• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
Post-Classical World Study Guide10.1
•
Arabian Peninsula: Africa, Europe, Asia. Desert
o
few oases. Nomadic Arab leaders lived there
o
Arab Nomads = Bedouins -> organized into clans, provided security & support in thedesert
•
Bedouin: ideals = courage, loyalty, warrior skills -> Islamic way of life
•
Fertile areas = farming communities
o
Early 600’s many Arab’s settle in oasis/ market towns
o
Larger towns on W. coast are market towns for local/regional/western trade
•
 Trade routes connect Arabia to Byzantine Empire and Sassanid/Persia and Silk Road
•
Mecca: religious pilgrimages to Ka’aba an ancient shrine to Abraham (
Monotheistic society
-but later introduced more gods)
•
 The concept of belief in one God is called ALLAH
•
Muhammad’s uncle= powerful Meccan leader
•
Muhammad = trader, interested in religion
o
One day Angel Gabriel came to him and told him he was Allah’s messenger
Gave him stuff to say
o
Becomes a prophet -> taught that Allah was the only god = Islam (submission to the willof Allah)
o
Met with some hostility, accused as a revolutionary
 Therefore, left Mecca with his followers = hijrah
Went to Medina (formerly called Yathrib)
Mohammed is a leader of Arab’s and Jews in Medina
o
Went back to Mecca (they surrendered under his attack)
And destroyed the Ka’aba
o
Many Meccans converted to Islam; joined UMMA a Muslim religious community.
o
Although he died early, he had unified most of the Arabian peninsula under Islam
•
5 Pillars of Faith
: faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage (hajj)
•
Even though Islam has no priests/religious authorities, just Allah, they have the Ulama which isa religious scholar class.
•
M.’s followers collected his recitations that he received from Gabriel in the Qur’an – written inArabic the language of worship (language helped unite conquered ppl)
•
Sunna = Muhammad’s example for living
•
Shari’a = Muslim laws
•
Islam vs. Judaism and Christianity
o
Islam: Jesus is another prophet, Muhammad is the last and greatest prophet
o
Christianity: Jesus = son of god
o
All religions go back to Abraham: the people that worship them called: ppl of the Book10.2
•
Issue of leadership after M- he didn’t name a successor
•
Community elected Abu Bakr as 1
st
caliph
•
1
st
four caliphs = rightly guided; they all personally knew M
o
their rule called a caliphate
•
Chaos after M’s death: Abu Bakr invoked jihad -> to encourage expansion of Islam
•
After A.B.’s death Muslim controlled all of Arabia
•
2
nd
caliph: Umar -> takes over Syria, Lower Egypt and parts of Sassanid empire
•
3
rd
and 4
th
Uthman and Ali also expand empire + spread Islam
•
Disciplined armies exploit weaknesses of northern empires
•
Equality, non-persecution in Islam appealed to foreigners (as well as the no-tax for Muslim’srule)
o
But conquered ppl were allowed to follow their own religion: religious Tolerance
•
Uthman’s muder = civil war
© 2009 Tara and Maya Balakrishnan
 
•
Ali is natural successor: challenged by Muawiya (governor of Syria) -> Ali assassinated
o
elective system of choosing Caliph dies
•
Ummayad Family came to power: moved capital to Demascus from Mecca to control territoryeasier
o
Abandoned simple life
•
Majority of Muslims accepted ummayad’s (the
Sunni
- believed that Caliph’s need to follow theSunna)
•
 The Manority who resisted believed caliph must be descendant of the prophet (the
Shi’ites
)
•
Sufi’s rejected luxuries of ummayad’s.
•
Abbassids overthrew ummayad’s and took control
•
Spain conquered by N. African Muslims = berbers
o
 There was a muslim state in al-Andalus
o
1 ummayad descendant fled here
•
Abbassids: moved capital to Baghdad -> solidify power and access trade
o
Strong bureaucracy: treasury, diplomats, taxes
o
Failed to keep complete political control
o
Independent muslim states spring up (ie. Fatimid Caliphate)
•
2 major trade networks in the sea: Mediterranean sea + Indian ocean and silk road
•
currency = abassid dinar
•
to encourage trade banks set up throughout empire w/ letters of credit to be cashed in anybank called: sakk (pronounced check in Europe)
•
Muslim city of Cordova in Spain: major center in Europe -> appealed to non-muslims (way of life)10.3Muslim Culture
•
Baghdad: 4 social classes
o
Upper class: Muslims @ birth
o
2
nd
: Muslim converts
o
3
rd
: Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
o
4
th
: slaves/POW’s -> all were non-Muslims
•
Muslim women had more economic property rights than European, Indian, Chinese women butstill expected to submit to men.
