BIOSENSORS

INTRODUCTION
• What Is a Biosensor?
• Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer.
• The bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes
the target analyte whereas the transducer
converts the recognition event into a measurable
signal.
• Enzyme is a Bioreceptor
• Requirements for Sensors
Need for Biosensor
• Diagnostic Market
The current climate of prevention the need for detection
at increasingly lower limits is increasing in many diverse
areas
• Clinical Testing
clinical testing is one of the biggest diagnostic markets
clinical testing products market in excess of 4000 million US$
in the 1990s
• Other Markets
The medical arena (Technical Insights Inc.) with
veterinary and agricultural applications
• Specificity
With biosensors, it is possible to measure specific
analytes with great accuracy.
• Speed
analyte tracers or catalytic products can be directly
and instantaneously measured
• Simplicity
receptor and transducer are integrated into one
single sensor& the measurement of target analytes without
using reagents is possible
• Continuous monitoring capability
Biosensors regenerate and reuse the immobilized
biological recognition element
Applications of Biosensor
• Health Care
– Measurement of Metabolites
– Market Potential
– Diabetes
– Insulin Therapy
– Artificial Pancreas
• Industrial Process Control
– Bioreactor Control
• Military Application
• Environmental Monitoring
– Air and Water Monitoring
 Bioreceptor Molecules
• Enzymes
Enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions
occurring in the cell
• Antibody
Antibodies constitute about 20% of the total plasma
protein and are collectively called immunoglobulin
• Receptor Protein
Receptor proteins having specific affinity for
hormones, antibodies, enzymes
• Other Possibilities
 Transducers
• Conventional Transducers
• Piezoelectric Transducers
• Coniductimetry
• Capacitance Measurement
• Thermometry
• Enzyme Thermistor
• FET as a Transducer
 Growth of Biosensor
• Biosensor Configurations
• Discriminative Membrane
• Sensitivity Requirements
• Immunoassay
• DNA Probe
• Evolution of Biosensors
 Receptors
• Receptors at Membrane
Biological receptors are protein molecules most of them are
bound to the cell membrane
• Hormone Receptors
Many hormones released into the blood do not penetrate the
cell membrane but react with specific receptors at the cell
surface
• Smell Receptor
taste and olfactory receptors are typical examples of this
biospecific recognition process
• Light Receptor
 Types of biosensor
• Glucose Biosensor

• Amperometric Biosensor
Glucose biosensor using glucose oxidase is used as an example

• Potentiometer Biosensor
Examples of Potentiometric Biosensor
Penicillin biosensor
Glucose biosensor
Urea biosensor
 Design Variables
• Immobilization Methods
(1) adsorption
(2) entrapment
(3) covalent coupling
(4) cross-linking
• Change in Conformation
• Change in Microenvironment
• Non-Uniform Distribution
• Reaction and Diffusion
 Future Prospects
• Data Processing and Pattern
Recognition
• Micro Instrument
• Molecular Electronics
• Multi-Disciplinary Nature
 CONCLUSION
Biosensors consist of bio-recognition systems, typically
enzymes or binding proteins, such as antibodies,
immobilized onto the surface of physico-chemical
transducers
Disadvantages
• They cannot be steam sterilized
• They react with the product
• And are oversensitive