Chapter 6.2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)) 2000-E-41 118

cos et:
eA + [1/CR
1
]B = 0 A = -B/eCR
1

sin et:
-eB + [1/CR
1
]A = I
0
/C
-eB + [1/CR
1
][-B/eCR
1
] = I
0
/C

B = I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]

A = -[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1

Complete solution
V(t) = Ke
-(1/CR1)t
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin et + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos et
At t = 0+
V(0+) = Ke
-(1/CR1)0+
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin e(0+) + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos
e(0+)
I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] = K(1) + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]
I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] = K + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]

K = I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] - [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]

V(t) = [I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] - [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]]e
-(1/CR1)t
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e -
1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin et + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos et

Q#6.29: Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.
1. Determine the characteristic equation.
2. Locus of the roots of the equation.
3. Plot the roots of the equation.
Solution:

R L
C

V(t)
i(t)

For t > 0
According to KVL
di 1
L + }idt + Ri = V(t)
dt C
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 119

Differentiating with respect to t
d
2
i i di
L + + R = 0
dt
2
C dt
Dividing both sides by L
d
2
i i Rdi
+ + = 0 (i)
dt
2
LC Ldt
The characteristic equation can be found by substituting the trial solution i = e
st
or
by the equivalent of substituting s
2
for (d
2
i/dt
2
), and s for (di/dt); thus

1 R
s
2
+ + s = 0
LC L

2)

, = 0 je
je
n

,= 1

, o

-je
n

, = 0

1 R
s
2
+ + s = 0
LC L
Characteristic equation:
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
a 1
b
R

L
c
1

LC

,

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

R R 2 1
- - 4(1)
L L LC

s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

R R 2 1
- - 4(1)
L L LC

s
1
, s
2
=
2 2

R R 2 1
- - 4(1)
L L LC

s
1
, s
2
=
2 4

R R 2 1
= - - 4(1)
2L 2L 4LC

R R 2 1
= - -
2L 2L LC radical term (ii)

Hint: 4 = 2
To convert equation (i) to a standard form, we define the value of resistance that causes
the radical (pertaining to the root) term in the above equation as the critical resistance,
R
cr
. This value is found by solving the equation


2
R 1
- = 0
2L LC

R = R
cr

2
R
cr
1
- = 0
2L LC

2
R
cr
1
=
2L LC

Taking square root of both the sides

2
R
cr
1
=
2L LC

R
cr
1
=
2L LC

Using cross multiplication

L
R
cr
= 2
C

Hint: 1 = 1

R
, =
R
cr


R C
, =
2 L

1
e
n
=
LC

R
2,e
n
=
L

1
e
n
2
=
LC
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (i) we get
s
2
+ 2,e
n
s

+

e
n
2
= 0
roots of the characteristic equation are

as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
a 1
b 2,e
n

c e
n
2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2,e
n
\(2,e
n
)
2
4(1)(e
n
2
)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-2,e
n
\4,
2
e
n
2
4e
n
2

s
1
, s
2
=
2 2

Simplifying we get


s
1
, s
2
= -,e
n
e
n
\,
2
1

when , = 0

s
1
, s
2
= -(0)e
n
e
n
\(0)
2
1

s
1
, s
2
=

e
n
\1

s
1
, s
2
=

je
n

Hint: \1 = j

3)

R 500 O
L 1 H
C 1 10
-6
F

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (ii)

500 500 2 1
= - -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10
-6
) (ii)

= -250 \62500 - 1000000
= -250 \-937500
= -250 \937500\-1

s
1
, s
2
= -250 j968.246

R 1000 O
L 1 H
C 1 10
-6
F



1000 1000 2 1
= - -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10
-6
) (ii)

= -500 \250000 - 1000000
= -500 \-750000
= -500 \750000\-1

s
1
, s
2
= -500 j 866.025

R 3000 O
L 1 H
C 1 10
-6
F


3000 3000 2 1
= - -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10
-6
) (ii)

