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E E 212AC MOTORSINDUCTION MOTORS
Like D. C. Motors, A. C motors also comprise of stator and rotor both of which carry windings. The rotor core is laminated and its conductors oftenconsist of un-insulated copper/aluminum bars in semi-enclosed slots.In some induction motors, these conductors are short-circuited at the endsby rings or places. Such a rotor is also known as
Cage
or
short-circuited rotor 
. On the other hand, a
wound rotor machine
employs
slip-rings
andnormally has equal number of rotor and stator poles.
Principle of Action:
 The air gap between the stator and rotor is uniform and made as small aspossible. When current flows in the stator, the stator currents produce flux. This flux easily crosses the narrow air gap in induce/generate on e.m.f. inthe rotor conductors. The e.m.f. is maximum in regions under the poles(maximum flux density). Assuming an anticlockwise rotation of the flux asshown below:
 
 N
 
S
1
Х
 
Rotor Rotation of theflux
Force onconductor Force onconductor 
 
 The directions of the generated emf, in the rotor conductors is determinedby the right hand rule. These e.m.f., circulate a current which strengthensthe flux density on one side of the rotor conductor. This consequentlyexerts a force on the rotor tending to rotate it in the direction of therotating flux. This summaries one great advantage three-phase a.c. motorshave over single-phase a.c. motors; they are
self-starting
and this is due tothe fact that 3 phase flux is rotating (also has a constant value of 1.5 timesthe maximum flux per phase). The higher the speed of the rotating field relative to the rotor winding, thehigher the e.m.f. induced in the latter and vice-versa. Thus, as the rotorspeed increases, the speed of the rotating flux relative to the rotorconductors decreases and hence the induced e.m.f. decreases. The speed at which the flux/field rotates is called the
Synchronousspeed
. As the speed of the rotor increases to its synchronous value, therotor conductors would appear to be stationery relative to the rotating fluxUnder this situation, no e.m.f/current will be in the rotor conductors andconsequently no torque develops on the rotor. Hence the rotor does notcontinue to rotate at synchronous speed. As the rotor speed falls below thesynchronous speed, the current/emf and hence torque increases until thetorque is enough to rotate any connected load and also overcoming therotor losses.
Definition:
 The speed of the rotor relative to that of the rotating flux (synchronousspeed) is termed as
“Slip”.
 
Where AD = AB-AC, i.e. BC = AD
A Thus for torque OA; AB = synchronous speedAC = Rotor speedAD = Slip
2SlipRotor speedBC
 
AD
 Rotor speed/ Slip
Torque NM
 
O
 
Slip is expressed as a fraction or as a percentage of the synchronousspeed. Therefore, p.u slip = slip (rpm)/sunchronous speed (rpm) = AD/AB.= (Synchronous speed – Rotor speed)/Synchronousspeed.Let s = p.u slip, N = synchronous speed and N
r
= rotor speed;By definition, s = (N-N
r
)/N or (N-N
r
)/N x 100%At full-load, s is very small and thus induction motors are regardedpractically as a constant speed machine and varying its speed iseconomically expensive. This is a disadvantage.
3-Phase Rotating Flux
Consider a 3-phase arrangement of which each phase is assumed toproduce a sinusoidal space distribution of flux with maximum value
Ф
max 
If the phases are A, B and C, then the respective fluxes are
  
A
,
  
B
, and
  
C
respectively. These three phases are 120
0
(electrical degrees) apart; henceif 
ω
s
is the synchronous speed, then,
  
A
= Ф
max 
sin
ω
s
t ,
  
B
, =
Ф
max 
 
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
- 120
0
) , and
  
C
= Ф
max 
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
- 240
0
)If the angle θ around the air-gap is taken with its origin on the axis of onephase say phase A, then for any point at angle θ from the origin, the fluxesare given by
  
A
sin
 
θ,
  
B
sin( 
θ - 120
0
) , and
  
C
sin( 
θ
 
- 240
0
). The total flux is given by
Ф
Total
=
  
A
sin
 
θ +
  
B
sin( 
θ - 120
0
) +
  
C
sin( 
θ
 
- 240
0
).=
Ф
max 
sin
ω
s
t
sin
 
θ +
Ф
max 
 
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
- 120
0
)
sin( 
θ - 120
0
) +
Ф
max 
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
-240
0
)
sin( 
θ
 
- 240
0
)=
Ф
max 
[
sin
ω
s
t
sin
 
θ +
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
- 120
0
)
sin( 
θ - 120
0
) +
sin( 
ω
s
t
 
- 240
0
)
sin( 
θ
 
-240
0
)
]
Using the identity 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) – cos(A+B), where A = f(θ) and B =f(
ω
s
)
Ф
Total
=½
Ф
max 
[
cos(θ -
ω
s
t) – cos(θ +
ω
s
t) + cos(θ -
ω
s
t) – cos(θ +
ω
s
t - 240
0
) + cos(θ -
ω
s
t) – cos(θ +
ω
s
t - 480
0
)
]
Generally, cosα + cos(α - 240
0
) + cos(α - 480
0
) = 0 Thus,
Ф
Total
=3 x ½
Ф
max 
cos(θ -
ω
s
t) or 1.5
Ф
max 
cos(θ -
ω
s
t)
3
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