1

Micro-business Interests and Skills of the Violeta Homes Residents:

Baseline for Livelihood Program

Jumar G. Basco

This study aimed to identify the interests and skills of the residents of Violeta Homes in
micro business to be used as baseline for livelihood program. The researcher used
questionnaire and informal interviews to gather pertinent data that would answer the
specific questions. Results showed that the economic condition of the participants was
not good. They were interested in food selling and most of them have skills and
experiences in doing it. Lack of capital is the common problem that hinders them to
engage business.

Keywords: micro-business, interests, skills, livelihood program

The underserved people of rural communities in the Philippines cannot be left
alone to survive by themselves because of some detrimental factors that affect their
progress and development. Factors such as poverty and its domino effects such as
poor nutrition, lack of education, poor health, unsustainable livelihood, etc., greatly
deterred their progress aggravated by their deplorable conditions.
Educational institutions stand in the midst of the community for them to serve its
people. In the education of the mind and the heart, the school and the community are
said to be collaborators. It is believed that the school is not an ivory tower if it has to be
relevant in the community and neither the community is an island (Abrazado, 2004).
Anchored on this belief, Higher Education Institutions express an immense concern on
the area of community extension services aside from instruction and research, which
are equally important.
Considering this condition, the Republic Central Colleges (RCC) an educational
institution dedicates and commits herself to initiate community extension service to
make students aware of the socio-economic, political, cultural and moral aspects of the
environment; thus, enabling them to contribute to the progress and development of the
community (College Student Handbook, 2012).
To show her commitment to serve the community, the RCC through its
Community Extension Service Office (CESO) adopted the Violeta Homes located in
Barangay Capaya II, Angeles City to be the center of its community activities. The
CESO devised plans and programs to be implemented in this community that include
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Community Organization, Health and Sanitation, Social/ Cultural, Environment and
Cleanliness, Sports and Recreation, and Livelihood programs (CESO Manual, 2012).
Among these programs, the livelihood program seeks to address the economic
condition of the residents. This program aims to promote employment and income-
generating micro-business. The program also aims to effect the behavioral changes
brought about by the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and values which may ultimately
alleviate the living conditions of the people.
Putting up a livelihood program in a community of poor people is a very tough
task. Taking into consideration the resources like money, time and equipment that can
be wasted if the program does not succeed, the head-researcher being the head of the
CESO wants to make it sure that the programs to be implemented may have a greater
chance of success.
In all endeavor, human resources is very much important, thus, it is a must to
consider the residents of the Violeta Homes since they are the beneficiaries of the
program. Are these people interested in micro-business? Do they have the skills or
experiences in managing and operating small business? Are they willing to be trained?
These are some of the questions that need to be answered before implementing a
program.
With this reason, the researchers conducted this study to gather pertinent
information regarding the residents that can be used as baseline in the planning and
implementation of livelihood programs.
Conceptual Framework

