5.1.2 Quantization for Telecommunication Electronics

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Telecommunication Electronics

Alberto TibaldiOctober 26, 2009

Contents

1 Architectures of radio systems 3

1.1 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.1 Heterodyne architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.2 Complex ﬁlters: SSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 Digital receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.2.1 Digital architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Linear and non-linear use of bipolar junction transistors 17

2.1 Topology and biasing selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.1.1 Biasing of the common emitter topology . . . . . . . . 202.2 Analysis of the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2.1 Analysis of the bias point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2.2 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.3 A design example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.3.1 Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.4 Non-linear issues on transistor ampliﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4.1 Fight non-linearity : Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.4.2 Fight non-linearity : Intermodulation . . . . . . . . . . 35

3 Applications of non-linearity 38

3.0.3 Amplifier with emitter resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.1 Tuned amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.2 Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.2.1 Another technique for realizing oscillators . . . . . . . 493.3 Logarithmic Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.3.1 Bipolar logarithmic amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.3.2 Piecewise Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.4 Mixers and Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

4 Phase-lock loop 65

4.1 Mathematical model of PLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654.2 Loop filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.2.1 Steady state phase error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724.3 Phase detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.3.1 Analog phase detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.3.2 Butterfly characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.3.3 Digital phase detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804.4 Signal synthesizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.4.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.4.2 Fractional synthesizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.4.3 Direct digital synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.5 PLL as filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.6 PLL as frequency demodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004.6.1 Coherent demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.6.2 Tone decoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

5 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion 107

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075.1.1 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085.1.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135.1.3 Signal conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195.2 Digital to Analog Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.2.1 Quantifying of non-linear errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225.2.2 Dynamic errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.2.3 Circuits for DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255.3 Analog to Digital Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.3.1 Static and Dynamic errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325.4 Circuital implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.5 Diﬀerential converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395.5.1 ∆ converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405.5.2 Logarithmic converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.5.3 Waveform and model encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.5.4 A/D/A systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512

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