Professional Documents
Culture Documents
For additional copies or more information contact: For additional copies or more information contact:
Dane County Better Urban Infill Development Dane County Better Urban Infill Development
(BUILD) Program (BUILD) Program
210 Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard 210 Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard
Room 421 Room 421
Madison, WI 53703 Madison, WI 53703
or or
The generous contributions of Madison Gas and Electric, the Madison Community
Foundation, the Dane County BUILD program, and 1000 Friends of Wisconsin provided
the resources to design and print Great Neighborhoods. Without their substantial assistance,
the book would not have been possible.
Dane County teamed with 1000 Friends of Wisconsin to prepare the document and
coordinate its production. Dane County Executive Kathleen Falk identified the need to
promote Great Neighborhoods in her 2000 initiative, Farms and Neighborhoods: Keeping
Both Strong. In Farms and Neighborhoods, the County Executive recommended partnerships
and educational efforts to advance Great Neighborhoods.
Steve Steinhoff, staff to the Dane County Better Urban Infill Development (BUILD)
program, served as the principal author and coordinator of the Great Neighborhood project.
Hal Cohen, previously Planning Director with 1000 Friends also contributed a significant
amount of writing to the book, especially adding his journalistic skills towards making
it readable. Other 1000 Friends staff, Nick Lelack, Andrea Dearlove, and Kevin Pomeroy
also made significant contributions towards securing resources, editing, and coordinating
production and input. Special thanks to Bridget Gavaghan, Program Director, Lydia
Morken, Program Director and Brian Murray, Art Director, of Sustain for their patience,
support and graphic design.
The Great Neighborhood Advisory Panel met several times and provided valuable feedback
and guidance to the Great Neighborhood project. Advisory Panel members were: Rick
Bernstein, Susan Fox, Peter Frautschi, Wendy Hecht, Lynn Hobbie, Tom Keller, Eileen Kelly,
Joanne Kelly, Rebecca Krantz, Jim LaGro, Cora Merritt, Brian Munson, Jean Neilson, Rita
Odegaard, Amy Overby, Rick Roll, Arthur Ross, Gary Slaats, Chuck Strawser, Hanah Jon
Taylor, Phyllis Wilhelm, and Cheryl Wittke.
A number of people around Dane County contributed their time to review and comment
on a draft copy of Great Neighborhoods. The reviewers, whose substantive feedback and
suggestions helped improve the final book, were: Steve Arnold, Richard Bloomquist, Ken
Brost, Abe Degnan, Judy Ewald, Mike Goetz, Joe Goss, Troy Haines, Ed Kinney, Kurt Kniess,
Duke Mihajlovic, John Obst, Andrew Potts, Luke Rollins, Sue Studz, Howard Teal, and
Connie White.
Finally, members of the Great Neighborhood Subcommittee (to the Dane County Citizen
Land Use Commission, which operated in 2001) provided guidance and recommendations,
to the Dane County Executive and the Dane County BUILD program, which helped launch
the Great Neighborhood project. Great Neighborhood Subcommittee members were:
Darren Kittleson, Rob Kennedy, Dave Simon, Susan King, David Grove, Supervisory Dennis
O’Loughlin, David Kruger, Mike Slavney, and Kevin Pomeroy.
All Dane County communities work hard to preserve, as we grow, the things that make
our county a great place to live. We all want to use our land wisely and efficiently, and to
preserve our environmental and agricultural heritage. We want healthy neighborhoods
where we can walk and bike as part of our daily lives. We want neighborhoods where our
family and friends of different ages and backgrounds can also be our neighbors.
In 2000 I issued my report, Farms and Neighborhoods: Keeping Both Strong. Farms and
Neighborhoods recognized that, to keep Dane County such a wonderful place, we have
to preserve farming, and we have to have great neighborhoods where people want to
live, work, shop, recreate, and more. In Farms and Neighborhoods, I proposed launching
an educational campaign to demonstrate the benefits of “great” neighborhoods. Dane
County has been privileged to work with 1000 Friends of Wisconsin to launch that
campaign with the release of Great Neighborhoods: How to Bring them Home.
Great Neighborhoods: How to Bring them Home aims to make our job of creating great
neighborhoods at least a little easier by giving you a better understanding of why
they make sense, what makes them work and how we can build them again. Great
Neighborhoods describes the different parts that make up neighborhoods, and how they fit
together to make them walkable, diverse, safe and attractive. It explains how we forgot the
lessons of great neighborhoods that once were common knowledge, and how we can work
together to improve existing neighborhoods and build new great neighborhoods.
It is my strong hope that Great Neighborhoods: How to Bring them Home will help you in
your efforts to make great neighborhoods in Dane County. Thank you for taking the time
to learn from this book, and for your commitment to great neighborhoods.
Sincerely,
Kathleen Falk
Dane County Executive
Before World War II, the typical way of organizing cities and suburbs in America was by
neighborhoods. Since then, developments have been very different: spread out, automobile-
dependent, and designed only for a single use. We forgot what it means to build a
neighborhood – a place that is more than the sum of its houses. Not only did we forgot how
to build neighborhoods, we have also lost track of what they had to offer. The “American
Dream” – a nice, safe place where you can feel at home and raise a family – is supposedly not
to be found in a neighborhood at all, but exclusively in a large house on a large lot among
other same-sized houses.
Of course, America’s neighborhoods never really went away. Many of those who stayed
in cities despite the migration to the suburbs in the 1950s and ‘60s worked diligently to
preserve and enhance their neighborhoods. Since the 1970s, they have been joined by people
returning to neighborhood living – a trickle at first, and now a river that sometimes exceeds
urban housing supply. And in the 1990s, two complimentary trends emerged: one, patching
the holes in old urban neighborhoods with new “in-fill” projects that responded to their
urban context; and two, creating new “traditional neighborhoods” from scratch, typically at
the edge of cities and suburbs.
The essential quality shared by all of these places – the traditional and the neo-traditional,
the centrally located and the peripherally located, the maintained, the restored, and the
newly constructed – is their “neighborhood-ness.” They all have the qualities that make
them “Great Neighborhoods.” They are diverse, walkable, compact, safe, urbane, vibrant,
and attractive.
This handbook will explore what makes Great Neighborhoods work, who prefers them
and why, and what barriers exist to creating and reviving them. In short: how we can
make them happen.
Great Neighborhoods uses a variety of illustrative and navigational guides to help the reader
find the contents that best meet their needs. Each chapter starts with a brief highlight of its
contents and ends with a brief summary. The book uses pictures and graphics to illustrate
and emphasize concepts. Descriptive section titles and text boxes serve as guides to chapter
contents and main points.
The chapters are organized to provide increasing levels of details. Chapter 1, Why Great
Neighborhoods?, discusses why great neighborhoods are important. It describes how great
neighborhoods lower public costs, increase housing and transportation choices; enable
healthy lifestyles and environment; and build social connections and strong communities.
If you are new to the concepts of great neighborhoods, you may want to jump from Chapter
1 to the summaries, pictures, and call-out boxes of other chapters. This approach will give
you the big picture from which you can target your exploration according to your interests.
Neighborhoods are for people. So, rather than start by talking about streets and buildings,
dimensions and densities, Great Neighborhoods starts Chapter 2 by discussing the people of
Dane County. People and Their Homes, shows that we are a diverse community, and have a
wide range of housing needs and desires. It shows how great neighborhoods accommodate
housing types to meet those needs and desires.
To understand great neighborhood design we have to know more than the different pieces;
we have to know how to link them together. Chapter 4, Fitting the Pieces Together to Form a
Neighborhood, discusses how walkable distances shape the optimal size of neighborhoods,
how streets provide the skeletal and circulatory structure of a neighborhood, and how the
buildings and open spaces work together and with streets to make great neighborhoods.
