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National Level Paper


Presentation on
SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
Subitte! B"
Atul M# $ope Raes%&ar '# Wa(%
$ope#atul)(ail#*o raes%&ar&a(%+++)(ail#*o
Departent o, Me*%ani*al En(ineerin(
-o!avari .olle(e o, En(ineerin(/ 0al(aon
Year 12+2 3 12++
SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
Atul M. Zope
1
, Rameshwar Wagh
2

1, 2,
GFs Godavari College of Engineering, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
ABSTRA.T
Energy is vital for sustaining life on earth. Energy was, is and will remain the basi foundation whih
determines the stability of eonomi development any nation. !t is needed to inrease the "uality of life at
present the power shortage is a ma#or hurdle in progress of the nation. $ene there is a need optimally and
eonomially design and develop all the possible non%onventional energy resoures to redue the void
between supply and demand of eletrial power. &he detailed study of eletrial power systems is a 'ey
element of many urriula in !ndustrial &ehnology. &he set%up onsists of a photo%voltai solar%ell array, a
mast mounted wind generator, lead%aid storage batteries, et. &his hybrid solar%wind power generating
system is e(tensively used to illustrate eletrial onepts in hands%on laboratories and demonstrations in the
!ndustrial &ehnology urriulum. &hese systems give better reliability, redue pollution and are a good tool
for the utility for demand side management. !n oming years, man will have to inreasingly depend on
renewable energy soures. )eause of the disadvantages involved in using solar or wind energy individually,
a hybrid system whih avoids the individual advantages will beome more famous in oming years. Also the
renewable energy e"uipments will beome heaper and effiient with modern tehnology.
INDE4
Sr# No# Title Pa(e No#
+
Intro!u*tion
+
1
Desi(n Approa*%es
1
5
Wor6in( o, Win! Solar H"bri! S"ste
1
7
Met%o!olo("
5
8
Establis%ent o, A Solar Win! H"bri! 9nit
7
:
E;isten*e o, Solar Win! H"bri! S"ste
8
<
Overall 'ie& o, T%e Plant
<
=
.on*lusion
=
>
Re,eren*es
=
I# INTROD9.TION
Around 2 billion people world%wide do not have aess to eletriity servies, of whih the main
share in rural areas in developing ountries. &he fat that rural eletriity supply has been regarded as
essential for eonomi development. !t is nowadays a main fous in international development ooperation.
A renewable energy resoure is a favorable alternative for rural energy supply. !n order to handle their
flutuating nature, however, hybrid systems an be applied. &hese systems use different energy generators in
ombination, by this maintaining a stable energy supply in times of shortages of one the energy resoures.
Main hope attributed to these systems is their good potential for eonomi development.
$ybrid systems are another approah towards deentrali*ed eletrifiation, basially by ombining
the tehnologies presented above. &hey an be designed as stand%alone mini%grids or in smaller sale as
household systems. +ne of the main problems of solar as well as wind energy is the flutuation of energy
supply, resulting in intermittent delivery of power and ausing problems if supply ontinuity is re"uired.
&his an be avoided by the use of hybrid systems whih can be defined as a combination of different, but
complementary energy supply systems at the same place, i.e. .solar cells and wind power plants
A hybrid energy system onsists of two or more energy systems, an energy storage system, power
onditioning e"uipment and a ontroller. A hybrid energy system may or may not be onneted to the grid.
E(amples of energy systems ommonly used in hybrid onfigurations are small wind turbines, photovoltai
systems, miro hydro, diesel generator, fuel ells, miro turbines, and ,tirling engines. &ypially batteries
are used for energy storage but other options are flywheels and hydrogen energy storage systems. -ower
onditioning e"uipment onsists of one or more of the following. ontrolled retifiers, inverters/grid%tie
inverters, harge ontrollers, and 01%01 onverters. &he tas' for the hybrid energy system ontroller is to
ontrol the interation of various system omponents and ontrol power flow within the system to provide a
stable and reliable soure of energy. With the wide spread introdution net%metering, the use of small
isolated or grid onneted hybrid energy systems is e(peted to grow tremendously in the near future. A
number of hybrid energy systems in use/ under going testing in various parts of the world. 0esign of a
hybrid energy system is site speifi and it depends upon the resoures available and the load demand.
,olar energy and wind energy are two renewable energy soures that an be effetively ombined to
produe eletrial power by photovoltais 2-34 and wind turbines 2W&4 respetively. $ybrid -3/W&
systems of several si*es have been developed and interesting results have been e(trated from installations
of these ompound systems. 1onsidering the appliation of -3 and W& systems on buildings, the use of
small si*e wind turbines is neessary. &hese W&s an be of hori*ontal or vertial a(is, must be of low ut %
in wind speed and also aesthetially ompatible with the building arhiteture. -3 panels are more fle(ible
than W&s regarding si*e and installation re"uirements and have been already applied suessfully in several
buildings.
