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Kazuaki Tani

(1)
probability conditional example time
100% zero conditional If you heat ice, it melts. any time
50% first conditional If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
10% If I won the lottery, I would (I'd) buy a car.
0% If I were you, I would not do such a thing.
0% If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.
If I had been you, I would not have done such a thing.
if
(2)
if
zero conditional 100% 0%
first conditional 50% 50%
second conditional 10% 90%
0% 100%
third condiotinal 0% 100%
(3)
Zero Conditional
if
If you heat ice, it melts.
People get hungry if they don't eat.
If nature is destroyed, human being cannot
live. ()
if when
When I get up late I miss my bus.
imagine
Now imagine that the rocket is cruising at a significant fraction of the speed of light relative to
the earth.
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First Conditional

If you fail the exam, you will have to take it

again.
If you see him, will you give him a message
from me?
In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it Rien de ce qui touche la politique ne relve
happens, you can bet it was planned that way. du hasard! Soyons srs que ce qui se passe en
[Franklin D. Roosevelt] politique a t bel et bien programm!

I suggested that he study every day.

Is it necessary that we be there?
John recommended that you join the
committee.

urgency importance requestorder

(1)Be be not

(2)

to

(3)should should

(4)you he she

You try to study often.

It is important that you try to study often. ()
He tries to study often. ()
It is important that he try to study often. ()
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(1)
advise propose consent
ask recommend direct
command request intend
demand suggest move ()
desire urge order
insist (on) advocate prefer
require specify stipulate
necessitate decide decree
beg resolve

Donna requested that Frank be at the party.=Donna requested Frank to be ....

The teacher insisted that her student arrive on time. = insisted on her student's arriving...
Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
(2)
demand, suggestion, advice, recommendation, order, command, requirement, request, preference,
proposal
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
He gave me a piece of advice that the class be
well organized to carry the lessons more
effectively.
Many surgeons offer patients an operation only
on condition that they give up smoking.
(3)
TYPE 1 it is [] (that)
advisable , important
best mandatory
crucial necessary
desirable recommended
essential urgent
imperative vital
TYPE 2
He was determined that they not separate.
The political campaign is eager that their candidate step out of the shadows.
I am anxious that he discuss this with me soon.
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(1)
The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.
(2)
Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.

(3)
It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
should
should suggest, recommend, insist

The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.
()
You sneezed! God bless you.
God blesses you each day.
I suggest that John arrive on Tuesdays this month.
I believe that John arrives on Tuesdays during this month.

Hide it lest he (should) see it. = Hide it so he doesn't see it. (lest )
I was afraid lest he (should) come too late.
Second Conditional

(1)if

If I were you, I would accept his offer.

(2)if I was if I were
If I were you,....
If I was a Queen of England,....

It would be nice if you helped me solve this problem. ()

It will be nice if you help me solve this problem. ()

I wouldn't be eating this if I weren't extremely hungry.

If I had an exam tomorrow, I'd be revising now.
You wouldn't be smiling if you knew the truth.
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If you answered "no" to either question, you're not alone.

If Jennifer were three times as old as she was five years ago, she will be fifteen less than three
times her current age. How old is Jennifer?
We were told that if we avoided direct eye contact with someone, then we were acting as if we
were ashamed of ourselves.
He wondered if she would be able to return.

If I were you, I would accept his offer. Were I you, I would accept his offer.
What would happen if we were to lose the secret of making fire?
What would happen, were we to lose the secret of making fire?
Third Conditional
If + , [would, should, could, might]+

(1)
(2)BUT FOR rule
P Q

The accident would not have occurred if it had not been for Jim's negligence.

The accident would not have occurred but for Jim's negligence.

The accident would not have occurred without Jim's negligence.

(3)
Of course, if it had been for me, it would have been too late!
If there had been a little man waving back, we would have been right there.

would have been working

wouldn't have been working
Would have been working?
Wouldn't have been working?
If I had had a ball I'd have been playing football.
If I'd had any money I'd have been drinking with my friends in the pub that night.
If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff.
She wouldn't have been wearing a seat-belt if her father hadn't told her to.
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Kauzaki Tani 2013
if
What if we painted the room purple? (= that would be very surprising)
What if the elephant had trodden on the mouse? (She didn't, but we can imagine the result!)
If only I had more money. (= but I haven't).
If only I hadn't kissed the frog.
(= I did and it was a mistake because he turned into a horrible prince, but I can't change it now.)
2If
1.to
How happy I should be to receive your invitation! (= If I were to receive your invitation)
To hear him talk, you would think he was
God Almighty. (If you heard him talk, ....)
2.
Without water, nothing could live.
But for his drunkenness, he would be a
good husband.(but for=without=if it were not for)
but for
All was silent but for the sound of the wind in the trees.
All would have been silent but for the sound of the wind in the trees.
3.()
Supposing an elephant and a mouse fell in love?(= but we know this is unlikely or impossible)
Supposing I had given that man my money!(I didn't, so I've still got my money now.)