One of the RCC-CESOs priority projects is the livelihood program for the
community people in the form of income-generating micro-business enterprise. A
micro-business according to Lemons (2008), is the smallest of all businesses, created
by a self-reliant person (who often considers himself a survivor), for the purpose of
making a living and making a life, and whose goal is not necessarily wealth and worldly
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goods, but rather a sustainable enterprise that can provide for the comfortable wellbeing
of the owner and his family.
In Republic Act No. 9178 known as "Barangay Micro Business Enterprises
(BMBEs) Act of 2002" declares the policy of the State to hasten the country's economic
development by encouraging the formation and growth of barangay micro business
enterprises which effectively serve as seedbeds of Filipino entrepreneurial talents, and
integrating those in the informal sector with the mainstream economy, through the
rationalization of bureaucratic restrictions, the active intervention of the government
specially in the local level, and the granting of incentives and benefits to generate much
needed employment and alleviate poverty.
Indeed, micro-business is recognized by the state as a means to alleviate the
quality of life of its people. However, the question of whether or not these people have
interest and skills necessary for this endeavor still remains.
The paradigm of the study is shown in Figure 1. The paradigm made use of the
input-process-output model. The input includes the residents of Violeta Homes the
adopted community of RCC. The processes undertaken in the study include a survey
and informal interviews to gather the information needed to answer the specific
problems. Informal interviews were made to verify and substantiate information
gathered through the questionnaire.
The outputs of the study showed the economic condition of the participants in
terms of occupation, income and expenses. It also showed the skills and interests of
the participants. The skills are the proficiencies, talents, or competencies acquired or
developed through training or experience. An interest is generally thought of as a
natural curiosity or concern about something. The study also showed the problems that
hinders the participants in micro-business and their suggested solutions to it.
A line with arrow pointing to the input from the output represents the feedback of
the study. The outputs might provide useful information for the livelihood program to be
implemented in the Violeta Homes.
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Cobuild (2009) described livelihood as the job or other source of income that
gives you the money to buy the things you need. In effect, the fishing job of a fisherman
or woman as well as sale of vegetable and fruits from the garden make up Cobuild
description of livelihood. Krantz (2001) advanced that livelihood comprises the
capabilities, assets (stores, resources claims and access) and activities required for a
means of living. Oxenharm, Diallo, Katahoire, Mwangi and Sall in their working papers
to the World Bank defined livelihood in a traditional restricted sense as making a living
which restricts itself to the knowledge, skills and methods used to produce or obtain the
food, water, clothing and shelter necessary for survival and well-being.
Furthermore, Sabato (2009) states that livelihood programs are community-
based activities designed to help low-income families start their own small business.
The programs are designed not only to provide service or donate materials but also to
empower and encourage local communities to take pride in their work, to be self-
sufficient and to provide for themselves.
The livelihood program to be successful should be matched with appropriate
skills and an interest to do the job. Clearly, identifying the skills and interests will help
the CESO discover the livelihood programs to be implemented.










Figure 1. Micro-business Interests and Skills of the Violeta Homes Residents: Baseline
for Livelihood Program
INPUT



Residents of
Violeta Homes
PROCESS

Survey and
Informal interviews
of the current
economic
conditions;
interests and
skills; problems in
micro-business;
and the suggested
solutions of the
residents of
Violeta Homes.
OUTPUT

- Economic
condition in terms
of Occupation,
Income and
Expenses.
- Interests and
skills.
- Problems in
Micro-business.
- Suggested
Solutions.

Proposed Livelihood Program
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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to identify the interests and skills of the Violeta Homes
Residents which will be used as baseline for livelihood program.
Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the current economic condition of the participants in terms of:
a. Occupation
b. Income
c. Expenses
2. What are the interests and skills of the participants that can be used for
livelihood?
3. What are the problems that hinder the participants to use their skills and interests
to generate income?
4. What are the suggestions or recommendations of the participants to address
their problems?

Significance of the Study
This study provides empirical data that can be used in planning and
implementing livelihood programs to the community.
Scope and Limitation
This study focused on the interests and skills of the residents of Violeta Homes
related to micro-business enterprise. The information needed to answer the specific
questions was derived mainly from the questionnaire and informal interviews. There are
no actual activities to find out the skill level of the participants.


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Method
Research Method
The study utilized the descriptive type of research as it is the purpose of the
study to identify and describe the economic condition, interests and skills of the
participants in micro-business.

Participants
The participants in this study were the one-hundred eighty-five (185) residents of
the Violeta Homes, Capaya II, Angeles City composed of parents, sons and daughters
who have the capability to work and earn an income. The participants are further
described in the following table:
Table 1
Distribution of the Participants According to Demographic Profile
Sex f % Marital Status f %
Male 65 35.14 Married 166 89.73
Female 120 64.86 Single 13 7.03
185 100.00 Single-Parent 5 2.70
Role in the
Family
f % Widow 1 0.54
Father 57 30.81 185 100.00
Mother 119 64.32 Age f %
Sons/Daughter 9 4.86 16 - 20 11 5.95
No. of Offspring f % 21 - 30 42 22.70
none 13 7.03 31 - 40 56 30.27
1 - 3 90 48.65 41 - 50 39 21.08
4 - 6 63 34.05 51 - above 37 20.00
7 - 9 16 8.65 185 100.00
10 - above 3 1.62
185 100.00

