EPS - Introduction and Architecture - Slides PDF

EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM
Introduction and Architecture

F. Edler / June 2010 2
What is the Evolved Packet System?
EUTRAN
EPC
EPS
+
New mobile network system
Two parts
Radio access network: eUTRAN
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Evolved packet core: EPC
Mobile network evolution
Two 3GPP working groups:
LTE (Long Term Evolution): EUTRAN
SAE (System Architecture Evolution): EPC

Three limiting factors today:
Data rates: 14 Mbits / 5,7 Mbits 50 - 100 Mbits
Delay: 50 - 100 ms below 10 ms
Architecture: 2 networks (CS+PS) 1 network (PS)
Further motivations for network evolution
Requirements

Rapid growing of IP traffic

High performance with
reduced cost

Seamless mobility

Solution

HSDPA/HSUPA/HSPA+
LTE (higher efficiency)

By flat architecture and
avoiding unnecessary
nodes and interfaces

including also IETF based
protocols

Building blocks of EPS
OFDMA
OFDMA
Multiple
Antenna
Techniques
Very high
spectral
efficiency
Air Interface
OFDMA
Distributed
IP based
Reduced
Latency,
Scalability
Radio Network
Architecture
OFDMA
IMS
IP based
Scalability,
Cost efficiency,
Services
Core Network
Evolved
Packet
Systen
Three areas of enhancements:
Evolution of data rates
1990s 2000 2003 2006 2007 2008+
Maximum 56k 473k 14M DL 5,7M UL 42M / 11,4M
Advertised 14k 60 80k 400 -700 k tbd tbd
GSM
GPRS/
EDGE
UMTS/
HSDPA
UMTS/
HSUPA
UMTS/
HSPA+
Maximum 115k 614k 2,45M DL 3M / 1,8M
Advertised 14k 60 80k 400 -700 k 400k 800k
IS-95 1x
EV-DO
Rev 0
EV-DO
Rev A
LTE is sometimes called 4G technology, but
ITU has defined 4G: peak data rates up to 1 GB
3GPP actually works on LTE Advanced as a 4G candidate
EPS overview
eNodeB
EUTRAN EPC
EPS
EUTRAN
- eNodeB
- reduced number of nodes
- OFDMA
- SC-FDMA
- adaptive modulation
(up to 64 QAM)
EPC
- all IP
- interworking with 3GPP
and non 3GPP networks
- More efficient QoS and
security
MME
P-GW
S-GW
HSS
Reduced network complexity!
Compare with 2G/3G architecture (next slide)
EPS overview (some more details)
Reduced network complexity!
Compare with 2G/3G architecture (next slide)
EPC
S1-U
S6a
S11
S5/S8
External
Data
Networks
(PDNs)
SGi
eNodeB
LTE
S-GW
MME
HSS
P-GW
2G/3G network architecture
GSM radio network
(GERAN)
UMTS radio network
(UTRAN)
BSC
RNC
MSC/
VLR
SGSN
A
G
b
Iu-PS
I
u
-
C
S
GGSN
External
Voice
Network
External
Data
Networks
BTS
NodeB
GMSC
BTS Base Transceiver Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
GMSC Gateway MSC
RNC Radio Network Controller
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
CS-CN
PS-CN
HLR
HLR
Voice services in EPS
EUTRAN EPC IMS
IMS signalling and session data
All services are packet-switched
Also voice calls have to be handled natively by VoIP and IMS
Signalling and media are transparently carried through EPS
Is IMS required for EPS introduction?
In principle yes, but there are workaround solutions:
a) CS Fallback
b) VoLGA
Seamless mobility and all-IP convergence
Services
(e.g. IMS)
All-IP Core (EPC)
WLAN
Hot-Spots
UTRAN
GERAN
EUTRAN WiMAX
Integrated network (all IP) enables
Cost reduction
Integrated multimedia services
Seamless mobility between networks
EPS main requirements
Main EPS
requirements
Low latency
Decreased Complexity
- No CS-core-network
- Direct Link between core
and NodeB
Good QoS support
Enhanced security
Further features:
Network sharing: eUTRAN broadcasts PLMN ID
Distributed architecture
Common evolution for 3GPP and 3GPP2
EPS architecture
S1-U
S
1
-
M
M
E
S11
S5/S8
External
Packet Data
Network
(PDN)
eNodeB
eUTRAN
LTE
S6a
EPC
PCRF
HSS
ePDG
MME
P-GW
S-GW
Strict separation between data and signalling path
Signalling: eNodeB MME S-GW HSS PCRF
Data: eNodeB S-GW P-GW - ePDG
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Manages and stores user context data information
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
UE network capability
Generates temporary identifiers for the UEs: GUTI *
Manages mobility during handovers
Manages sessions: EPS bearer set-up and tear down
Distributes paging messages
Cares for security: authentication, encryption, integrity prot.