While chapters 2 – 4 give details about three dimensions of neighborhood design, Chapter 5
discusses the fourth dimension: time and the recent history of neighborhood development.
Chapter 5, Modern Land Development Patterns – How we got Here and the Rules that Guide
Development Now, explains historical factors that changed the way developments were built
after World War II. It discusses the rise of the automobile, federal programs such as creation
of secondary mortgage markets and construction of interstate highway systems, and private
policies such as exclusion of city neighborhoods from mortgage lending. It explains how
land use rules – or codes – were created to perpetuate this form of development. (If you are
the type of person who needs historical context before delving into design details, you may
want to jump ahead to this chapter.)
After the first 5 chapters, you have a good idea how to create great neighborhoods, how we
got away from these practices, and the barriers, such as land use codes, that stand in the way
of creating more great neighborhoods. Chapter 6, Making Great Neighborhoods Happen:
It Takes Everyone Working Together, how we can get back to making great neighborhoods.
It discusses how citizens, public officials, developers, realtors, financiers and other all
have a role to play, and all have to work together. It describes tools, such as Traditional
Neighborhood Zoning Ordinances, that can make great neighborhoods easier to build.
The costs of infrastructure and community services are not fixed, however. The level of expense
depends on how suitably different developments relate to one another, how well the buildings
within a given development are laid out, and – above all – how far from each other they are located.
If you are providing water to 100 families, you’ll need to provide 100 faucets; but if they each live
on two acres you’ll need a lot more pipe than if they all live in an apartment building. One survey
of costs of community services estimated that public savings from Great Neighborhoods-type
developments could be $10,000 for a single-family house.1 Research has found that development
patterns that consume less land can lower public costs from 5 to 75 percent.2
Evidence clearly shows that people will drive less if they live in more compact
neighborhoods with transportation choices and walkable destinations.4 Replacing even a
small number of car trips with walking, bicycling, or transit can reduce traffic congestion
and pollution, and can enhance public health.
10
For example, wetlands, forests, and prairies are natural water purifiers. They can capture
stormwater, recharge aquifers, clean runoff, and prevent flooding. Areas of wildness can also
provide critical wildlife habitat – especially if linked to a larger network of environmental
corridors – and they afford areas for passive recreation.
GREAT NEIGHBORHOODS
PROMOTE CIVIC SPACES AND
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
Open spaces in Great Neighborhoods
are consciously created as civic places.
They become organizing features
of neighborhood design, helping to
determine the location and orientation
of homes and businesses, and helping
to determine how people will move
around their neighborhood. Great
Neighborhoods’ open spaces are where
residents play, gather, meet, and relax
– together.
11
Energy Efficiency
Proper design for energy efficient buildings
combines appropriate building placement,
optimal insulation, a sealed building
envelope, and balanced ventilation in
order to conserve energy, improve the
health and comfort of the occupants, and
reduce operating costs. When selecting
appliances and lighting fixtures choose high
efficiency models and look for the Energy
Star label. Whether for new construction or
remodeling, energy efficient methods and
design make for more affordable housing
that contributes to healthy and vibrant
neighborhoods. Because energy costs are
lower, a greater number of people can afford
to purchase homes and create a sense of
“ownership” in the neighborhood. Reduced
energy use also means less environmental
impact from the burning of fossil fuels.
Ultimately, these savings contribute to a healthier economy, a cleaner environment, and an
improved quality of life. Please look at the “Energy Efficiency for Great Neighborhoods”
appendix for more information.
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy such as solar hot water heating, wind and photovoltaics can be
incorporated into the mix to achieve long-term sustainability. Placing small renewable
power systems in residential and business settings--where the energy is needed and
used--can help reduce the need for new or upgraded central power plants and electricity
transmission systems. By incorporating “neighborhood renewables” into the generating mix,
residents can help contribute to the long-term sustainability of their neighbors.
Investing in locally available renewable energy sources such as solar (for water heating and
generating electricity), wind power, biomass and geothermal energy have environmental
as well as economic benefits. While these options are currently more expensive than fossil
12
IN SHORT …
“Great Neighborhood” is a term that describes a set of qualities that serve to make a
neighborhood a place, not merely a scattering of residences. It describes a way of building
places that was taken for granted before the Second World War, but has since been
supplanted by low-density, auto-dependent developments.
Great Neighborhoods have a diversity of housing types, and thus a diversity of kinds of
people. Such places use civic spaces as organizing principles, balancing the private and public
realms. They allow transportation choices – serving pedestrians, bikers, and transit, as well as
cars. They take up less land, allowing the preservation of natural and scenic amenities. They
promote more active, healthier lifestyles. And because they reduce infrastructure and service
costs for both new residents and existing property-taxpayers, Great Neighborhoods are more
efficient than conventional developments from a fiscal standpoint.
13
Today, about 30 percent of Dane County households are singles and young couples, about
45 percent are families with children, and the remaining 25 percent are empty nesters and
retirees. As time goes by, these groups of people who are at the same age and life stage grow
older together, and as they do their housing needs and preferences change, as does their
ability to afford different options.
Families
About 75,000 households in Dane County
are families of one kind or another,
representing 43 percent of all households.
This group is the most likely to manifest
the “average” housing preference: a single-
family, detached house.
15
But a significant and growing number of empty nesters and retirees seek to fill their new free
time with shopping, parks, cultural activities, and entertainment – urban amenities. These
people will gladly downsize from the unneeded square-footage of their often-suburban
houses to more centrally located residences: a smaller detached home, a townhouse, a
downtown flat, or a so-called “granny flat” behind someone’s primary residence. Empty
nesters and retirees are highly likely to own their home or condominium.
Suburban Fitchburg’s proposed development was for the “Green Technology Village,” a
mixed neighborhood of office, homes, and retail on 640 acres. Small-town Mount Horeb
was considering a new residential neighborhood called “Horeb’s Corners” on 134 acres. And
rural Roxbury was exploring the potential to expand its historic town center, using Great
Neighborhoods principles to maintain its historic character.
16
WHERE WE LIVE
As we’ve seen, the various household
groups in Dane County share certain
housing needs and preferences. There
are many different housing types to meet
their demands.
Single-Family Houses
Single-family houses have separate
entrances, but can either be stand-alone
buildings (detached) or grouped side by
side (attached) such as townhouses. A smaller single-family home in Madison.
17
Apartment Buildings
Apartment buildings come in a wide range
of sizes and shapes, but have the common
trait of sharing a common entrance. They
Yahara River View Apartments in Madison.
provide housing choices for empty nesters,
retirees, and families, as well as younger
singles and couples and best meets the needs
and preferences of many in the Dane County
housing market.
18
• Mansion Apartments
• Apartment Buildings
• Live-Work Units
19
The results (Figure 2) demonstrate that the profiles of household type vary considerably from
community to community. In Fitchburg, proximity to Madison and the more urban character of
the proposed development tipped the projected housing market toward non-family households
– less than half of demand was expected to come from families, and 40 percent was forecasted
to be from younger singles and families. In the outlying village of Mount Horeb, on the other
hand, families were expected to play a much larger role: they were forecasted to comprise about
60 percent of housing demand, with empty nesters and retirees accounting for about 25 percent
of housing demand, and singles and young couples only about 15 percent. In rural Roxbury,
virtually all of the housing demand was expected to come from families.
20
In all three locations, the average housing typically found in conventional suburban
subdivisions – mid- to high-priced, single-family, detached homes – represent only a third
of the expected demand. That means that typical developments often exclude a sizable
portion of the market. Or, put another way, typical developments that feature exclusively
larger single-family homes miss about two-thirds of the potential market.
