

+ T!m can:

d
x
c
Fa &i!"m ca"n 51ng vG
( )
lim
d
x
c
ax b
cx d
+
_

,

+
+
+
D
( )
lim
d
x
c
ax b
cx d

_

,

+
+
+

a
y
c
Fa &i!"m ca"n ngang vG lim lim
x x
ax b ax b a
cx d cx d c
+
+ +

+ +
+7a+ng bi!n &hi!)n :
y: 8 0
y: ; 0
+ >!? 5o@ &h2 : >!? &i!"m ca"n D 5i!6m 5aCc bi!"&
3hu y 5o@ &h2 5oi x1ng Hua giao 5i!6m hai &i!"m ca"n I

3 Ham t"#ng ph$ng y = ax
%
+ bx
2
+ c ( a 0 )
+ TX : D D /am #o chaJn
+ ao ham: y
/
= Kax
3
+ 2bIx = 2xI(2a x
2
+ b)
aDb cung dau aD b &(ai dau
y
/
= 0 x = 0
$%: &ng? Gim
y
/
= 0 2x (2ax
2
+ b) = 0 x= 0- x
,D2
=t
a
b
2

$L: tng? Gim?

.ia &(2 c1c &(2 : y(0) = c co mo"&
c1c &(2
.ia &(2 c1c &(2: y(0)= c - y(t
2
b
a
) =
a 4

3o 3 c1c &(2
+ .ii han :
4 2
( 0)
lim( )
( 0)
x
a
ax bx c
a
t

+ >
+ +
<
+ 7a+ng bi!n &hi!)n :
a 8 0
x
9

d
c
+

y: + +
y
+

a
c
a
c

x
9

d
c
+

y: 9 9
y
+

a
c
a
c
x
=

d
/

c
y= a/c x
=

d
/

c
y= a/c
a ; 0
+ >!? 5o@ &h2 : c1c 5ai D c1c &i!6u - y = 0 8 x= * gia+i <& &(ung <h1ng

th! nh"n t#$% Oy l&m t#$% '(i x)ng
&a toan 2' Ph$ng t"(nh t!p t#y!n '
1. T!p t#y!n ta) *+x
,
- .+x
,
// co ph$ng t"(nh 0a ' y 9 B(x
0
) = B
/
(x
0
)(x x
0
) hay y = y
/
(x
0
)
(x x
0
)+ y(x
0
)
T1 x
0
&Lnh B(x
0
) - ao ham : y
/
= B
/
(x) =8 B
/
(x
0
) = * MI&(Gnh &i!< &uy!n &ai N
Fa: y 9 B(x
0
) = B
/
(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2. T!p t#y!n co h! so goc k '
1!# : &i!< &uy!n // 51ng &haOng y = aIx + b =8 h!" #o goc 0 = a
&i!< &uy!n 51ng &haOng y = aIx + b =8 h!" #o goc 0 =
a
,
+ gia+ #1+ N(x
0
- B(x
0
)) Fa &i!< 5i!6m =8 h!" #o goc cu+a &i!< &uy!n B
/
(x
0
)I
+ .ia+i <h1ng &(Gnh B
/
(x
0
) = 0 =8 x
0
= * 8 B(x
0
) = *
+ Mh1ng &(Gnh &i!< &uy!n y = 0 (x x
0
) + B(x
0
)
3hu y : + /ai 51ng &haOng vuo)ng goc nhau : 0
,
I0
2
= ,
+ /ai 51ng &haOng #ong #ong nhau : 0
,
= 0
2

3. T!p t#y!n 2 3#a+k!4 t/ mot 2!5m 6+x
1
- y
1
/ cu+a 5o@ &h2 h/# y =B(x)
+ .oi 0 Fa h!" #o goc cu+a 51ng &haOng (d) 5i Hua P
M& 51ng &haOng (d) Fa : y = 0(x x
,
) + y
,
+ i!@u 0i!"n 5!6 51ng &haOng (d) &i!< xuc vi o@ &h2 (3) Fa
h!" <h1ng &(Gnh :
(*) +

'

B(x) 0(x x ) y
, ,
/
B (x) 0 (2)
co nghi!"m
Thay (2) vao (,) gia+i &Gm x =8 0 = * $!& Fua"n
&a toan 3' &!n 0#an so ngh!m c#4a ph$ng t"(nh ba7ng 2o8 th9 '
+ .ia+ #1+ <ha+i bi!"n Fua"n #o nghi!"m cu+a M& : Q(x- m) = 0 I T(ong 5o
5o@ &h2 ham #o y = B(x) I
+ 7i!n 5o6i <h1ng &(Gnh v!@ dang B(x) = g(m) aC&: N = g(m)
+ : y = N Fa 51ng &haOng naRm ngang - y =B(x) 5o@ &h2 (3)
+ Tuy &h!o N x!& #1 &1ng giao cu+a 5o@ &h2 (3) vi 5o@ &h2 : y = N
&a toan %' :ac 29nh khoa4ng ta;ng< ga4m ham so +x!t t=nh 2$n 2!#/ '
+ TX += ?
x 9

0 +

y: 9 0 +
y +

y
3T
x 9

x
,
0 x
2
+

y: 9 0 + 0 9 0 +
y +

y
3
+

y
3T
y
3T
x 9

0 +

y: + 0 9
y
y
3

9

x 9

x
,
0 x
2
+

y: + 0 9 0 + 0 9
y
y
3
y
3
9

y
3T
9

a8
0

b80
a;
0
b
;0
a;
0
b8
0
a8
0
b
;0
+ ao ham : y
/
= * II cho y
/
= 0 ( n!u co ) x!& dau y
/

+ 7XE (#,p %-% nghi.m %/0 12 y
3
= 0 4& gi- t#! 5h6ng x-% '!nh %/0 h&m 7( t8 t#-i 70ng phi tng
9:n)
S y
/
8 0 &hG ham #o &a'ng - y
/
; 0 &hG ham #o gia+m
+ $!& Fua"n : ham #o 5o@ng bi!n D ngh2ch bi!n &(!)n 0hoa+ng III
2nh Fy 2 (dung 5!6 t;m gi- t#! m) :
a) B(x) &a'ng &(ong 0hoa+ng (a-b) &hG B
/
(x) 0 x (a-b)
b) B(x) gia+m &(ong 0hoa+ng (a-b) &hG B
/
(x) 0 x (a-b)I
()* t+,n 2' C3c tr4 h)0 /1
>a# h!# ? :
+ TX +=?
+ ao ham : y
/
= * II
cho y
/
= 0 ( n!u co ) x!& dau y
/