* Globally Unique Temporary Identity
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
PDN Gateway (P-GW)
S1-U S5
External
Packet Data
Networks
(PDN)
eNodeB
SGi
Data Forwarding
Inter-3GPP mobility anchor
Gateway to PDNs
Inter-technology mobility anchor
IP address allocation
Data rate enforcment
S-GW P-GW
S-GW and P-GW
handle the user traffic only (scalability)
are sometimes implemented in one network node
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
Contains the user database
Subscription related data (authentication data)
Service profile
Communicates with MME
Maybe combined with HSS of IMS
Evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG)
untrusted
non-3GPP
access
network
EPC
P-GW
ePDG
T
u
n
n
e
l
i
n
g
For interworking with untrusted non-3GPP access networks
User connects to IP address of ePDG and authenticates
After that an IPsec tunnel is set-up
Policy Charging Rule Function (PCRF)
S5/S8
PCRF
P-GW
External
Packet Data
Network
(IMS)
P-CSCF
SGi
In IMS signalling and media data are separated
EPS transports signalling and media
PCRF controls data connections in EPS (EPS bearers)
The applications (P-CSCF) interact with PCRF
PCRF controls P-GW, in some cases also the S-GW
Evolved Node B (eNode B)
LTE-Uu
S1 S1 S1
Evolved Packet
Core
X2
X
2
X
2
Radio Resource Management
Radio Handover Management
Call Admission Control
Latency Reduction
Flat architecture reduces latency
eNodeBs are also connected with each other (X2)
Upstream connection via S1-MME and S1-U
S1 interface: many-to-many connection for redundancy/loadsharing

Tracking concept
TA e
TA b
TA x
. . .
eNB1
eNB2
Tracking Area 2
Tracking Area 1
TA x
TA y
TA z
. . .
UE1
UE2
In active mode: network knows the position of the UE
In idle mode: position update only when UE leaves the list of
assigned Tracking Areas
TA list may be individually assigned
Distributed architecture, redundancy
Tracking Area 1
Tracking Area 2
Tracking Area 3
Tracking Area 4
Tracking Area 5
MME 1 MME 2
MME Pool 1
S-GW 1
Service Area 1
S-GW 2
MME 3 MME 4
MME Pool 2
S-GW 3
Service Area 2
S-GW 4
EPS characteristic: Many-to-many relationship between nodes
for redundancy and loadsharing
MME pools and Service areas
EPS interfaces and protocols
SGi
LTE-Uu
S6a
S
1
-
U
S5 PDN
eNodeB
UE
S
1
-
M
M
E
S11
X2
S
1
-
U
S
1
-
M
M
E
S-GW
MME
HSS
P-GW
S1-MME: for bearer management in combination with S11
S1-U: User Data
S5: User data and bearer management (GTP or PMIPv6)
NAS (Non Access Stratum) protocol:
between UE and MME for mobility and session management
Life cycle of a mobile
UE powers on: frequency and time synchronisation
UE picks a network and connects with a cell
UE registers with the network
UE gets assigned a default EPS bearer (always on IP)
If some services need a better QoS
dedicated EPS bearers are added
If necessary mobility procedures during active sessions
UE deregisters and powers off
Registration
and
Authentication
eNodeB UE
Network discovery
Access system selection
RRC connection establisment
Initial attach
S1 signalling bearer set up
MME selection
Authentication
S-GW and P-GW selection
Default bearer set up
IP address allocation
S-GW MME HSS
P-GW
Initial Attach
eNodeB UE
Initial Attach Request
IMSI
UE network capability
PDN address allocation
PLMN ID
MME Pool
PLMN ID
eNodeB picks an
MME based on PLMN
ID and load
MME 1
MME 2
MME 3
UE sends an initial Attach Request to eNodeB
eNodeB selects MME
Authentication
UE
Authentication Request
(IMSI)
Authentication Response
(IMSI, RAND, XRES, AUTN
KASME)
Authentication Request
(RAND, AUTN)
Stores KASME and XRES
Generates KASME, AUTN
and RES using K and RAND
Checks if generated AUTN is
equal to received AUTN
Authentication Response
(RES)
Checks if received RES is
equal to XRES
MME HSS
EPS AKA procedure
Similar to IMS AKA
Based on a key K
shared by UE and HSS
RES: to verify UE
AUTN: to verify network
K
ASME
: to generate keys
for encryption and
integrity protection