•
Had math and astronomy to calculate times for prayer and direction to Mecca
o
Also used to discover new things about the world
•
Emphasis on scholarship = places of learning
o
Muslims kept classical knowledge alive
o
 Translated other culture’s learning into Arabic (esp. House of Wisdom: Baghdad)
o
Literature: 1
st
religious, later everything else
•
Images of religious beings/ ppl discourages
•
Caligraphy, architecture (great mosque of Damascus)
•
Had good medicines + encyclopedia
•
Muslims solved problems w/ experiments : greek thinkers preferred logical reasoning
•
Invented algebra from Indian texts
•
Knowledge about eyes, astronomy, philosophy
•
Muslim Empire broke up into: Ottoman, Mughal, + Safavid empires
•
1 reason for breaking up: too big, not enough taxes etc.11.3
•
 Turkish empires rise in Anatolia- previously from the abassids
•
Abassids struggle to maintain control of empire.
•
Persian armies destroy the caliph
•
 Turks (were raiders and traders) taken by abassids as military slaves, mamelukes
•
 Turks converted to Islam and migrated to abassid empire
•
1
st
group to migrate were Seljuk’s, caputured Baghdad from the Persians.
© 2009 Tara and Maya Balakrishnan
 
•
Later seljuk’s occupied most of Anatolia and E. Byzantium
•
Seljuk sultanate of Rum survived in Anatolia after Seljuk empires downfall.
•
Seljuk rulers surround themselves w/ conquered Persian support: choose Persian city of Isfahanas capital
•
Vizier = prime ministers (many Persians were viziers)
•
Malik Shah = famous Seljuk sultan : built great mosques, patronized art etc.
•
Nomadic seljuk’s were illiterate-> adopted Persian language/culture
•
Seljuk rulers = Shah (ruler)
•
Promoted Persian writers like rumi, architects, artists
•
Arabic language almost disappeared
•
Kept alive only by scholars studying Qur’an
•
After Malik Shah, the shah’s were weak, the Seljuk empire disintegrated
•
 The West launched the crusades against the Turks + Muslims for the holy land
•
1
st
Crusade: called to drive Turks out of Anatolia + recover Jerusalem from Muslim rules
o
result: captured Jerusalem (1099) + massacred Jewish residents and established akingdom
o
Later crusades were weak
•
Mongols came from Asia and slaughtered many
o
 Took Baghdad, burned palace
o
Mongol empire crumbled and Ottomans rose out of Turkish empireCh 13.1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
•
After decline of Roman Empire, European Middle Ages
•
5
th
c. Germanic invaders overran Roman Empire
•
Destroyed trade, cities, population shifted to rural areas, left without strong leadership,Germans were illiterate so level of learning declined, Greek knowledge almost completely lost,Latin language changed-new dialects developed, constant warfare and political chaos
•
Church provided order and security
•
Gov changed from citizenship and nationalism to personal loyalty and family ties = rise of feudalism, independent “states”
•
Franks in Gaul, leader was Clovis, brought in Christianity
•
Church supported Clovis, gave him military strength to unify Franks into 1 kindgom (Church-state partership)
•
Christianity spread through the Church, Frankish rulers,
o
missionaries, monasteries and convents sprung up = people gave up private possessionsto devote life to God
•
Italian monk Benedict writes rules for monasteries, later adapted for convents +other religioussettlements
•
Monasteries = centers of education, schools, libraries, book copying, wrote histories
•
Gregory I expands papal power -> became secular (involved in politics) and center or Romangov.
•
Papacy is in Rome with big political kingdom
•
After collapse of Roman Empire small kingdoms sprang up. Franks controlled the largest inGaul
•
In 700 the major domo (mayor of the palace) = most powerful person in kingdom
•
Charles Martel (the Hammer) held more powerful than the king.
o
Extended Franks reign, defeated Muslim raiders
•
Son Pepin the Short conspires with Pope and becomes King (start of the Carolingian Dynasty)
•
2 sons: Carloman (died) and Charles (Charlemagne! Charles the Great!) ruled
•
Built a great empire- conquered tons of land and spread Christianity
•
Empire unified West Europe for the first time since Roman Empire. Larger than ByzantineEmpire
•
800: Charlemagne crushed a mob that attacked the Pope. In gratitude, Pope Leo III crownedhim emperor
© 2009 Tara and Maya Balakrishnan
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...