+ 77T : (#,p %-% nghi.m %/0 12 y
3
= 0 4& gi- t#! 5h6ng x-% '!nh %/0 h&m 7( t8 t#-i 70ng phi tng
9:n)
+ TLnh y
3
- y
3T
- 5<t l="n %>% t#! ?
Ch5 6'
*) ?<= h&m 7( l=6n tng ( gim)t#@n (0AB) th; 5h6ng %C %>% t#! t#@n (0AB)D
2) E( %>% t#! %/0 h&m 7( BFng 7( nghi.m 'Gn %/0 phHGng t#;nh y
3
= 0D
3) x
0
l& %>% t#! %/0 h&m 7(
3
( ) 0
0
3
( )

'

7 8
7 8
>a# h!# ??'
+ TX
+ ao ham : y
/
= * II y
//
= * II
cho y
/
= 0 ( n!u co ) =8 x
,
D x
2
TII I
+ TLnh y
//
(x
,
)- y
//
(x
2
)TTI
U!u y
//
(x
0
) 8 0 &hG ham #o 5a& 3T &ai x
0
D y
3T
= *
U!u y
//
(x
0
) ; 0 &hG ham #o 5a& 3 &ai x
0
D y
3
= *
@h# y : dau hi!"u AA dung cho nh1?ng h/# ma y
/
0ho x!& dau
I ?<= y = J(x) l& '0 th)% th; 'HKng thLng 'i M=0 %-% 'iNm %>% t#! l&:
y = ph:n 9H %/0 phOp %hi0 J(x) %hP J
3
(x)D
Eang 2: 31c &(2 cu+a ham h1?u &V :
3ho h/# y =
=
4
u(x) - v(x) Fa cac 5a &h1c co TX: E
>a y
/
=
= 4 4 =
2
4

=
g(x)
2
4
dau cu+a y
/
Fa dau cu+a g(x)
U!u h/# 5a& c1c &(2 &ai x
0
&hG y
/
(x
0
)= 0 =8 g(x
0
) = 0 ;=8 u
/
vv
/
u = 0
=8
= =
4 4

I Eo 5o gia &(2 c1c &(2 y(x

0
) =
= (x )
0
4 (x )
0

()* t+,n 9' "*, tr4 :;n nh<t= g*, tr4 nh> nh<t
,I Ph$ng phap t(m ATB1 Ca AT11 c#4a hDs t"!n Ea-bF'
+ Ni!@n 5ang x!& Wa-bX
+ ao ham : y
/
= * II
cho y
/
= 0 ( n!u co ) _ x
,
D x
2
TII I chQ chRn %-% nghi.m th=S% T0ABU
+ TLnh y(x
,
) - y(x
2
) TTTI Yo #anh $%
y(a) - y(b)
+
m0x y
T0ABU

*
min y
T0ABU

*
2. P.phap t(m ATB1 hoaGc AT11 c#4a hDs t"!n +a-b/ hoaGc *: '
+ Ni!@n 5ang x!& (a-b) hoaCc TX
+ ao ham : y
/
= * II cho y
/
= 0 ( n!u co ) x!& dau y
/

+ 77T:
S U!u &(!)n &oan mi!@n 5ang x!& h/# chV co , 3T &hG .TUU baRng gia &(2 3T
( )
V2
0AB
min y y

'Wi 9X= 5hi M=0 x
0
S U!u &(!)n &oan mi!@n 5ang x!& h/# chV co , 3 &hG .T%U baRng gia &(2 3
( ) 0AB
m0x y
y
3

S U<= h&m 7( l=6n tng (gim) t#@n (0AB) th; 5h6ng %C %>% t#! t#@n 5hPng (0AB)D
@h# y : $hi gaC< h/# 0ho)ng cho mi!@n 5ang x!& &hG &a &Gm TX cu+a h/# 5o :
+ n!u TX Fa mo"& 5oan Wa-bXhoaCc n1?a 0hoa+ng &hG &a dung cach ,
+ n!u TX Fa mo"& 0hoa+ng &hG dung cach 2
()* t+,n ? ' "*@+ A*B0 h@* ACng c+ng ( A.thDng E) 0Ft ACng c+ng).
,I @ho ha 2o8 th9 (3
,
) : y = B(x) - (3
2
) : y = g(x)
/oanh 5o" giao 5i!6m cu+a (3
,
) va (3
2
) n!u co
Fa nghi!"m cu+a <h1ng &(Gnh : B(x) = g(x) (,)
<&(,) vo) nghi!"m ;=8 (3
,
) va (3
2
) 0ho)ng co 5i!6m chung
<&(,) co n nghi!"m ;=8 (3
,
) va (3
2
) co n 5i!6m chung
S Y( nghi.m %/0 (*) l& 7( gi0P 'iNm %/0 h0i 'HKng %PngD
2. i!@u 0i!"n &i!< xuc :
o@ &h2 (3
,
) &i!< xuc (3
2
) ;=8 h!" <&
J (x) g(x)
J (x) g (x)

'

co nghi!"m
()* t+,n G' @ach xac 29nh t!m can '
HT!m can 2ng '
( )
0
x x
lim J (x)
+

+
hoHc
( )
0
x x
lim J (x)

+
=I x = x
0
Fa &i!"m ca"n
51ng
@h# y : &Gm x
0
Fa nh1?ng 5i!6m ham #o 0ho)ng xac 52nh
ST!m can ngang : 0
x
lim y y

hoHc 0
x
lim y y
+

=I y = y
0
Fa &i!"m ca"n ngang
@h# y : ham #o co dang <ha)n &h1c ( hoaCc co &h!6 51a v!@ dang <ha)n
&h1c ) va ba"c &1+ ba"c ma=u &hG co &i!"m ca"n ngang
PhIn 2' %)0 /1 0J E) :+g@r*t
()* t+,n 1' KLng cMng thNc tOnh c,c P*Bu thNc cQ chN@ h)0 /1 0J h+Hc h)0 /1 :+g@r*t
a
n
=
n
a
,
- a
0
= , 0 -
m
m n
n
0 0
( m- n nguy!)n d1ng D n 8 ,)
@ac 3#y taJc'
a
x
Ia
y
= a
x+y
(aIb)
x
=a
x
Ib
x
x
0
x y
0
y
0

x
x
0 0
x
B B

_

,

( ) ( )
x y
y xDy x
0 0 0
Ham so m#K :
x
y 0 vi a 8 0 - a ,
TX : E = Z N.T : (0- + )
+ a 8 , - h/# 5o@ng bi!n : x
,
8 x
2