!n this paper we present the onept of the hybrid -3& / W& systems, whih ombine photovoltai,
thermal and wind turbine subsystems, aiming to over effetively eletrial and thermal needs of buildings.
&he output from the solar part depends on the inoming solar radiation and is obtained during sunshine. +n
the other hand the output of the wind turbine part depends on the wind speed at the loation of the
installation and is obtained any time of the day or night that the wind speed is over a lower limit. &herefore
the -3& and W& subsystems an supplement eah other, being primarily used to over building eletrial
load and seondary to inrease the temperature of the e(isting thermal storage tan' of -3& system by their
surplus eletrial energy.
II#DESI-N APPROA.HES
3arious models based on different approahes have been designed to get the optimum onfiguration.
&hese an be lassified as follows.
5ogistial
0ynami
A? Lo(isti*al Approa*%@
5ogistial models are used primarily for long term performane preditions, omponent si*ing and for
providing input to eonomi analyses. 6enerally they an be divided in following three ategories.
&ime series 2or "uasi 7steady state4
-robabilisti.
&ime series 8 probabilisti.
As the name suggests models in this ategory are based on the use of a ombined time series and statistial
approah.
B? D"nai* Approa*% @
0ynami models are used primarily for omponent design, assessment of system stability and
determination of power "uality. &hey are generally used for hybrid power systems with no storage
apability, or systems with minimal storage suh as flywheel. 0epending on time step si*e and number of
modeled omponents they an be divided into following three ategories.
0ynami Mehanial.
0ynami Mehanial, steady state eletrial model.
0ynami mehanial and eletrial model.
A ombined approah of time series probabilisti 8 dynami mehanial and eletrial model gives the best
performane of a wind solar hybrid system.
III#WORAIN- OB WIND3SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEM
9ig. :o.1. ,hemati of Wind% ,olar $ybrid ,ystem
0uring daytime, solar photovoltai array onverts sunlight into eletriity and stores this 01 power
in battery ban'.
Wind generator starts generating power when wind speed e(eeds the ut%in speed of the wind
turbine. &he wind turbine is of self regulated type with protetion for over speed.
&he hybrid ontroller has inbuilt solar harge ontroller and wind harge regulator. !t ma(imi*es
harging urrent and prevents e(ess disharge/overharge of the batteries.
!nverter onverts 01 power into A1 power to operate all standard eletrial applianes. !nverter has
inbuilt protetion for short iruit and overload. 0uring windy period, e(ess energy generated by
wind battery harger is dissipated through a dump load.
;sually, a 01/A1 inverter needs to be installed additionally. $ybrid systems are applied in areas where
permanent and reliable availability of eletriity supply is an important issue. Maintaining high availability
with renewable energies alone usually re"uires big renewable energy generators, whih an be avoided with
hybrid systems. At favorable weather onditions, the renewable part of the system satisfies the energy
demand, using the energy surplus to load the battery. &he batteries at as <buffers=, maintaining a stable
energy supply during short periods of time, i.e. in ases of low sunlight or low wind. Moreover, the battery
serves to meet pea' demands, whih might not be satisfied by the renewable system alone. A harge
ontroller regulates the state of load of the battery, ontrolling the battery not to be overloaded. &he
omplementary resoure produes the re"uired energy at times of imminent deep disharge of the battery, at
the same time loading the battery. !n some regions the e(ploitation of both wind and solar resoures an
beome favorable, i.e. at oastal or mountain areas with high degree of solar radiation. +f utmost importane
is here that wind and solar energy supply omplement eah other so that energy provision is possible over
the whole year.
Main appliations for rural eletrifiation in developing ountries inlude independent eletri power
supply for 3illages, 9armhouses, Residential )uildings, Missions, $otels, Radio Relay &ransmitters,
!rrigation systems, 0esalination ,ystems.
I'# METHODOLO-Y
!n order to address the shortomings of e(isting instrutional tehni"ues for eletrial power systems,
a hybrid wind%turbine and solar ell system has been implemented. &he system was designed and
implemented with the following goals.
> &o be ompletely different from traditional eletriity labs and to be fresh and interesting.
> &o be intimately related to real%world industrial power issues suh as power "uality.
> &o show a omple(, interrelated system that is loser to the <real world= than the usual simple systems
overed in eduational labs.
> &o motivate learning by introduing suh elements as environmental and eonomi onerns of pratial
interest to the students.