Most of the participants were females, 120 or 64.86% as compare to the males,
65 or 35.14%. A mother comprises the most number of participants 119 or 64.32%
while fathers were 57 or 30.81% and the participants who were sons/daughters in the
family were 9 or 4.86%. In terms of the number of offspring, most of the participants
have one to 3 offspring (90 or 48.65%) followed by participants with 4 6 offspring (63
or 34.05%). A great number of the participants were married 166 or 89.73% while the
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rest of the participants were single 13 or 7.03 %; single-parents were 5 or 2.70% and
only one participant or 0.54% was already widowed. Some of the participants belong to
the age bracket of 31 40 with 56 or 30.27% and age bracket of 21 30 with 42 or
22.70%.
Research Instrument
The main instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. Considering the
nature and educational attainment of the participants, the questionnaire used was in
Filipino so that they could easily understand what is being asked.
The questionnaire is composed of four parts: Part 1 was about the Economic
Condition (Kalagayan sa Pananalapi) of the community people. Part 2 was about
identifying the interests (hilig) and skills (kakayahan) of the community people. Part 3
was about the hindrances in doing livelihood for the family (hadlang). Part 4 was about
their suggestions/recommendations to RCC Community Extension Service Office (RCC-
CESO) to help them earn a living.
Data gathering Procedure
The Head of the Community Extension Service Office (CESO) coordinated with
the officers of the Rural Improvement Club (RIC) to gather the parents and residents of
the Violeta Homes at the RCC Multi-Purpose Hall in Violeta Homes, Capaya II, Angeles
City.
The graduating students of the College of Business Administration and College
of Accountancy were utilized as interviewers. They have guided the participants in
answering the questionnaires and at the same time they asked them questions related
to the items.
Data Analysis
The data gathered from the participants were organized, tabulated and classified
for analysis and interpretations to answer the specific questions raised in the statement
of the problem. Simple statistical tools were applied such as frequency, percentage and
rank order.
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Results and Discussion

I. Economic Condition

The economic conditions of the participants were described in terms of
participants occupation, status of employment, monthly income and their monthly
expenses. These were summarized in Table 2.




Table 2.
Economic Condition of the participants
Occupation f %
Employment
Status
f %
Construction Worker 21 11.35 None 85 45.95
Housewife 73 39.46 Permanent 38 20.54
Beutician/Manicurist 5 2.70 Casual 27 14.59
Carpenter 2 1.08 Contractual 14 7.57
Driver 5 2.70 Seasonal 21 11.35
Electrician 2 1.08
Mode of
Salary
f %
Welder 5 2.70 None 85 45.95
Vendor 17 9.19 Monthly 17 9.19
Weavers (Paglalala) 25 13.51 Weekly 44 23.78
Laborer 4 2.16 Irregular 19 10.27
Laundress 19 10.27 Daily 20 10.81
Maintenance Worker 7 3.78
Monthly
Expenses
f %
Monthly Income f % Food 144 24.16
No Income
67 36.22 Education 88 14.77
3,000 - below
67 36.22 Clothing 58 9.73
3,001 - 5,000
12 6.49 Water 80 13.42
5,001 - 7,000
12 6.49 Electricity 127 21.31
7,001 9,000
14 7.57
Household
Equipments
54 9.06
9,001 10,000
6 3.24 Rentals 19 3.19
10,001 12,000
5 2.70 Vices 16 2.68
12,001 - Above
2 1.08 Etc.. 10 1.68