,
x
a
8
2
x
a
+ 0 ; a ; , - h/# ngh2ch bi!n : x
,
8 x
2

,
x
a
;
2
x
a
H %)0 /1 0oga"t'
= 0og
a
1 a

= 1 0og
a
x = b x= a
b
LaGc b!t :
x
a
a
Fog
= x - Fog
a
x
a = x - Fog
a
, = 0
3ac Hui &a[c bi!n 5o6i : vi a D 7 D 3 8 0 - a , &a co:
Fog
a
(7I3) = Fog
a
7 + Fog
a
3 Fog
a
Y
V
_

,
= Fog
a
7 Fog
a
3 Fog

a Y

Fog
a
7
3o)ng &h1c 5o6i c #o : vi a D b D c 8 0 - a D c , &a co :
Fog
c
aIFog
a
b =
lPg
%
b
lPg B
%
lPg B
0
lPg 0
%

0 ; aD b , : Fog
a
b =
*
lPg 0
B
Chu y : Fog
,0
x = Fg x - Fog
e
x = Fn x
/am #o %oga(i&: y = Fog
a
x vi a 8 0 - a ,
TX : E = (0 - + ) N.T :
+ a 8 , - h/# 5o@ng bi!n : x
,
8 x
2
8 0 Fog
a
x
,
8 Fog
a
x
2

+ 0 ; a ; ,- h/# ngh bi!n: x
,
8 x
2
8 0 Fog
a
x
,
;Fog
a
x
2

()* t+,n 2' g*.* Rhng trnh 0J E) :+g@r*t :
Eang c ba+n:
J (x)
0
=
g(x)
0
B(x) = g(x)
4(x)
=
= , ( u , )Iv(x) = 0 ( &(ong 5o u co ch1a bi!n )
J (x)
0
= b ( vi b 8 0 ) B(x) = Fog
a
b
Fog
a
B(x) = Fog
a
g(x)
J (x) 0 g(x) 0
J (x) g(x)
> >

'

dang:
lPg J (x) B
0
0 0 *

<

'

B(x) =
B
0
lPg 4(x)
=(x) = b
[ ]
4(x) 0 A =(x) 0 A =(x) *
B
4(x) =(x)
> >

'

aC& a6n <hu :

I
2J (x)
0
+I
J (x)
0
+ = 0 - aC& : & =
J (x)
0
0 & 8 0
I B J (x)
0
+ +I
B J (x)
0

+ = 0 - aC& : & =
J (x)
0
0 & 8 0
I
J (x)
0
+I
J (x)
B
+ = 0 va aIb = ,- aC&: & =
J (x)
0
-
*
t
=
J (x)
B
I
2J (x)
0
+I
( )
J (x)
0DB + I
2J (x)
B
= 0 - aC& & =
J (x)
0
B
_

,
%oga(i& hoa hai v! :
()* t+,n S' "*.* P<t Rhng trnh 0J E) :+g@r*t
Eang c ba+n :

J (x)
0
8
g(x)
0

J (x) g(x) 5hi 0 *
J (x) g(x) 5hi 0 0 *
> >
< < <

J (x)
0
8 b U!u b 0 co nghi!"m x
U!u b 8 0 B(x) 8 Fog
a
b n!u a 8 ,
B(x) ; Fog
a
b n!u 0 ; a ; ,

J (x)
0
; b U!u b 0 &hG <& vo) nghi!"m
U!u b 8 0 - B(x) ; Fog
a
b n!u a 8 ,
B(x) 8 Fog
a
b n!u 0 ; a ; ,
Fog
a
B(x) 8 Fog
a
g(x) 0: B(x) 8 0 - g(x) 8 0 - 0 ; a ,
(a,)W B(x) g(x) X 8 0
Fog
a
B(x) 8 b S U!u a 8 , : b<& Fa B(x) 8
b
a
S U!u 0 ; a ; , b<& Fa 0 ; B(x) ;
b
a
Fog
a
B(x) ; b S U!u a 8 , : b<& Fa 0 ; B(x) ;
b
a
S U!u 0 ; a ; , b<& Fa B(x) 8
b
a

( )
4(x)
=(x) 8 , u(x) 8 0 va W u(x) , XIv(x) 8 0
( )
) (
) (
x v
x u ; , u(x) 8 0 va W u(x) , XIv(x) ; 0
%H= Z:
I t#Png t#HKng h[p %C \n 9Hi %G 7( th; %h]ng t0 n@n 7^ 9$ng %6ng th)% 70= 'N B&i tP-n t#_ n@n 9` 90ng
hGn:
J (x)
0
8
g(x)
0
(a,)(B(x) g(x)) 8 0I Fog
a
B(x) 8 Fog
a
g(x) (a,)(B(x)g(x)) 8 0I
(m_ #Sng thi 'ai hR%)D
I bhi gii B&i tP-n BXt phHGng t#;nh mc hPd% lPg0#it th; phi n,m th"t 4eng tfnh %hXt 'Gn 'i.= %/0 h0i h&m
7( t#@nD
I?,m 4eng phOp lXy h[p, lXy gi0P %/0 h0i h0y nhig= t"p h[p 7(D
ThIn S' Ngu7Un h)0.
hod%
()* t+,n 1' T0 ngu7Un h)0 c P.n (V3@ E)+ P.ng ngu7Un h)0 cW@ c,c h)0 /1 c P.n).
()* t+,n 2' T0 ngu7Un h)0 PXng Rhng Rh,R AY* P*Zn /1.
+ang *: 2fnh h = J T=(x)UD= '(x)9x BFng %-%h 'dt t = =(x)
i dt t = =(x)
9t ='(x)9x
i h = J T=(x)UD= '(x)9x J (t)9t
+ang 2: 2fnh h = J (x)9x ?<= 5h6ng tfnh 'H[% thjP 9ang * nhHng t#Png tf%h phkn %C %h)0 mSt t#Png 7( %-%
h&m BiN= th)% 70= th; %C thN 'Wi Bi<n nhH 70=:
*
2 2
0 x A
2 2
0 x

th; 'dt x = 07int

*
2 2
0 x A
2 2
0 x
+
+
th; 'dt x = 0t0ntD
()* t+,n S' T0 ngu7Un h)0 PXng Rhng Rh,R t[ng RhIn'
?<= =(x) , 4(x) l& h0i h&m 7( %C 'aP h&m li@n t$% t#@n h
=(x)D4'(x)9x =(x)D4(x) 4(x)D='(x)9x

l0y
=94 =4 49=

( 4i 9= = =(x)9x, 94 = 4(x)9x)
phn tich cac ha m s d phat hin u va dv
m K@\ng 1
7in
( )
1
1
1
]
ax
f x cosax dx
ax
e
4i J(x) l& '0 th)%: dt
( ) '( )
7in 7in
%P7