Many of the empty nesters and retirees looking to downsize would not find housing in
many typical developments comprised of the average house. Nor would singles or couples
working at jobs with modest pay – a category that includes not only most entry-level and
service jobs, but also many school teachers, police officers, and fire fighters.
During the same period, the portion represented by families is predicted to shrink from 43
to 34 percent of households; and the number of younger singles and couples will likely hold
fairly steady, dropping from 31 to 29 percent.
Predicted demographic shifts will significantly alter housing demand in Dane County.
Demand for the detached, single-family homes popular among families will level out, while
housing appealing to households without children will increase significantly. Small single-
21
Demand will also increase for housing that is located in neighborhoods that provide
pleasant streets and amenities like parks and shopping within walking and biking distance.
According to PriceWaterhouseCoopers’ Emerging Trends in Real Estate 2002, “Areas with
sensible zoning (integrating commercial, retail, and residential), parks, and street-grids
with sidewalks” will “hold value better in down-cycles and appreciate more in up-cycles”
than “places oriented to disconnected cul-de-sac subdivisions and shopping strips.”
IN SHORT …
Conventional subdivisions built after WWII typically offer consumers a fairly narrow range
of housing choices; mostly mid to large size single-family homes. Following the Second
World War, when more of the American population was made up of families with children,
perhaps this made sense. But we are more diverse now than we were then – families make
up less than half of our households, and many of these families are “non-traditional.” The
diversifying trend will accelerate as the baby boomers become empty nesters and retire, and
the proportion of the population represented by families drops.
Great Neighborhoods are the best way to provide the range of housing types needed to meet
the needs of this growing diversity.
22
All of the qualities that we think of as defining a neighborhood are embodied in the
connections that link private homes and their residents together. These connections take
many forms: some of them occur in the public realm, some in the private realm, and some
in the “in-between” spaces. They include streets, parks, shopping areas, work locations,
churches, schools, natural areas, and more. If housing comprises the bricks of Great
Neighborhoods, then these connecting spaces are the mortar.
Streets
Of all public spaces, streets are perhaps the most important – and the most easily
overlooked. We have become accustomed to concieving of streets as concrete conduits for
moving cars. But in Great Neighborhoods, both new and historic, streets are the public
spaces par excellence.
As a rule, the largest percentage of public space in any neighborhood is composed of its
streets. Here in Dane County’s cities and villages, nearly 25 percent of all the land area
consists of street right-of-way; streets in Dane County occupy more than twice as much
land as outdoor recreation areas.9
24
Americans long enjoyed third places in the form of the inns and ordinaries of colonial society,
then as the saloons and general stores springing up with westward expansion. Later came the
candy stores, soda fountains, coffee shops, diners, etc. which, along with the local post office, were
conveniently located and provided the social anchors of community life.
“Third places” also suggest the stability of the tripod in contrast to the relative instability of the
bipod. Life without community has produced, for many, a life style consisting mainly of a home-
to-work-and-back-again shuttle.
-- Ray Oldenberg, “Our Vanishing Third Places”10
25
26
has witnessed the rediscovery and revitalization of main streets – both old and new
– throughout the United States.12 More than 1,400 communities across the country are
actively involved in revitalizing their historic and older downtowns and neighborhood
commercial districts.13
Town Centers
Developers are increasingly
responding to consumers’ interest
in walkable, mixed-use places by
developing projects called “town
centers.” These come in a range of
sizes, but they all include a wide mix
of uses, typically involving some
combination of retail, housing, office,
Sun Prairie’s reinvention of its downtown is converting empty industrial
buildings into a market square and mixed-use commercial-residential buildings.
27
Market researchers and developers have long known that the conventional mall is in
trouble – in a 1995 survey, 86 percent of suburban homebuyers stated a preference for
town centers over commercial strips and malls.14 Early evidence also shows that town
centers consistently outperform conventional shopping centers in terms of lease rates,
residential rents, hotel occupancy rates, and on-site and adjacent property values.15
PLACES TO WORK
Today, few people live close to work. Two-income households and frequent job changes
mean that most people consider employment options from across metropolitan regions,
not just their neighborhoods. This, however, does not mean that Great Neighborhoods
cannot serve as employment centers: healthy neighborhood business districts can
provide local employment options, as well as positioning neighborhoods as employment
destinations for people living elsewhere.
28
Market expectations for office parks are starting to change. Many American corporations,
finding that the physical context of their operations has become a major factor in attracting
talent, no longer see the single-use, suburban office park with lush vegetation, internal
amenities, and maximum flexibility as the most desirable place to do business. Their employees
do not want to have to drive two miles for lunch, five miles to go home – and fight traffic the
whole way. Instead they are asking for housing and restaurants adjacent to the workplace and
the type of mixed-use integration this approach provides.
Most jobs today are located in office type settings in multi-story buildings. Many are in
stand-alone office parks. But many others are in locations – both urban and suburban – that
allow them to benefit from proximity to living, shopping, and other activities. Workers can
walk to a variety of places for lunch or to run errands, and they can live close to work. Shops
benefit from nearby employers, as these provide potential customers.
A growing number of these “mixed employment districts” are emerging around the
United States – at least 35 mixed-use projects that incorporate over 400,000 square feet of
commercial space (including offices, light industrial uses, and research and development
facilities) are currently under way. For example, AT&T Wireless located their 600,000-
square-foot headquarters in Redmond Town Center in Redmond, Washington, just a block
from retail stores and restaurants. “Fortune 500 companies like the amenity of having
retail nearby,” the project’s architect reported.18
In Dane County, the City of Fitchburg has approved plans for a similar project,
the Green Technology Village. The project will mix high-technology employment
with commercial and residential development. The density, mix of uses, and urban
design will allow it to achieve several goals: it will be accessible by multiple modes
of transportation; build on Fitchburg’s strong biotech and high-tech base; and use
sustainable building practices.
PLACES TO LEARN
Historic Great Neighborhoods almost always have centrally-located schools within
their boundaries. These schools serve not only as places to learn, but as community
centers. They are accessible to students (and parents) on foot or by bicycle. By
encouraging walking and civic interaction, neighborhood schools also help create
strong connections between schools, parents, teachers, nearby businesses, and
community organizations.
29
By looking to the models provided by old Great Neighborhoods, new developments can
begin reintegrating education into neighborhood life.
NATURAL AREAS
Finally, Great Neighborhoods – because they can accommodate the same number of
residents on less land than conventional suburban developments – allow the preservation
and even the enhancement of natural and wild areas. By “clustering” the built environment
on one part of a subdivision, developers can preserve wetlands, steep slopes, prairie and
forest tracts, and important habitat areas.
Great Neighborhoods also allow for the possibility of better environmental planning. If
environmental planning is done in conjunction with other developments, integrating
wild areas as “systems” rather than just varied ground cover, will preserve natural tracts
Planner Reid Ewing offers these 11 principles for using sound Great Neighborhoods
principles as a way of preserving wildness:
1. Use a systems approach to environmental planning.
2. Channel development into areas that are already disturbed.
3. Preserve patches of high-quality habitat, as large and circular as possible,
feathered at the edges, and connected by wildlife corridors.
4. Design around significant wetlands.
5. Establish upland buffers around all retained wetlands and natural water bodies.
6. Preserve significant uplands.
7. Restore and enhance environmental functions damaged by prior site activities.
8. Minimize runoff by clustering development on the least porous soils and using
infiltration devices and permeable pavements.
9. Detain runoff with open, natural drainage systems.
10. Design man-made lakes and stormwater ponds for maximum habitat value.
11. Use reclaimed water and integrated pest management on large landscaped areas.
-- Reid Ewing, “Best Development Practices”19
30
Wherever possible, storm water should A rain garden captures the rain water that runs off of the roof and parking
be captured in the neighborhood. Private lot from the Willy Street Food Coop in Madison.
owners can be encouraged to include
rain gardens to capture run-off on-site. Neighborhood storm water detention areas can be
designed as wetlands to allow infiltration and provide habitat for wildlife.