= -1500 \2250000 - 1000000
= -1500 \ 1250000
= -1500 1118.034
= (-1500 + 1118.034), (-1500 - 1118.034)

s
1
, s
2
= -381.966, -2618.034

R 5000 O
L 1 H
C 1 10
-6
F


5000 5000 2 1
= - -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10
-6
) (ii)

= -2500 \6250000 - 1000000

= -2500 \ 5250000
= -2500 2291.288
= (-2500 + 2291.288), (-2500 - 2291.288)

s
1
, s
2
= -208.712, -4791.288

Q#6.31: Analyze the network given in the figure on the loop basis, and determine
the characteristic equation for the currents in the network as a function of k
1
. Find
the values of k
1
for which the roots of the characteristic equation are on the
imaginary axis of the s plane. Find the range of values of k
1
for which the roots of
the characteristic equation have positive real parts.
Solution:
1 H

i
2

1 O
K
1
i
1

1 O
1 O 1 O
V
1
(t)
i
1
i
3

1 F

Loop i
1
:
For t > 0
According to KVL
V
1
(t) = (i
1
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
2
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
3
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
3
)(X
C
)
1
X
C
=
j2tfc
e = 2tf
j2tfc = jec
je = s
1
X
C
=
sc
c = 1 F

- +
+

-

1
X
C
=
s(1 F)
1
X
C
=
s 1
V
1
(t) = (i
1
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
2
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
3
)(1 O) + (i
1
i
3
)
Simplifying s
1 1
V
1
(t) = i
1
+ i
1
i
2
+ i
1
i
3
+ i
1
-

i
3

s s

1 1
V
1
(t) = (3 + )i
1
i
2
(1 + ) (i)
s s

Loop i
2
:
For t > 0
According to KVL
(i
2
i
1
)(1 O) + i
2
(X
L
) = 0
X
L
= jeL
s = je
X
L
= s(1 H)
X
L
= s
Substituting
(i
2
i
1
)(1 O) + i
2
(s) = 0
Simplifying
i
2
i
1
+ si
2
= 0

(1 + s)i
2
i
1
= 0 (ii)

Loop i
3
:
For t > 0
According to KVL
Sum of voltage rise = sum of voltage drop (a)
Sum of voltage rise = k
1
i
1

1
Sum of voltage drop = (i
3
i
1
)(1 O) + (i
3
i
1
) + (i
3
)(1 O)
s
Substituting in (a)
1
(i
3
i
1
)(1 O) + (i
3
i
1
) + (i
3
)(1 O) = k
1
i
1

s

Simplifying

1
(i
3
i
1
)(1 O) + (i
3
i
1
) + (i
3
)(1 O) - k
1
i
1
= 0
s
1 1
i
3
i
1
+ i
3
- i
1
+

i
3
k
1
i
1
= 0
s s

1 1
- + k
1
+ 1 i
1
+ 2 + i
3
= 0 (iii)
s s

Equations (i), (ii) & (iii) can be written in matrix form

1 1
3 + -1 - 1 + i
1
V
1

s s

-1 (1 + s) 0 i
2

= 0

1 1
- 1 + k
1
+ 0 2 + i
3
0
s s

A X B

Determinant of A =

1 1 1 1
3 + (1 + s) 2 + - (0)(0) - (-1) (-1) 2 + - 1 + k
1
+
s s s s

1 1
(0) + (-) 1 + (-1)0 (-) 1 + k
1
+ (1 + s)
s s


After simplifying
(5 k
1
)s
2
+ (6 2k
1
)s + (2 k
1
) = 0
When k
1
= 0
(5 0)s
2
+ (6 2(0))s + (2 0) = 0
5s
2
+ 6s + 2 = 0
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
a 5
b 6
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-6 \6
2
4(5)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(5)

-6 \36

40
s
1
, s
2
=
10

-6 \-4
s
1
, s
2
=
10

-6 \-1\4
s
1
, s
2
=
10

-6 j2
s
1
, s
2
=
10
s
1
, s
2
= -0.6 j0.2

s
1
, s
2
= (-0.6 + j0.2), (-0.6 - j0.2)