1 1
' '
1 1

1 1

] ]
u f x du f x dx
ax ax
dv ax dx v cosax dx
ax ax
e e
m K@\ng 2'
( ) ln( ) + f x ax b dx
nt
D
ln( )
( )
( )
+

' '

a dx
u ax b du
ax b
dv f x dx
v f x dx
m K@\ng S'
7in
D
1
1
]
ax
ax
e dx
cosax
20 th>% hi.n t8ng ph:n h0i l:n 4i = = j
0x
()* t+,n ]' T0 ngu7Un h)0 cW@ c,c h)0 /1 :^ng g*,c (0Ft /1 V_ng c P.n).
+ang *:
7in(0xoB)D7in(%xo9)9x

A
7in(0xoB)D%P7(%xo9)9x

%P7(0xoB)D%P7(%xo9)9x

D
I 2h>% hi.n %6ng th)% Bi<n 'Wi tf%h th&nh tWng #i tfnh tf%h phknD
+ang 2:
n m
7in (=(x))D%P7 (=(x))9x

(n,m l& %-% 7( ng=y@n 9HGng)

I ?<= n lp, m %hqn th; 'dt t = %P7(=(x))D
I n<= m lp, n %hqn th; 'dt t = 7in(=(x))D
I ?<= n,m 'g= %hqn th; : +rng %6ng th)% nhkn '6i 70= 'C 9=ng ti<p %6ng th)% ha B"% 'N tfnhD (n<= mSt
t#Png 2 7( n hPd% n = 0 7( %sn lai l& 7( %hqn th; t0 %hQ 9=ng %6ng th)% ha B"%)D
I n,m t n<= nom l& 7( ng=y@n %hqn th; %C thN
'dt t = t0n(=(x)) hPd% t = %Pt(=(x))D
+ang 3:
u(7inx,%P7x)9x

u l& h&m 7( he= tvD (m_ #Sng thi 'ai hR%)D

I ?<= u(7inx, %P7x) lp '(i 4i 7inx t)% l& u(7inx, %P7x) = u(7inx, %P7x)th; t0 'dt t = %P7xD
I ?<= u(7inx, %P7x) lp '(i 4i %P7x t)% l& u(7inx, %P7x) = u(7inx, %P7x)th; t0 'dt t = 7inxD
I ?<= u(7inx, %P7x) %hqn '(i 4i 7inx 4& %P7x t)% l& u(7inx, %P7x) = u(7inx, %P7x)th; t0 'dt t = t0nxD
()* t+,n 2' T0 ngu7Un h)0 cW@ c,c h)0 /1 h`u ta
w@= %:= tfnh
J (x)
9x
g(x)

t#Png 'C J(x), g(x) l& %-% '0 th)% thjP xD

TrCng h^R 1: Y"% %/0 J(x) Y"% %/0 g(x) th; th>% hi.n phOp %hi0 '0 th)% J(x) %hP g(x) t0 9xn '<n:
J (x) #(x)
h(x)
g(x) h(x)
+
D 2#Png 'C h(x) (thHGng %/0 phOp %hi0) l& mSt '0 th)% %sn #(x) (ph:n 9H %/0 phOp %hi0) l&
mSt '0 th)% %C B"% nhy hGn B"% %/0 g(x)D
?@n
J (x) #(x)
( )9x h(x)9x 9x
g(x) h(x)
+

D?hH 4"y
h(x)9x

t0 tf%h 'H[% BFng Bng ng=y@n h&m 4; 4"y t0 %hQ %sn

phi tfnh
#(x)
9x
g(x)

thjP t#HKng h[p 70=D

2#HKng h[p 2: tfnh
#(x)
9x
g(x)

4i B"% #(x) nhy hGn B"% g(x)D

I 1hkn tf%h mx= 7( g(x) th&nh tf%h %/0 %-% nh! th)%D
I +rng %-%h 'ng nhXt th)% nhH 70=: %h,n han: 2 2
* 2
* 2 2
#(x) #(x) z Y V
g(x) (x x ) (x x )
0(x )D(x x ) (x x )
+ +


(I) ( x
*
A
x
2
l& nghi.m %/0 g(x)D
I t0 M=y 'ng By mx= t0 'H[% BiN= th)% (II) #i 70= 'C %hP %-% gi- t#! %/0 x 4&P BiN= th)% (II) 'N t;m %-%
h. 7( z,Y,V ( th6ng thHKng n@n %hP x BFng %-% nghi.m %/0 g(x) 'N t;m %-% h. 7( 'H[% 9{ 9&ng)D
I70= 'C th0y 4&P BiN= th)% 9Hi 9X= tf%h phkn 'N tfnhD
LH= Z: |Ot _ t#;nh 'S 2l12 %h]ng t0 thHKng gdp phi g(x) phkn tf%h 4g th&nh tf%h %/0 %-% nh! th)% D
ThIn ]' TOch Rhbn. ( Tng t3 RhIn ngu7Un h)0 cIn ch5 6 thU0 Ec cdn )
Y&i tP-n *: 2fnh tf%h phkn BFng %-%h 7^ 9$ng tfnh %hXt 4& ng=y@n h&m %G BnD
Y&i tP-n 2: 2fnh tf%h phkn BFng phHGng ph-p 'Wi Bi<n 7(D
+ang *: 2fnh h =
B
3
J T=(x)U= 9x
0
BFng %-%h 'dt t = =(x)
i dt t = =(x)
9t ='(x)9x
i Wi %"n x=0 =} t = =(0)
x=B =} t = =(B)
i h =
B
3
JT=(x)U= 9x
0
=
=(B)
=(0)
J (t)9t

+ang 2: 2fnh h = J (x)9x

?<= 5h6ng tfnh 'H[% thjP 9ang * nhHng t#Png tf%h phkn %C %h)0 mSt t#Png 7( %-%
h&m BiN= th)% 70= th; %C thN 'Wi Bi<n nhH 70=:
*
2 2
0 x A
2 2
0 x

th; 'dt x = 07int

*
2 2
0 x A
2 2
0 x
+
+
th; 'dt x = 0t0ntD
Y&i tP-n 3: 2;m ng=y@n h&m BFng phHGng ph-p t8ng ph:n: (xjm ph:n ng=y@n h&m)
Y&i tP-n 4: 2fnh tf%h phkn %/0 %-% h&m 7( lH[ng gi-% (mSt 7( 9ang %G Bn)D (xjm ph:n ng=y@n h&m)
Y&i tP-n ~: 2fnh tf%h phkn %/0 %-% h&m 7( he= tv (xjm ph:n ng=y@n h&m)
()* t+,n 9' TOnh tOch Rhbn chN@ V<u g*, tr4 tu7Un A1*.
2fnh
B
J (x) 9x
0
o 2;m nghi.m %/0 J(x) = 0D
?<= J(x) = 0 46 nghi.m t#@n (0AB) hPd% %C nghi.m x = 0 hPd% x = B th;
B
J (x) 9x
0
=
B
J (x)9x
0