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Occupation. The mother participants were mostly housewives, 73 or 39.46%.
Though this is a noble occupation but it does not generate income for the family. As
one of the mothers said, Mahirap maghanap ng trabaho lalo na hindi kami nakatapak
ng college, saka walang mag-aalaga sa mga anak namin. (Its difficult to find a job
especially that we werent able to go to college and no one will be there to look after our
kids.) This situation is common in the Philippine setting where female parents normally
stayed at home, taking care of their children and do the housekeeping activities. Being
laundress (19 or 10.27%) and vendor (17 or 9.19%) were among the common
occupation of the mothers. These occupations are indications of poor income of the
family were these jobs do not guaranty a good salary for the workers. As one mother
said, Wala naman kaming choice kung hindi ang maglabandera, sayang din naman at
pandagdag din sa gastusin. (We have no choice other than being a laundress; after all
it would provide additional income to satisfy our expenses.)
On the part of the father, most of them are Construction Workers, 21 or
11.35%. According to them, paghalo ng semento (mixing of cement), pagbuhat ng
hollow blocks (carrying of hollow blocks), tagalagay ng semento sa hollow blocks
(putting mixed cement to the hollow blocks) were the common tasks they do in the
construction area. This job needs physical strength and stamina to perform their jobs.
One father who looks 50 to 60 years old said, Masakit na nga ang likod ko sa kakahalo
ng semento sa hirap ng trabaho. (My back aches due to the hard job of mixing
cement.) Being a weaver or naglalala with 25 or 13.51% is the familiar occupation in
the community. According to them, a businessman brings the materials to the
community for them to weave into baskets, storage boxes, etc. One interviewer asked,
Paano po kayo natuto sa paglalala? (How did you learn to weave?) A participant
answered, Dati nanonood lang ako, tapos nakigaya-gaya hanggang sa natuto na rin
ako. (Before I was just observing, then try it on myself, then finally I learned.) According
to them, in each item they have weaved they earned 15 to 20 pesos depending on the
size.
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Employment Status. It is depressing to note that most of the participants are
not employed, 85 or 45.95%. However, there are some who have permanent jobs, 38
or 20.54% while some are casual, contractual and seasonal employment status.
To have an additional income, the participants engaged in the following:
Pagtitinda ng Avon and Saralee products (resellers of Avon and Sara Lee
products)
Gumagawa ng Sirang Electric Fan, Payong, at iba pa. (repairing electric
fans, umbrella, etc.)
Helper or Extra sa Pagluluto (assistant or helper in cooking)
Naglo-load sa mga cellphone. (reloading business)
Nangangalakal (scrap traders)
Nagbabantay ng apo at binibigyan ako ng pera ng aking anak. (Being a
nanny of my grandchildren, then receives salary from my son/daughter.)
Humihingi sa mga kamag-anak ng pera. (Asking financial help from
relatives.)
Nakikipaglaba (laundress)

Monthly Income. Since most of the participants were not employed, they do not
have income, 67 or 36.22%. This percentage is the same as those participants who
receive an income of 3,000 and below. This income is a clear indication of poor
conditions of the participants. This is far below from the average income of the family
residing in Central Luzon. The study conducted by the National Statistics Office (2008)
about the number of families, total and average annual family income and expenditures
per region showed that the families in Region III Central Luzon had an average annual
income of Php 198,000.00. Dividing this annual income by 12 months equates to Php
16,500.00. This means that the average monthly income of families in Central Luzon
where the Violeta Homes is located and the participants were residing is Php 16,500.00.
However, there were some of them whose income ranged from 3,001 5,000
and higher.
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Monthly Expenses. Most of the income of the participants is used for their basic
needs like foods (144 or 24.16%) and paying the electric bills (127 or 21.31%).
However, it is interesting to note that even if they have a meager income; they are able
to spend something on the education (88 or 14.77%) of their children.
The participants were asked, Sapat ba ang iyong kinikita para suportahan ang
pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya?(Is your income enough to support the needs of
your family?) Most of the participants answered Hindi (No) with 154 or 83% while
those who answered Sapat (Enough) where 31 or 17%. These answers show that
the economic condition of the participants is NOT GOOD.




II. INTERESTS AND SKILLS
The skills and interests of the people drive them to do something. Identifying
these aspects from the people is very much necessary especially when you are
assigning tasks or projects.







Sapat,
31, 17%
Hindi,
154, 83%
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Table 3.
Skills and Interests of the participants
Interest in Business f %
Experiences in
Business
f %
Meron (Yes) 148 80.00 Meron 136 73.51
Wala (None) 37 20.00 Wala 49 26.49
Area of Interests f Rank Area of Interests f Rank
Pagtitinda ng (Selling of)

Construction Worker
Fisball/Kikiam, etc. 32 2 Mason 10 13.5
Lutong Ulam (Cooked
Food)
56 1 Labor/Helper 27 4
Pulvoron/Yema 23 6 Carpentry 3 20.5
Mani/Balitog (Peanuts) 12 11 Laborer in Iron 8 15
Ukay-ukay (Pre-used
things)
12 11
Housekeeping or
Katulong
30 3
Manicure/Pedicure 12 11 Handicraft
Barbers 4 18.5 Ratan/Paglalala 20 7.5
Paglalabada at
Pamamalantsa
(Laundress)
21 5 Muwebles 2 22
Pananahi (Sewing)
Capis Making 3 20.5
Pagburda (embroidery) 15 9 Welding / Iron Works 10 13.5
Pillow makers 20 7.5
Paggawa ng (Making of