Today, because of our great mobility, people frequently travel outside their neighborhood
or village to find work, shopping, friends – almost everything. Most of us, without giving
it much thought, travel between cities and villages within a metropolitan region to meet
our daily needs. Although we may identify ourselves as residents of a particular place or
municipality, our interactions – economic and social – take place on a regional level.
Modern American life, in short, is no longer lived primarily at the walkable scale of the
neighborhood or village, but rather at the driveable scale of the metropolitan region. And
these regions exist as overlapping economic, social, and ecological entities.
The interactions in which we engage across the region can be atomizing and anonymous.
In contrast, the network of social, economic, civic, and ecological relationships that we
develop close to home establishes each of us as a member of a particular community.
The intimacy of geography cannot be reproduced on the regional scale, and
so neighborhoods give us a sense of belonging to a place. A group of healthy
neighborhoods will be a healthy region.
31
Today, neighborhoods remain intimately tied into the fabric of regions, and the functioning
of neighborhoods is as essential as ever to regional health. The maintenance and
revitalization of old neighborhoods, as well as the sound planning of new ones, offers great
promise for the success of the region’s sense of community and its sense of place. The region
works best as a neighborhood of neighborhoods.
32
Anyone who has walked in a new or historic Great Neighborhood knows that they have a
distinct and welcoming feel. What creates this? Great Neighborhoods are designed according
to principles that guide the scale of development, the immediate interrelation of the
elements, and the larger structure of how the elements are arranged.
NEIGHBORHOOD FORM
Size is everything. Or, in the case of Great Neighborhoods, scale is everything. And the
fundamental criteria that defines neighborhood scale has not changed much since the
earliest human settlements: a neighborhood shouldn’t be much bigger than a willing
person’s walk.
Before the automobile age, this pedestrian-centric limit was absolute – a neighborhood by
definition could not be bigger than the distance residents were willing to walk. This was
even true of neighborhoods oriented to non-pedestrian transportation modes, such as
trolleys or commuter rail stops, because once people got off the trolley or train, they still had
to walk to their final destination. The dawn of the car changed the scale at which settlements
could be planned, and the result was the dissolution of a walkable neighborhood as the
organizing principle of urban and suburban landscapes.
People can also be induced to walk further than a quarter-mile if they don’t think that they
are walking to get somewhere. This is the principle that indoor shopping malls depend on:
the same shoppers who will gripe about the walk from the parking lot will nevertheless
walk for miles inside, so long as the shops hold their interest. The same idea applies in well
designed Great Neighborhoods. If the walk itself is a sufficiently attractive and a pleasant
experience, people will stroll for the simple pleasure of strolling.
On the other hand, as soon as people decide that the distance is too great or the walk too
dull, they will choose another form of transportation (most likely a car) instead. Or they
will just not go.
In the real world, very few neighborhoods are perfect circles. They come in countless
shapes and sizes. But all Great Neighborhoods – historic and new – are scaled to pedestrian
34
Defining the Neighborhood: Centers Downtown MT. HOREB with a quarter-mile radius superimposed. Many
different housing types and uses are located within this “pedestrian shed.”
and Edges
Great Neighborhoods typically have a
central focal point, within walking distance
of most residents, that provides a forum
for community activities and gathering.
These focal “points” are actually complex
layerings of public spaces (such as streets,
parks, and plazas) and “semi-public”
spaces (privately owned but publicly
accessible spaces such as outdoor cafes
and the areas between shops). Good
neighborhood centers allow people to
participate in public life in safe, clean, and
attractive spaces. Historic main streets
provide the quintessential examples of this
layering of public and semi-public.
For example, Tenney Park on Madison’s East Side is located along the edge of the Tenney-
Lapham neighborhood, and its playfields, ice rink, and picnic pavilion serve both
neighborhood residents and park users from other neighborhoods. Similarly, Smith’s Crossing,
35
Short blocks
Another quality shared by most Great Neighborhoods is short blocks. Blocks are typically
no more than 400 to 600 feet long, and a walk around a block’s perimeter is about 1600 feet.
Small blocks provide greater visual interest, shorter walking distances, and a greater choice
of routes than longer blocks.
The street grid at left has long blocks, forcing a longer route for
someone trying to get from north to south. The short-block grid
at right provides cut-throughs and thus a shorter path, and
fewer cars.
80
70
60
50 Slowing traffic on neighborhood streets is essential
40 for pedestrian safety. Collisions between cars and
30
pedestrians tend to be non-fatal when the car is
going less than 25 miles per hour, and fatal when
20 the car is going more than 25 or 30 miles per hour.
10 Above 40, accidents are almost always fatal for
0 pedestrians.20
20 mph 30 mph 40 mph Credit: The Congress for the New Urbanism.
Speed
37
This photograph demonstrates how the balance between people and cars This narrower 20-foot-wide street is only one block long, serving local
actually looks. West Washington Avenue in Madison becomes less pedestrian- residents almost exclusively. The rules restricting traffic to one-way and
friendly as the street widens and sidewalks become narrower. parking to one side are policies that could change to suit local traffic needs
and neighborhood policies.
Main Street in downtown Stoughton. This street in the new neighborhood of Grandview Commons in
Madison functions as an avenue, connecting a neighborhood park to
the commercial center.
This 32-foot-wide street serves as a collector to handle higher levels of Erdman Boulevard, Middleton Hills.
neighborhood traffic.
39
Main street districts provide basic retail amenities (such as drug stores, small grocers),
other shops and restaurants, and central civic spaces (including plazas, public buildings,
and even the street itself). Buildings in main street areas are usually two or more stories
and are built right up to the property line. Upper floors are usually occupied by offices
or residences. Storefronts are largely glassed, to showcase merchandise and to add visual
appeal to the street experience, and often shops and cafés will spill out onto the sidewalk.
40
Parking
Parking is an essential amenity for
retail. Although Great Neighborhoods
are designed to encourage walking and
bicycling, they do not seek to punish Cambridge’s pedestrian-friendly Main Street.
drivers. Furthermore, pedestrians
and bikers rarely provide a sufficient customer-base for business. Parking in Great
Neighborhoods is placed artfully, mixing very visible locations and not-at-all visible ones.
Cars are either parked on-street or in parking lots (or structures) that are shielded from
view by buildings with street-appeal.
41
Residential Buildings
Great Neighborhoods do not segregate residential uses from non-residential uses. They
allow different uses to mix, as they did in small towns and neighborhoods before the advent
of modern zoning.
42
True parks are significantly larger open areas, usually with open lawns, trees, shelters,
picnic tables, and playground equipment. Parks are dedicated to active play as well as
passive recreation and the enjoyment of nature. As a rule, parks are either integrated into
neighborhoods, with buildings fronting the park, or located at the edge of neighborhoods,
with ball fields and larger open spaces for active recreation.
IN SHORT …
The elements of any development – the houses, commercial buildings, parking, open
spaces, streets, and so on – are always laid out in relation to each other. What makes Great
Neighborhoods distinct from other types of development is that the relationships between
elements are always designed to create vitality, variety, and visual interest. Elements, people,
and uses are deliberately mixed.
43
The short answer is that changes in development patterns that followed the Second World
War led to the dominance of conventional suburban subdivisions. These patterns were
influenced by laws, policies, and planning priorities at various levels of government, and
many of these same regulations now perpetuate these land-use patterns.
But the rules of land development are not set in stone. They can be modified to meet the
growing demand for Great Neighborhoods.
