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Chapter 5 - Data Analysis and ResearchB. Interpreting, Analyzing, and Reporting the Results from Data
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to interpret, analyze, and report theresults from data. This chapter will introduce the methods and examples of the paired samples t-test, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, andBivariate-Pearson-Correlation. Steps to the tables and External Links for online tutorial are provided for each test. Software package SPSS 10.0 wasused to analyze the data.THE T-TESTThe t-test provides the probability that the null hypothesis is truewhen examining the difference between the means of two groups. Normallywe use this test when data sets are small.There are two different t-tests
♦
The “paired samples t-test,” and
♦
The “independent samples t-test.”THE PAIRED SAMPLES T-TESTWhen do we use it? We assume that the confidence interval is at 95% allthe time.
 
1.
When there is a
natural relationship
between the subjects from whom thetwo sets of scores are obtained.Example 1: Looking at differences between pre- and post-tests of onegroup, you would choose the paired samples t-test, the scores of bothdata sets came from the same persons.Example 2: A teacher diagnostically tests her students at the beginning of the year. After intensive instruction, the test is repeatedat the end of the semester. She is interested in knowing if the studentshave made significant gains.THE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST(We use this t-test more often)When do we use it?
1.
When there is
no natural relationship
between subjects whose scores are being contrasted. Comparing scores obtained from two different groupsof people, you would use this t-test.
2.
The data descriptions are normally distributed and of the groups arehomogeneous.Example 1: Two groups of students are identified: an experimentaland a control group. Both groups are pretested (Both groups are posttested), an intervention is used with the experimental group and iswithheld from the control group. Both groups are posttested.
 
Example 2: TLI scores are collected on students who have attendedschool using block scheduling and students who have attendedschools with traditional scheduling. We want to know if the TLIscores are significantly different according to the scheduleexperienced by the students. (We reject the null when p<0.05; we failto reject the null when p>0.05).ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)About the one-way ANOVA,
1.
The probability that the null hypothesis is true when examining the meandifferences among three or more groups. This procedure is equal to thetest, except that it handles more than two groups.
2.
The assumptions for one-way ANOVA are the same as for the t-test:normal distributions and homogeneity of variances. We have to runLevene’s test for homogeneity. There are two situations: (1) useBonferroni when the data fail to reject the null and (2) use Tamhanewhen the data reject the null.
3.
A probability value p < 0.05
 
indicates that a significant difference existsamong the various means, but it does not indicate which means aresignificantly different and which are chance differences.
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