Security
Access Stratum (AS) messages: between UE and eNodeB;
example: RRC (Radio Resource Control)
Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages: between UE and MME
example: handover messages
AS and NAS messages are integrity protected and encrypted

User plane messages: between UE an S-GW are only
encrypted

Selection of security algorithm
UE
NAS Security Mode CMD
(selected algorithms)
NAS Security Mode Complete
MME selects NAS integrity
and security algorithms
eNodeB
UE stores the
selected algorithms
eNodeB selects RRC and user
plane security algorithms
AS Security Mode CMD
(selected algorithms)
AS Security Mode Complete
UE stores the
selected algorithms
MME

Security algorithms
are selected by
MME and eNodeB
Subscription data and location update
Update Location
Insert Subscriber Data
(List of all APNs, Default APN)
The MME selects the P-GW that serves the default APN
The MME selects the S-GW that supports all the services of the UE
Insert Subscriber Data Ack
MME HSS
MME updates location
and its identity to HSS
Access Point Names:
all networks permitted
for UE
P-GWs are selected
according to APNs
Only default APN is
enabled at start-up
(default EPS bearer)
Default bearer setup
eNodeB UE
Store S-GW addr and TEID
Create default
bearer request
Create default
bearer request
(S-GW TEID)
Create default
bearer response
(P-GW TEID,
IP-addr of UE)
Create default
bearer response
(S-GW TEID
towards eNodeB)
S5
S1 Control msg:
S-GW addr, TEID
(Attach accept,
GUTI, IP addr)
TEID: Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
GUTI: Globally Unique Temporary Identity
RRC Control msg:
default radio-b. info
(Attach accept,
GUTI, IP addr)
RRC Control msg:
(Attach complete)
Default radio bearer
S1 Control msg:
eNodeB addr, TEID
(Attach complete)
Update bearer req.
(eNodeB addr.
and TEID)
Default S1-U bearer
Update bearer resp.
MME S-GW P-GW
MME controls the set-up
of bearers
IP-address is provided by
P-GW
The default bearer offers
only default QoS