?<= J(x) = 0 %C nghi.m x = % (0AB) th;

B
J (x) 9x
0
=
% B
J (x)9x J (x)9x
0 %
+
IVh] Z: ?<= %C nhig= hGn * nghi.m t#@n (0AB) th; 4xn 9=ng %6ng th)% t#@n try thjP t#HKng h[p nghi.m nhH
th< n&PD (%-%h l&m n&y %C l[i 4; t0 5h6ng%:n xOt 9X= J(x))D
PhIn 2' K*en tOch hnh RhDng thB tOch Edt thB trfn 8+@7.
()* t+,n 1' T=nh den tOch hnh RhDng
H(nh phaMng g$ ha)n b$4 '
y J (x)
x 0Ax B

'

ham #o Fi!)n &uc &(!)n Wa-bX
&(uc hoanh y 0-
Ei!"n &Lch : N =
B
J (x) D9x
0

Chu y : n!)n gia+i <& ' .+x/ = , t"!n

[ ]
A a b
( 5aCc bi!"& n!u &hi!u ca"n aD b)
H(nh phaMng g$ ha)n b$4 '
y J (x)
y g(x)
x B

'

ham #o Fi!)n &uc &(!)n Wa-bX

ham #o Fi!)n &uc &(!)n Wa-bX
x a-
Ei!"n &Lch : N =
B
J (x) g(x) D9x
0

a
b
x
y
a
b
x
y
y=B(x
)
y=g(x
)
Chu y : ,) U!u &hi!u ca"n aD b gia+i <& : .+x/ = g+x/
2) U<= B&i tP-n M=0 ph)% tap th; t0 %C thN 4 h;nh 'N x-% '!nh h;nh phLng hPd% tfnh M=0 tWng
hPd% hi.= %/0 nhig= h;nhD
()* t+,n 2'TOnh thB tOch Edt thB trfn 8+@7 '
S Th!6 &Lch hGnh &(on xoay do hGnh <haOng gii han b+i cac 51ng :
y J (x)
x 0A x B

'

ham #o Fi!)n &uc &(!)n Wa-bX

&(uc hoanh y 0-
Huay Huanh &(uc \x &hG O =
B
2
J (x) D9x
0
1

]
ThIn 9' S1 RhNc
()* t+,n 1' T0 /1 RhNc= tOnh 0MAun=g
VhP h0i 7( ph)% 0oBi 4& %o9iD
*D 0oBi = %o9i 0 = %A B = 9D 2D m6'=n 7( ph)%
2 2
0 Bi 0 B + +
3D 7( ph)% li@n hi.p = 0oBi l& = 0 BiD
4D (0oBi ) o( %o9i) = (0o%)o(Bo9)i ~D (0oBi ) ( %o9i) = (0%)o(B9)iD
D (0oBi )( %o9i) = (0% B9)o(09oB%)i D =
% 9i *
T(0%oB9)o(09B%)iU
2 2
0 Bi
0 B
+

+
+

()* t+,n 2' "*.* Rhng trnh Pdc 2.
VhP phHGng t#;nh 0x
2
o Bx o % = 0D 4i = B
2
40%D
?<= = 0 th; phHGng t#;nh %C nghi.p 5Op
B
x x
* 2
20

(nghi.m th>%)
?<= } 0 th; phHGng t#;nh %C h0i nghi.m th>%:
B
x
40
t

?<= 0 th; phHGng t#;nh %C h0i nghi.m ph)%

B i
x
40
t

(. %hN% %iC.
ThIn ?' ThB tOch= V*en tOch cW@ c,c jh1* hnh
Y&i tP-n *: 2fnh 9i.n tf%h x=ng M=0nh (E
xM
), 9i.n tf%h tP&n ph:n(E
tp
) %/0 5h(i nCn,t#$,%:=D
i bh(i nCn: E
xM
= #lA E
tp
= #(# o l)D
i bh(i t#$: E
xM
= 2#lA E
tp
= 2#(# o l)D
i bh(i %:=: E = 4#
2
D
()* t+,n 2' TOnh thB tOch c,c jh1* hnhD
I bh(i h;nh %hCp =
*
Yh
3
A I bh(i nCn =
2
*
# h
3

I bh(i h;nh t#$ = #

2
h A I bh(i %:= =
3
4
#
3

I bh(i lng t#$: = YhD
I +i.n tf%h t0m gi-%: ( ) ( ) ( )
* *
D
2
n
2
i
4
7
a
abc
S a h ab pr p p a p b p c C
R

( u: l& B-n 5fnh 'HKng t#sn ngPai ti<p t0m gi-%D) (
2
a b c
p
+ +
: l& n^0 %h= 4i %/0 t0m gi-%D)
!nh lZ %P7in: 20m gi-% zYV %C B0 %anh tHGng )ng l& 0,B,%:
ThIn G' Thng Rh,R tk@ AF tr+ng jhMng g*@n
0

= (x-y-])
0

= xI
i

+ yI

+ ]I
5

Tnh chat ' 3ho
0

= (a
,
-a
2
- a
3
) D
B

= (b
,
-b
2
- b
3
)

0

t
B

=(a
,
t b
,
- a
2
t b
2
- a
3
t b
3
)

0

0I = (0a
,
-0a
2
-0a
3
) 0 Z
Tch vo hng :
0 D B

= a
1
.b
1
+ a
2
.b
2
+a
3
.b
3
=|
0

|.|
B

|@os
3o# =
0 B 0 B 0 B
* * 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 D B B B
* 2 3 * 2 3
+ +
+ + + +
0 B

a
,
Ib
,
+ a
2
Ib
2
+ a
3
Ib
3
= 0
0

cung <h1ng
B

-
0

= 0I
0

=
0

Toa) 2o 2!5m:
N = (x-y-])
O

= xI
i

+ yI

+ ]I
5

zY

= ( x
7
x
P
- y
7
y
P
-]
7
]
P
)
I la trung iem cua AB

x x
Y z
x

2
y y
Y z
y

2

Y z

2
+

'