I felt a little better, otherwise I would have

had to go to the doctor.
In case your husband dies, you'll get the
insurance money. (in case: )
4.
A wise man would not do such a thing.
We were barely in time. A minute later,
and the train would have started.
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5.
The task could not be entrusted to a more
competent hand.
Thanks a million. You really saved my neck.
--Come on, I only did what any other fellow
worker would have done.
6.
The same man, living in this century, would
be a man(= hero).
(If he were living in this century, the same man ....)
Seen at a distance, the glass necklace might
have passed for a genuine one.

(If it had been seen at a distance, ....)
7.
Kant, the philosopher, would have made a
good poet.
The use of nuclear weapon would be an
outrage against humanity.

8.
I could kill you for saying that to me.

What with rain and with hunger, I could

have wept.
Kyoto is a city you would enjoy living in.
3
formal if
Were it not for help from a psychologist,
she might have been a lot more unwell by now.
Should anything happen to her, call me at
once.()
The accident would not have occurred, had
it not been for Jim's negligence.

4
I should think so.
Would you like to leave a message?
Could you do me a favor?
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5
A. Present result of past condition:
Form If +
If + past perfect Present conditional
If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map, we wouldn't be lost.
B. Past result of present or continuing condition.
Form If +
If + simple past Perfect conditional
If I wasn't afraid of spiders, I would have picked it up.
If we didn't trust him, we would have sacked him months ago.

6if
(1)If it were not for
If it weren't for the police, I think those burglars would have got away with even more.

(if the police had not arrived/intervened)

(2)If were to
If the headteacher were to resign, it would be a disaster for the school.

(3)Only if (if and only if )
Any game is interesting only if you follow the rules.
They'll only let you check in if you've got a passport or photo ID.
I'll give you the money only if you promise not to tell anyone.
(4)If only ()
If only I had some musical talent, I'd try to make the jazz musician.
(5)Even if
Even if you flew business class, it would still be an exhausting journey.
(6)If
If wet, the match will be played on the indoor courts.
If paying by direct debit, please make sure that you notify your bank at least one month in
advance.
7
(1)
He said, "If I were Tom, I would go." He said that if he were Tom, he would go.
She said, "I wish I were a bird." She said that she wished she were a bird.
After Archimedes discovered the principle of the lever, he remarked that if he were given a lever
and a place to stand, he could move Earth.
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I hope (that) you (will) see him tomorrow.

(1) that
, .
.
(2) I hope,
Im afraid
(2)as if / as though()

He looked as if he had seen a ghost.

He talks about the accident as if he had seen it with his own eyes.
it looks / seems
It looks as if it will rain today.
It seems as though they are not going to come.
Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. Gandhi
8
1. wish
(1)wish +
I wish I had more money.
She wishes she was beautiful.
We wish we could come to your party.
(2)with +
I wish I hadn't said that
He wishes he hadn't bought the car.
I wish I had taken that job in New York.
(3)
I wish he would stop smoking. (= I don't like it, I want him to change it)
I wish you would go away. (= I don't want you here, I want you to take some action)
I wish you wouldn't squeeze the toothpaste from the middle! (= I want you to change your
habits.)
2. I'd rather (I'd rather = I would rather)
I'd rather you went.
I'd rather you didn't say anything about it at all.
NOTE
I'd rather you went = not me
I'd rather you went = don't stay
He'd rather you called the police = he doesn't want to
He'd rather you called the police = not the ambulance service
3. it's time...
It's (high) time I went.
It's time you paid that bill.
Don't you think it's time you had a haircut?
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(1)be that as it may

Be that as it may, I will not be going to her
wedding.
(2)Come what may (Whatever happens )
Come what may, I intend to complete this project.
(3)if need be
If need be [were], you can reach me at this
number.
(4)Suffice it to say suffice[s fis]
Suffice it to say, I've no further comment on
this matter.
(5)So be it = nothing can or will be done to change that
(6)as it were
We are all citizens of the world, as it were.
UNLESS
Unless if...not if
would Unless if + not
Type 1:
a. You'll be sick unless you stop eating. (= You will be sick if you don't stop eating)
b. I won't pay unless you provide the goods immediately. (= If you don't provide them I won't
pay)
c. You'll never understand English unless you study this grammar carefully. (= You'll never
understand if you don't study...)
Type 2:
a. Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.
b. I wouldn't eat that food unless I was really hungry.
c. She would be here by now unless she was stuck in the traffic.
Type 3:
a. The elephant wouldn't have seen the mouse unless she'd had perfect eyesight.
b. I wouldn't have phoned him unless you'd suggested it.
c. They would have shot her unless she'd given them the money.