When k
1
= 1
(5 1)s
2
+ (6 2(1))s + (2 1) = 0
4s
2
+ 4s + 1 = 0
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here


a 4
b 4
c 1

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(4)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(4)

-4 \16

16
s
1
, s
2
=
8

-4 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
8
-4 0
s
1
, s
2
=
8

s
1
, s
2
= -0.5, -0.5

When k
1
= 2
(5 2)s
2
+ (6 2(2))s + (2 2) = 0
3s
2
+ 2s + 0 = 0
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
a 3
b 2
c 0

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(3)(0)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(3)

-2 \4

0
s
1
, s
2
=
6

-2 \4

s
1
, s
2
=
6

-2 2

s
1
, s
2
=
6

s
1
, s
2
= 0, 0.667

When k
1
= -1
(5 (-1))s
2
+ (6 2(-1))s + (2 (-1)) = 0
6s
2
+ 8s + 3 = 0
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
a 6
b 8
c 3

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-8 \8
2
4(6)(3)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(6)

-8 \64

72
s
1
, s
2
=
12
-8 \-8

s
1
, s
2
=
6

-8 \-1\8
s
1
, s
2
=
6
-8 j2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
6

s
1
, s
2
= (-1.334 + j0.472), (-1.334 - j0.472)

Q#6.32: Show that equation 6-121 can be written in the form

i = ke
-,ent
cos (e
n
\1 - ,
2
t + |)

Give the values for k and | in terms of k
5
and k
6
of Eq. (6-121).

Solution:

Let k
5
= kcos| (i)
k
6
= -ksin| (ii)
k = (kcos|)
2
+ (-ksin|)
2

k = k
2
cos
2
| + k
2
sin
2
|
k = k
2
(cos
2
| + sin
2
|)
k = k
2
(1)

k = \k
2
=

\k
5
2
+ k
6
2

Dividing Eq. (i) by (ii)

kcos| k
5

= -cot | =
-ksin| k
6

-1 k
5

| = cot -
k
6

Using the trigonometric identity
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

Q#6.33: A switch is closed at t = 0 connecting a battery of voltage V with a series RL
circuit.
(a) Solution:
sw

t = 0
R L

V
i

For t > 0
According to KVL


di
V = iR + L
dt
Dividing both sides by L
di R V
+ i =
dt L L
This is a linear non-homogeneous equation of the first order and its solution is,

Thus
R
P =
L

V
Q =
L

Hence the solution of this equation

i = e
-Pt
}Qe
Pt
dt + ke
-Pt

V
i = e
-(R/L)t
} e
(R/L)t
dt + ke
-(R/L)t

L

V
i = e
-(R/L)t
}e
(R/L)t
dt + ke
-(R/L)t

L

e
(R/L)t

}e
(R/L)t
dt =
d
dt
(R/L)t

L e
(R/L)t

}e
(R/L)t
dt =
R

Substituting

V L e
(R/L)t

i = e
-(R/L)t
+ ke
-(R/L)t

L R


V
i = + ke
-(R/L)t

R
i(0-) = i(0+) = 0
Substituting i = 0 at t = 0

V
0 = + ke
-(R/L)(0)

R
e
0
= 1
V
k = -
R
Substituting

V -V
i = + e
-(R/L)t

R R

V
i = (1 - e
-(R/L)t
)
R

P = i
2
R

t
W
R
= } i
2
R dt
0

t V 2
W
R
= } (1 - e
-(R/L)t
)
2
Rdt
0 R
(a - b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab

t V
2

W
R
= } (1 + e
-2(R/L)t
2(1)(e
-(R/L)t
))Rdt
0 R
2

t V
2

W
R
= } (1 + e
-2(R/L)t
2e
-(R/L)t
)dt
0 R

V
2
t t t
W
R
= } (1)dt + } e
-2(R/L)t
dt + }(-2e
-(R/L)t
dt)
R 0 0 0
Simplifying