World War II veterans returned to a United States in the midst of a radical economic
transition. The immensely productive American wartime economy was re-tooled to produce
consumer goods, infrastructure, and homes. Growing worldwide demand, increasing
industrial productivity, and relatively strong unions meant that good-paying jobs were
plentiful. Americans also got to work making families, creating the biggest home-grown
population expansion in U.S. history: the Baby Boom.
In 1950’s America, the old-fashioned “American Dream” – a nice, safe place where you
could raise a family – evolved into a narrower, more prescriptive, more exclusive vision.
The post-war “American Dream”: owning a new house on a generous lawn with a growing
family, paid for by Dad’s job, and cared for by stay-at-home Mom and her brigade of new
household appliances.
The secondary mortgage market itself presents an obstacle to Great Neighborhoods. This
market recognizes some nineteen “product types” of development defined by their single-
use categories. Bankers and investors often balk at financing neighborhoods with mixes of
uses that do not neatly fit into these product categories.
45
In the cities, government’s answer to the mounting urban crisis was an ambitious physical
remaking of America’s cities. Urban renewal programs demolished large portions of
cities and replaced them with high-rise public housing projects, new Interstate highways,
and other large public works projects. Many cities were left shells of their former selves.
Disinvestment and increasing concentrations of poverty itself accelerated middle-class flight
from central cities.
Separation of Uses
In the 1920s, residential property owners outside Cleveland won a Supreme Court fight
for single-use zoning, allowing developers nationwide to separate housing from other
incompatible uses. By the 1950s and ‘60s, however, separating uses had become an end
unto itself.
As American mass culture strove for the suburban, middle-class “American Dream,”
it rejected the perceived ills of city life: congestion, danger, dirt, and unpredictability.
Suburbs were meant to be spacious, safe, clean, and ordered. As a result, new developments
controlled their environments by separating all uses. Shopping, working, living, learning,
and playing would each have its own realm.
The Car
Post-war development patterns were fueled (literally) by the rise of the private automobile.
Although cars were not uncommon as early as the 1920s, roads were generally poor and the
car was of somewhat limited utility as a practical means of getting around. In the 1950s,
for the first time, it was commonplace for families to own cars. Americans embraced the
personal freedom provided by the car. In many ways, the automobile embodied the freedom,
power and wealth of the post-war era.
While economics, demographics, and technology were dominant forces shaping the post-
war supremacy of the car, public policy and investment also played key roles. Cities, states,
and the federal government had been building paved roads since the 1920s, and by the
post-war era, a fairly complete system was in place. In the face of the car’s ascendancy,
streetcars were forced to yield right-of-way and then were simply decommissioned; bikes
and pedestrians were forced to the side of the road. Then, in the 1950s, the creation of the
Interstate highways system made possible America’s final transformation from a rail-based
transportation system to one dominated by the automobile and the freight truck.
Unfortunately, the things that make for a high-quality road experience from the perspective
of a car – road designs favoring speed and occupant safety – are not the same things that
make for a high-quality experience for anyone else. Landscaping, narrow rights-of-way, bike
46
Not only roads were remade, but private lots were radically reconfigured in order to
accommodate parked cars. Commercial buildings that once fronted the street to allow
pedestrian access from the sidewalk were now placed far back and separated from the street
by large parking lots with a space for almost every individual employee or shopper. Larger
portions of residential lots became devoted to car storage through the steadily expanding
garages and driveways. In many places, garages became the dominant presence along
residential streets.
Urban form itself was fundamentally altered by the car. Prior to the war, new communities
clustered around rail lines, and development was limited by walkable distances from
stations. In the 1950s, unconstrained by proximity to stations, development could spread
out along the new roads and highways.
For the first time in human history, daily activities were no longer constrained by the
limitations of walking. A location five or ten miles away was still easily accessible. However,
by making distant destinations accessible by car, post-war development patterns also made
them accessible only by car.
The replacement of a multi-modal, interactive street with an enclosed car removed the
“glue” of civic life. Today, Americans don’t just happen upon civic life – they must actively
seek it out, and often they must pay to do so. Spaces for people to interact as neighbors and
citizens have become few.
Taken together, the end result of typical ordinances, rules, and regulations is that new
development features large-lot, single-family housing set along very wide roads, fairly far
away from retail or employment centers that are only realistically accessible by car. These
ordinances present challenges to the creation of new Great Neighborhoods because every
exception to every rule must be separately granted, costing developers time and money, with
no certain outcome.
47
Modern zoning also tends to favor large lots. Such zoning is intended to produce housing
with large, gracious yards and an affluent feel. In many places, large-lot zoning also has side-
effects: it is extremely land-consumptive, and it tends to put suburban lifestyles out of reach
of lower-income people.
Subdivision Ordinances
Subdivision ordinances are laws that govern how large parcels can be broken up – that is,
“subdivided” – into smaller parcels. They typically specify what improvements the land will
require before it can be built upon, including: stormwater drainage, sewer, water supply
(both for consumer and fire department use), street widths that can accommodate fire and
garbage trucks, and potentially protection of shorelines, wetlands, steep slopes, and other
environmental or scenic resources. They may also call for amenities such as sidewalks and
bike paths.
Subdivision road designs are usually based on state guidelines, which are in turn based upon
guidelines laid down by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) in a handbook called the “Green Book.” Unfortunately, the Green
Book’s design guidelines have long been derived from highway design, even in the case
of urban streets. The Green Book views the function of roads as primarily to ensure the
mobility of motor vehicles and are often used to advance road and street designs that
discourage pedestrian activities.
AASHTO has begun changing its specifications for local roads to accommodate better
neighborhood design. Such changes – disseminated through large state bureaucracies to
civil engineers and transportation planners – take effect very slowly.
48
School Siting
School districts and state school policies set guidelines for size of schools. Often these
guidelines call for school sites that, by their large size, preclude their placement in
neighborhoods. The only sites large enough are on the urban fringe where driving is required.
According to a 2002 report by 1000 Friends of Wisconsin, “The number of schools in the U.S.
declined by 70% since World War II but their average size increased five fold. This trend is
changing due to recent research on the effect of school size on student achievement, which
indicates that a small school policy may be a powerful tool for improving student performance.
Larger schools exact significant and long-lasting costs in the form of lower levels of student
achievement; greater problems related to safety, violence, and discipline; and lower rates of
attendance and graduation. These are costs that are more likely to be paid first by poor and
minority children. Academic achievement in small schools is at least equal, and often superior,
to that of large schools. Student attitudes and social behavior are more positive in small schools,
and the percentage of dropouts is lower.”
49
• Be compact and walkable enough to encourage safe and efficient use by walkers, bikers,
and transit riders, without excluding automobiles.
• Feature streets that function as an interconnected network, dispersing traffic and
offering a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination, while connecting
and integrating the neighborhood with surrounding communities.
• Have an identifiable center that functions as a community gathering place, and
identifiable edges that promote a sense of neighborhood identity.
• Offer a variety of housing choices within the same neighborhood, including dwellings
that meet the needs and preferences of younger and older people, singles and families,
and people of varying income levels.
• Host a diverse mix of activities and uses, including residences, shops, schools, churches,
workplaces, and parks, all in walkable proximity.
• Contain a range of open spaces, greens, and parks that are accessible and convenient
to everyone.
IN SHORT …
After World War II, the rise of the
automobile, the pursuit of a suburban
“American Dream,” and increased wealth
caused cities and suburbs to expand
rapidly. This expansion was markedly
different from historical patterns. It was
50
An effort to reclaim these qualities in existing and new neighborhoods gained momentum
in the 1990s, as architects, planners, developers and others promoted a set of principles for
new traditional neighborhood developments. New zoning systems – TND codes – emerged
to provide an alternate set of “rules” by which development could take the form of Great
Neighborhoods.