'# ESTABLISHMENT OB A SOLAR WIND HYBRID 9NIT
&he hybrid unit ontains two omplete generating plants, a -3 solar%ell plant and a wind%turbine
system. &hese soures are onneted in parallel to a 123 01 line. &he power is ne(t onneted to a 01 to
A1 inverter and is then supplied from the inverter?s output to a single%phase @A $Z, 12A 3A1 load. &he
overall pro#et struture is presented in 9igure 1. &he wind turbine is installed at the top of a steel tower that
has a height of 1B.C meters and a diameter of B.D m. &he wind turbine depited is a A.E 'W unit and the
solar panels depited number four in all with a apaity of FA Watts eah. &he instrumentation panel
depited monitors the outputs of the generator using digital panel meters. A small wind turbine was hosen
for its low maintenane and many safety features. +ne of the low maintenane features is the turbine?s
brushless alternator and an internal governor. &he turbine generates A.G 'W when turning at its rated speed
of GE 'm/hr and it is apable of generating up to A.E 'W at its pea' wind speed of E2 'm/hr. &he atual
system?s pitures are shown in Figure 2.
9ig. :o.2. Atual -iture of Wind/-3 $ybrid -ower ,tation
&he turbine?s blades are made of a arbon fiber reinfored omposite that will intentionally deform
as the turbine reahes its rated output. &his deformation effet hanges the shape of the blade, ausing it to
go into a stall mode, thus limiting the rotation speed of the alternator and preventing damage in high winds.
Another feature of the wind turbine is a sophistiated internal regulator that periodially he's the line
voltage and orrets for low voltage onditions. &he solar panels are 12 301 units and were hosen for their
ultra lear tempered glass that is manufatured for long term durability. 9igure C shows the 01 voltage
measured aross the 12 volt 01 bus where the wind turbine and -3 arrays outputs are onneted. A slight
ripple in power regulation an learly be seen. &his ripple is a funtion of the unpreditable nature of wind
and sunshine along with the dynami effets of the eletrial load. As mentioned earlier, one of the largest
problems in systems ontaining power inverters is power "uality. &his problem beomes serious if the
inverter used in the system does not have a good sinusoidal waveform output and auses problems suh as
harmoni ontamination and poor voltage regulation. Aording to the !EEE 2a professional soiety whih
odifies suh issues4 standards, a ma(imum of C to GH total harmoni distortion 2this is a "uantitative
measure of how bad the harmoni ontamination is4 may be allowed from inverter outputs. $owever, many
inverter outputs have muh more harmoni distortion than is allowed. &he inverter used in this system has a
power rating of a 1.F I3A and was manufatured by &rae &ehnologies J. &he battery ban's ontain G
deep%yle lead%aid batteries onneted in parallel. $igh power apaity heating resistors, energy effiient
light bulbs, inandesent light bulbs, and two small A1 motors onstitute eletrial loads that an be applied
to the system. &o monitor and store the voltage, urrent, power, and harmoni ontamination data, two 9lu'e
J power "uality analy*ers 2types CD and G14 are used in the system. !n addition, permanently mounted
A1/01 digital panel meters form part of the system?s instrumentation.
9ig. :o. C. Established Wind/-3 $ybrid -ower 6eneration ;nit
'I# E4ISTEN.E OB SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
A? Solar Ener("@
A!vanta(es
1. &he main advantage of solar energy is that this energy is free and available in plenty.
2. &he e"uipments used for solar energy are simple in onstrution, also they re"uire minimum
maintenane.
C. !t is pollution free.
G. &he solar thermal power plants are feasible in deserts, dry sunny areas where other soures
of energy is not available.
F. ,olar p v systems are eonomial and feasible for remote, stand alone power plants
Disa!vanta(es
1. ,olar energy is not in the onentrated form.
2. &he apital investment for e"uipment is more than onventional ones.
C. Effiieny of the plant is less.
G. 5ow energy density, A.1 to 1 'W / s". m
F. 5arge area overed by solar olletors.
@. 0iretion of rays hanges ontinuously, also varies during the day, season and with
weather onditions.
E. Energy is not available at night and during loudy periods.
B? Win! Ener("@
A!vanta(es
1. Wind energy is readily available, nonpolluting power system so it has no adverse influene on
environment.
2. Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport.
C. +n a small sale, up to a few IW system is less ostly. +n a large sale osts an be ompetitive with
onventional eletriity and lower osts ould be ahieved by mass prodution.
G. !t has low operating ost and also an be useful in supplying eletri power to remote areas where other
energy soures are sarely available.
Disa!vanta(es
1. Wind energy available is dilute and flutuating in nature.
2. ;nli'e water energy, wind energy needs storage apaity beause of its irregularity.
C. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation, a large unit an be heard many 'ms away.
G. 0ue to the involvement of the onstrution of high towers with gear bo(, generator, ouplings, et., the
wind power system has a relatively high overall weight.