Walis at Tambo (broom) 4 18.5
Dust Pan 5 17
Basahan (rug making) 6 16

Skills and Interests in Micro Business. Most of the participants showed
interests in doing business as they answered the question, May hilig ka ba sa
pagnenegosyo? (Do you have interests in business?) as Meron (Yes) 148 or 80%
compared to Wala (No) with 37 or 20%. Most of these who showed interests have
already experienced doing business with 136 or 73.51% while only 49 or 26.49% have
not. Results showed that the participants had already background in business activities.
Some of the testimonies of the participants regarding their skills and experiences are
the following:
- Dati nagtitinda ako ng mga mani, balitog at mga naka repak na candy sa
harap lang ng bahay namin. Natigil lang ng manganak ako. (Before, I was
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selling peanuts, corns and repacked candies in front of our house. It stopped
after I gave birth.)
- May pwesto kasi dati sa palengke iyung bayaw ko, tumutulong ako sa kanya
sa pagtitinda. Kung minsan may mga gulay ako na inuuwi, tapos ibinebenta
ko yun sa mga kapit-bahay. (I am helping my brother/sister-in-law who has a
stall in the market. Sometimes I take home excess vegetables and sell them
to my neighbors.)
- Sa ngayon nagtitinda ako ng kalamay, minatamis na saging, banana que, at
iba pa. Inililibot ko lang ito dito sa Violeta, nauubos din. (Right now, I am
selling rice cakes, sweetened bananas, banana que and others within the
Violeta Homes.)
- Dati may nahihiraman kaming tindahan ng fish ball na bisekleta, mabili yun
dito, kasi kahit tumigil ka lang sa kanto, may bibili na sayo. (Before we can
borrow a fish ball cart, its profitable because even if you will just stop on a
street, there are people who will buy from you.
- Dami meron akong bike, iyung kurong-kurong tapos nagbabahay-bahay
ako, bumibili ako ng sirang gamit. Ang mga nabili ko, ibinebenta ko sa
junkshop. Minsan swerte lalo na kapag mga appliances ang nabibili ko kasi
may mga tanso yun sa loob na naibebenta ko ng mas mahal. (I had a bike
back then and I go house to house buying damaged items then sell them to
the junkshop. Sometimes, Im lucky if I bought appliances because it
contains bronze which I can sell for much higher amount.)
- Dati may sari-sari store ako, naubos lang ang paninda kasi nawalan ng
trabaho ang asawa ko. (I had a variety store before but its contents
diminished until nothing was left because my husband lost his job.)

Area of Interests. The participants were given the chance to rank their interest
from the lists of livelihood and business that they can do. First in rank is the Pagtitinda
ng lutong ulam (selling of cooked food), and second is the Pagtitinda ng fish ball,
kikiam, etc. (selling of fish ball, kikiam, etc.). This result showed that the participants
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were very interested in food selling business. As one expressed her interests in this
business said, Madali po kasi ang kita sa pagtitinda, may pagkain na para sa pamilya
ko, tapos may kinikita pa ako. (Its easy to have an income selling, you have food for
your family while you are also earning.) Third is the Housekeeping or pamamasukan
bilang katulong, fourth is the Laborer or helper, and fifth is Paglalabada at
pamamalantsa (Laundress). The participants interests from rank 3 to 5 are
occupations that need physical strength and little skills. This shows that there are
interested to showcase their skills by doing the household chores of others and being
errand or helper of other people. However, there are participants who showed their
interests and indicate their skills in doing crafts like paglalala, paggawa ng tambo,
pagtahi ng unan, pagwe-welding, etc. (weaving, broom making, pillow making, welder,
etc.)

III. HINDRANCES IN LIVELIHOOD
The participants enumerated and ranked the hindrances they perceived and
might encounter when they were doing livelihood activities particularly in micro
business.