51
Well then, why aren’t there more Great Neighborhoods being created? Making them happen
is not easy. Inertia is not on Great Neighborhoods’ side: developers, public officials, and
citizens often have little experience or understanding of them. Zoning and subdivision rules
generally hamper the development of key elements, such as narrower streets or mixed uses.
Financial institutions tend to be reluctant to provide financing for complex development
packages. Schools and churches may have site-development guidelines that require large
amounts of land for new facilities, making Great Neighborhood principles very challenging
to implement.
Overcoming these and other hurdles requires people to work together. When citizens,
developers, public officials, local organizations, and financial institutions understand the
value of Great Neighborhoods and play their parts to make them happen, then Great
Neighborhoods – and great cities, villages, towns, and regions – can be created.
Luckily for supporters of Great Neighborhoods, there is demand, and they are profitable
ventures. This means that getting the private-sector real estate community to become more
active is a matter of education (most developers, builders, investors, and realtors have no
experience with anything but conventional suburbia) and promoting best practices within
each profession.
Developers and realtors can work with neighborhood groups, citizens, and local plan
commissions to communicate the Great Neighborhood elements of their proposals. They
can document the safety and serviceability of narrower streets, and the economic benefits
of great neighborhoods. They can advocate for zoning reform that implements Great
Neighborhood (i.e., TND) development districts.
Furthermore, nothing succeeds like success. New Great Neighborhoods and refurbished
older ones provide models that marketers and developers can look to when considering the
viability of the next new Great Neighborhood. Financial successes will convince lenders and
53
Those who make their livings on real-estate development always favor the tried-and-true,
because it is the conservative, risk-averse, reliable investment. Luckily, it only takes one
maverick to build the first new Great Neighborhood. Then, this new neighborhood model
becomes as “tried-and-true” as any conventional, large-lot, single-use subdivision.
In order to get the private sector to more actively pursue Great Neighborhood projects, city
planners need to examine the rules they have adopted through their zoning and subdivision
ordinances, and identify obstacles to the creation or rehabilitation of Great Neighborhoods.
They can amend their zoning codes to adopt TND zoning districts that establish new
rules making it possible to develop Great Neighborhoods. They can incorporate Great
Neighborhoods principles into their comprehensive and neighborhood plans.
City planners are not the only ones who set the rules of development. Transportation
engineers, public works engineers, and other technician-officials can help identify ways
their professional objectives can be met, yet still create, walkable, compact, and diverse
neighborhoods. They can work with planners and developers to rethink rules that primarily
accomodate automobile use, infrastructure provision policies that are not cost-effective, and
other land-development rules that block Great Neighborhoods.
Other public officials have tangential roles in setting the rules for land use, but they can have
equally profound impacts on whether or not Great Neighborhoods happen. School officials,
for example, can modify site design guidelines for new schools to reduce the required
acreages. This would allow elementary schools to be located in Great Neighborhoods, and
middle and high schools to be located on the borders of neighborhoods. Site guidelines
could also ensure that new schools are within walking distance of many homes, and that the
sites can be easily accessed by foot and bicycle.
Building inspectors also have a role. They can identify and reform code provisions that
effectively penalize rehabilitation projects. Many building codes require all construction
projects to adhere to new construction standards. For rehab projects, this level of code
compliance can render a project economically infeasible. Wisconsin and many other states
have adopted Historic Building Codes that protect public safety while allowing greater
flexibility for rehabilitation projects. Owners of qualified historic buildings in Wisconsin
may elect to use the Historic Building Code in lieu of any prevailing code provided the issue
is included in the Historic Building Code.
54
The law also requires that all cities and villages over 12,500 people adopt a traditional
neighborhood development (TND) zoning ordinance. Although there is no requirement to
map TNDs, having a TND zoning ordinance on the books means that a developer who is
interested in doing a TND need only apply for a single zoning variance, rather than trying to
bend a series of existing statutes and regulations to allow the creation of a Great Neighborhood.
In addition, the law requires that municipalities which accept state funding to complete
their plans (approximately 80 percent of plans currently underway are state-funded) must
meet 14 criteria for “smart” planning. Almost all of these directly address the concerns of
Great Neighborhoods.
These criteria call for the designation of “smart growth” areas – places where a municipality
wants to encourage infill development, or undeveloped areas where it makes sense to
encourage new development. In effect, this is a requirement that municipalities designate
where new and infill Great Neighborhoods should be sited.
The law further calls for the promotion of development of land with existing infrastructure
and services – including historic redevelopment – and it calls for ensuring that new growth
will have sufficient new infrastructure, and that new development be out so as to increase
efficiencies and decrease public-sector costs. Great Neighborhoods achieve all of these.
The law also calls for multi-modal transportation systems. It requires municipalities to
encourage neighborhood designs that support transportation choices, and to provide
mobility to all citizens, including transit-dependent and disabled people. It also calls for the
provision of an adequate supply of housing for residents at all income levels.
Another Great Neighborhoods principle that the Comprehensive Planning Law promotes is
a sense of place. The law calls for building community identity by revitalizing “main streets”
and using design standards; preserving cultural, historic, and archaeological sites; and
creating and/or preserving unique urban and rural communities.
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Citizen involvement can work well when citizen organizations talk with developers in
the early stages of development proposals. Through early communication, citizens and
developers can work out development options that are mutually beneficial before they get to
the more formal design, permitting, and political processes, where interactions can become
polarized and confrontational.
Mere involvement in the planning process, however, is not sufficient. To make sure plans
are followed, neighborhood residents need to stay involved in neighborhood development
issues. If citizen participation in the planning process is effective, local residents will feel a
sense of ownership over the plans.
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Another way that citizens can make street crossing safer in Dane County is to establish a
pedestrian flag crossing program. Sponsored by The Safe Community Coalition of Madison
and Dane County and ActiveForLife, the pedestrian flag crossing program places baskets of
small red flags on either side of an intersection on a busy street at points where pedestrians
feel the need to cross. Local residents get trained to use the flags to signal to drivers that they
are crossing, and to let the drivers know to yield to the pedestrian in the crosswalk.
Children walking to school is one of the best ways to put life out on the sidewalks. In 1960,
half of children in the U.S. walked to school. Today only about one out of ten kids walk
to school.23 Many parents are now concerned about their children crossing busy streets, or
they fear dangers due to deserted streets. Parents joining their children provides a potential
solution, but the same concerns often remain (and this solution only works up until a
certain age). By working with each other and with schools, parents can share walking with
kids to school, advocate for crossing guards, and create an atmosphere that says, “It’s safe to
walk to school.”
Seniors stand to gain much from Great Neighborhood designs. As people age they depend
more on non-automobile forms of transportation and often use walking as a way to stay
physically active and healthy; therefore, they benefit disproportionately from close proximity
to parks and local stores. Living in Great Neighborhoods also allows seniors to keep involved
in community life, unlike the case when they are isolated in elderly-only developments.
Organizations representing seniors can help educate their members about Great
Neighborhoods and inform them of how they can get involved in related local planning
and development issues. For example, seniors can work with neighborhood organizations
to communicate demand for local stores (such as pharmacies) within walking distance
from homes. They can advocate for safer crossings at key intersections. And they can
communicate to developers the importance of integrating senior-housing into Great
Neighborhoods – instead of siting it in car-dependent isolation.
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Youth organizations are beginning to realize that young people provide essential – and
totally unique – perspectives on planning and development issues. Yet such perspectives are
typically under-represented at planning forums. Young people can be engaged through their
schools, extracurricular activities, and community groups to explore Great Neighborhoods
ideas. Youth groups (and their adult coordinators) can actively lobby to be involved in local
planning decisions. And students, teachers, and school officials – as well as parents – can
speak out in favor of school-siting policies that follow Great Neighborhoods principles.