F. 5arge areas are needed, typially, propellers one to three meters in diameters.
@. -resent systems are neither maintenane free nor pratially reliable
E. Wind power plants an be loated only in the vast open areas in loations of favorable wind.,uh
loations are generally away from load anters.
B. -resently, it is only in one to a few MW range, does not meet the energy needs of large ities and
industries.
.? E;isten*e o, Solar Win! H"bri! Po&er Plants@
As seen above, there are problems in utili*ing the solar as well as wind energy effiiently. !n order to
overome these problems, onept of Khybrid power plant? is introdued. !n this both solar and wind power
plants are used so that their disadvantages are redued to a onsiderable amount.
As we 'now that sun is available in the day only, energy is not available during night from sun
whereas wind energy is available throughout the day and its apaity inreases in the nights. $ere when sun
is not available wind energy omes to play and vie%versa. &hus hybrid power plants are more useful than
individual ones and therefore they are e(tensively used nowadays.
'II# O'ERALL 'IEW OB THE PLANT
+2 AWp Win!3Solar H"bri! S"ste at St# Martins Islan!C Ba" o, Ben(al?/ .o;Ds BaEar
,t. Martin?s !sland % a remote oral offshore !sland in the )ay of )engal. &his island is famous for
marine and oastal bio%diversity and eo tourism. Ministry of Environment L 9orest already ta'en up
program for 1onservation of )iodiversity, Marine -ar' Establishment L Eo%tourism 0evelopment in ,t.
Martins !sland. Sustainable Rural Ener(" under Lo*al -overnent En(ineerin( Departent CL-ED?
with the finane from 9NDP installed 1AIw ,olar%Wind $ybrid ,ystem in ,t. Martins !sland at )ay of
)engal, which is largest in Bangladesh. &he hybrid system produing power ombined with solar and
wind resoures to a entrali*ed A1 output system. &he entire power supplying to Motel, )arra', 1entral
-la*a, 5aboratory L 0ormitory.
.entraliEe! Win!3Solar H"bri! S"ste Solar Arra" o, .entraliEe! Win!3Solar H"bri! S"ste at St# Martins Islan! o, Ba" o, Ben(al

I4#.ON.L9SION
+bviously, a omplete hybrid power system of this nature may be e(pensive and too labor intensive
for many !ndustrial &ehnology 0epartments. $owever, many of the same benefits ould be gleaned from
having some subset of the system, for e(ample a -3 panel, batteries, and an inverter, or even #ust a -3 panel
and a 01 motor. &he enhanements to instrution, espeially in ma'ing eletrial power measurements
more physial, intuitive, and real%world are substantial and the osts and labor involved in some adaptation
of the ideas in this paper to a smaller sale setup are reasonable. &he use of solar and wind hybrid power
generation is an espeially vivid and relevant hoie for students of !ndustrial &ehnology as these are
power soures of tehnologial, politial, and eonomi importane in their state. &he 'ey elements of this
test bed onept presented in this paper are two or more renewable power soures onneted to a power grid
with omple( eletrial interations.
!n oming years, man will have to inreasingly depend on renewable energy soures. )eause of the
disadvantages involved in using solar or wind energy individually, a hybrid system whih avoids the
individual advantages will beome more famous in oming years. Also the renewable energy e"uipments
will beome heaper and effiient with modern tehnology.
REBEREN.ES
1M )aring%6ould E.!, :ewomb 1., 1orbus 0., and Ialidas R., FBiel! per,oran*e o, %"bri! po&er
s"stesG,AWEA wind power 2AA1 onferene, Washington Nune G%E 2AA1.
2M 5ew 0.N, )arly 1.0., 9lowers 5. &., F H"bri! &in! p%otovoltai* s"ste ,or %ouse %ol!s in inner
Mon(oliaG,!nternational onferene on village eletrifiation through renewable energy,:ew 0elhi, Marh
C%F 1DDE.
CM Mgowan N. 6. and Manwell N. 9., FH"bri! &in!Hp%otovoltai*H!iesel s"ste resear*% at t%e
universit" o, Massa*%usettsG, Wind Engineering 3ol.2G, :o.2, 2AAA.
GM Environment 1anada. 1anadian 1limate :ormals, 1D@1%1DDA Available online at http.//www.ms%
sm.e.g.a/limate/limateOnormals/inde(Oe.fm
FM +ffie of Energy Effiieny. Energy effiient new housing /R2AAA homes. :atural Resoure 1anada,
+ttawa, +:. Available online at http.//energy%publiations.nran.g.a/inde(Oe.fm
@M Available online at http.//www.lged%rein.org/solar/resoure%solar.htm
EM Available online at http.//www.nait.org
BM Available online at http.//www.rebbd.org

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