Photogrammetry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photogrammetry is an estimative scientific method that aims at recovering the ex
act positions and motion pathways of designated reference points located on any
moving object, on its components and in the immediately adjacent environment. Ph
otogrammetry employs high-speed imaging and the accurate methods of remote sensi
ng in order to detect, measure and record complex 2-D and 3-D motion fields (see
also SONAR, RADAR, LiDAR etc.). Photogrammetry feeds the measurements from remo
te sensing and the results of imagery analysis into computational models in an a
ttempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3-D relat
ive motions within the researched field.
Its applications include satellite tracking of the relative positioning alterati
ons in all Earth environments (e.g. tectonic motions etc), the research on the s
wimming of fish, of bird or insect flight, other relative motion processes (Inte
rnational Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing). The quantitative resul
ts of photogrammetry are then used to guide and match the results of computation
al models of the natural systems, thus helping to invalidate or confirm new theo
ries, to design novel vehicles or new methods for predicting or/and controlling
the consequences of earthquakes, tsunamis, any other weather types, or used to u
nderstand the flow of fluids next to solid structures and many other processes.
Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, can be dated to the mid-nineteen
th century, and its detection component has been emerging from radiolocation, mu
ltilateration and radiometry while its 3-D positioning estimative component (bas
ed on modeling) employs methods related to triangulation, trilateration and mult
idimensional scaling.
In the simplest example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane par
allel to the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their dista
nce on the image, if the scale (s) of the image is known. This is done by multip
lying the measured distance by 1/s.
Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the squar
es of errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference po
ints. This minimization is known as bundle adjustment and is often performed usi
ng the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm.
Contents
1 Photogrammetric methods
2 Integration
3 Applications
3.1 Stereophotogrammetry
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Photogrammetric methods
Georg Wiora's data model of photogrammetry[1]
Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines, including optics and projecti
ve geometry. The data model on the right shows what type of information can go i
nto and come out of photogrammetric methods.
The 3-D co-ordinates define the locations of object points in the 3-D space. The
image co-ordinates define the locations of the object points' images on the fil
m or an electronic imaging device. The exterior orientation of a camera defines
its location in space and its view direction. The inner orientation defines the
geometric parameters of the imaging process. This is primarily the focal length
of the lens, but can also include the description of lens distortions. Further a
dditional observations play an important role: With scale bars, basically a know
n distance of two points in space, or known fix points, the connection to the ba
sic measuring units is created.
Each of the four main variables can be an input or an output of a photogrammetri
c method.
Photogrammetry has been defined by the American Society for Photogrammetry and R
emote Sensing (ASPRS) as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment through processes of reco
rding, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded r
adiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena.[2]
Integration
Photogrammetric data with a dense range data in which scanners complement each o
ther. Photogrammetry is more accurate in the x and y direction while range data
are generally more accurate in the z direction. This range data can be supplied
by techniques like LiDAR, laser scanners (using time of flight, triangulation or
interferometry), white-light digitizers and any other technique that scans an a
rea and returns x, y, z coordinates for multiple discrete points (commonly calle
d "point clouds"). Photos can clearly define the edges of buildings when the poi
nt cloud footprint can not. It is beneficial to incorporate the advantages of bo
th systems and integrate them to create a better product.
A 3-D visualization can be created by georeferencing the aerial photos and LiDAR
data in the same reference frame, orthorectifying the aerial photos, and then d
raping the orthorectified images on top of the LiDAR grid. It is also possible t
o create digital terrain models and thus 3-D visualisations using pairs (or mult
iples) of aerial photographs or satellite (e.g. SPOT satellite imagery). Techniq
ues such as adaptive least squares stereo matching are then used to produce a de
nse array of correspondences which are transformed through a camera model to pro
duce a dense array of x, y, z data which can be used to produce digital terrain
model and orthoimage products. Systems which use these techniques, e.g. the ITG
system, were developed in the 1980s and 1990s but have since been supplanted by
LiDAR and radar-based approaches, although these techniques may still be useful
in deriving elevation models from old aerial photographs or satellite images.
Applications
File:Video of a 3d model of Horatio Nelson bust in Monmouth Museum, Wales, produ
ced using photogrammetry.ogv
Video of a 3-D model of Horatio Nelson bust in Monmouth Museum, produced using p
hotogrammetry
File:Gibraltar 1 3d model, created using photogrammetry.ogg
Gibraltar 1 Neandertal skull 3-D wireframe model, created with 123d Catch
Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, archite
cture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, police investigation, and ge
ology, as well as by archaeologists to quickly produce plans of large or complex
sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a to
rnado where objective weather data cannot be obtained. It is also used to combin
e live action with computer-generated imagery in movie post-production; The Matr
ix is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film (details are given in
the DVD extras).
This method is commonly employed in collision engineering, especially with autom
obiles. When litigation for accidents occurs and engineers need to determine the
exact deformation present in the vehicle, it is common for several years to hav
e passed and the only evidence that remains is accident scene photographs taken
by the police. Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question
was deformed, which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that def
ormation. The energy can then be used to determine important information about t
he crash (such as the velocity at time of impact).
Stereophotogrammetry
A more sophisticated technique, called stereophotogrammetry, involves estimating
the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object. These are determined
by measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different pos
itions (see stereoscopy). Common points are identified on each image. A line of
sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the o
bject. It is the intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the
three-dimensional location of the point. More sophisticated algorithms can explo
it other information about the scene that is known a priori, for example symmetr
ies, in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3-D coordinates from only one cam
era position.
See also
3D data acquisition and object reconstruction
Aerial survey
Comparison of photogrammetry software
Computer vision
Edouard Deville
Epipolar geometry
ERDAS IMAGINE
Geofoto
Geoinformatics
Geomatics engineering
Geographic information system
Intergraph
Leica Photogrammetry Suite
Mobile Mapping
Periscope
Photomapping
PhotoModeler
Rangefinder
Rapid 3D Mapping
SOCET SET
Stereoplotter
Structure from motion
Surveying
TopoFlight
Videogrammetry
References
http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/1808
ASPRS online[dead link]
External links
Look up photogrammetry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photogrammetry.
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
RSPSoc - Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society of UK
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
History of Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging web site
World Photogrammetry, the spanish website of photogrammetry for everyone
4e Software
Categories:
Cartography
Computer vision
Geodesy
Measurement
Photogrammetry
Surveying
Forest modelling
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