High Quality
Open the downloaded document, and select print from the file menu (PDF reader required).
mathcity.org
Merging man and maths
Metric Spaces
v
Metric Spaces
Let
X
be a non-empty set and
¡
denotes the set of real numbers. Afunction :
d X X
× →
¡
is said to be metric if it satisfies the followingaxioms,,
x y z X
∀ ∈
.[M
1
] (,)0
d x y
≥
i.e.
d
is finite and non-negative real valued function.[M
2
] (,)0
d x y
=
if and only if
x
=
y
.[M
3
] (,)(,)
d x y d y x
=
(symmetric property)[M
4
] (,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
≤ +
(triangular inequality)The pair (
X
,
d
) is then called
metric space
.
d
is also called
distance function
and
d
(
x
,
y
) is the distance from
x
to
y
.
Note:
If (
X
,
d
) be a metric space then
X
is called
underlying set
.
v
Examples:
i
) Let
X
be a non-empty set then :
d X X
× →
¡
defined by
1(,)0
if x yd x yif x y
≠==
is a metric on
X
and is called
trivial metric
or
discrete metric
.
ii
) Let
¡
be the set of real number then :
d
× →
¡ ¡ ¡
defined by
(,)
d x y x y
= −
is a metric on
¡
.The space
( )
,
d
¡
is called
real line
and
d
is called
usual metric on
¡
.
iii
) Let
X
be a non-empty set and :
d X X
× →
¡
be a metric on
X
, then :
d X X
′× →
¡
defined by
( )
(,)min1,(,)
d x y d x y
′=
is also a metric on
X
.
Proof:
[M
1
] since
d
is a metric so (,)0
d x y
≥
as (,)
d x y
′
is either 1 or (,)
d x y
so (,)0
d x y
′≥
.[M
2
] if
x
=
y
then (,)0
d x y
=
and then (,)
d x y
′
which is
( )
min1,(,)
d x y
will bezero.Conversely, suppose that (,)0
d x y
′=
( )
min1,(,)0
d x y
⇒ =
(,)0
d x y
⇒ =
x y
⇒ =
as
d
is metric.[M
3
]
( ) ( )
(,)min1,(,)min1,(,)(,)
d x y d x y d y x d y x
′ ′= = =
(,)(,)
d x y d y x
=
Q
[M
4
] we have
( )
(,)min1,(,)
d x z d x z
′=
(,)1
d x z
′⇒ ≤
or (,)(,)
d x z d x z
′≤
We wish to prove (,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
′ ′ ′≤ +
now if (,)1
d x z
≥
, (,)1
d x y
≥
and (,)1
d y z
≥
then (,)1
d x z
′=
, (,)1
d x y
′=
and (,)1
d y z
′=
and (,)(,)112
d x y d y z
′ ′+ = + =
therefore (,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
′ ′ ′⇒ ≤ +
Now if (,)1
d x z
<
, (,)1
d x y
<
and (,)1
d y z
<
Then (,)(,)
d x z d x z
′=
, (,)(,)
d x y d x y
′=
and (,)(,)
d y z d y z
′=
As
d
is metric therefore (,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
≤ +
(,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
′ ′ ′⇒ ≤ +
Q.E.D
Metric Spaces
2
iv
) Let :
d X X
× →
¡
be a metric space then :
d X X
′× →
¡
defined by(,)(,)1(,)
d x yd x yd x y
′=+
is also a metric.
Proof:
[M
1
] Since (,)0
d x y
≥
therefore(,)(,)01(,)
d x yd x yd x y
′= ≥+
[M
2
] Let (,)0
d x y
′=
(,)01(,)
d x yd x y
⇒ =+
(,)0
d x y
⇒ =
x y
⇒ =
Now conversely suppose
x y
=
then (,)0
d x y
=
then
(,)0(,)01(,)10
d x yd x yd x y
′= = =+ +
[M
3
]
( )
(,)(,)(,),1(,)1(,)
d x y d y xd x y d y xd x y d y x
′ ′= = =+ +
[M
4
] Since
d
is metric therefore (,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
≤ +
Now by using inequality11
a ba ba b
< ⇒ <+ +
We get(,)(,)(,)1(,)1(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y zd x z d x y d y z
+≤+ + +
(,)(,)(,)1(,)(,)1(,)(,)
d x y d y zd x zd x y d y z d x y d y z
′⇒ ≤ ++ + + +
(,)(,)(,)1(,)1(,)
d x y d y zd x zd x y d y z
′⇒ ≤ ++ +
(,)(,)(,)
d x z d x y d y z
′ ′ ′⇒ ≤ +
Q.E.D
v
) The space
C
[
a
,
b
] is a metric space and the metric
d
is defined by
(,)max()()
t J
d x y x t y t
∈
= −
where
J
= [
a
,
b
] and
x
,
y
are continuous real valued function defined on [
a
,
b
].