G la trong ta!m tam giac ABC

*
x (x x x )
Y G z V
3
*
y (y y y )
Y G z V
3
*
( )
Y G z V
3

+ +

+ +
'

+ +

T=ch co h$ng c#4a 2 C!ct$ :

0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 3 * * 2
0 B A A
B B B B B B
2 3 3 * * 2
_



,

uur uur
S (
0

^
B

)
0

- (
0

^
B

)
B

()* t+,n 1':ac 29nh 2!5m t"ong khong gan < cm t=nh chat h(nh ho)c ...
()* t+,n 2' T=ch Co h$ng < t=ch co h$ng < goc gKa ha C!c t$ '
()* t+,n S'O!c t$ 2o8ng phaMng < khong 2o8ng phaMng<th!5 t=ch h(nh hop< t d!n'
ThIn l' *Ht cIu.
()* t+,n 1' 8,c A4nh tb0 E) P,n jOnh 0Ht cIu
Ph$ng t"(nh maGt ca8# tam ?+a-b-c/ - bk P 0a ' (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (]c )
2
= Z
2
Ph$ng t"(nh c#4a maGt ca8# + N/' x
2
+ y
2
+ ]
2
+ 2IPx+ 2I7y + 2I3] + E = 0 vi P
2
+
7
2
+ 3
2
E 8 0
co &a)m A(P -7-3) - ban 0Lnh Z =
2 2 2
z Y V + + +
()* t+,n 2' *Zt Rhng trnh 0Ht cIu
M&ImaC& ca@u (Y) &a)m A(a-b-c) va 5i Hua N
,
(x
,
-y
,
-]
,
) + 7an 0Lnh Z = AN
,
=
2 2 2
(x 0) (y B) ( %)
* * *
+ +
M&ImaC& ca@u (Y) 51ng 0Lnh P7 : + Ta)m A Fa &(ung 5i!6m P7 =8 A(
x x
Y z
2
+
-
y y
Y z
2

-

Y z
2

)
+ 7an 0Lnh Z = AP
M&I maC& ca@u (Y) Hua bon 5i!6m PD7D3DE: <I<ha< : (Y): x
2
+ y
2
+ ]
2
9 2IPx9 2I7y 9
23] + E = 0 (,)
Thay Fa@n F1& &oa 5o" K 5i!6m vao (,) =8 gia+i h!" &Gm h!" #o P-7-3-E
M&ImaC& ca@u (Y) &a)m A(a-b-c) va &i!< xuc maC& <haOng (): ban 0Lnh Z =
d(A- ())
()* t+,n S' 8,c A4nh E4 trO tng A1* g*`@ 0Ht cIu E) 0Ht RhDng
() : P x + 7 y + 3] +E = 0 - (Y): (x a)
2
+ (yb)
2
+(]c)
2
= Z
2

1!#: d(A- ) 8 Z ;=8 va Y 0ho)ng co 5i!6m chung ( (i nhau)
d(A- ) = Z ;=8 &i!< xuc vi Y " "# la m$ tie$ %ie&n) : () (Y)
={N
0
} -
V-%h vi<t mdt phLng ti<p 9i.n : () Hua N
0
nha"n

AN
0
Fam >TMT
d(A- ) ; Z ;=8 ca[& maC& ca@u (Y) &h!o mo"& 51ng &(on (C): &a)m /-
ban 0Lnh (
+ Ta)m / Fa hGnh chi!u cu+a A F!)n m<
+ ban 0Lnh ( =
2 2
u T A )U d(A
+ @ach xac 29nh H: + %a"< <& 5I &haOng d Hua A nha"n

n
Fam>T3M
d :
x 0 zt
y B Yt
% Vt
+

+
'

&hay vao <& m<() =8 gia+i & =8 &oa 5o" 5i!6m /

()* t+,n ]' C,ch CZt 0Ht RhDng t*ZR V*en tai 'iNm
0
:
o |-% '!nh tkm 4& B-n 5fnh %/0 mdt %:= (E)
+ Ndt phLng ti<p 9i.n () Hua N
0
nha"n
0
h
uuuur
Fam >TMTI
()* t+,n 2' m,c A4nh tb0 E) P,n jOnh ACng trfn g*@+ tu7Zn cW@ 0Ht cIu (S) E) 0Ht RhDng().
+ ban 0Lnh ( = ( )
2 2
u T A )U d(A
@ach xac 29nh H: + %a"< <& 5I &haOng d Hua A nha"n

n
Fam>T3M
(d)
x 0 zt
y B Yt
% Vt
+

+
'

&hay vao <& m<() =8 gia+i & =8 &oa 5o" 5i!6m /

PhIn 1n' MHt RhDng= ACng thDng.
,I>!c& <ha< &uy!n cu+a m< :
n 0
r r
Fa v!c& <ha< &uy!n cu+a ()

gia cu+a
n
r
()
2I3ach xac 52nh >TMT cu+a m< : 0
r
D B
r
0ho)ng cung <h1ng co gia #ong #ong
vi () hoaCc naRm &(ong () &hG

r r r
n a b
3I M& m<( ) Hua N(x
o
- y
o
- ]
o
) co v&<& n
r
= (P-7-3): 6+x Q x
o
/ + &+y Q y
o
/ + @+R Q R
o
/ = ,
KI () ' 6x + &y + @] + E = 0 &a co n
r
= +6- &- @/
@h# y : Nuon vi!& <h1ng &(Gnh maC& <haOng ca@n: 1 2!5m Ca 1 C!ct$ phap
t#y!n
_IMh1ng &(Gnh maC& <haOng ' i Hua 6+a<,<,/ &+,<b<,/ - @+,<,<c/ ' ,
c
]
b
y
a
x
+ +
`IMh1ng &(Gnh cac maC& <haOng &oa 5o" (\y]) : x = 0 - (\x]) : y = 0 - (\xy) : ] =
0
()* t+,n 1' c,ch E*Zt Rhng trnh 0Ht RhDng'
I (zYV): o tfnh
zY ? A zV ?
uuur uuur

o 212 %/0 (zYV) n zY zV
r uuur uuur
=} 4i<t mdt phLng 'i M=0 z %C 212 n
r
D
MHt RhDng 8,c A4nh Po*'
I (0,B) : n<= 033B th; 212
0
n = zY
r uur uuur
4i z 0A Y BD
?<= 0 %,t B th;
0 B
n = =
r uur uur
I(zA0) th; 212
0
n = zY
r uur uuur
4i z 0D
I () 33() th; 212
n n