Increasingly, public health organizations and advocacy groups are realizing that there is
a link between land use and physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle in which cars are the
only means of transportation is simply unhealthy. Research completed by the Centers for
Disease Control24 clearly demonstrates the connection between a lack of opportunities
to walk or bike, on one hand, and our national epidemic of obesity (and particularly
childhood obesity) on the other. Physical activity is an inevitable and positive side-effect of
Great Neighborhoods design, and it contributes to public health. This is both an absolute
benefit for society and a cost-saving boon for the health-care system. Such organizations
should educate their members about Great Neighborhoods principles, and get involved in
efforts and discussions to demonstrate the health benefits of more walkable and bikable
communities.
Religious organizations – including both houses of worship and lay groups – historically
understood the connection between healthy communities, Great Neighborhoods principles,
and their own moral and social values. Because its parishes are not movable, the Catholic
Church in particular has long been a champion of sustainable neighborhood principles.
Too often, however, expanding congregations of virtually all denominations seek out large
sites on the edges of urban areas, seeking cheap land, easy vehicular accessibility, and large
parking lots. But they do so at the cost of removing religious institutions from the social
context of neighborhoods, and of making walking to them impossible.
Concerned leaders and congregants should consider whether they should be guided by the
civic and cultural values of Great Neighborhoods, or by the real-estate logic of conventional
suburban development. In many cases, there are neighborhood- and community-friendly
options for relocation or expansion that still meet their facility needs. On a broader level,
congregations can be a forum to discuss the concepts that underpin Great Neighborhoods,
to organize an active presence in community and comprehensive planning processes, and to
get involved in local development issues.
The local police department, neighborhood watch groups, or other groups concerned with
public safety also stand to gain from the implementation of Great Neighborhood principles.
The enhanced public and civic life associated with Great Neighborhoods creates what
planners call “eyes on the street.” That is to say, when people watch out for their neighbors,
crime simply has fewer opportunities to happen. Also, Great Neighborhoods create quality
58
There are many other groups that stand to benefit from the implementation of Great
Neighborhoods principles. A few among these include: affordable housing advocates, school
bus companies, environmentalists, farm advocates, transit advocates, and preservationists.
The list goes on and on.
As more and more citizens begin to grasp that Great Neighborhoods are not only in their
interest, but that building them is possible, the voices advocating for them will grow in
numbers and volume.
IN SHORT …
Recognizing that Great Neighborhoods are worth preserving and creating is only the first
step. Making them happen takes concerted efforts on the part of citizens, the private sector,
and the public sector. Today, most of the mechanisms for developing land make it easiest to
do conventional subdivisions and shopping malls at the urban fringe. The challenge before
all of us is to steer all of that towards a more balanced situation, in which people who want
to create and live in Great Neighborhoods have that choice.
59
Blower-door testing helps locate hidden leaks and bypasses. Seal these leaks with caulking,
sheet metal or densely packed insulation. Leaky ducts in a forced air heating system can
also reduce comfort. These leaks can result in cold spots and rooms that are hard to heat.
A contractor using a blower door and duct tester can locate and seal duct leaks. Ducts
should be sealed with waterbased duct sealants or butyl-backed foil tape.
To conduct a blower-door test, a special fan is mounted in an exterior doorway. The fan
draws air out of the house to simulate the effects of a strong wind. This makes air leaks
easier to find and seal. Contractors measure the amount of air leakage and then locate and
seal the hidden air and ductwork leaks.
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5. Secure financing.
There are several places to turn for funding your renewable energy system. Many people
do not realize that financing for a renewable energy home project might come from
a home equity loan. A capital improvement loan may apply for commercial projects.
Another option for your business is to lease a solar hot water system. In this case, the solar
hot water contractor would install and maintain the system at their expense, while your
lease provides the solar heated water. You can contact Focus on Energy to see whether
your project qualifies for a Cash-Back Reward, implementation grant, or low-interest
rate loan to help offset project costs. Be sure to apply for any Focus on Energy incentives
before purchasing equipment or signing a contract with an installer. Wisconsin allows
a property tax exemption for renewable energy equipment, so your renewable energy
system will not affect your property tax bill.
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If you are planning to purchase your own parallel generation system and intend to
connect it to MGE’s electricity distribution system, please contact:
Jeff Ford
Madison Gas Electric Co.
Post Office Box 1231
Madison, WI 53701-1231
800-245-1125
We’ll review your application, inspect your system, test the protection equipment and set
up the metering. If you have questions about the application, rates or systems, contact
jford@mge.com.
The U.S. Department of Energy has created consumers’ guides on small wind electric
systems and solar photovoltaic systems available at:
www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/factsheets.html.
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“American Dream:” A post World War II, pop culture inspired ideal of American life that features a
nuclear family in a single-family house set on a large lawn in a development pattern that necessitates auto-
dependent lifestyles.
Apartment Buildings: (also referred to as multi-family units) Buildings that come in a range of sizes and shapes
but typically have one common entrance for the residence of multiple families.
Auto-Dependent: Development that is separated from other developed areas, by distance or barriers such as
streets unfriendly to walking or bicycling, such that it precludes travel by modes other than motor vehicles.
Blocks: The aggregate of lots and tracts, circumscribed by streets; A critical element in neighborhood
development relating to walkability.
Building Code: The State of Wisconsin has a uniform dwelling code that must be followed for the construction
and inspection of all one- and two-family dwellings in the state. Local communities in the state have enforcement
responsibilities related to the code, which can be found in the Administrative Rules for the Department of
Commerce.
Civic Buildings: Any building held, used, or controlled exclusively for public purposes by any department or
branch of government, state, county, or municipal entity.
Civic Center: An area developed, or to be developed, with any of the following public buildings or uses: offices,
libraries, playgrounds, parks, assembly halls, police stations, fire stations.
Civic Plaza: a public space at the intersection of important streets set aside for civic purposes and commercial
activities; A plaza is circumsized by frontages, its landscape consists of durable pavement for parking and trees
requiring little maintenance.
Civic Squares: a public space, seldom larger than a block, at the intersection of important streets; A square is
circumscribed by frontages, its streetscape consists of paved walks, lawns, trees, and civic buildings all formally
disposed and requiring substantial maintenance.
Cluster Development: A development design technique that concentrates buildings in specific areas on a site
to allow remaining land to be used for recreation, common open space, or the preservation of historically or
environmentally sensitive features.
Compact Development: The development of buildings, parking areas, streets, driveways, and public spaces in a
way that maximizes proximity and connectivity, which facilitates alternative transportation choices.
Commercial Use: A business use or activity at a scale greater than a home industry involving marketing of goods
and services.
Condominium: A form of property ownership in which each owner holds title to his/her individual unit, plus a
fractional interest in the common areas of the multi-unit project. Each owner pays taxes on his/her property and
is free to sell or lease the unit.
Corridor: A broad geographical band with a directional flow of traffic and/or activities that may involve a
number of streets, highways, and transit route alignments. (There are also environmental, historic, mixed-use,
pedestrian, scenic, transportation, and wildlife corridors.)
Demographic: A statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down
by age or sex or income, etc.).
Density: The number of dwelling units permitted per net acre of land designated for residential or mixed-use,
exclusive of public right-of-ways.
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Districts: A section or sections of a municipality within which certain regulations and requirements of various
combinations apply.
Duplexes: A house divided into two living units or residences, usually having separate entrances.
Edges: A dividing line; a border that can be created through a variety of design elements in the built
environment.
Fannie Mae: (refers to the Federal National Mortgage Association) Created to establish a secondary market for
home mortgages to extend ownership opportunities.
Federal Housing Administration: (FHA) A government agency whose primary purpose is to insure residential
mortgage loans.