Proof:
[M
1
] Since
()()0
x t y t
− ≥
therefore (,)0
d x y
≥
.[M
2
] Let (,)0
d x y
=
()()0()()
x t y t x t y t
⇒ − = ⇒ =
Conversely suppose
x y
=
Then
(,)max()()max()()0
t J t J
d x y x t y t x t x t
∈ ∈
= − = − =
[M
3
]
(,)max()()max()()(,)
t J t J
d x y x t y t y t x t d y x
∈ ∈
= − = − =
[M
4
]
(,)max()()max()()()()
t J t J
d x z x t z t x t y t y t z t
∈ ∈
= − = − + −
max()()max()()
t J t J
x t y t y t z t
∈ ∈
≤ − + −
(,)(,)
d x y d y z
= +
Q.E.D
vi
) :
d
× →
¡ ¡ ¡
is a metric, where
¡
is the set of real number and
d
defined by(,)
d x y x y
= −
vii
) Let
11
(,)
x x y
=
,
22
(,)
y x y
=
we define
221212
(,)()()
d x y x x y y
= − + −
is a metric on
¡
and called
Euclidean metric on
2
¡
or
usual metric on
2
¡
.
Metric Spaces
viii
) :
d
× →
¡ ¡ ¡
is not a metric, where
¡
is the set of real number and
d
defined by
2
(,)()
d x y x y
= −
Proof:
[M
1
] Square is always positive therefore
2
()(,)0
x y d x y
− = ≥
[M
2
] Let (,)0
d x y
=
2
()0
x y
⇒ − =
0
x y
⇒ − =
x y
⇒ =
Conversely suppose that
x y
=
then
22
(,)()()0
d x y x y x x
= − = − =
[M
3
]
22
(,)()()(,)
d x y x y y x d y x
= − = − =
[M
4
] Suppose that triangular inequality holds in
d
. then for any ,,
x y z
∈
¡
(,)()(,)
d x z d x y d y z
≤ − +
222
()()()
x z x y y z
⇒ − ≤ − + −
Since ,,
x y z
∈
¡
therefore consider 0,1
x y
= =
and 2
z
=
.
222
(02)(01)(12)
⇒ − ≤ − + −
411
⇒ ≤ +
42
⇒ ≤
which is not true so triangular inequality does not hold and
d
is not metric.
ix
) Let
11
(,)
x x y
=
,
222
(,)
y x y
= ∈
¡
we define
1122
(,)
d x y x y x y
= − + −
is a metric on
2
¡
, called
Taxi-Cab metric
on
2
¡
.
x
) Let
n
¡
be the set of all real
n
-tuples. For
12
(,,...........,)
n
x x x x
=
and
12
(,,...........,)
n
y y y y
=
in
n
¡
we define
2221122
(,)()()()
n n
d x y x y x y x y
= − + − +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+ −
then
d
is metric on
n
¡
, called
Euclidean metric on
n
¡
or
usual metric on
n
¡
.
xi
) The space
l
∞
. As points we take bounded sequence
12
(,,........)
x x x
=
, also written as ()
i
x x
=
, of complex numbers such that
1,2,3,.............
i x
x C i
≤ ∀ =
where
x
C
is fixed real number. The metric is defined as(,)sup
i i
i
d x y x y
∈
= −
¥
where ()
i
y y
=
xii
) The space
p
l
, 1
p
≥
is a real number, we take as member of
p
l
, all sequence
( )
j
x
ξ
=
of complex number such that
1
p j j
ξ
∞=
<∞
∑
.The metric is defined by
( )
11
,
p p j j j
d x y
ξ η
∞=
= −
∑
Where
( )
j
y
η
=
such that
1
p j j
η
∞=
<∞
∑
Proof:
[M
1
] Since0
j j
ξ η
− ≥
therefore
( )
11
,0
p p j j j
d x y
ξ η
∞=
− = ≥
∑
.[M
2
] If
x y
=
then
( )
111111
,00
p p p p pp j j j j j j j
d x y
ξ η ξ ξ
∞ ∞ ∞= = =
= − = − == =
∑ ∑ ∑
Add a Comment