uur uur
I () 0 th; 212
0
n =

uur uur

I() 'i M=0 2 'iNm z 4& Y 'ng thKi %h)0 'DthLng 0 hPd% 33 0 hPd% %C 2V1 0
r
th;
0
n = zY

uuur uuur uuuur
( th0y
0
=
uur
=
0
r
)
I() 4=6ng gC% % h0i mdt phLng (1) 4& ()D th; 212 1
n n n

uur uur uuur
I dt phLng t#=ng t#>% %/0 'Pan thLng zYD
o |-% '!nh t#=ng 'iNm %/0 'Pan thLng zYD
odt phLng t#=ng t#>% 'i M=0 %C 212 zY
uuur
D
I () 7Png 7Png 'HKng thLng 4& 4=6ng gC% 4i mSt mdt phLng th; 0
n n =


uur uur uur
D
I () %h)0 'Dthng 9 4& () D
o %hRn t#@n 'DthLng 9D
o 212 %/0 () l& 9
n = n


uur uur uur
()* t+,n 2 E*Zt Rhng trnh ACng thDng.
1.Ph$ng t"(nh tham so c#4a 2$ng thaMng +d/ 3#a *+x
o
-y
o
-R
o
/ co Ctcp 0
r
= +a
1
-a
2
-a
3
/
:
+

+
'

o 1
o 2
o 3
x x a t
d y y a t ;t R
z z a t
2.Ph$ng t"(nh ch=nh taJc c#4a d
p 'i M=0 'iNm z 4& %C 2V1 =
r
3 2
a
z - z
a
y y
a
x x
(d)
o
1
o 0
:

I 'i M=0 2 'iNm z 4& Y =} 'i M=0 z %C 2V1 zY
uuur
D
I 'i M=0 z 4& 33 9 =} M=0 z %C 2V1
9
=
uur
D
I M=0 z 4& () th; M=0 z %C 2V1 l&
n

uur
D
I l& gi0P t=y<n %/0 h0i mdt phLng () 4& () th; V21 %/0 l&
= n n


r uur uur
D
()* t+,n S' t0 hnh ch*Zu cW@ 0Ft A*B0 :Un 0Ft 0Ht RhDng h+Hc A.thDng.
p T0 hnh ch*Zu % cW@ M :Un ()
o i<t 12 'DthLng 9 M=0 %C 2V1 l&
n

uur
D
o gii h. gm
pt( )
pt 9

'

o l;nh %hi<= l l& gi0P 'iNm %/0 () 4& 9 l& nghi.m %/0 h. t#@nD
p T0 hnh ch*Zu % cW@ M :Un ACng thDng V.
o i<t 12 mdt phLng (1) M=0 %C 212 l&
9
=
uur
D
o gii h. gm
pt( )
pt 9

'

o l;nh %hi<= l l& gi0P 'iNm %/0 () 4& 9 l& nghi.m %/0 h. t#@nD
()* t+,n ]' T0 tk@ AF A*B0 A
q
A1* 8Nng E;* A*B0 A ru@ At h+Hc 0R
p 1* 8Nng ru@ 0R()
o i<t 12 'DthLng 9 M=0 %C 2V1 l&
n

uur
D
o gii h. gm
pt( )
pt 9

'

o l;nh %hi<= l l& gi0P 'iNm %/0 () 4& 9 l& nghi.m %/0 h. t#@nD
o 2R0 'S 'iNm '(i x)ng z
3
:
x 2x x
l z
y 2y y
l z
2
l z

'

(l l& t#=ng 'iNm zz)

p 1* 8Nng ru@ ACng thDng V.
o i<t 12 mdt phLng (1) M=0 %C 212 l&
9
=
uur
D
o gii h. gm
pt( )
pt 9

'

o l;nh %hi<= l l& gi0P 'iNm %/0 () 4& 9 l& nghi.m %/0 h. t#@nD
s 2R0 'S 'iNm '(i x)ng z
3
:
x 2x x
l z
y 2y y
l z
2
l z

'

(l l& t#=ng 'iNm zz)

()* t+,n ]' 8,c A4nh E4 trO tng A1* g*`@ 0R E) 0R= At E) At= At E) 0R.
p 4 trO tng A1* g*`@ 0R (T) E) 0R(t).
(M) : Px + 7y + 3] + E = 0 - (a) : P
/
x + 7
/
y + 3
/
] + E
/
= 0
vi
n

=(P-7-3) va
n

=(P
/
- 7
/
- 3
/
)
(M) (a) ;=8
z
3
z
=
Y
3
Y
=
V
3
V
=
+
3
+
(M) // (a);=8
z
3
z
=
Y
3
Y
=
V
3
V

+
3
+
(M) c,t (a);=8
z
3
z

Y
3
Y

Y
3
Y

V
3
V

V
3
V

z
3
z
Chu y :
/
;= 8
n

I
n

= 0 ;=8 PP
/
+ 77
/
+ 33
/
= 0
ca[&
/
;=8
n

va
n

0ho)ng cung <h1ng

p E4 trO tng A1* g*`@ A.thDng d
1
E) d
2
.
Ta gii h. gm pt * 2
9 , 9
thjP t 4& t
3
(%hP 122E %/0 h0i 'DthLng = thjP trng th&nh ph:n )D
Qui c:
Ma u = 0 th T = 0
o h. %C nghi.m 9=y nhXt t 4& t
3
th; d
,
ca[& d
2
=8 giao 'iNmD
o h. %C 46 7( nghi.m t 4& t
3
th; d
,
&(ung d
2
o n<= h. 46 nghi.m :
|-% '!nh %-% >T3M
=

=(a-b-c) D 3
=

=(a
/
-b
/
- c
/
)
= 5 ='