Granny Flats (Accessory Apartments): A separate and complete dwelling unit that is contained on the same lot
as the structure of a single-family dwelling or business.
Household: All persons living in a housing unit regardless of whether they are related to the householder.
Housing Demand: A function of the price of services (rent/ownership), household income, the cost of
other goods and services, household preference/lifestyle stages, consumer expectations, and the number
of households in the market (also affected by the rate of household formation and the net migration of
households).
Housing Preference: Refers to what housing consumers desire in terms of housing type, location, amenities,
costs, etc.
Housing Trends: Change over time in housing preferences, and housing supply and demand in particular markets.
Housing Types: Refers to the variety of housing unit styles, such as single-family detached homes, duplexes,
townhouses, multi-family structures, mobile homes, manufactured housing, etc.
Housing Unit: A house, apartment, mobile home/manufactured housing, single room or group of rooms
occupied (or intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Occupants may be one person, one or more
families, or a group of unrelated persons who share living arrangements.
Infrastructure: Facilities and services needed to sustain industry, residential, commercial, and all other land use
activities, including water, sewer lines, and other utilities, streets and roads, communications, and public facilities
such as fire stations, parks, schools, etc.
Impact Fee: A payment of money imposed on development activity as a condition of granting development
approval in order to finance the facilities needed to service the new growth and development activity.
Live/Work Units: A rear yard, fully mixed-use building type with one dwelling above or behind a
commercial space.
Main Streets: Districts that accommodate a variety of commercial activities in conjunction with civic open
spaces and buildings in a denser, fully mixed-use part of a community; Within this district, the predominant
land and building use is commercial, but may include residential and workplace uses; Its location is along an
important street and draws customers primarily from surrounding neighborhoods.
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Multi-Family Housing: A detached building designed and used exclusively as a dwelling by three or more
families occupying separate suites.
Natural/Scenic Features: Environmental or aesthetic characteristics, typically considered amenities. For instance,
natural features might include soil types, geology, slopes, vegetation, drainage patterns, aquifers, recharge areas,
climate, floodplains, aquatic life and wildlife.
Neighborhood: urbanized sectors that are compact, diverse and walkable; Neighborhoods provide for a balanced
set of activities: shopping, work, schooling, recreation and dwelling; It also provides housing for people with a
range of incomes.
Neighborhood Revitalization: Refers to activities with outcomes, often including redevelopment efforts, which
impart new life or activity, and increased economic value and exchange, into a neighborhood.
New Town Development: A community projected on a greenfield site with buildings for dwelling, shopping,
working, and schooling assembled on a neighborhood structure. Similar buildings, when assembled into single-
use districts, create Edge Cities.
New Urbanism: A development pattern that reintegrates the components of modern life – housing, workplace,
shopping and recreation – into compact, pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use neighborhoods linked by transit and set
in a larger regional open space framework.
NIMBYism: “Not in my backyard.” An attitude referring to resistance people have to siting locally unwanted land
uses near their residence, including prisons, hazardous waste facilities, landfills, power plants, etc.
Nodes: Points that are activity centers in the urban landscape created through transportation intersections and/
or design elements in the built environment.
Open Space: Any land or area, the preservation of which in its present use would: (1) conserve and enhance
natural or scenic resources; or (2) protect streams of water supply; or (3) promote conservation of soils,
wetlands, beaches, or tidal marshes; or (4) enhance the value to the public of abutting or neighboring parks,
forests, wildlife preserves, natural reservations, or sanctuaries; or (5) enhance opportunities for passive
enjoyment of public spaces.
Parks: Larger open areas, usually with lawns, trees, and user amenities; A noncommercial, public or not-for-
profit facility designed to serve the recreation needs of the residents of a community. (Such facilities include
neighborhood parks, community parks, regional parks and special use facilities among others.)
Pedestrian Shed: A theoretical area, typically surrounding a neighborhood activity center, representing the
distance most people are willing to walk to get to the center; A quarter-mile is used as a rule-of-thumb measure
for walkable distances. A generalized pedestrian shed would thus be a circle with a quarter mile radius, or
approximately 160 acres. In reality, the shape and size of pedestrian sheds is determined by the ease of walking
(barriers, street patterns, topography, activities) and the appeal of the destination (shorter to a neighborhood
park, longer to shopping or a transit stop).
Pedestrian-oriented Development: Development designed with an emphasis on the street sidewalk, walkability
and pedestrian access.
Public Transit: A system of regularly scheduled buses and/or trains available to the public on a fee-per-ride basis.
(Also called mass transit)
Residential: Premises available for long-term human habitation by means of ownership and rental, but excluding
short-term letting of less than a month’s duration.
Runoff: The rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation water flowing that has not evaporated or infiltrated into the soil, but
flows over the ground surface; types include surface runoff, groundwater runoff, or seepage.
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Secondary Market: Mortgage lending markets into which originating lenders sell their loans to investors who are
seeking longer-term investments (such as “Fannie Mae”).
Single Family Houses: Housing types consisting of single dwelling units on their own lots with separate
entrances; Most single-family housing consists of stand-alone buildings (detached), some are attached such as
townhouses.
Squares: Open spaces that are typically a block in size, surrounded by streets and faced by building frontages such
that they are designed to function as ‘outdoor rooms’ (providing places to eat lunch, take a walk, or read a book).
Stormwater Management: Any stormwater management technique, apparatus or facility that controls or
manages the path, storage or rate of release of stormwater runoff. Such facilities may include storm sewers,
retention or detention basins, drainage channels, drainage swales, inlet or outlet structures, or other similar
facilities.
Street (Grid System): A street system based on a standard grid pattern (e.g. checkerboard blocks); however,
offset intersections, loop roads, and cul-de-sacs as well as angled or curved road segments may also be used on a
limited basis.
Street Hierarchy: A street layout that separates traffic routes passing through an area from streets that provide
access to people living within the area. The hierarchy forms the basis for a classification system and design
standards (e.g. residential access streets connect to residential collector streets, which connect to arterial streets
that connect to limited access highways or expressways.)
Subdivision Regulation: The control of the division of a tract of land by requiring development to meet the
design standards and procedures adopted by ordinance.
Suburban: Urban growth at the edge of, and dependent upon a city.
Third Places: A location that fulfills a necessary social role in between the private and public realms; a space that
balances the familiar with the anonymous (such as a café, pub, exercise club, etc.).
Traditional Neighborhood Development: A neighborhood that exhibits several of the following characteristics:
alleys, grid system streets, street oriented buildings, pedestrian-oriented, compatible, mixed land uses, village
squares and greens.
Transportation Choices: Refers to a range of alternatives aside from individual automobile use such as rail
transit, buses, trolleys, car pools, van pools, bicycling, and walking.
Townhouse (also referred to as “town homes” or “row houses”): A two-to-three-story single-family dwelling
unit, with a private entrance, that is attached to a row of similar single-family units in a linear arrangement
facing the street.
Town Center: It is a mixed-use area, of greater development intensity than the Main Street District; Its location
is along one or more principal arteries of the region and it encompasses more than one intersection and street; It
draws customers and employees regionally; and It includes living and public gathering space.
Two- and Three-Flats: Stand alone structures, often designed to resemble single-family housing, in which
separate living units are ‘stacked one on top of another.’
Urban: Urban areas are generally characterized by moderate and higher density residential development,
commercial development, and industrial development as well as public services including sewer and water.
Urban Context: Refers to the location, mass, and design of various urban components from buildings to
landscaping and street widths, etc.
Vest Pocket Park: A small open space in a Great Neighborhood with ‘softer features’ than a plaza, but similar
functions.
Zoning District: Any section or sections of a jurisdiction for which regulations govern land use, density, bulk,
height, and coverage of buildings.
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