An EPS bearer consists of
3 parts:
- S5 bearer
- Radio bearer
- S1-U bearer
Service data flows
Service Data Flow (SDF): main term for set-up of
connections with specific QoS
Service Data Flows with specific QoS are mapped to
dedicated EPS bearers
EPS bearers are characterized by their QoS
More than one SDF may be mapped to an EPS bearer if
same origin and destination
Multiple PDN connections
UE
EPS
PDN 1
PDN 2
PDN 3
IP addresses
- A user may subscribe to multiple PDN connections
- PDNs are identified by an APN (e.g. Internet)
- a default APN is part of the user subscription information in HSS
P-GW 1
P-GW 2
Example PDNs: Internet, IMS, corporate networks
Simultaneous attachments (with different IP addresses) possible
Services and Service Data Flows
UE
EPS
QoS ?
Backhaul
Network
QoS ?
PDN
QoS ?
Application
Server
P-GW
Service Data Flow
Service: Application shared between UE and Application Server
Identified by IP-addresses, port number and protocol
QoS is influenced by three different networks
Service Data Flow:
Characterizes the end-to-end data flow
Defined by packet filters
Service Data Flows and EPS bearers
EPS
P-GW
UE
EPS bearer 1
SDF 2
SDF 1
EPS bearer 2
SDF 3
AS1
AS2
AS3
- A PDN connection may support more then one bearer
- A Service Data Flow has a defined QoS charcteristic
- An EPS bearer is the level where QoS is enforced
- SDFs may be aggregated into the same bearer
Bearer mapping and classification
UE
S1 Bearer Radio Bearer S5 Bearer
Upstream:
UE maps SDF to
Radio Bearer
eNodeB maps
Radio Bearer to
S1 Bearer and
vice versa
S-GW maps
S1 Bearer to
S5 Bearer and
vice versa
Downstream:
P-GW maps SDF
to S5 Bearer
S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
Three parts of an EPS bearer only in case of GTP protocol on S1, S5
Packet classification is done
by P-GW for downstream flow
by UE for upstream flow
eNodeB and S-GW do only mapping of packets into bearers
QoS and bearer classes
QCI
ARP
GBR
MBR
AMBR
GBR bearers Non-GBR bearers
QCI QoS Class Identifier
ARP Allocation and Retention Priority
GBR Guaranteed Bitrate
MBR Maximum Bitrate
AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bitrate
Two main types of QoS classes: GBR and Non-GBR
9 QoS classes are defined characterized by a few parameters
(simplified in comparison to 14 parameters in UMTS)
ARP is used to resolve congestion situations
AMBR is defined to avoid accumulating of resources
QCI classes
QCI Bearer
Type
Application Example Packet
Delay
Packet
Loss
Prio
rity
1 GBR Conversational VoIP 100 ms 10
-2
2
2 Conversational Video (Life Streaming) 150 ms 10
-3
4
3 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) 300 ms 10
-6
5
4 Real Time Gaming 50 ms 10
-3
3
5 Non-GBR IMS Signalling 100 ms 10
-6
1
6 Voice, Video, Interactive Games 100 ms 10
-3
7
7
Video (Buffered Streaming)
TCP Apps (web, e-mail, FTP)
Platinum vs. Gold User
300 ms 10
-6
6
8 8
9 9
Packet loss rate refers to air interface in non-congestion situation
Implementation of QCI classes is operator specific
QoS methods in IP networks
QoS in IP Networks
Integrated Service
(IntServ)
Differentiated Service
(DiffServ)
Reserve resources throughout the
network for every user
Used with RSVP signalling
Optional in EPS
Classify user packets into a small set
of classes
Mandatory in EPS
DiffServ is highly scalable and therefore mandatory for EPS
no state information in networks
only relative QoS treatment possible (DSCP codepoints in IP packet header)
QoS method is also important for backhaul networks
Service addition dedicated bearer setup
EPS
P-GW
PDN
CSCF
AS
INVITE INVITE
SDP negotiation SDP negotiation
EPS Bearer Creation
UE
PCRF links SDF and EPS bearers
EPS
P-GW
PDN
CSCF
Video
streaming
server
PCRF
Rules required to create the
EPS bearers for the video
streaming service
Session information
based on SDP
UE
Inside of EPS the setup of a dedicated bearer is initiated by P-GW
P-GW S-GW MME
MME eNodeB
Setup of a dedicated EPS bearer
S-GW P-GW
AS
QoS policy
Application level signalling and media negotiation
eNodeB
MME
PCRF
Apply policies
Create new bearer request
Apply admission control
RRC procedures
Create new bearer response
S1 - bearer Radio bearer S5 - bearer
UE
PMIPv6 based bearer setup
EPS bearer
S1 Bearer Radio Bearer
S-GW
P-GW
eNodeB
GRE tunnel
to P-GW
S-GW maps SDF
to/from S1-bearer
P-GW maps SDF
to/from GRE tunnel
SDF
UE
Inclusion of non-3GPP access networks via PMIPv6 protocol
PMIPv6 does not support QoS classification
No SDFs between S-GW and P-GW
Downstream classification has to be done by S-GW

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EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM

Introduction and Architecture

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