th; d
,
ch!o d
2I
Ug1c Fai &hG d
,
// d
2
p 4 trO tng A1* g*`@ A.thDng V E) 0Ht RhDng (T).
o th0y 122E %/0 'DthLng 9 4&P 12 mp(1) t0 'H[% 12 thjP \n tD
o n<= 12 46 nghi.m th; 933mp(1)D
?<= 12 46 7( nghi.m th; 9 (1)D
?<= 12 %C nghi.m 9=y nhXt th; 9 %,t (1) =}gi0P 'iNm?
()* t+,n 2' TOnh jh+.ng c,ch.
I t8 'iNm P(x
0
-y
0
-]
0
) '<n mdt phLng (): zxoYyoVo+ = 0 D
d(P-()) =
zx Yy V +
0 0 0
2 2 2
z Y V
+ + +
+ +
I (1)33() th; 9((1),()) = d(P-(a)) vi mRi 'iNm z %hRn try Z t#@n (1)
I bhPng %-%h t8 'iNm z '<n 'HKng thLng 9 ( 5h6ng %C %6ng th)% tfnh t#Png %hHGng t#;nh mi phkn B0n)
nhHng t0 %C thN tfnh nhH 70=:
o l"p 12 mp() M=0 z 4& 4=6ng gC% 4i 9D
o t;m gi0P 'iNm l %/0 mp(1) 4& 'DthLng 9D
o 5hPng %-%h %:n t;m l& 'Pan thLng zlD
()* t+,n 9' *Zt Rt hnh ch*Zu cW@ A.thDng V :Un 0R (T) ( trCng h^R V cut (T) )
o 2;m gi0P 'iNm z %/0 9 4& (1)
o VhRn t#@n 'DthLng 9D ( 5h-% z)
o2;m h;nh %hi<= %/0 l@n (1) l& l
o 2V1 %/0 l& zl
uuur
o M=0 z 4& l n@n 4i<t 'H[% pt
()* t+,n ?' T%vwN" TxhN% vyN" z{N" "C C%zN"
Gi 7^ %C h0i 'HKng thLng (9
*
), (9
2
) l:n lH[t %C phHGng t#;nh nhH 70= :

+
'

0 ,
, 0 2
0 3
x x a&
d : y y a &
] ] a &
4&

+
'

0 ,
2 0 2
0 3
x xb b&b
d : y yb b &b
] ]b b &b
LXy 'iNm 9
*
A ? 9
2
(
+
0 ,
x a&
A
+
0 2
y a &
A
+
0 3
] a &
)
?(
+
0 ,
x b&b
A
+
0 2
y b &b
A
+
0 3
] b &b
)
? l& 'HKng 4=6ng gC% %h=ng :




' ' '

uuuur uur uuuur uur
uuuur uur uuuur uur
, , ,
2
2 2
NU d NU a NUIa 0
NU d
NU a NUIa 0
Gii h. phHGng t#;nh (I) t;m t 4& tD LXy t th< 4&P 9
*
%C tR0 'S %/0 , t th< 4&P 9
2
%C tR0 'S ?D
L"p phHGng t#;nh 'HKng thLng ? 'C %hfnh l& phHGng t#;nh 'HKng 4=6ng gC% %h=ng %:n t;mD
()* t+,n G' -%O#N" CC% "I|A %AI vyN" T%}N" C%~O N%Az
Phng php 1 :
S 9&i ? _ B&i tP-n %hfnh l& 5hPng %-%h gie0 h0i 'HKng thLng %hOP nh0=
Phng php 2 :
i<t phHGng t#;nh mdt phLng (1) %h)0 (9
*
) 4& 7Png 7Png 4i (9
2
)

'

uur r r
m<(M):
n a b
NU = (IIIIIIII)
M=0 'iNm z (9
*
)
d, /

d2 7
U
(d
,
)
N
(d
2
)
LXy 'iNm Y (9
2
) 4& tfnh 5hPng %-%h t8 Y '<n mp(1) th; :
( )
( )

, 2
d d Dd d 7D(M)
= Yl
p 9$ng %6ng th)% tfnh 5hPng %-%h t8 (x
0
A y
0
A
0
) '<n mdt phLng () : zx o Yy o V o + = 0
( )
+ + +

+ +
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
Px 7y 3] E
d N D( )
P 7 3
Ch5 6' (-h* th* t1t ngh*eR thO /*nh ch :)0 th+ j*Zn thNc chng trnh chun )
Chng trnh chun Chng trnh nbng c@+
a
r
4&
b
r
%rngphHGng
* *
2 2
3 3
:
a kb
k R a kb a kb
a kb

'

r r
a
r
,
b
r
,
c
r
'ng phLng , : m n R c ma nb +
r r r
(
a
r
,
b
r
5h6ng %rng phHGng)

1.TOnh ch<t :
, a b
1
]
r r
l&
a b
r r
_
, a b a
1

]
r r r
,
, a b b
1

]
r r r
_
, 7in( , ) a b a b a b
1

]
r r r r r r
_
a
r
4&
b
r
%rng phHGng
, 0 a b
1

]
r r r
_
a
r
,
b
r
,
c
r
'ng phLng
, D 0 a b c
1

]
r r r
_ +i.n tf%h:
( )
2
2 2
*
D D
2
!C
S ! C ! C
uuuruuur
!C
S
*
7in
2
!C 4i
D
%P7
D
! C

! C

uuuruuur
uuur uuur
_ 2hN tf%h:
zYV+

= ( )
*
D , ( )
3
!C
S d D !C
_ 2hN tf%h 5h(i hSp:

zYV+DzYV+
= ( ) 2 D ', ( )
!C
S d !C
2.C,c Nng Vng tOch cQ h;ng '
_ +i.n tf%h t0m gi-% :
*
T , U
2
!C
S ! C
uuur uuur
_ 2hN tf%h t) 9i.n
zYV+=
*
T , UD

! C D
uuur uuur uuur
_ 2hN tf%h 5h(i hSp:

zYV+DzYV+
=
T , UD ' ! D
uuur uuur uuur

ThIn (PY /ung)
_ GRi l& gC% gie0 h0i mdt phLng (0
0
0
0
)
(1):zxoYyoVo+=0 4& ():zxoYyoVo+=0
_ GC% gie0 h0i 'HKng thLng
() 'i M=0 (x
0
Ay
0
A
0
) %C 2V1
* 2 3
( A A ) a a a a
r
() 'i M=0 (x
0
Ay
0
A
0
) %C 2V1
* 2 3
' ( ' A ' A ' ) a a a a
uur
* * 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
* 2 3 * 2 3
D '
D ' D ' D '
P7 P7( , ')
D ' D ' ' '
a a
a a a a a a
c c a a
a a a a a a a a

+ +

+ + + +
ruur
r uur
r uur
_ GC% gie0 'HKng thLng 4& mdt phLng
() 'i M=0
0
%C 2V1
a
r
, mp() %C 212 ( A A ) n ! C
r
GRi l& gC% h[p B_i () 4& mp()

* 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
* 2 3
z0 oY0 oV0
7in P7( , )
z D
c a n
! C a a a

+ + + +
r r

_
M
_ G l& t#Rng tkm %/0 t) 9i.n zYV+
4
4
4
! C D
"
! C D
"
! C D
"
x x x x
x
y y y y
y
# # # #
#
+ + +

+ + +

'

+ + +

_
Vh]% %-% jm 6n t"p hi.= M= 4& 'at 5<t M= t(t t#Png %-% 5 thi 7,p ti