V
2
2L L 3L
W
R
= t + e
-(R/L)t
-

e
-2(R/L)t
-

R R 2R 2R

(b)
Li
2

W
L
=
2

LV
2

W
L
= (1 - e
-(R/L)t
)
2

2R
2

(c)
At t = 0
V
2
2L L 3L
W
R
= (0) + e
-(R/L)(0)
-

e
-2(R/L)(0)
-

R R 2R 2R

V
2
2L L 3L
W
R
= (0) + e
0
-

e
0
-

R R 2R 2R

V
2
2L L 3L
W
R
= (1)

-

(1)

-

R R 2R 2R

V
2

W
R
= 0

R

W
R
= 0 joules

At t = 0
LV
2

W
L
= (1 - e
-(R/L)0
)
2

2R
2

LV
2

W
L
= (1 e
0
)
2

2R
2

LV
2

W
L
= (1 1)
2

2R
2


W
L
= 0 joules

At t =
LV
2

W
L
= (1 - e
-(R/L)
)
2

2R
2

LV
2

W
L
= (1 e
-
)
2

2R
2

LV
2

W
L
= (1 0)
2

2R
2

LV
2

W
L
= joules
2R
2

(d)

In steady state total energy supply

W = W
R
+ W
L

V
2
2L L 3L LV
2

W = t + e
-(R/L)t
-

e
-2(R/L)t
-

+

(1 e
-(R/L)t
)
2

R R 2R 2R 2R
2

Q#6.34: In the series RLC circuit shown in the accompanying diagram, the
frequency of the driving force voltage is
(1) e = e
n

(2) e = e
n
\1 - ,
2

Solution:

1000 O 1 H

100 sin et i(t)
1 F

+

-

For t > 0
According to KVL
di 1
100 sin et = L + iR + }idt
dt C
Here
e = e
n
di 1
100 sin e
n
t = L + iR + }idt (i)
dt C
1
e
n
=
LC

L = 1 H
C = 1 10
-6
F
1
e
n
=
(1 H)( 1 10
-6
F)

After simplifying
e
n
= 1000 rad/sec
Substituting in (i) we get
di 1
100 sin 1000t = L + iR + }idt (i)
dt C
Differentiating both the sides & substituting the values of L & C we get
d
2
i di i
100 (1000) cos 1000t = (1) + (1000) +
dt
2
dt 10
-6

Simplifying we get
d
2
i di
100000cos 1000t = + (1000) + 1000000i
dt
2
dt
The trial solution for the particular integral is
i
p
= A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t
d
2
i
p
di
p

100000cos 1000t = + (1000) + 1000000i
p

dt
2
dt
(i
p
)' = -1000A sin 1000t + B 1000cos 1000t
(i
p
)'' = -1000000A cos 1000t - B 1000000sin 1000t
(i
p
)' = Ist derivative
(i
p
)'' = 2nd derivative
100000cos 1000t = -1000000A cos 1000t - B 1000000sin 1000t + 1000(-1000A sin 1000t
+ B 1000cos 1000t) + 1000000(A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t)
Simplifying

100000cos 1000t = -1000000A cos 1000t 1000000B sin 1000t - 1000000A sin 1000t +
1000000B cos 1000t + 1000000A cos 1000t + 1000000B sin 1000t
Simplifying
Equating the coefficients
Cos:
100000 = 1000000B

100000
B =
1000000

B = 0.1

Sin:

0 = - 1000000B 1000000A + 1000000B
0 = 1000000A

A = 0

i
p
= A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t
Substituting the values of A & B
i
p
= (0) cos 1000t + (0.1) sin 1000t

i
p
= 0.1 sin 1000t

e
jet
e
-jet

sin et =
2j
Here e = 1000

e
j1000t
e
-j1000t

sin 1000t =
2j

e
j1000t
e
-j1000t

ip = 0.1 Transient response
2j

In steady state
At resonance
X
L
= X
C

In a series RLC circuit
Z = R + j(X
L
- X
C
)
Z = R + j(X
C
- X
C
)
Z = R

V
I
m
=
Z

100
I
m
=
1000

I
m
= 0.1 A

(2) e = e
n
\1 - ,
2

Determine the values of e
n
& , substitute & simplify
Do yourself.

THE END

Chapter 6.2

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Chapter 6.2

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)) 2000-E-41 118

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