Table 4.
Hindrances that the participants perceived and might encounter.
hindrances f Rank
walang puhunan (no capital) 149 1
nag-aalaga ng anak (taking care of their
children)
51 2
walang gamit/materyales (no materials to
be used)
43 3
kulang pa ang kakayahan (insufficient
skills)
6 5
natatakot baka malugi (scared of
bankruptcy)
21 4
walang customer (no costumer) 5 6
Nahihiya (shy) 3 7

First in the rank is the Walang puhunan (no capital), with great difference in
frequency for the second rank Nag-aalaga ng anak (taking care of their children). This
result may be attributed to the fact that the income of the participants is too meager to
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set aside an amount to be used as their capital. As one of them quipped, Kung may
puhunan lang ako, matagal na sana akong may negosyo, pahiramin nyo nga ako sir, at
ibabalik ko rin sayo may tubo pa. (If only I have a capital, I might already have
business, can you lend me sir? I will return it with interest.)

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PARTICIPANTS TO THE RCC-CESO
The program to be proposed will be for the benefits of the participants, thus their
suggestions and recommendations are very important information for the CESO. This
may serve as a guide in coming up with the proposal that is deemed necessary for the
community.

Table 5.
Recommendation of the participants to RCC-CESO
Recommendations f Rank
magsagawa ng libreng training para malinang
pa ng husto ang aming kakayahan (hold free
training to hone our skills)
80 2
magsagawa ng programang pangkabuhayan
(conduct livelihood programs)
75 3
magbigay ng referral para makahanap ng
trabaho (give referral to find job)
64 4
magpahiram ng puhunan para makapagsimula
ng negosyo (lend a capital to start the
business)
122 1
magsagawa ng training kung paano e-market
ang mga paninda (provide training in marketing
the products)
47 5

First in rank with the frequency of 122 is, Magpahiram ng puhunan para
makapagsimula ng negosyo (lend a capital to start the business). This has been the
clamor of most of the participants so that they can start the business that they want.
Magtiwala lang po sana sa amin ang RCC basta ibabalik namin ang puhunan (We
hope that RCC will trust us, we will return the capital), mentioned by one participant.
Handa naman po kaming gawin ang makakaya namin para mapalago ang puhunan na
ipahihiram sa amin (We are ready to do our best to grow the capital that you will lend
us), added by other participant. Second in the rank is Magsagawa ng libreng training
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para malinang pa ng husto ang aming kakayahan (hold free training to hone our skills).
One quipped, Sana pahiramin kami ng RCC ng puhunan tapos turuan nya kaming
gumawa ng sabon, fabric conditioner o kaya yung pagpo-proseso ng tusino (We hope
that RCC will lend us capital then teach us how to make soaps, fabric conditioner or in
the processing of preserved meats). Third in rank is Magsagawa ng programang
pangkabuhayan (conduct livelihood programs). These recommendations are part of
the thrusts of CESO to alleviate the life of the community people. Since these are their
recommendations, the CESO knows that these people would surely participate
whatever livelihood projects it will implement.

CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing results, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The people of Violeta Homes need assistance to alleviate their poor
economic condition.
2. The livelihood interests and skills of the community people are food selling
business and doing the household chores for other people.
3. The lack of capital hinders the community people to do business.
4. The community people need capital, training, and livelihood program.

RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the following recommendations
are presented:
1. The RCC-CESO should implement a community project related to food
selling business to utilize their interests and skills.
2. The RCC-CESO should provide capital, trainings, and livelihood program to
the community people.
3. The RCC-CESO should establish linkages to construction firms and service
agencies to consider the community people who have interests and skills in
this area.

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References:

Abrazado, G. B. (2004). Marisol Bliss profile: a basis for RCC integrated community
development program. RCC Research Journal, Volume IV. No. 1, January-June
2004 issue.
CESO Manual (2012). CESO areas of concern (2012 edition) Angeles City, Philippines.
Cobuild, C. (2009). Advance Dictionary of English. United Kingdom: Harper Collins
Publishers.

College Student Handbook (2012). Philosophy, vision, mission and values statement
(2012 edition) Angeles City, Philippines.
Krantz, L. (2001). The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction. Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency.

Lemons, L. (2008). What is microbusiness. Retrieved September 23, 2011 website:
http://knol.google.com/k/what-is-a-microbusiness#
Oxenham,J., Diallo, A. Katahoire, A. Nwangi, A. and Sall, O. (2002). Skills and Literacy
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